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INDUSTRY MANUAL ON OPERATIONS, QUALITY & SAFETY FOR BIO-DIESEL – HSD B100 & HSD B100 DOPED MINERAL HSD (HSD B05max)

An Industry group under the convenor ship of DGM (QC), IOC Ltd worked collectively to bring out Industry Manual on Operations, Quality and Safety for Bio-Diesel – HSD B100 & HSD B100 Doped Mineral HSD B05max. As a part of this exercise, various meetings with the Industry members were undertaken. The group has deliberated in great detail and has drawn up this manual containing in the following pages, to be implemented by all Oil Industry. Group Members

Sr. No.

Name Designation

1. Mr. PD Bahukhandi DGM (QC), IOC-HO

2. Mr. RJ Patel CQCM, IOC-HO

3. Mr. Thomas Z. COM., IOC-HO

4. Dr. R Sarin SRM, IOC R&D

5. Dr. G Vasudev DGM (P&AD), BPCL

6. Dr. PVSL Narasimham Sr. Manager QC, BPCL

7. Mr. VR Nage Manager QC, BPCL

8. Mr. Akbar Deshmukh Sr. Manager (Ops) RHQ, BPCL

9. Mr. RD Sardana Ch. Manager Ops, HPCL-HQO

10. Mr. SW Khadilkar Sr. Manager QC, HPCL- HQO

11. Mr. K Hariharan Manager (Safety & Quality) IBP - HO

INDUSTRY MANUAL ON OPERATIONS, QUALITY & SAFETY FOR BIO-DIESEL – HSD B100 & HSD B100 DOPED MINERAL HSD (HSD B05max)

AMENDMENT RECORD AMENDMENTS SECTION/

PAGE

EMBODIED

BY

DATE

NUMBER DATE

Foreword Bio-diesel (HSD B100) is a fuel manufactured from non–edible /edible oils .The fuel typically contains upto 14 different types of fatty acids that are chemically transformed into Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME). Different fractions of each type of FAME present in various feedstocks influence some of the properties of the fuel e.g. High levels of saturates (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0) from pure Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) improve Cetane number, reduce NOx, and improve stability. This also raises the cloud point. However more poly-unsaturates (C18:2, C18:3) in B100 will reduce cloud point & Cetane number, reduce stability (unless stability additives are used), and raise NOx. Resultantly HSD B100 substantially reduces unburnt Hydro Carbon, CO and particulate matter. It has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and about 10% built in oxygen helps in ensuring complete combustion. While sun flower and rape-seed are the raw material used in Europe for manufacturing Bio- Diesel, Soya Bean in USA, Palm Oil in Thailand, Frying Oil & animal fats in Ireland, in India Jatropha Curcas and Pongamia Pinnata (Honge & Karanjia) plants are envisaged primarily to be cultivated among the others viz, Rubber tree (Seeds), Madhuka Indica, Salvadora, Shorea Robusta, Pongamia Glabra, Mesua Ferra (Linn.), Neem etc. This is keeping in view the climatic conditions and the availability of considerable land. The seeds of these plants bear rich in Oil and used for production of HSD B100 through trans-esterification. This HSD B100 conforms to the requirements stipulated in BIS document PCD 3 (2242) C March 2005 (Ref Table 1 clause 3.2)

HSD B100 is environment friendly fuel and recommended under Bureau of Indian Standards for doping in mineral HSD in IS: 1460 up to a maximum of 5% v/v to formulate HSD B05max. While practising the laid down procedures, various laws / statutory requirements pertaining to handling, storage, dispensing, purchase, sale, safety etc. need to be adhered to. All practices as being followed in handling excluded Petroleum Products shall be adhered to while handling HSD B100, Similarly all practices as being followed in handling Class ‘B’ Petroleum Products shall be followed for HSD B05max. The Manual provides guidelines based on proven practices developed in this field. Safe and environmentally acceptable working procedures are furnished in this Manual. In near future, even if the vehicles are required to operate on HSD having more than 5% v/v HSD B100, the basic practices of handling HSD B100 and HSD B100 Doped mineral HSD respectively will remain the same.

Section 1……………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Introduction Section 2 ............................................................................................................................ 2 Terminology Section 3 ............................................................................................................................ 3 Salient Features of HSD B100 Section 4 ............................................................................................................................ 4 Quality of HSD B100 Section 5 ............................................................................................................................ 6 Receipt of HSD B100 Section 6……………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Storage and Handling of HSD B100 Section 7 ........................................................................................................................ .10 Colour Coding for HSD B100 Section 8 ……………………………………………………………………………….................11 Quality Monitoring for HSD B100 Section 9 .......................................................................................................................... 12 Doping of HSD B100 in mineral HSD and Quality Control Checks Section 10 ........................................................................................................................ 15 Tank Trucks for Transportation of HSD B100 Doped Mineral HSD Section 11 ........................................................................................................................ 16 Handling of HSD B100 Doped Mineral HSD at Retail Outlets Section 12 ........................................................................................................................ 18 Safety Section 13 ........................................................................................................................ 20 Additional Precautions

Annexure-1: ………………………………………………………………………………..……..21 Type Approval Format Annexure-2: ………………………………………………………………………………..…..…22 Tank truck Inspection/Cleaning certificate format Annexure-3: ………………….……………………………………………………………..…….23 Pre-receipt test report format

Annexure-4:.......…...……………………………………………………………………………..24 Bio-diesel MSDS

Annexure-5:….....................................................................................................................27 Frequently asked Questions about using HSD B100 Appendix : 1………………………………………………………………………………………30 Typical Line Diagram of HSD B100 Automatic filing facility at Location Appendix: 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………….31 Typical Line Diagram of HSD B100 Facility at Location. Appendix: 3……………..…………………………………………………………………………32 Typical test report of B100 manufactured using Jatropha

Industry Manual on Operations, Quality Control & Safety for HSD B100 and HSD B05max

Section. 1 Introduction

Clause No. 1 to 1.2 Page No. 1 / 1

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1. Introduction: 1.1 Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) is a renewable fuel manufactured from vegetable oils as well

as animal fats. It is energy efficient and is being used by doping with High Speed Diesel Oil thus replaces petroleum derived diesel fuel.

Bureau of Indian Standards for automotive diesel fuel specification IS: 1460 permits Oxygen content percent by mass, max, 0.6 both for Bharat stage II and Bharat Stage III. Accordingly this limits the doping of Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) in mineral Diesel up to 5% v/v. However this limit may vary as and when the different blending percent of Bio-Diesel is permitted.

