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INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

Volume 22 Number 1 June 2016Acreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015

(Period: October 2015-October 2018)

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is the English version of fisheries research journal.The first edition was published in 1994 with once a year in 1994. Since 2005, this journal

has been published twice a year on JUNE and DECEMBER.

Editor in Chief:Prof. Dr. Ir. Ngurah Nyoman Wiadnyana, DEA (Fisheries Ecology-Center for Fisheries Research and

Development)

Associate Editor:Dr. Wijopriono (Fisheries Hidro Acoustic-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Editorial Board:Prof. Dr. Ir. Hari Eko Irianto (Fisheries Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Gadis Sri Haryani (Limnology-Limnology Reseach Center)Prof. Dr. Ir. Husnah, M. Phil (Toxicology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Prof. Dr. Ir. M.F. Rahardjo, DEA (Fisheries Ecology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

Peer-Reviewers for this Number:Dr. Priyanto Rahardjo, M.Sc (Estimation of stock-Fisheries High School)

Prof. Dr. H. Cecep Kusuma, M.S. (Ecology and Mangrove Silviculture-Bogor Agricultural Institute)Prof. Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc (Fishing Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Ir. Badrudin, M.Sc. (Demersal Fisheries Biology-Institute for Marine Fisheries)Ir. Duto Nugroho, M.Si (Resources and Environment-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Dr. Ir. Rudhy Gustiano, M.Sc (Genetic Fisheries-Institute for Freshwater Research and Development)

Language Editor:Dr. Lilis Sadiyah (Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

Assistant Editor:Dra. Endang Sriyati

Amalia Setiasari, A.Md

Editorial Office:Ofan Bosman, S.Pi

Published by:Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development

Manuscript send to the publisher:Indonesian Fisheries Research JournalCenter for Fisheries Research and DevelopmentGedung Balitbang KP II, Jl. Pasir Putih II Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 IndonesiaPhone: (021) 64700928, Fax: (021) 64700929Website : http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj/., Email: [email protected].

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is printed by Center for Fisheries Research and Development Budgeting

F.Y. 2016.

p-ISSN 0853–8980e-ISSN 2502–6569

Sheet Bebestari

PEER-REVIEWERS OFINDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL

1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc. (Fishing Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

2. Dr. Purwito Martosubroto (The National Commission on Fish Stock Assessment)

3. Dr. Imam Musthofa Zainudin (Marine Biologist-World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF), Indonesia

4. Prof. Dr. Ir. MS., Cecep Kusmana, M.S. (Ecology and mangrove silviculture-Bogor Agricultural Intitute)

5. Dr. Tonny Wagey (Fisheries Oceanography-The University of British Columbia), Canada

6. Dr. Régis Hocdé (Mathematics-Institute of Research for Development), France

7. Dr. Laurent Pouyaud (Marine Biologist-Institute of Research for Development), France

8. Dr. Campbell Davies, Australia

9. Prof. Colin Simpfendorfer (Fisheries-Biologist-Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquac-ulture & James Cook University), Australia

10. Dr. Shinsuke Morioka, Japan

11. Prof. Neil Loneragan (Fisheries Biologist-Murdoch University), Australia

12. Dr. M.Si., Ir. Ario Damar (Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University)

13. Prof. Dr. Ir. Setyo Budi Susilo, M.Sc. (Bogor Agricultural Institute)

14. Prof. Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, M.Sc. (Bogor Agricultural Institute)

15. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sonny Koeshendrajana, M. Sc. (Resources Economics-Research Centre for Marine andFisheries Socio-Economics), Indonesia

16. Prof. Dr. Sam Wouthuyzen (Oceanography LIPI)

17. Prof. Dr. Ir. Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, M.Sc. (Institute for Fisheries Enhancement and Conservation)

