industrial training (civil engineering)

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SUBMITTED BY :SUKHVIR SINGH GILLB.TECH- CE SEM-7TH

R.N – 1152207DEPTT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGS.B.S.S.T.C, FIROZPUR

FINAL REPORTON

DISTRICT JUDICIALCOURT COMPLEX

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C O N T E N T S

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present thisreport on training at PWD.I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a Training letter, which made my training possible at PWD,Mohali.

I would like to express my gratitude to Er Amrinderpal Singh for his invaluable suggestions, motivation, guidance and support through out the training . His methodology to start from simple and then deepen through made me to bring out this project report without anxiety.

Thanks to all other PWD officials, operators and all other members of PWD, yet uncounted for their help in completing the project and see the light of success.

I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete this project work successfully.

I extended my due thanks toEr. Amrinder pal Singh who gave me valuable time and suggestions and guide me a lot at various stages ofmy Summer Training.

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C O N T E N T S

CHAPTER PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION 1

PROJECT OVERVIEW 2

SITE LOCATION 3-4

TRAINING STARTED 5

FOUNDATION 6-10

PORCH 11-12

FORMWORK 13-14

COLUMN15-19

SLAB AND BEAM 20-26

EXPANSION JOINT27-28

BRICK MASONARY 29-32

LINTEL 33

PLASTERING 34-36

FLOORING 37-38

STAIRCASE 39-41

DOWN CEILING 42-43

CONCRETE CURING 44-46

REBAR SPACING 47-48

ELECTRIC WIRE FITTING 49-50

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS 51-56

OTHER EQUIPMENTS 57

BATCHING PLANT 58

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P U B L I C W O R K D E P A R T M E N T

ABOUT:The Public Works Department of India is a State Government owned authority that is in charge of public sector works in the state . Public Works Department (PWD) under Ministry of Urban Development is entrusted with construction and maintenance of buildings for most of the state Government Departments, Public undertakings and autonomous bodies.

In the Indian History both pre and post independence - PWD has a glorious era of more than 150 year with dedicated, energetic and committed corps of Engineers and Architects. Before being re-structured to its present form in 1930“Public Works Department” originated in July 1854 when the Governor General of India decided to set up a Central and state Agency:

“to exercise universal control over public works in India with best of scientific knowledge with authority & system”.

Public Works Department,is the premier agency of Govt. of India engaged in planning, designing, construction and maintenance of Government assets in the field of built environment and infrastructure development. Assets in built environment include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Police Buildings, Prisons, Courts etc; assets in infrastructure development include Roads, Bridges, Flyovers, Footpaths, Subways etc.

PWD also sustains and preserves these assets through a well developed system of maintenance which includes amongst others specialized services like rehabilitation works, roads signage and aesthetic treatments like interiors, monument lighting, landscaping.

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

DISTRICT JUDICIAL COURTS COMPLEX (DJCC)

A 7-acre site which is part of a total 14.25 acres earmarked for setting up both the DAC and DJCC.

A 7.25 acres DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLEX (DAC) site adjoining the sprawling Radha Soami Satsang Beas campus.

The DISTRICT JUDICIAL COURTS COMPLEX (DJCC) is to be constructed on an area of 83465sq feet.

The project design 9 story ( Basement + Ground Floor + 7 Floor) but7 story is to be constructed as per requirement & left 2 floor will beconstructed as per later requirement and building having 298 roomsof different sizes. The building has been divided into 8 Blocks.

It includes the construction of rooms for hearing rooms, Judge rooms, Layers Chambers , Toilets , four starecase and Ramp . There will be four lifts for the convenience.

The total Budget for this project which is Estimated is 76 Crore.

D I S T R I C T J U D I C I A L C O U R T C O M P L E X

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SITE LOCATION


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RADHA SOAMI SATSANG BEAS

Project Site

State Highway 12A

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5T R A I N I N G S T A R T E D

TRAINING STARTED

I am training at the “DISTRICT JUDICIAL COURT COMPLEX “under PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT .

I Started the training on 1st july 2014 .

When i arrived at the project Raft foundation , Basement andGround Floor, First floor was being completed (columns , slab &beams).

Construction of this building under DEEPAK BUILDER.Deepak Builder are currently working on many projects one of them is the construction of “DISTRICT JUDICIAL COURT COMPLEX” at Mohali sector 76.