HSD B05max that is 5% max., Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) doped in mineral Diesel is suitable for Diesel equipment with no modification. It helps in reducing the global warming gas emissions. This also helps in reducing the tail pipe emissions and air toxicity HSD B100 is slightly heavier than mineral HSD. Accordingly splash blending on top of mineral HSD by HSD B100 is operationally preferred so that the blended product is homogeneous.

1.2 The manual provides guidelines based on proven practices developed in this field. Safe and environmentally acceptable working procedures are furnished in the manual. In near future, even if the vehicles are required to operate on HSD having more than 5% v/v of HSD B100, the basic practices of handling HSD B100 and HSD doped with HSD B100 respectively will remain the same. The procedures outlined in this manual are only the minimum requirements in order to ensure quality of HSD B100 doped fuel.


Section. 2 Terminology


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2. Terminology 2.1 Bio-Diesel (HSD B100):

A fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated HSD B100 conforming to BIS document PCD 3 (2242) C of March 2005.

2.2 High Speed Diesel Oil (HSD)

Hydrocarbon Oils derived from light or middle petroleum distillate fuels, which may contain fuel additives in an appropriate concentration in order to improve the performance and quality of the fuel without known harmful side effects conforming to IS: 1460 specifications.

2.3 Bio-Diesel doped HSD:

A blend of Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) with High-Speed Diesel at recommended dosage. 2.4 Bio-Diesel B05max (HSD B05max):

HSD doped with 5% v/v max of Bio-Diesel (HSD B 100) conforming to IS: 1460.

2.5 Fatty Acid Alkyl Ester:

Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) contains up to 14 different types of fatty acids transformed into Fatty Acid Alkyl Ester (Methyl / Ethyl) and each of the alkyl ester present in various feed stocks influence some of the properties of the fuel.


Section. 3 Salient Features of HSD B100


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3. Salient features of Bio-Diesel (HSD B100):

Bio-Diesel is a fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, recycled cooking oil or fats. The fuel typically contains different types of Fatty Acid Alkyl (Methyl / Ethyl) Esters, conforming to BIS document PCD 3 (2242) C of March 2005.

3.1 Typically Bio-Diesel does not contain Nitrogen or Aromatics. Its density ranges

between 860 and 900 kg/m3; it is slightly higher than mineral HSD. It contains Sulphur less than 50 ppm. The oxygen content is around 11% by wt., which accounts for it’s slightly lower calorific value. It is characteristically low in CO, particulate matter, soot and hydrocarbon emissions. Bio-Diesel and its blends can be used in CI Engines where Diesel is typically used.

3.2 Bio-Diesel should be clear although it may come in a variety of colours. A milky

layer of material on the bottom of fuel container on frozen/ chilled condition could mean the presence of saturated FAME with high cloud points. If the material returns to a clear form after heating to about 40°C it is probably composed of Bio-Diesel saturates. If the material remains milky or jelly like at 40 °C then it may be assumed that the material is not properly processed and is contaminated with water or other contaminants.

3.3 Acid number and Viscosity of Bio-Diesel increases with ageing. These parameters

may also be higher than type test values if not properly manufactured. 3.4 The flash point is greater than 120°C and accordingly it falls under excluded

petroleum products.


Section. 4 Quality Of HSD B100


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4. Quality of Bio-Diesel (HSD B100):

4.1 Bureau of Indian Standards under Petroleum, Lubricants and their related products Sectional Committee PCD 3 has stipulated vide document no. PCD 3 (2242) C of March 2005 the specification for Bio-Diesel (HSD B100) blend stock for Diesel fuel.

4.2 Specification of Bio-Diesel (HSD B100):

4.3 Description:

The material shall be a Clear, homogenous liquid, free from suspended matters and consisting essentially of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters. The material shall also comply with the requirements given in Table 1 below.

Table No.1 Requirement of Bio-Diesel ( B100)

Sr. No

(1)

Characteristics

(2)

Requirement

PCD 3 (2242) C

(3)

Method of Test Ref to

Other Methods

(4)

[P:] of IS 1448

(5)

i) Density at 15°C, Kg/m3. 860 - 900 ISO 3675 ISO 12185

ASTM D 4052

P: 16 / P: 32

ii) Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C, cSt 2.5 – 6.0 ISO 3104 P: 25

iii) Flash Point (PMCC) °C, min 120 - P: 21

iv) Sulphur, mg/kg, max. 50.0 ASTM D 5453 P: 83

v) Carbon Residue (Ramsbottom)*, % by mass, max.

0.05 ASTM D 4530 ISO 10370

-

vi) Sulphated Ash, % by mass, max. 0.02 ISO 6245 P: 4

vii) Water content, mg/kg, max. 500 ASTM D 2709 ISO 3733 ISO 6296

P: 40

viii) Total contamination, mg/kg, max. 24 EN 12662 -

ix) Copper corrosion, 3 hrs at 50°C, max 1 ISO 2160 P: 15

x) Cetane No., min 51 ISO 5156 P: 9

xi) Acid Value, mg KOH/g, max 0.50 - P: 1/ Sec 1

xii) Methanol@, % by mass, max 0.20 EN 14110 -

xiii) Ethanol@@, % by mass, max 0.20 - -

xiv) Ester Content, % by mass, min 96.5 EN 14103 -

xv) Free Glycerol, % by mass, max 0.02 ASTM D 6584 -

xvi) Total Glycerol, % by mass, max 0.25 ASTM D 6584 -

xvii) Phosphorous, mg/kg, max 10.0 ASTM D 4951 -

xviii) Sodium & Potassium, mg/kg, max To report EN 14108 EN 14109

-

xix) Calcium and Magnesium, mg/kg, max. To report ** -

xx) Iodine value To report EN 14104 -

xxi) Oxidation stability, at 110°C hrs, min 6 EN 14112 - * Carbon residue shall be done on 100% sample. ** European method is under development. @ Applicable for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester. @@ Applicable for Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester.


Section. 4 Significance of characteristics of

HSD B100

Clause No. 4.4 Page No. 2 / 2

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4.4 Significance of Characteristics – HSD B100:

Flash point – It is typically high. Alkyl Esters are not volatile. The fall in flash point signifies that the manufacturer has not removed excess alcohol used in the manufacturing process. Accordingly the residual alcohol in the fuel is a safety issue because very small amounts of alcohol reduce the flash point. Alcohol can also affect fuel pumps, seals, elastomers, and can result in poor combustion properties.

Sulfated ash – The test ensures the removal of all the manufacturing catalysts. High levels of manufacturing catalysts in the fuel can result in injector deposits or filter plugging.