18. Dr. Ir. Augy Syahailatua (Research Center for Oceanography-The Indonesian Institute of Sciences)

19. Dr. Sudarto (Research Center and Development Aquaculture)

20. Dr. Priyanto Rahardjo, M.Sc. (Estimation of stock-Fisheries High School)

21. Dr. Estu Nugroho (Research Center and DevelopmentAquaculture)

22. Ir. Duto Nugroho, M.Si. (Resources and Environment-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

23. Dr. Ir. Rudhy Gustiano, M.Sc. (Genetic Fisheries-Institute for Freshwater Research and Development)

24. Ir. Badrudin, M.Sc. (Demersal Fisheries Biology-Institute for Marine Fisheries)

25. Dr. Ir. Mochammad Riyanto, M.Si. (Fishing Technology-Bogor Agricultural Institute)

26. Dr. Ir. Abdul Ghofar, M. Sc. (Fish Stock Assessment Resource-UNDIP)

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Sheet Bebestari

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FORPEER-REVIEWERS

Editor of Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) would like to thank for Peer-Reviewers who haveparticipated in the review paper published in the scientific journal's, so that this journal can be published in atimely manner. Peer-Reviewers who participated in the publication Volume 22 Number 1 June, 2016 are:

1. Dr. Priyanto Rahardjo, M.Sc. (Estimation of stock-Fisheries High School)

2. Prof. Dr. H. Cecep Kusuma, M.S. (Ecology and mangrove silviculture-Bogor Agricultural Intitute)

3. Prof. Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc. (Fishing Technology-Center for Fisheries Research and Development)

4. Ir. Badrudin, M.Sc. (Demersal Fisheries Biology-Institute for Marine Fisheries)

5. Ir. Duto Nugroho, M.Si. (Resources and Environment-Center for Fisheries Research and Develop-ment)

6. Dr. Ir. Rudhy Gustiano, M.Sc. (Genetic Fisheries-Institute for Freshwater Research and Develop-ment)

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PREFACE

Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) in 2016 entered the Volume 22. The process of publishingthis journal is funded by Center for Fisheries Research and Development of the fiscal year 2016.All submissionsshould be published through the process of evaluation by the Editorial Board, Peer-Reviewers and editing byEditorial Office.

Management of Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ) in 2016 began referring to the Open JournalSystems (OJS). In terms of appearance there was a little change, namely:1. Inclusion of p-ISSN and e-ISSN in the upper right corner on the face skin page, title page and table of

contents page of issue, without colons2. Inclusion of numbered lists or ISSN barcode in the lower right corner on the back cover3. Special Sheets for Peer-Reviewers4. Sheet gratitude for Peer-Reviewers involved in the review of each number5. Each title sheet no additional information on the website, email address and information about the IFRJ,

as well as the logo and the cover on the left and right. This change information is displayed on eachforeword for 2 (two) publications.

First published in Volume 22 Number 1 2016 presented seven fisheries research articles. Those sevenarticles are: Growth Comparison of Mahseer (Tor tambroides) From Manna and Tarusan River in WesternSumatera River, Small Pelagic Fishery Status in Makassar Strait Based in the Northern Java; Role of SubSurface Temperature, Salinity and Chlorophyll to Albacore Tuna Abundance in Indian Ocean; Biology andCPUE Spatial Distribution of Escolar Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) in Eastern Indian Ocean(Evolving Fisheries: Today’s By-catch is Tomorrow’s Target Catch); The Effect of Depth of Hooks, Set andSoak Time to The Catch per Unit Effort Tuna in The Eastern Indian Ocean; Mangrove of Berau: EcologicalCondition, Fisheries and Management Options; Current Status of The Pole-And-Line Fishery in Eastern Partof Indonesia; The Seasonal Variability of CPUE and Catch-At-Size Distribution of Troll and Handline TunaFisheries Landed in Labuhan Lombok.

Those scientific papers are expected to contribute to policy makers and managers of fisheries resourcesin Indonesia. Editor would deliver sincere thanks to reseachers from the Center for Fisheries Research andDevelopment and outside for their active participation in this edition.

Editor in Chief

INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNALVolume 22 Number 1 June 2016

CONTENS

Page

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ii

iii

iv

v-vii

1-8

9-16

17-26

27-36

37-42

43-52

53-60

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PEER-REVIEWER…………………………………………………………………………......................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..………………………………………………………………………....................

PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………………....................

CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................

Growth Comparison of Mahseer (Tor tambroides) From Manna and Tarusan River in Western SumateraRiverBy: Arif Wibowo and Mirna Dwirastina ....................……………………………………………………

Small Pelagic Fishery Status in Makassar Strait Based in the Northern JavaBy: Sri Turni Hartati, Setiya Triharyuni and Lilis Sadiyah ……………………………………………………

Role of Sub Surface Temperature, Salinity and Chlorophyll to Albacore Tuna Abundance in IndianOceanBy: Dian Novianto and Eko Susilo .................................………………………………………………

Biology and CPUE Spatial Distribution of Escolar Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) inEastern Indian Ocean (Evolving Fisheries : Today’s By-catch is Tomorrow’s Target Catch)By: Fathur Rochman, Irwan Jatmiko and Arief Wujdi ………………………………….......................

Mangrove of Berau : Ecological Condition, Fisheries and Management OptionsBy: Ivana Yuniarti, Nirmalasari Idha Wijaya, Fajar Sumi Lestari, Fajar Setiawan and Sutrisno .......

Current Status of The Pole-And-Line Fishery in Eastern Part of IndonesiaBy: Agustinus Anung Widodo, Wudianto and Fayakun Satria .........................................………

The Seasonal Variability of CPUE and Catch-At-Size Distribution of Troll and Handline Tuna FisheriesLanded in Labuhan LombokBy: Bram Setyadji, Hety Hartaty and Siti Mardlijah .........................................................………

p-ISSN 0853–8980e-ISSN 2502–6569

INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNALVolume 22 Number 1 June 2016

ABSTRACT

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GROWTH COMPARISON OF MAHSEER(Tor tambroides)FROM MANNA AND TARUSAN RIVERIN WESTERN SUMATERA RIVER

Arif WibowoIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 1-8

ABSTRACT

Mahseer is commonly used as a premiumconsumption fish with exceptional price, however, thesespecies have encountered dwindle in distribution andabudance. The objective of this study was to investigateand to compare aspects of the interspatial variability ofWestern Sumatra component growth of mahseerbetween Manna River and Tarusan River. Mahseersamples were collected from the Manna River, BengkuluProvince and Tarusan River, West Sumatra Province.Monthly sampling was carried out over a period ofFebruary to October 2012 in Manna River and February toJuly 2012 in Tarusan River for detailed growth study. Atotal of 295 mahseer samples were collected from fivesampling sites in Manna River and 495 mahseersamples were collected from three sampling sites inTarusan River. The results show the age group populationestimation of T. Tambroides from Manna River andTarusan River based on the analysis of length-frequencies using the Bhattacharya method, resulted intwo different age groups. The theoretical growth curve forlength from Manna River, the values are L = 50.45 cm, K= 1.90 yr-1, t0 = -0.07 yr-1 and = 3.684, and for weight,the values are W = 1395.49 gr, K = 0,71 yr-1, t0 = -0.078yr-1 and = 6.148. The parameters of the von Bertalanffygrowth curve in length from Tarusan River were L =31,34 cm, K = 1.70 yr-1, t0 = -0.09 yr-1 and = 3.21 andW = 634.86 gr, K = 0.48 yr-1, t0 = -0.147 yr-1 and =5.282 in weight. The length-weight relationship estimatedfor Manna River was W = 0.000007TL3.086 for females (R2

= 0.9545, N = 91) and W = 0.0037TL1.882 for males. Whilefor Tarusan River, length-weight relationship estimatedwas = 0.00003TL2.839. Mahseer from Manna Riverpopulation has better growth parameters than those atTarusan River.