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BASEMENT

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOORRAFT FOUNDATION


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R A F T F O U N D A T I O N

RAFT FOUNDATIONR

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Mat or raft foundation is a large slab supporting a

number of columns and walls under the entire structure

or a large part of the structure to lower the contact

pressure compared to spread footing.

These are used to spread the load of the superstructure over a large base to reduce the load per unit area being

imposed on the ground and this is particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils are encountered and where

individual column loads are heavy.

FOUNDATION

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Advantages of Raft Foundation

When Mat/Raft Foundation is Recommended

It is recommended for the following purposes:

Bearing capacity of soil is low, Walls of the structure are so close that individual footings

would overlap, It is used for large loads, Individual footings would cover more than about half of

the construction area.

Raft or mat foundation is economic due to combination of foundation and floor slab.

It requires little excavation.

It can cope with mixed or poor ground condition.

It reduces differential settlement.

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In District judicial court complex,

#Depth of the Raft Foundation is 51 inch (4’ 3” ).

#Soil bearing capacity is 12 kn/m.sq .

#Clear Cover to Reinforcement

Foundation = 60mm Bottom= 30mm Side= 25mm Top

# LAP Length – 50D in case of FOUNDATION,BEAMS & SLAB .# In Raft Foundation grade of concrete used is M25.

RAFT FOUNDATION

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ISOLATED FOOTING

The Isolated Footing is to be done from the centre

(Basement Level) of the building till 1ST Floor.

A Footing that supports a single column is known as

ISOLATED FOOTING.

UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES :

When the spacing between the two columns is large.

When the design load on the footing is small.

Sufficient space is available for providing length and widthof footing.

I S O L A T E D F O O T I N G


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FOOTING DETAILING

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COLUMN VER. BAR

COLUMN STIRRUPS

REINFORCEMENT BAR GRATE

HOOK

I S O L A T E D F O O T I N G


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PORCH

In This Project,

Whole Number of Porches are 4. No. of Combined Footing in each Porch is 4. No. of Columns in each Porch is 8. Dimension of Combined Footing :

-Length of Combined Footing is 21’6”.-Width of Combined Footing is 8’6”.

Dimension of Column :-Length of coloumn is 36”.-Width of Column is 12”.

Pedestal Gap provide 3”in all Side.

COLUMN STIRRUPS

COLUMN REBARS

COLUMN

PEDESTAL

SHUTTER/FORMWORK

SOIL DEPTH

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PEDESTAL GAPPROVIDE 3” ALL SIDE

COLUMN WIDTH 1’ AND LENGTH 3’.

WIDTH OF PORCH FOOTING IS 8’6”

AND LENGTH 21’6”.

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F O R M W O R K

FORMWORK

SLABSFORMWORK

BEAMS FORMWORK

COLUMNS FORMWORK

Formwork constitutes 30% of the cost and 60% of the time in concrete construction.

Quality of concrete finish and soundness of the concrete depends very much on the formwork system.

Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork not done properly.

Formwork should be properly designed, fabricated and erected to receive concrete.

Accidents happen because of the faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.

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F O R M W O R K

FORMWORK TO STAIRCASE

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C O L U M N

COLUMN

It is a vertical structural member supporting axial compressive loads, with or with-out moments.OR

Generally a column is something which carries load from beam and slab. ORIn other words columns are defined as the members that carries load mainly in compression. columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axes of the cross section.

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In beam column slab, normally slab transfer loads to beam and beam transfer loads to column and finally column transfer loads to footing.

In slab column, slab transfer loads directly to column and column transfer loads to footing.

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C O L U M N

TYPE OF COLUMN SHAPES USED IN THIS PROJECT

SQUARE SECTION

RECTANGULAR SECTION

CIRCULAR SECTION

L - SECTION

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RECTANGULAR SECTION

CIRCULAR SECTION

L - SECCTION

SQUARE SECTION

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REINFORCEMENT OF BARS IN COLUMNS

The Grade of concrete is used in Vertical Construction like

COLUMN is M30.

MAXIMUM Size of bar Which is being used in columns is

32MM.

Minimum Size of bar which is being used in column is 8mm.

The Grade of Steel is used in this Project is Fe 500.

LAP Length in case of Columns is 45D (Where “D” is Dia. Of

Bars).

CLEAR COVER to reinforcement in Column is 40mm.

EXTRA BARS to be EXTEND 0.3L on either side of

SUPPORTING COLUMNS.

TIES in Columns to be provided at a SPACING of 4” C/C in

TOP and BOTTOM H/6 Where ‘H’ is the CLEAR HEIGHT of

the column the rest of the Zone OUTER TIES is 100MM C/C & INNER TIES 200MM C/C.