Acid Number – Acid number will become elevated if the fuel ages, or if it was not properly manufactured. Higher Acid numbers is associated with fuel system deposits, and reduces the life of fuel pumps and filters.

Free and total glycerine – The numbers measure the complete conversion of the fats and oils into Alkyl Esters. If these numbers are too high, the manufacturing process is inadequate and engine fouling can occur. Fuel that exceeds the free and total glycerine limit should not be used.

Oxidative Stability - High acid numbers coupled with high viscosity numbers indicate a degraded fuel.

Sulphur – Bio-Diesel generally contains less than 50-ppm sulphur & the test for low Sulphur fuel (ASTM D 5453) should be used for accurate results instead of D 2622.

Cetane Number – Bio-Diesel requires the Cetane Number test because the Cetane Index test methods provide inaccurate results.

Aromatics – Aromatics test for diesel fuel will provide inaccurate results for bio diesel. Bio-Diesel does not contain any aromatics.

Appearance - Bio-Diesel should be clear, although it may come in a variety of colours. Bio-Diesel colour does not predict fuel quality. A milky layer of material on the bottom of a fuel container can have several meanings. If the fuel was frozen or chilled, the layer may contain the saturated Alkyl Esters with high cloud points. If the material returns to a clear form after heating to 40 °C, it is probably composed of Bio-Diesel saturates. If the material remains milky or jelly-like at 40 °C, it may be poorly processed and is contaminated with the fuel residues, water, or other contaminants.

Currently, fuel quality of Bio-Diesel can be tested before it is blended, but not after it is blended with diesel fuel. Once Bio-Diesel is blended, it is very difficult to determine if it was a good quality fuel to begin with. Therefore, it is essential that organisation actually doping the Bio-Diesel into the Diesel fuel ensures that the Bio-Diesel meets requirement.


Section. 5 Receipt of HSD B100

Clause No. 5 to 5.3.3 Page No. 1 / 2

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5. Receipt of Bio-Diesel B100: 5.1 Type Approval: 5.1.1 Vendor should obtain a Type approval of HSD B100 from the Oil Company as a part

of procurement process based on the statement on Raw material, process, quality monitoring, storage & handling facilities and procedures available with him.

5.1.2 Vendor will submit samples in duplicate i.e. 2 sets of 2X1 litre samples for each type of product variant.

5.1.3 The sample will be subjected to full specification test on characteristics mentioned in table 1 of section 4. Based on the test report, the characteristic requirement will be firmed up to draw the Type Approval. A format for Type Approval is enclosed as Annexure-1.

5.1.4 The locations will rely on the Type Approvals while comparing the batch test results at the time of receipt of HSD B100.

5.1.5 The permissible variance for density will be +/- 2.0 kg/m3 @ 15 °C and for the rest of the parameters it will be the reproducibility of the subject test method but within the limit of the IS specification.

5.1.6 The Type Approval will have the validity for one year. In case of change in raw material or process the vendor should obtain fresh type approval and accordingly the quality will be firmed up.

5.2 Transportation 5.2.1 Hoses and seals should be compatible with HSD B100. It is preferred that HSD B100

should be transported in warm condition (around 27°C) for immediate delivery/decantation and doping.

5.3 Receipt 5.3.1 HSD B100 shall be received at Terminal /Depots from the approved vendors in tank

trucks. All care shall be taken to prevent ingress of water into the compartments during transportation. Trucks which had carried HSD /HSD B05 max / SKO load in the previous trip should only be used for carrying HSD B100. Tanks in Tank Trucks should be made of Aluminium, Mild Steel or Stainless Steel. Vehicles with Epoxy Coating should not be used for transportation of HSD B100. The tank trucks having any other inner coating must be compatible with HSD B100. Proper inspection and tank cleaning certificate should be available with truck as per the format in Annexure- 2 before taking it for loading. There should be no residual water in the truck.

5.3.2 The consignment of HSD B100 must carry Type Approval Quality Certificate. The

vendor should also provide the details such as the Batch number etc. in the invoice document.

5.3.3 On arrival, one litre top and bottom sample from each compartment of the tank truck

shall be drawn after the line content is drained off.


Section. 5 Receipt of HSD B100

Clause No. 5.3.4 to 5.9

Page No. 2 / 2

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5.3.4 Care should be taken to draw out the pipeline quantity (20 ltr. approx.) after opening the master valves before drawing the sample for sending to the laboratory.

5.3.5 Density at 15 °C shall be taken after cooling the sample at 15 °C. 5.4 These samples should be tested for visual appearance, colour visual, Density

Kinematic Viscosity, Flash Point, Water content, Copper strip corrosion and Acid Value as provided in the Annexure –3

5.5 2 x one-litre composite samples of HSD B100 from the tank truck should be drawn,

sealed, labelled and jointly signed by the driver/authorised representative of the transporters and the receiving Officer of the Oil Company. These samples shall be retained for a period of 30 days. Aluminium/stainless steel containers shall be used for storing HSD B100 samples.

5.6 Product can be accepted after ensuring that the requirement of the characteristics

as mentioned in Annexure-3 as well as physical verification. Type certificate available shall be referred for acceptance the consignment.

5.7 HSD B100 consignment is either to be stored in a dedicated U/G or vertical tank

with dedicated facilities. Else proportionately doped into mineral HSD tank directly on its receipt or splash blending with mineral HSD on ensuring proper mixing, making the HSD B05 max homogeneous.

5.8 The unloading operations shall be carried out through special rubber or any other

compatible hoses (Teflon, Nylon 6/6, Viton A 401 –C, Viton GFLT, Flouro-silicon). Nitrile Rubber is not compatible with HSD B100. Utmost precaution needs to be taken to ensure that there is no ingress of water. Both the ends of the hoses after use shall be capped. 80 mesh strainers (mild steel/stainless steel) shall be provided before the pump / tank inlet as the case may be. All safety precautions shall be taken as that required for storing excluded product.

5.9 The location shall maintain a Batch-Control Logbook tank-wise for receipt of HSD

B100 in the storage tank as per the following format

Batch Control Log Book Location :

Despatch Details Receipt Details S. No

Supplier’s Name

Despatch details Batch No.

Type Approval Test Report No.

Batch No.

Sign

Date quantity Date quantity


Section. 6 Significance of characteristics of

HSD B100


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6. Storage and Handling of HSD B100: 6.1 Material recommendations: The compatibility of HSD B100 & HSD B05max., with

material coming in contact while handling means not only that equipment made from material will not deteriorate but also that the quality of HSD B100 & HSD B05max in contact with the material will not degrade. The supplier/contractor will ensure in this regard. It is recommended that integrity of all materials coming in to contact with the fuel will be verified with ‘Soak testing’ as per standard engineering practice.

