Industry and InventionsIndustry and Inventions

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution• Manufacturing of the Manufacturing of the

1818thth century century– Hand tools and Hand tools and

small-scale small-scale manufacturingmanufacturing

• Agriculture centered Agriculture centered economy pushed by economy pushed by the Democratic-the Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

• Technology Technology innovations create a innovations create a shiftshift toward large-toward large-scale productionscale production

TechnologyTechnology Revolution Revolution• Spinning jennySpinning jenny

– Produces many spools of yarn at onceProduces many spools of yarn at once

• Water frameWater frame – Power machines in factoriesPower machines in factories

• Power loomPower loom– Wove & pressed thread into clothWove & pressed thread into cloth

• Advances made it possible for any Advances made it possible for any unskilled workers to produce clothunskilled workers to produce cloth

• Patent LawPatent Law– Passed to protect rights of inventorsPassed to protect rights of inventors

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Factory SystemFactory System• Workers and Workers and

machines together machines together under one roofunder one roof

• First appeared inFirst appeared in New EnglandNew England

• Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater– First successful water-First successful water-

powered textile millpowered textile mill

• Soil was very poor & Soil was very poor & difficult to farmdifficult to farm

• Economic system allowedEconomic system allowed competitioncompetition– Minimum government Minimum government

interferenceinterference

• Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise– Competition, profit, private Competition, profit, private

property, & economic property, & economic freedomfreedom

• Many people invested in Many people invested in industry during the War of industry during the War of 18121812

• Businessmen built Businessmen built factories and grew factories and grew wealthywealthy

• Factories did many Factories did many tasks in one placetasks in one place– Increase efficiencyIncrease efficiency

• Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts– Made Made each part of a each part of a

manufactured item manufactured item exactly alikeexactly alike

– Reduced goods pricesReduced goods prices

– Became the industry Became the industry standardstandard

Impact on Impact on CitiesCities• Industrial citiesIndustrial cities grew the grew the

quickestquickest– Most were on riversMost were on rivers

– Needed water powerNeeded water power

– New England had many fast-New England had many fast-flowing riversflowing rivers

• City disadvantagesCity disadvantages– Waste disposal was an issueWaste disposal was an issue

• Threat of disease Threat of disease

– Fires were a constant threatFires were a constant threat

– Overcrowded living conditionsOvercrowded living conditions

• City advantagesCity advantages– Libraries, museums, shopsLibraries, museums, shops

– Jobs & attractions outweighed Jobs & attractions outweighed the dangersthe dangers

Francis Cabot Lowell builds a factory in Mass

Figured out how to work power looms in England (stole the technology like Samuel Slater)

Factory was so successful he built a factory town called Lowell

Lowell Mills

• Lowell mills Lowell mills employed farm girlsemployed farm girls• Girls lived in company-owned boardinghousesGirls lived in company-owned boardinghouses

– Worked 12 ½ hour daysWorked 12 ½ hour days• GirlsGirls came came because of high wagesbecause of high wages

– Between $2 - $4 a weekBetween $2 - $4 a week– Some men making that in factoriesSome men making that in factories

• Older women supervised the girlsOlder women supervised the girls– Enforced strict rulesEnforced strict rules

• The rise in The rise in steam powered factories forced the steam powered factories forced the mills to close mills to close (and others like them who used (and others like them who used water power) water power)

The Lowell Mills

Roads built to connect cities

States charged tolls or fees to drive on streets of crushed stone

Robert Fulton – creates boat powered by steam to transport people quicker

Used commercially to transport people up the Hudson River from New York City to upstate New York

Samuel Morse – creates the telegraph, a machine which sends short pulses of electricity along a wire that could be translated into letters

The telegraph took seconds to communicate to someone in another city

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• John DeereJohn Deere– Blacksmith by tradeBlacksmith by trade– Invents a Invents a lightweight plow with a steel cutting lightweight plow with a steel cutting

edgeedge– Designed for Designed for rich and heavy rich and heavy Midwestern soilMidwestern soil

• Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick– Invents aInvents a mechanical reaper to cut ripe grainmechanical reaper to cut ripe grain

• Threshing machineThreshing machine– Separated kernels of wheat from the husksSeparated kernels of wheat from the husks

• New farm equipment opened new markets New farm equipment opened new markets to grow foodto grow food

Person Invention Date

James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775

Samuel Slater First successful American textile mill 1793

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets 1793, 1798

Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807

Francis Cabot LowellFirst American textile mill to convert raw cotton to finished cloth in one building

1813

Peter Cooper American-made locomotive powered by steam 1830

Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836

Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844

Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851

Cyrus Field Transatlantic Cable 1866

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876

Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescant Light Bulb 1877, 1879

Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888

Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892

Orville and Wilbur Wright First Manned Airplane 1903

Henry Ford Model T Ford, Assembly Line 1908, 1913

Industrial Revolution’s Key Inventions