INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ON REPORTER RADAR

TRANSMITTER

ByVipin Negi

ECE 4th year

About B.E.L

• Established in 1954 as a public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence.

• BEL’s infrastructure is spread over nine locations with 29 production divisions having ISO-9001/9002 accreditation.

• Products ranges includes Defence Communication, Radars, Optical & Opto-electronics, Telecommunication, Sound and Vision Broadcasting, Electronic Components etc.

What actually is RADAR?

• Stands for RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING.• Is an EM system for the detection and location of

reflecting objects. • Operates by radiating energy into space and

detecting the reflected echo signal which determines the target location and information.

• Works on the principle of Echo and Doppler shift.

TYPES OF RADAR

• PRIMARY OR SIMPLE RADAR: Primary radar

locates an object by transmitting signal and

detecting the reflected echo.

• SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR):

A secondary radar system is basically very similar to

primary but it performs additional features like

controlling of air traffic, identifying the aircraft as a

friend or foe , determining the height of aircraft.

Basic Radar System

WorkingA Radar system, as found on many merchants’ ships, has three main parts:I. The antenna unit or the scannerII. The transmitter receiver or ‘transceiver’III. The visual display unit

RADAR EQUATION

•The amount of power Pr received by antenna is given by the radar equation:

where

Pt = transmitter power

Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna

Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna

σ = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target

F = pattern propagation factor

Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target

Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.

RADARS MANUFACTURED AT B.E.L

3D Mobile Radar(PSM 33 Mk II)• Frequency agility. • Monopulse processing for

height estimation.• Adaptive sensitivity time

control. • Jamming analysis indication,

pulse compression, plot filtering tracking, data remoting.

• Comprehensive BITE facility. • Integrated Secondary

Surveillance radar.

Low Flying Detection Radar ( INDRA II)• Fully coherent system. • Frequency agility. • Pulse compression. • Advanced signal processing using

MTD and CFAR Techniques. • Track while scan for 2-D tracking. • Full tracking capabilities for

manoeuvering targets. • Multicolour PPI Raster Scan

Display, presenting both MTI(Moving Target Indication) and Synthetic Video.

• Integral IFF.• Ease of transportation and fast

deployment.

Tactical Control Radar

• All weather day and night capability. • 40 km range, giving a large coverage.• Multiple target handling and

engagement capability.• Local threat evaluation and

engagement calculations.• Easy to operate and stress reduction

under severe conditions.• Highly mobile system, to be used in

all kinds of terrain, with short into and out of action times.

• High resolution, which gives excellent target discrimination and allows accurate tracking.

Low Level Light- weight Surveillance Radar for Army air Defence

• L-Band 2D Surveillance of aerial targets flying at low and medium altitudes.

• Automatic detection and tracking of Fixed wing aircrafts , Helicopter,UAV.

• Detection of hovering Helicopters. • Target designation and distribution to

Weapon Sites and Command Centre. • Integrated IFF. • Net equipment weight: < 150 kg

excluding Power Source. • Highly modular for quick setup. • Remote operation and radar display

through the Commanders Display Unit (CDU).

• Separation of CDU from sensor head 750 m.

Low Level Light-weight Surveillance Radar for AIRFORCE (Ashlesha)

• S-Band 3D Surveillance of aerial targets flying at low and medium altitudes.

• Automatic detection and tracking of Fixed wing aircrafts , Helicopter,UAV.

• Detection of hovering Helicopters. • Low power consumption and mechanical

ruggedness to operate in extreme climatic conditions .

• Based on semi active array antenna using the state of art Transmit/ Receive Module (TRM) technology.

• Integrated IFF. • Highly modular for quick setup. • Robust EMI/EMC design and good

testability/ maintainability features • Separation of CDU from sensor head 750

m.

3D Surveillance Radar - ROHINI TWS of airborne Targets upto 150 Kms.

ECCM features - side-lobe blanking, frequency agility and jammer analysis.

Integrated IFF Mk XI with extractor & co-mounted antenna.

Configured as three mobile units mounted on three vehicles.

Fully automated and controlled from Radar Console with user friendly GUI.

Dedicated on-line BITE facility.

Data remoting of Tracks and plots over LAN to remote stations.

• Data remoting of Digital data Link to remote data centre.

ROTATION PROGRAM

TEST EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION

• Calibration of instruments is carried out according to the standard of NPL.

• Instruments not working properly are sent here for their correct calibration.