6.2 HSD B100 will degrade, soften or seep through some hoses, gaskets, seals,

elastomers, glues and plastics with prolonged exposure. 6.3 Nozzles, fittings, connectors, piping, pump and impellers may be of best suitable

material compatible with HSD B100 as recommended for the storage tanks. 6.4 Zinc, Brass, Bronze, Tin, Lead and Copper are some of the sensitive materials

known to be degraded while in contact with HSD B100. Lead solders and zinc linings should be avoided, as should copper pipes, brass regulators and copper fittings.

6.5 Stainless Steel, mild steel or Aluminium has shown acceptable resistance to

corrosion by HSD B100. 6.6 Non-metallic materials that degrade when in contact with HSD B100 include Nitrile

Rubber, Natural Rubber, Polypropylene, Tygon, Polyurethane, Polyvinyl Chlorides Should be avoided.

6.7 Non-metallic materials that have been successfully used with fuel HSD B100 include

Viton, Teflon, Fluorosilicon / fluorinated plastics & Nylon. 6.8 It is advisable to monitor and visually inspect the equipment regularly for leaks

seeps and seal decompositions 6.9 Epicoating is not recommended for the tanks proposed for storage of HSD B100. 6.10 Epicoating recommended in storage tank for general hydrocarbons may not be

compatible for system handling HSD B100 & HSD B05max. Compatibility may be ensured before any application or use.

6.11 The storage tanks and allied facilities for HSD B100 shall be positively segregated.

The tank shall be absolutely free from water at all times.


Section. 6 Storage and Handling of HSD B100

Clause No. 6.12 to 6.13

Page No. 2 / 2

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6.12 HSD B100 storage tanks shall be cleaned once in two years or more frequently depending on the need. Tank cleaning certificate shall be maintained as per Appendix – A of IQCM. Date of tank cleaning and due date of next tank cleaning shall be painted on the manhole cover. For Under Ground Tanks, the details of tank cleaning shall be displayed on a suitable display card.

6.13 All level samples after receipt of first parcel in a newly commissioned tank / after

tank cleaning shall be sent to laboratory for necessary Tests on parameters mentioned in Annexure –3 against the specifications of HSD B100 (Section 4.2). The product from the tank shall be released only if the Laboratory confirms that the product meets requirement in respect of the tests carried out.


Section. 7 Colour Coding for HSD B100


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7. Colour Coding for HSD B100 : 7.1 The colour band for HSD B100 on the pipeline shall be Turquoise Blue (ISC No. 102).

The procedure for Colour Coding shall be in accordance with Clause 4.3.3 of Industry Quality Control Manual for Non Aviation Products (IQCM).


Section. 8 Quality Monitoring for HSD B100


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8. Quality Monitoring for HSD B100: 8.1 One litre composite sample of B100 from the storage tank(s) shall be collected in

Aluminium, Stainless Steel or Glass container for Monitoring Tests and send to the nearest Laboratory once in a month. A counter sample is to be retained at location till lab test are obtained.

These samples shall be tested for all parameters mentioned in Annexure –3 against the specifications of HSD B100 (Section 4.2)


Section. 9 Doping of HSD B100 in Mineral HSD & Quality Control Checks

Clause No. 9.0 to 9.1.3 b

Page No. 1 / 3

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9. Doping of HSD B100 in Mineral HSD and Quality Control Checks :

9.1 At Depot / Installation / Terminal:-

9.1.1 It is necessary that adequate care be taken to ensure the correct dosage in online doping of HSD B100 with mineral HSD. HSD B100 can be doped in mineral HSD up to the concentration of 5% v/v max.

9.1.2 Manufacturing specification of mineral HSD at Refinery end to be kept such that

the end product from Marketing after doping 5% v/v max HSD B100 into mineral HSD remains within specification IS 1460.

9.1.3 Procedure for Doping HSD B100 in mineral HSD:

There are mainly three options available and practised for doping HSD B100 in mineral HSD i.e. On-line doping, in-tank doping and Splash doping. a. On-line Doping: On-line doping is where the HSD B100 is added to a stream of mineral HSD as it travels through a pipe or hose in such a way that the HSD B100 and mineral HSD become thoroughly mixed by the turbulent movement through the pipe or by the mixing that occurs once the fuel is loaded into its receiving vessel. The HSD B100 is added slowly and continuously into the moving stream of mineral HSD via a smaller line inserted or ‘Y’ in a larger pipe, or the HSD B100 can be added in small slug or pulsed quantities spread evenly throughout the time the mineral HSD is being loaded. This is similar to the way most additives are blended into mineral HSD today and is most commonly used at pipeline terminals. This methodology can also be adopted while directly unloading HSD B100 during receipt of mineral HSD into a vessel.

b. In-tank doping: In-tank doping is where the HSD B100 and mineral HSD are loaded separately or in some cases at the same time through different incoming sources, but at a high enough fill rate that the fuels are sufficiently mixed without the need for additional mixing, recirculation, or agitation. In some cases this is similar to splash blending but without the need to drive up and down the road. In other cases, the product in the tank may need to be recirculated or further mixed in order to make the two fuels thoroughly homogeneous. Since HSD B100 and mineral HSD mix easily and completely, in-tank doping is sufficient to get a homogeneous blend in many cases, depending on the exact means of adding the fuel, the tank geometry, etc.



Clause No. 9.1.3 c to 9.1.7

Page No. 2 / 3

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c. Splash Doping: Splash doping is an operation where the HSD B100 and mineral HSD are loaded into a vessel separately with relatively little mixing occurring as the fuels are placed in the vessel. The vessel is usually an individual vehicle fuel tank or a fuel delivery truck; although in come cases it could be a drum or a tote. Once the fuels are in the vessel, driving down the road is regarded as sufficient agitation to allow the HSD B100 and diesel fuel to become thoroughly mixed. Usually this approach is successful, but occasional difficulties in mixing can be encountered if the HSD B100

is loaded into the vessel first under very cold temperature conditions.

9.1.4 The quantity of HSD B100 to be doped into the mineral HSD is worked out for each compartment of the tank truck on the basis of 5% vol. max. of HSD B100 in mineral HSD. Doping shall be carried out by synchronising with the total delivery of desired 5% vol. max. of HSD B100 with mineral HSD in that compartment. This can be ascertained at least for first few batches employing test method given in Annexe-B of IS 1460: 2005

9.1.5 Notwithstanding the method adopted, to ensure uniform doping of HSD B100 with mineral HSD, it shall be carried out through a closed system, with proper interlocks, while maintaining efficacy of mixing HSD B100 in the right proportion of 5% v/v max as per specification.