EXPANSION JOINT in Column is 3” GAP.

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POURING/CASTING OF CONCRETE IN COLUMNS

After the concrete is casted the next step is casting or pouring theconcrete in to the required place.

Before commencing the casting process supervision is made for thebars, spacers, different installations and theformwork if it was in the expected quality for casting.

The equipment used for pouring is bucket to carrythe concrete, tower crane and vibrator for compaction of thefresh concrete.

VIBRATOR

BUCKET

TOWER CRANE

When the ratio of long span to short span is less than 2, then the slab is known as a slab spanning in two directions or two-way slab.

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SLABS AND BEAMS

SLAB


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Types of Two-way Slabs:

FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANELS

TWO-WAY SLAB WITH BEAMS



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FLAT PLATE WAFFLE SLAB

1. Choose layout and type of slab. Type of slab is strongly affected by architectural and construction considerations.2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also, check if thickness is adequate for shear.3. Choose design method.Equivalent frame method- use elastic frame analysis to compute positive and negative moments.Direct design method - uses coefficients to compute positive and negative slab moments4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.5. Determine distribution of moments across the width of the slab. Based on geometry and beam stiffness.6. Assign a portion of moment to beams, if present.7. Design reinforcement for moments from steps 5 and 6. Steps 3-7 need to be done for both principal directions.8. Check shear strengths at the columns.

BASIC STEPS OF TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN :


SLAB DETAIL USED IN THIS PROJECT

LAP Length in case of SLAB is 50D (Where “D” is Dia. Of

Bars).

CLEAR COVER to Reinforcement in SLAB is 25mm.

EXPANSION JOINT in SLAB is ½”.

The grade of concrete used in SLAB is M25.

SLAB Thickness of Project is 6” (6inch) Approx150mm.

In Slab Spacing between the Main bars is 8” (8inch) Approx 200mm.

In this project all type of slab is TWO WAY SLAB. BARS USED 8,10 and 12mm.

TWO WAY SLABWITH BEAMS


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SPACING 8”BEAMS

ELECTRIC FITTING8,10 & 12 mm BARS

USED


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POURING/CASTING OF CONCRETE IN SLAB

CASTING OF SLAB

AFTER CASTING

CONCRETE PUMP



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BEAMS DETAIL

The Grade of concrete is used in Horizontal

Construction like BEAMS is M25.

MAXIMUM Size of bar Which is being used in

Beams is 32MM.

Minimum Size of bar which is being used in Beams

is 8mm.

The Grade of Steel is used in this Project is Fe 500.

LAP Length in case of Beams is 50D (Where “D” is Dia. Of Bars).

CLEAR COVER to reinforcement in Beams is 30mm.

EXTRA BARS to be EXTEND 0.3L on either side of

SUPPORTING BEAMS.

The hooks shall be bent to 135 DEGREE.

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UPPER REINFORCEMENT

BEAMS STIRRUPS

LOWER REINFORCEMENT

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EXPANSION JOINT

All materials, including Concrete expand or contract with the

increase or decrease in temperatures. If suitable

arrangements are not ensured for the expansion and

contraction of concrete due to the temperature changes,

cracks may occur.

To prevent harmful effects due to concrete movement,

several expansion joints are incorporated in concreteconstruction, including foundations, walls, roof expansion joints, and paving slabs.

These joints need to be carefully designed, located, and

installed.

In This Project,

EXPANSION JOINT in SLAB is ½” and in COLUMNS 3” GAP.

EXPANSION JOINT Provided Between the BLOCKS is 3”(inch).

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EXPANSION JOINT

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B R I C K M A S O N A R Y

BRICK MASONARY

Brickis a basic building unit which is in the form of

rectangular block in which length to breadth ratio is 2 but

height can be different.

Normal size (nominal size)

9''×4½" ×3"

Brick Masonary

The art of laying bricks in mortor in a proper systematic manner gives homogeneous mass which can withstand

forces without disintigration, called brick masonary.

The difference between the working and coordinating dimensions of a brick is 10mm (0.5“)and this difference is

taken up with the layer of mortar into which the bricks are pressed when laying.

The working dimensions are also known as the nominal size of a brick.

SIZE

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Basic Brickwork Terminology

The surfaces of a brick have names: Top and bottom surfaces are beds. Ends are headers and header faces. Sides are stretchers or stretcher faces

BedJoint

HeadJoint

Course - horizontal layer of brick


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IN THIS PROJECT , 1st CLASS Bricks is

Used.