• The standard for QC, followed by BEL are WS 102, WS 104 , PS 520 , PS 809 , PS 811 , PS 369

where, WS = Workmanship & PS = Process Standard

P.C.B. FABRICATIONOperations in process:

Following steps are there for PCB manufacturing:-

CNC Drilling , Drill Location , Through Hole

Plating , Clean Scrub and Laminate , Photo

Print , Develop Cu electroplate ,Tin electroplate

, Strip Etching and cleaning ,Tin Stripping ,

Gold plating ,Liquid Photo Imageable Solder

Masking (LPISM) ,Photo print , Develop ,

Thermal Baking Hot Air leaving ,Non Plated

Hole Drilling , Reverse Marking.

QUALITY CONTROLVarious Quality Control Departments are:

• IG Department – Ensures that raw materials and components etc. purchased are according to the specifications

• QC Work –Inspects all the items manufactured in the factory.

• QC Fabrication – Checks all the fabricated parts and ensures that these are made according to the part drawing, painting , plating and stenciling etc are done as per BEL standards.

• QC Assembly –The assembly inspection departments inspects all the assembled parts such as PCB , cable assembly ,cable form , modules , racks and shelters as per latest documents and BEL standards .

WORK ASSEMBLY This department plays an important role in the production. Its main function is to assemble various components, equipments and instruments in a particular procedure. It has been broadly classified as: • WORK ASSEMBLY RADAR (eg INDRA – II ,REPORTER)

• WORK ASSEMBLY COMMUNICATION (eg EMCCA ,MSSR ,MFC)

Various operations performed are Preparation, Tinning , Bending , Mounting , Wave Soldering, Touch Up ,Cleaning , Testing.

MAGNETICS

In this department different types of transformers and coils are manufactured , which are used in the various Defence equipments.

The various types of transformers are:

1. Air cored transformers

2. Oil filled transformers

3. Moulding type transformers

4. P.C.B Mounting transformers

The various types of cores are as follows : 1. E type2. C type3. Lamination4. Ferrite core5. Toroidal core

The various types of windings are as follows : 1. Layer Winding2. Wave Winding3. Bank Winding

MICROWAVE LABORATORY

• Microwave lab deals with very high frequency measurements including phase , magnitude and power measurements.

• Different type of waveguides are tested in this department like rectangular waveguides, circular waveguides.

• For waveguide Power measurement is done in terms of S parameters.

There are two methods of testing:

• Acceptance Test Procedure(ATP)• Production Test Procedure(PTP)

REPORTER RADAR TRANSMITTER

REPORTER RADAR TRANSMITTER

FEATURES

• Mean RF power.• Suitable RF bandwidth.• High RF stability to meet signal processing

requirements .• Can be easily modulated to meet waveform

design requirements.• Efficient, reliable and easy to maintain.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RADAR SUBSYSTEM

High Tension Unit

Transmitter Unit

Lo+Afc Unit

Receiver Unit

Antenna

Video Processor

High Tension Unit

•The high tension unit converts the 115v 400Hz 3

Phase mains voltage into a d.c supply voltage of about

4.2kv for the transmitter unit. 

•The exact value of the high voltage depends on the

selected PRF(low , high or extra) to prevent the

dissipation of the magnetron from becoming too high

PRF the lower the supplied high voltage.

Transmitter Unit Submodulator

Modulator

Magnetron

Afc control Unit

LO+AFC Unit • The Lo+Afc unit determines the frequency of

the transmitted radar pulses.

Lock Pulses mixer

Afc discriminator

Solid state local oscillator(SSLO)

Coherent oscillator(COHO)

Receiver unit

•The Rx unit converts the received RF echo

signal to IF level and detects the IF signals in

two different ways, two receiver channel are

obtained, called MTI channel and linear

channel.

Receiver unit

•The Rx unit converts the received RF echo

signal to IF level and detects the IF signals in

two different ways, two receiver channel are

obtained, called MTI channel and linear

channel.

Antenna

•The antenna is a square parabolic reflector, rotating with a speed

of about 48 r.p.m. in the focus of the reflector is a radiator, which

emits the RF pulses from the circulartor and which receives RF

echo Pulses.

• In the waveguide is Polarisation shifter, which causes the

polarization of the RF energy to the either horizontally or

circularly. The polarization shifter is controlled by the system

operator.

Video Processor

• The video processor processes the MTI receiver channel, to

make the video suitable for presentation on the colour PPI screen

and for use by the video extractor.

•The main circuit comprised by the video processor are :

Synchronization circuit.

Canceller

Floating level circuit

Correlator

Resources

• www.google.com• www.bel-india.com• www.wikipedia.org

THANK YOU

ANY QUERIES?