Keywords: Growth; mahseer; Manna and Tarusan

River

SMALL PELAGIC FISHERY STATUS INMAKASSAR STRAIT BASED IN THENORTHERN JAVA

Sri Turni HartatiIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 9-16

ABSTRACT

The coastal of Makassar Strait is a fishing area tobecome a primary fishing destination for purse seinevessels from Java based in Pekalongan, Tegal, andJuwana. This paper presents the current condition ofsmall pelagic fishery in the Makassar Strait based ondata and information obtained from study in 2012 andreview of previous studies. During 2004-2011,overfishing has been occurring in the small pelagicfisheries in the Makassar Strait, indicated by a sharpdecreasing trend in the catch rate, from 30.83 tons/tripin 2004 to 12.27 tons/trip in 2011. The estimated MSY forsmall pelagic fish in the Makassar Strait is at the rangeof 34.705-37.930 tons with optimum efforts for 2.234-2.500 purse seine trips. Thus the level of purse seinefishing effort in 2011, i.e. 3.078 trips, was exceeding theoptimum effort. For management of the small pelagicfisheries in the waters of Makassar Strait, importantaction recommended is fishing effort restrictions.Theeffortallowed would be only in the range of 2.234-2.500 purse seinetrips, with control the fishing capacity.

Keywords: Purse seine fisheries; Makassar Strait;Northern Java

ROLE OF SUB SURFACETEMPERATURE, SALINITY ANDCHLOROPHYLL TO ALBACORE TUNAABUNDANCE IN INDIAN OCEAN

Dian NoviantoIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 17-26

ABSTRACT

The swimming layer is one of the important factorsto get maximum catches, especially on tuna longlineeffort. The vertical abundance of the albacore tuna wasinvestigated based on catch data and 3-DINDESOOcean Model data, such as sub-surface conditions ofsea water potential temperature (Temp), salinity (Sal)and mass concentration of diatoms and flagellatesexpressed as chlorophyll (Chl) in the Eastern IndianOcean period 2014-2015. Combining the statisticalmethod of generalized additive model (GAM) wasperformed to analysis in this study. There were seven

Abstract

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GAM models that generated with the number of ALBvertical abundance as a response variable, and Temp,Sal, and Chl as predictor variables. Sal has highlysignificant (P < 0.001) while Chl and Temp significant (P< 0.01) to ALB vertical abundance. Deduced from GAMs,indicated that a negative effect of Sal on the number ofALB was observed at salinity >34.52 psu. There was apositive effect of salinity on the number of ALB, whichwas from 34.30 to 34.47 psu and Chl showed a positiveeffect of this variable on the number of ALB caughtoccurred between 0.01 mg/m3 and 0.12 mg/m3 in theregion of high confidence level where negative effect on> 0.13 mg/m3. While ALB catches abundance varied inthe temperature range with the highest frequency at 24.0-24.9 °C. Sal was the most important environmental variable tothe number ofALB verticallycaught, followed byChl andTemp.

Keywords: Albacore tuna; abundance; subsurface;temperature; salinity; chlorophyll; IndianOcean

BIOLOGY AND CPUE SPATIALDISTRIBUTION OF ESCOLARLepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith,1843) IN EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN(EVOLVING FISHERIES: TODAY’S BY-CATCH IS TOMORROW’S TARGETCATCH)

Fathur RochmanIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 27-36

ABSTRACT

Discharge of by catch is a significant problem in worldfishery. Every commercial fishery such as tuna longlinehas a suite of bycatch species, escolar fish (LEC). LECas by catch product has received a little attentionbecause of its lower economic value and given itsimportance as a secondary market. With time, however,market can become establish for this presentlyundesirable species. Acknowledging that today’s bycatch might become tomorrow’s target fish. The aims ofthis study areto provide information on biological aspectand catch per unit of effort (CPUE) spatial distribution ofescolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) as by catch inIndonesian longline fishery operating in the EasternIndian Ocean. Total escolar samples of 1,815 were takenfrom scientific observer data from 2011-2013. The studyarea of escolar was between 0.897 - 33.175°S and85.366 – 138.733°E of Eastern Indian Ocean. Resultsshow that the escolar length (cmFL) is distributed from27-178 cmFL (median=83 cmFL, mode=85 cmFL,mean=83.95 cmFL and n= 1.812) and dominated by thesize of 85 cmFL. The length weight relationship wasdetermined to be W=0.0002FL2.2926(W in kg, FL in cm). Interms of CPUEs distribution, the lower CPUEs(<1.0001)generally occurred near shore between Indonesia andAustralia (10-20°S and 110-125°E).The highest CPUEsof escolar (>1.0001 to 7.382) generally occurred in

Western Australian, precisely on grid between 10-35°Sand 85-110°E. These grids would be a potential forfishing LEC with the best time to catch in June to August.