The surfaces and edges of bricks are sharp.

For Brick Work, The Cement Mortar

ratio is 1:6 (1cement : 6Sand ).

The cement, sand and water mixture

should be used maximum within 2 hours.

The joint between the bricks should not be one above the other.

The thickness of mortar joints doesn’t exceed 10 mm.

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L I N T E L S

Lintel is a short beam with

its ends build into a wall. It is a horizontal structural member placed over small openings of the wall for

door , window, ventilator, cupboard, etc.

LINTEL

CLASSIFICATION OF LINTELS

LINTELS

R.C.C LINTEL BRICK LINTEL STEEL LINTEL TIMBER LINTEL STONE LINTEL

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P L A S T E R I N G

PLASTERING

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Plaster is a building material used for coating walls and ceilings. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used. The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens. Plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools or even sandpaper. These characteristics make plaster suitable for a finishing, rather than a load-bearing material.

It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all variations of the climatic changes.

It should be cheap and economical. It should be hard and durable. It should be possible to apply it during all

weather conditions. It should possess good workability.

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTERING -

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P L A S T E R I N G

In this Project ,

Plastering was be done after curing on the brick masonry. Cement and fine aggregate mix ratio was be 1:6 (1 Cement: 6

fine aggregate) for internal plastering of bricks and 1:4 for external plastering.

Never do a plastering beyond 12 or 15mm thickness on a brick wall.

Avoid plastering beyond 6 mm thickness on concrete in one go.

Compulsory usage of mesh while plastering the electric and water pipes is advised.

PLASTERING

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FLOORING

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of

a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering.

Concrete floors are highly durable and resilient. When it

comes to commercial concrete flooring, it can withstand any

pressure from heavy equipment like heavy equipments, forklifts, cars, etc. Thus, this type of flooring is very popularamong commercial areas.

In This Project,

Material used in Construction of Floor is Cement Concrete.

Material used for floor finish is Tiles.

The grade of concrete used in FLOOR finishing is M20.

2” Gatka is provided ,grade of concrete used in gatka is M5.

Finishing of the floor is being taken place 1 ½” Finishing

Concrete.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor

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CEMENT MIXER CONCRETE

TRUCK

FLOOR FINISHING

PIPE

CONCRETE PUMP

GATKA

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STAIRCASE

In This Project,

Type of Staircase is TWO FLIGHT STAIRCASE.

Size of Tread is 290mm Size of Riser is 140mm Width is 5’ (5 feet). Quantity of Concrete used is 3 m cu.

In buildings, stairs is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors.

8,10 & 12 mm BARS USED

STAIRCASEFORMWORK

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STAIRCASEFORMWORK

CONCRETE M25

VIBRATOR

CASTING OF CONCRETE IN STAIRCASE

S T A I R C A S E


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DOWN CEILING

A ceiling which is not a part of the structural framework of a

building and is installed below the level of the underside of

the floor above or of the roof. The upper interior surface of a room.

Most Popular form of suspended ceiling consist of GRID framework.

Levelling use water level and laser beam.

Provide Continuous and Jointless Surface.

Fulfill Fire resistance requirement.

Provide a robust form of suspended ceiling.

In this Project, Down Ceiling is 2’6’’ below the Slab.

GRID FRAMEWORK

CONTINOUS AND JOINTLESS SURFACE

UNDER WORKING

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CEILING PANEL

WATER PIPES

FURRING CHANNEL

CROSS RUNNERS

ELECTRICWIRES

ELECTRIC WIRE

MAINRUNNERS

SUSPENSION ROD

STAGGER BUTT JOINT

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CON CRE T E CUR IN G

Concrete curing is mandatory. As a matter of fact, the higherthe environmental temperature is, the more meticulously

it has to be done.

In every case, concrete’s surface has to be moistenedthroughout the entire day for at least the first week after casting; however the curing process will last for 28 days.

BY PONDING, We form a dam a few centimeters high (4 to 5 centimeters) around the pe-rimeter of the slab right after

concreting.

We fill this dam with water thus creating a pond and we make

sure to replace water losses due to vaporization.

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A DAM 4 TO 5 CENTIMETER HIGH FILL WITH WATER

C O N C R E T E C U R I N G


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REBAR SPACER

A rebar spacer is a device that secures the reinforcing steel or

"rebar" in reinforced concrete structures as the rebar is

assembled in place prior to the final concrete pour. The spacers

are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in place, and

become a permanent part of the structure.