9.1.6 An 80-mesh filter shall be provided on the delivery side of HSD B100 storage tank i.e., between pump and TLF Gantry point.

Typical line diagram of HSD B100 facility at storage locations (in line doping) is

given at Appendix-1&2.

9.1.7 The following QC checks are recommended for quality monitoring after doping HSD B100 in mineral HSD:

A top, middle, and bottom sample of the tank can be taken and analyzed for the

percent HSD B100 by measuring the density. This can be done with any of the conventional means of measuring density that are readily available (i.e. digital density meter, hydrometer). If the values do not vary by more than 3.0 kg/m3 at 15°C from top to bottom, the mixture is adequate.

Alternately, place the samples from the three layers in a freezer / ice bath with

freezing mixture with a thermometer and check every 5 minutes until the fuel in one of the samples begins to crystallize. Record that temperature. Then, check every couple of minutes or so until all three samples show crystallization. Compare the crystallization temperatures on all three samples; they should be within 3°C.

If the homogeneity as above is not achieved, the fuel will require agitation to mix thoroughly.



Clause No. 9.1.8 to 9.2.2 ii

Page No. 3 / 3

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9.1.8 Samples shall be drawn, tested and retained as per the procedure laid down for HSD in the IQCM/MDG.

9.1.9 HSD B100 content in HSD B100 doped mineral HSD is to be verified as per procedure

outlined in Annex-B of IS 1460. In case HSD B100 content of mineral HSD exceeds / is less than the permissible level, corrective steps are to be taken immediately.

9.1.10 Retention of the HSD B100 Doped mineral HSD sample from TLF shall be ensured

as per IQCM requirements (before commencement of loading in each shift and whenever there is a switchover of tank).

9.2 Test / Facilities required for testing HSD B100 and HSD B05 max. : 9.2.1 At Depot / Installation:

Facilities required for the field test of HSD B100 Quality:

Hydrometers,

Thermometers,

Glass Cylinders,

Cooling facility

Density at 15°C shall be measured after cooling the sample to 15°C.

9.2.2 At QC Labs:

i) HSD B100 to be tested for the parameters shown in Annexure-3. The quantity of HSD B100 in doped HSD can be ascertained as per the method given under Annex-B of IS 1460.

ii) Contamination / suspected adulteration or deviation in HSD B100 may be verified

by carrying out full specification test as per Table.1 of section 4.2.


Section. 10 Tank Trucks for Transportation of HSD B100 Doped mineral HSD:


Page No. 1 / 1

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10 Tank-Trucks for Transportation of B100 doped mineral HSD: 10.1 The tank trucks can be upgraded for the purpose as specified in IQCM for handling

HSD and inspect from inside for cleanliness and dry out any accumulated water or product before loading HSD B100 Doped mineral HSD.

10.2 The tank truck fit for transportation of HSD shall be used for HSD B100 doped mineral

HSD. Adequate care shall be taken to ensure that the tank truck fittings are absolutely tight to eliminate ingress of water.


Section. 11 Handling of HSD B100 Doped Mineral HSD at Retail Outlets:


Page No. 1 / 2

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11. Handling of HSD B100 Doped Mineral HSD at Retail Outlets: 11.1 Underground Tanks, Dispensers and Fittings 11.1.1 Storage tank shall be suitable for Class “B” product and pipeline fittings shall be

tight and the threaded connections if any shall be tightened with the help of Teflon tapes. Bolted connections shall be provided with proper gaskets. Storage tanks shall be thoroughly cleaned; ensuring absence of any traces of water before commissioning on HSD B100 doped mineral HSD. Fill cap and dip cap fittings shall be water tight and have suitable gaskets / packing to prevent entry of moisture. The fill / dip caps shall be raised sufficiently high above the ground level. In case these are situated in chambers, the chambers shall be constructed in a manner so as to avoid entry of water into the tank and the caps positioned sufficiently above the bottom of the chamber.

11.1.2 The presence of any water in the underground tank shall be checked by using water-finding paste everyday. During the rainy season the water shall be promptly removed from the tank.

11.1.3 Utmost precaution needs to be taken to ensure that there is no ingress of water or

moisture in the storage tanks 11.1.4 Sampling procedures at the Retail Outlets would be the same as mentioned in the

Industry Marketing Discipline Guidelines. 11.1.5 Dispensing Units are typically manufactured with Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminium,

Brass, Bronze and sometimes Stainless Steel components. HSD B100 doped mineral HSD should not pose problem with any of these metals. Normal dispensing hoses can be used for HSD B100 doped mineral HSD

11.2 Receipt of B100 Doped mineral HSD: 11.2.1 The procedure will remain same as is being followed for un-doped mineral HSD. 11.2.2 During rainy seasons, wherever the canopy is available, the tank lorry shall be

checked under the canopy, to avoid ingress of water. Tarpaulin cover shall be used during tank lorry discharge. The dip cap of underground tanks shall be kept closed during tank lorry unloading operation.

11.3 Colour coding for dispensing pumps for HSD B100 doped mineral HSD:

The colour coding for the dispensing pumps used for HSD B100 doped mineral HSD remains same as that of un-doped mineral HSD.


Section. 11 Handling of HSD B100 Doped Mineral HSD at Retail Outlets

Clause No11.4 Page No. 2 / 2

-17-

11.4 Fire fighting system :

The most accepted system is Dry Chemical Powder (DCP), which works as effectively on HSD B100 doped mineral HSD fire as being used for HSD fire. The personnel should be informed about the properties of HSD B100 doped mineral HSD and safe practices for operating, fuelling etc. All staff in the Retail Outlets must be trained in handling any emergencies.


Section. 12 Safety


Page No. 1 / 2

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12. Safety: 12.1 HSD B100 is not covered under Petroleum Act/Rules. HSD B100 is not easily

flammable liquid and has a flash point of >120°C. It requires fire-fighting facilities like CO2/Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) extinguishers.

12.2 Earthing and bonding procedure shall be followed as being done for Petroleum

products. 12.3 HSD B100 material safety data sheet is enclosed in Annexure -4: 12.4 Extinguishing media :

Carbon di-oxide, Dry Chemical Powder, Foam & water spray (Fog) for small fires.

12.5 Special fire-fighting procedures: Use necessary protective equipment & breathing apparatus as would normally be used when fighting fires where there may be danger of breathing hazardous products during combustion.

