industrial revolution photo introduction

7/29/2019 Industrial Revolution Photo Introduction

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May 10, 1869

The first transcontinental railroad was completed when the

Union Pacific and Central Pacific met.


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January 10, 1870

In Ohio, John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company was

incorporated.


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1871 1880

More than 2,812,191 immigrants arrived in the United States,

primarily from Europe, between 1871 and 1880.


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October 8, 1871 October 10, 1871

In Chicago, a disastrous fire destroys nearly four square miles

of the city, leaving 300 people dead and 100,000 homeless.

The city soon redevelops and rebuilds, emerging as a major

industrial and economic center.


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March 1, 1872

The Yellowstone National Park Act set an area of the Wyoming

and Montana territories aside as the peoples pleasuring

ground.


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1875

Andrew Carnegie opened the nations largest steel plant just

outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


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March 7, 1876

Inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.


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July 14, 1877

Railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, initiated a

strike to protest working conditions and wages. The strike

spread and lasted more than a month, sparking violence and

damaging the economy before being put down by federal

troops.


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February 28, 1878

In an attempt to counteract deflation, and over President

Hayes veto, Congress passed the Bland-Allison Act, which

authorized a limited amount of silver dollars.


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May 8, 1882

The Chinese Exclusion Act was the nations first law to ban

immigration by race or nationality. The act, which was

renewed and enforced until 1943, banned Chinese

immigration for ten years and prohibited Chinese from

becoming citizens.


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August 5, 1882

John D. Rockefeller created Standard Oil Trust by trading

stockholders shares for trust certificates. The trust was

designed to allow Rockefeller and other Standard Oil

stockholders to get around state laws prohibiting one

company from owning stock in another.


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January 16, 1883

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed. In an

attempt to curb corruption and patronage, the act introduced

federal exams and merit requirements for the hiring of civil

servants.


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May 4, 1886

In Chicagos Haymarket Square, anarchists gathered to

protest the police killing of labor strikers. When police

attempted to end the demonstration, a bomb was thrown and

exploded in the crowd. In the ensuing clash, police fired into

the crowd and eight policemen and several protestors were

killed and many more injured.


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December 8, 1886

The American Federation of Labor was formed by trade

unions to organize skilled workers, with Samuel Gompers as

its first president.


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February 4, 1887

Under pressure from small businesses and farmers, Congress

passed the Interstate Commerce Act creating the Interstate

Commerce Commission, the first federal regulatory

commission.


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July 2, 1890

Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to prohibit trusts

and prevent monopolies.


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January 5, 1892

Fifteen-year-old Annie Moore of Ireland became the first

immigrant to pass through Ellis Island.


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June 30, 1892

In response to falling steel prices, Henry C. Frick, the general

manager of Andrew Carnegies steel plant in Homestead,

Pennsylvania, cut wages and attempted to quash the workersAmalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. The

workers protested, and Frick closed the mills and refused to

negotiate with the union, declaring that he would only deal

with individual workers. The workers tried to appeal to

Carnegie, who had defended unionization, but Carnegie made

himself unavailable. The workers voted to strike, and Frick

hired a private army to disperse the strikers. The ensuingviolent conflict lasted fourteen hours and was put down by the

Pennsylvania state militia. The strikes leaders were

blacklisted, and Carnegies company successfully broke

unions in Homestead and throughout Pennsylvania steel

country.


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July 11, 1894

Pullman Palace Car Company workers initiated a boycott of

Pullman train cars through the American Railway Union. The

boycott, observed by 150,000 members of the American

Railway Union, stopped rail traffic in and out of Chicago and

affected rail traffic across the country. The US Attorney

General issued an injunction against the striking workers, and

President Grover Cleveland sent federal forces to protect

trains being run by non-union strikebreakers. Pro-union mobs

destroyed trains and buildings, leading to the jailing of union

and strike leaders and the end of the American Railway Union.


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1893

The stock market crashed, prompting the Panic of 1893 and

leading to the bankrupting of the United States Treasury. The

already weakened economy collapsed as people withdrew

deposited funds and banks failed. Exports also declined and

unemployment grew.


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April 1, 1901

John Pierpont Morgan merged several of Andrew Carnegies

companies to form US Steel.


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April 11, 1898 December 10, 1898The debate over Americas global role intensified when Cubans began to fight for their

independence from Spain in 1895. Americans were sympathetic to Cubas struggle for

independence, but were divided about how to help. President William McKinley was deeply

ambivalent about war against Spain. Ultimately, however, the pressure of public opinion

forced McKinley into the war that made the United States an international power.

Newspaper publishers like William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer worked up war

fever among the public with reports of Spanish atrocities against Cuban rebels. Then,

HearstsNew York Journalpublished a leaked letter in which the chief Spanish diplomat in

Washington described President McKinley as weak and a petty politician. Hearst

publicized the letter under the screaming headline WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED

STATES IN ITS HISTORY. Days later an explosion sank the USSMainein Havana harbor.

A naval court of inquiry blamed the explosion on a mine, further inflaming public sentiment

against Spain. After ten days of debate, Congress declared war, but only after adopting

the Teller Amendment, in which the United States made it clear that it did not harbor

imperialist ambitions. The amendment announced that the United States would not acquireCuba. But after the United States defeated Spain, it set up a military government on Cuba

and made the soldiers withdrawal contingent on the Cubans accepting the Platt

Amendment, which gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba to protect life,

property, and individual liberties. The 144-day war also resulted in the United States

taking control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.


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1904

Aggressive national campaign for federal child labor law

reform begins


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American Industrial RevolutionTimeline

1800 1900

industrial revolution photo introduction

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