The main categories of rebar spacers are:

Linear Spacers (Π-section profiles, H-section profiles, or other

3 dimensional shapes)

Point Spacers (wheel spacers, various tower or chair-like

shapes)

Rebar spacers can be divided in two raw materials categories: Concrete spacers Plastic spacers

The concrete spacers have the advantage of the same raw

material which will improve the watertightness and strength of the concrete. Plastic spacers have the advantage of the

low cost production and fast processing.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcing_steel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete

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REBAR CHAIR

CONCRETE SPACERSRange of heights from

25mm to 85mm

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ELECTRIC WIRE FITTING

ELECTRICPANEL

During making of concrete slab electric pipes are used for fitting Purpose.

These PIPES are made of Mild Steel.

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A trough with removable covers through which

electric power and control cables are run.

It can be a metal unit that is set in concrete or

formed in a concrete slab. The top of the covers are level with the floor.

ELECTRIC TRENCH DUCT

HEIGHT OF TRENCH DUCT IS 28MM

ELECTRIC TRENCH DUCT

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CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of

construction machines on every construction sites,

which make the construction jobs easy, safe andquicker.

Depending on the application, construction machinesare classified into various categories which we are

discussing here.

A. Material handling equipments

B. Earthmoving equipments

C. Construction vehicles

D. Construction equipments

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Material handling equipments and there quantitiesused in this project

CRANES Height 24m at 90 dgree Angle. Height 32m at 120 dgree Angle. Weight of one Block of Concrete is 1 Ton. Numder of Blocks is 14. 12 KGW Motor is to be used. Set up consuming time – 4 to 5 hours. Side Weight of Crane is 3 Ton.

CONCRETE BLOCKS

SIDE WEIGHT

QUANTITIESTOWER CRANES = 3(2 SMALL,1 BIG)


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Earthmoving equipments and there quantities used inthis project

Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :- shift large amounts of earth,- dig foundations and landscape areas.

In This Project,

Only 1 Blackhoe is used for Earthmoving Purpose.

A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece ofexcavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on theend of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on theback of a tractor or front loader

The boom is attached to the

vehicle through a pivotknown as the kingpost,

which allows the arm to slewleft and right, usually

through a total of around 200degrees.

Modern backhoes are

powered by hydraulics.


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54

Construction vehicles and there quantities used in thisproject

Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles,

specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

A truck orlorry the rear

platform of whichcan be raised at

the front endto enable the

load to be

discharged by

gravity also

called tip truck.

In This Project,

2 Tip Truck is used

For Construction Purposes.


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55

Concrete equipments and there quantities used in thisproject

A hand concrete mixer (also commonlycalled a cement mixer) is a device thathomogeneously combines cement,aggregate such as sand or gravel, andwater to form concrete. A typicalconcrete mixer uses a revolving drumto mix the components. For smallervolume works portable concretemixers are often used so that theconcrete can be made at theconstruction site, giving the workersample time to use the concrete beforeit hardens.

Number of Hand Concrete mixer is used in this project is 2


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56

Special concrete transporttrucks (in–transit mixers) aremade to transport and mixconcrete up to theconstruction site. They canbe charged with drymaterials and water, with themixing occurring duringtransport. With this process,the material has alreadybeen mixing. The concretemixing transport truckmaintains the material'sliquid state throughagitation, or turning of thedrum, until delivery.

In This Project,

4 Cement Mixer Concrete Truck is used For Construction Purposes. Truck Capacity is 7 M.cu.

Cement Mixer Concrete Truck


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57

OTHER EQUIPMENTS

Name QUANTITIES

CONCRETE PUMPS = 1 ( CAPACITY UPTO 10 STOREY)TRACTOR = 2 JACK HAMMER = 1TRACTOR TROLLIES = 2GENERATOR SET = 2VIBRATOR = 6MONKEY CRANE = 1 (WITH REMOTE )

TRACTOR

CONCRETE PUMP

VIBRATOR

MONKEY CRANE


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BATCHING PLANT

A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant, is a device that combines

various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these

inputs

include sand, water, aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.), fly ash, potash, and cement.

In This Project,

Batching plant capacity of 1 cycle is .5 m.cu.

M30 grade is maximum provide by this plant.

58B A T C H I N G P L A N T

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CONCRETE STORAGE

59T H A N K Y O U

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THANKYOU