12.6 Unusual fire and explosion hazards:

Oil soaked rags are flammable if not handled properly

12.7 Stability:

Product is stable and hazardous polymerisation will not occur

12.8 Conditions to avoid in normal use (incompatibility, material to avoid) :

May react with oxidizing material

12.9 Hazardous decomposition or by- products : Combustion may produce COx, NOx and thick smoke. Hazardous polymerisation will not occur.

12.10 Health hazards : Routes of entry is through inhalation / skin contact / ingestion

12.11 Toxicity: Moderate


Section. 12 Safety


Page No. 2 / 2

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12.12 Signs and symptoms of exposure: May cause dizziness, irritation and nausea.

12.13 Emergency and safety procedures: If swallowed, induce vomiting. If inhaled, remove person to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if breathing has stopped and call a physician. If splashed in eyes or on skin, splash water /wash immediately with soap and water.

12.14 Precautions for safe handling and use: In case spilled or released out , eliminate all sources of ignition. Small spills should be flushed with large quantities of water. Large spills should be collected for waste disposal.

12.15 Waste disposal methods: Company’s procedure for waste disposal shall be followed.

12.16 Precautions to be taken in handling and storage:

Store in closed containers between 15 – 50 ° C

Keep away from oxidising agents, excessive heat and ignition sources.

Use with adequate ventilation;

Use explosion-proof electrical equipment and

Non-sparking tools.

12.17 Protective Controlled measures: Air supplied mask to be used for a high concentration as a respiratory precaution. Use protective rubber gloves and goggles for eyes. Eye bath and Safety shower is recommended as outer protective equipment.

12.18 Salient features:

Carcinogenic compounds are not present in pure HSD B100.

12.19 Environmental impact of HSD B100 Doped mineral HSD:

HSD B100 doped mineral HSD vehicle reduces most of the exhaust emissions.

Compared with HSD vehicle, the HSD B100 doped mineral HSD vehicle produces lower hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions.


Section. 13 Additional Precautions

Clause No. 13.1 Page No. 1 / 1

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13. Additional Precautions : 13.1 Additional Precautions and First Aid

Don’ts First Aid measures

1 Prolonged exposure to high concentration should be avoided

Move person to an open area. Give artificial respiration in case of breathing problem. Get medical attention.

2 Ingestion/swallowing should be avoided

Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical practitioner.

3 Skin contact should be avoided to prevent absorption of toxic compound into body.

Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove all contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash & clean clothing & shoes before reuse.

4 Splashes and eye contact should be avoided.

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of clean running water for at least 15 minutes, moving lower and upper eye lids occasionally.

5 In case of spill do not use combustive materials such as sawdust etc. Do not flush to sewage system. Remove all sources of ignition through appropriate protective equipment.

recover liquid in appropriate container or absorb with inert material like Paper towels, Oil dry sand or dirt.

Industry Manual on Operations, Quality Control & Safety for HSD B100 and HSD B05 max

Annexure Type Approval format

1 Page No. 1 / 1

-21-

Annexure –1

Type approval Bio-Diesel ( B100)

Name Of the Vendor : Date of Application:

Reference :

Validity :

Sr. No

(1)

Characteristics

(2)

Requirement PCD 3 (2242)

C

(3)

Method of Test Ref to Type Values

Other Methods

(4)

[P:] of IS 1448

(5)

(6)

i) Density at 15°C, Kg/m3. 860 - 900 ISO 3675 ISO 12185

ASTM D 4052

P: 16 / P: 32

ii) Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C, Cst 2.5 – 6.0 ISO 3104 P: 25


iv) Sulphur, mg/kg, max. 50.0 ASTM D 5453 P: 83

v) Carbon Residue (Ramsbottom)*, % by mass, max.

0.05 ASTM D 4530 ISO 10370

-

vi) Sulphated Ash, % by mass, max. 0.02 ISO 6245 P: 4

vii) Water content, mg/kg, max. 500 ASTM D 2709 ISO 3733 ISO 6296

P: 40

viii) Total contamination, mg/kg, max. 24 EN 12662 -

ix) Copper corrosion, 3 hrs at 50°C, max 1 ISO 2160 P: 15

x) Cetane No., min 51 ISO 5156 P: 9

xi) Acid Value, mg KOH/g, max 0.50 - P: 1/ Sec 1

xii) Methanol@, % by mass, max 0.20 EN 14110 -

xiii) Ethanol@@, % by mass, max 0.20 - -

xiv) Ester Content, % by mass, min 96.5 EN 14103 -

xv) Free Glycerol, % by mass, max 0.02 ASTM D 6584 -

xvi) Total Glycerol, % by mass, max 0.25 ASTM D 6584 -

xvii) Phosphorous, mg/kg, max 10.0 ASTM D 4951 -

xviii) Sodium & Potassium, mg/kg, max To report EN 14108 EN 14109

-

xix) Calcium and Magnesium, mg/kg, max.

To report ** -

xx) Iodine value To report EN 14104 -

xxi) Oxidation stability, at 110°C hrs, min 6 EN 14112 -

* Carbon residue shall be done on 100% sample. ** European method is under development. @ Applicable for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester. @@ Applicable for Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester.


Annexure Tank truck Inspection/Cleaning Certificate

2 Page No. 1 / 1

-22-

ANNEXURE 2

TANK TRUCK INSPECTION/CLEANING CERTIFICATE FOR USE OF HSD B100

This is to certify that tank truck no. ------------- carrying capacity -------------KL was previously on the service of product-----------. The tank truck is upgraded, inspected from inside and found empty and dry. The tank truck is fit to load HSD B100. Name of the inspecting person Authority Date of inspection


Annexure Pre receipt test report format

3 Page No. 1 / 1

-23-

Annexure –3

Format for Pre–receipt Test

Sample ID No. : Date of Report : Quantity represented: Date sample is drawn: Source of Sample: Date of Receipt: Type of Sample: Sample Drawn By:

Sr. No

(1)

Characteristics

(2)

Requirement PCD 3

(2242) C (3)

Method of Test Ref to

Type Values

Batch Test

Variations

Other Methods

(4)

[P:] of IS 1448

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

i) Density at 15°C, Kg/m3. 860 - 900

ISO 3675 ISO

12185 ASTM D

4052

P: 16 / P: 32

ii) Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C, cSt

2.5 – 6.0 ISO 3104 P: 25


iv) Water content, mg/kg, max. 500 ASTM D 2709

ISO 3733 ISO 6296

P: 40

v) Copper corrosion, 3 hrs at 50°C, max

1 ISO 2160 P: 15

vi) Acid Value, mg KOH/g, max 0.50 - P: 1/ Sec 1

Remarks:

Signature of the Laboratory Officer


Annexure MSDS for B100

4 Page No. 1 / 3

-24-

Annexure-4

BIO-DIESEL MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

Chemical Product General Product Name: Bio-diesel Synonyms: Methyl Soyate, Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME), Methyl Tallowate Product Description: Methyl esters from lipid sources CAS Number: Methyl Soyate: 67784-80-9; RME: 73891-99-3; Methyl Tallowate: 61788-71-2

Composition/Information on Ingredients This product contains no hazardous materials. Hazards Identification Potential Health Effects: INHALATION: Negligible unless heated to produce vapors. Vapors or finely misted materials may irritate the mucous membranes and cause irritation, dizziness, and nausea. Remove to fresh air. EYE CONTACT: May cause irritation. Irrigate eye with water for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist. SKIN CONTACT: Prolonged or repeated contact is not likely to cause significant skin irritation. Material is sometimes encountered at elevated temperatures. Thermal burns are possible. INGESTION: No hazards anticipated from ingestion incidental to industrial exposure. First Aid Measures EYES: Irrigate eyes with a heavy stream of water for at least 15 to 20 minutes. SKIN: Wash exposed areas of the body with soap and water. INHALATION: Remove from area of exposure; seek medical attention if symptoms persist. INGESTION: Give one or two glasses of water to drink. If gastro-intestinal symptoms develop, consult medical personnel. (Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.)

Fire Fighting Measures Flash Point (Method Used): 120°C min. Flammability Limits: None known EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Dry chemical, foam, CO2, water spray (fog). Water stream may splash the burning liquid and spread fire.



4 Page No. 2 / 3

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SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Use water spray to cool drums exposed to fire. UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Oil soaked rags can cause spontaneous combustion if not handled properly. Before disposal, wash rags with soap and water and dry in well ventilated area. Firefighters should use self-contained breathing apparatus to avoid exposure to smoke and vapor. Accidental Release Measures / Spill Clean-Up Procedures Remove sources of ignition, contain spill to smallest area possible. Stop leak if possible. Pick up small spills with absorbent materials such as paper towels, “Oil Dry”, sand or dirt. Recover large spills for salvage or disposal. Wash hard surfaces with safety solvent or detergent to remove remaining oil film. Greasy nature will result in a slippery surface. Handling and Storage Store in closed containers between 15°C and 50°C. Keep away from oxidizing agents, excessive heat, and ignition sources. Store and use in well ventilated areas. Do not store or use near heat, spark, or flame, store out of sun. Do not puncture, drag, or slide this container. Drum is not a pressure vessel; never use pressure to empty.

Exposure Control /Personal Protection RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: If vapors or mists are generated, wear a NIOSH approved organic vapor/mist respirator. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Safety glasses, goggles, or face shield recommended to protect eyes from mists or splashing. PVC coated gloves recommended to prevent skin contact. OTHER PROTECTIVE MEASURES: Employees must practice good personal hygiene, washing exposed areas of skin several times daily and laundering contaminated clothing before re-use.

Physical and Chemical Properties Boiling Point, 760 mm Hg:>200°C Volatiles, % by Volume: <2 Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 0.88 Solubility in H2O, % by Volume: insoluble Vapor Pressure, mm Hg: <2 Evaporation Rate, Butyl Acetate=1: <1 Vapor Density, Air=1: >1 Appearance and Odour: pale yellow liquid, mild odour



4 Page No. 3 / 3

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Stability and Reactivity GENERAL: This product is stable and hazardous polymerization will not occur. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS TO AVOID: Strong oxidizing agents HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Combustion produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide along with thick smoke. Disposal Considerations WASTE DISPOSAL: Waste may be disposed of by a licensed waste disposal company. Contaminated absorbent material may be disposed of in an approved landfill. Follow local, State and Central disposal regulations. Transport Information UN HAZARD CLASS: N/A NMFC (National Motor Freight Classification): PROPER SHIPPING NAME: Fatty acid ester IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 144920 SHIPPING CLASSIFICATION: 65

Regulatory Information OSHA STATUS: This product is not hazardous under the criteria of the Federal OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200. However, thermal processing and decomposition fumes from this product may be hazardous as noted in Sections 2 and 3. TSCA STATUS: This product is listed on TSCA. CERCLA (Comprehensive Response Compensation and Liability Act): NOT reportable. SARA TITLE III (Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act): Section 312 Extremely Hazardous Substances: None Section 311/312 Hazard Categories: Non-hazardous under Section 311/312 Section 313 Toxic Chemicals: None RCRA STATUS: If discarded in its purchased form, this product would not be a hazardous waste either by listing or by characteristic. However, under RCRA, it is the responsibility of the product user to determine at the time of disposal, whether a material containing the product or derived from the product should be classified as a hazardous waste. Other Information This information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials or in any other process. Such information is to the best of the company’s knowledge and believed accurate and reliable as of the date indicated. However, no representation, warranty or guarantee of any kind, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy, reliability or completeness and we assume no responsibility for any loss, damage or expense, direct or consequential, arising out of use. It is the user’s responsibility to satisfy himself as to the suitableness and completeness of such information for his own particular use.


Annexure FAQs on HSD B100

5 Page No. 1 / 3

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Annexure- 5

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT USING BIO-DIESEL 1) What is Bio-Diesel made from?

Bio-Diesel can be made from a variety of renewable sources, such as vegetable oils (soybeans or other crops), recycled cooking oils, fats etc. These feed stocks are used to manufacture a mixture of chemicals called fatty acid alkyl esters.

2) Which feedstock is the best? Each feedstock can produce a high quality HSD B100 fuel but with slightly different properties, especially cloud point, Cetane number, oxidative stability, and NOx

emissions. Cost might also factor into the selection process. Most operational differences seen with B100 are reduced when B20 is produced. Most remaining differences can be managed with additives or diesel fuel blending strategies.

3) Does Bio-Diesel affect how the vehicle engine operates? Bio-diesel blends of 20% or less should not change the engine performance in a noticeable way. Some users of Bio-Diesel blends notice significant reductions in soot, and CO and HC emissions are reduced. Higher blend levels can reduce fuel economy, torque, and power but will also produce lower PM, HC, and CO emissions. NOx may also rise with higher blend levels. Less noise and a better exhaust smell have also been noticed with Bio-Diesel fuels.

4) Does using Bio-Diesel void vehicle warranty? OEMs provide a material and workmanship warranty on their products. Such warranties do not cover damage caused by external conditions, such as fuel. Thus, if an engine using Bio-Diesel experiences a failure unrelated to the Bio-Diesel use, it must be covered by the OEM’s warranty.

5) Who is using Bio-diesel?

Some countries are considering legislation that requires the use of low-level bio-diesel blends (B2-B5), and many operators in agricultural areas use bio-diesel blends to support their local economies. Some fleets and many private consumers use B100. Equipment that has been successfully used with bio-diesel blends includes on-road vehicles of all types; construction, logging, farming equipment, power generators, boats and barges, heating oil boilers and industrial boilers, and even locomotives.

6) How much does bio-diesel cost? The size of the cost difference depends on the size of the bio-diesel producer, their feedstock cost, transportation costs, production incentives, tax incentives, and other local variables.



5 Page No. 2 / 3

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7) How do we know that the bio-diesel purchased is of good quality? The bio-diesel is accepted on the basis of type approval obtained by the vendors on a set procedure and subsequently monitored for its quality before acceptance, storage and dispatch. Testing each batch of bio-diesel is the only way to ensure good quality—just like with conventional fuels. The simple tests that consumers may perform such as looking at clarity by filling a clear glass container and doing a visual inspection, cannot determine the quality of the fuel.

8) Are there standards or specifications for bio-diesel? BIS has a bio-diesel blend stock standard that describes minimum standards for bio-diesel properties.

9) Do we need to modify the vehicle to use bio-diesel? Based on user experience, no vehicle modifications appear to be necessary for blends of bio-diesel as high as 20% bio-diesel mixed with diesel fuel. Higher blend levels may require minor modification to seals, gaskets, and other parts. Tank and fuel line/fuel filter heaters (cold climate packages) are recommended for blends of more than 20% bio-diesel. Detailed long-term engine durability data is yet to be established. However the recommended permissible dosage as on date is limited to 5% v/v max., which is quite safe. One of the major advantages of bio-diesel is the fact that it can be used in existing engines and fuel injection equipment with little impact to operating performance. Bio-diesel has a higher Cetane number than diesel fuel. In more than 50 million miles of in-field demonstrations, B05 showed similar fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, and haulage rates as conventional diesel fuel. Bio-diesel also has superior lubricity and it has the highest BTU content of any alternative fuel.

10) Do we need to modify the dispensing equipment to use bio-diesel? Dispensing equipment does not need to be modified for blends of 20% bio-diesel or lower blend levels, unless there is an issue with specific elastomers that are not compatible with B20. Occasional fuel filter plugging has been reported and some people filter the bio-diesel fuels entering and/or leaving the tank. Some exposed parts of the dispensing systems may need protection from freezing in cold climates. Some people recommend tank cleaning before switching to HSD B05 max fuels.

11) How do bio-diesel (B20 and B100) emissions compare to diesel emissions?

The EPA has conducted a comprehensive study of 80 bio-diesel emission tests in CI engines which shows that there are emission benefits for different bio-diesel blend levels.

12) Does bio-diesel use raise NOx emissions? The use of bio-diesel will raise NOx emissions of most CI engines. Blends of less

than 5% do not have a significant increase in NOx, with B20 blends raising NOx

emissions by about 2% over conventional diesel. Some B20 does not increase NOx in

B20 blends. Some B100 can raise NOx above the certification limits of CI engines.



5 Page No. 3 / 3

-29-

Bio-diesel blends used in heating oil equipment will reduce NOx by 1% for every 1% of bio-diesel used in the blend. A B20 with heating oil will reduce NOx by 20%.

13) Can we use bio-diesel in a cold climate? User experience with cold weather varies. B20 blends are used in some very cold climates where temperatures routinely fall. Some users have reported using B100 in extremely cold climates. The vehicles were equipped with winterization packages, and no other precautions were noted. Since widespread experience with B100 and higher blends in cold climates is lacking users should be alert to potential problems and take reasonable steps to prevent them. Bio-diesel will gel in very cold temperatures, just as the common diesel does. Although pure bio-diesel has a higher cloud point than diesel fuel, typical blends of 20% bio-diesel are managed with the same fuel management techniques as diesel. Blends of 5% bio-diesel and less have virtually no impact on cold flow.

14) Can the usage of Bio-diesel in the vehicle causes filter Plugging?

Bio-diesel can be operated in any diesel engine with little or no modification to the engine or the fuel system. Pure bio-diesel (B100) has a solvent effect, which may release deposits accumulated on tank walls and pipes from previous diesel fuel use. With high blends of bio-diesel, the release of deposits may clog filters initially and precautions should be taken to replace fuel filters until the petroleum build-up is eliminated. This issue is less prevalent with B20 blends, and there is no evidence that lower-blend level such as B2 have caused filters to plug.

15) What is the shelf life for Bio-diesel?

Most fuel today is used up long before six months, and many petroleum companies do not recommend storing petroleum diesel for more than six months. The current industry recommendation is that bio-diesel be used within six months, or reanalyzed after six months to ensure the fuel meets BIS specifications. A longer shelf life is possible depending on the fuel composition and the use of storage enhancing additives.


Appendix Back up support

I Page No. 1 / 1

-30-

Appendix - I

Typical Line Diagram of HSD B100 automatic filing facility at Location



II Page No. 1 / 1

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III Page No. 1 / 1

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Analysis Data of Commercial Bio-diesel (from Jatropha Sample) HSDB100

TESTS METHOD (ASTM)

Bio-diesel (HSDB100) from Jatropha

Appearance Visual clear

Density, g/cm3 ASTM D4052 0.883

Flash Point (PMCC), oC D93 138.7

Viscosity (40oC), CSt D445 4.8

Pour point, oC D97 0

CFPP, oC D6371 2

Sulphur, %m D4294 0.02

Acidity, mg KOH/g D974 0.32

Water Content , %m Karl Fisher 0.12

Distillation (95%), 0C D1160 365

Carbon Residue (Conradson), 100%v D524 0.038

Mono glycerides, %m HPLC 0.15

Di glycerides, % m HPLC 0.1

Triglycerides, %m HPLC 0.32

Bound glycerin,%m HPLC 0.142

Free glycerol, %m GC 0.002

Total glycerin,%m GC/HPLC 0.144

Ester content,%m FT-IR 98.4

Metal Content,mg/kg ICP

Na 2

K 2

P 0.4

Copper Corrosion D130 1

Sulphated Ash, %m - 0.0052

Methanol, %m GC 0.1

Calorific value (gross), kcal/kg D 4809 9353

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