Keywords: Tuna Longline; bycatch; escolar; CPUE;Indian Ocean

MANGROVE OF BERAU: ECOLOGICALCONDITION, FISHERIES, ANDMANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Ivana YuniartiIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 37-42

ABSTRACT

Mangrove area of Berau District, East KalimantanProvince is an important buffering zone for DerawanIslands. It also becomes a distinctive habitat forcommercial fisheries commodity. Land conversion intoshrimp ponds has threatened its sustainability. Thispaper summarizing its ecological condition, fisheries,and management options presents a guideline for thedecision makers about what strategies can be appliedin conserving the mangrove sustainability. Overall, theecological condition is proven to support sustainablefisheries practice; such as shrimp and crabsilvofisheries. Moreover, the calculation of firewoodeconomic value shows that a sustainable commercialfirewood production is another option that can beestablished to support local economic activities. Inaddition, a well managing ecotourism may beconsidered by local government considering its potentialfor local economic growth.

Keywords: Mangrove; fisheries; ecotourism;management; Berau

CURRENT STATUS OF THE POLE-AND-LINE FISHERY IN EASTERN PART OFINDONESIA

Agustinus Anung WidodoIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 43-52

ABSTRACT

The promotion of pole-and-line fishery for a selectivegear operating in the Indonesian tuna management areais considered as the proper policy in response to theincreasing market demand with tuna eco-labeled.Appropriate information in addressing the current statusof the pole-and-line fishery in Indonesia is an importantstep in order to support the promotion. Data used todescribe the fishery were obtained through scientific portsampling program in collaboration between RCFMC andWCPFC in 2010 to 2014 and also scientific observeronboard program collaboration RCFMC and CRAC Co.Ltd. in 2013. The results show that presently the numberof pole and line fleets was decreased significantly and

Abstract

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remain about 232 fleetsin Sorong, Bitung and Kendariand Larantuka. The national annual total catch of pole-and line during 1980 – 2013 was recorded between24,000 and 160,000 tons per year (average 98,117 tonsper year). This value is estimated to contribute about20% of Indonesia annual total catch of tuna in FMAs713-717. The pole-and-line catch rates based at Bitung,Kendari and Sorong were fluctuated in each year withthe range respective between 8.79 and 17.93 tons/trip/vessel, 4.78 and 5.36 ton/trip/vessel and about 7,99 tonton/trip/vessel. Pole-and-line fishery operated inIndonesian FMAs 713-717 is considered as selectivefishery, with > 80 % catches of skipjack in matured stage.The tuna-live bait fish ratio in Indonesian pole-and-linewas 4.41 :1, then an improvement of live bait ratio aswell as its management is required.

Keywords: Current status; pole and line; Indonesia

THE SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF CPUEAND CATCH-AT-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OFTROLL AND HANDLINE TUNAFISHERIES LANDED IN LABUHANLOMBOK

Bram SetyadjiIFRJ, Vol. 22 No.1, Page: 53-60

ABSTRACT

Troll and hand line tuna fisheries is one of the majorfishing gears landed in Labuhan Lombok coastal fishingport (PPP Labuhan Lombok) west Nusa Tenggara Baratprovince. Both fisheries are strongly associated withfish aggregating devices (FAD’s). The main fishingground is Indian Ocean southern part of this province.Several source of data has been collected regularly. Dataanalysis comprised of monthly catch and effort datasamples based on port monitoring program during 2012to 2015. The result showed the diclining of CPUE ofyellowfin and skipjack tuna presumably related to fishingintensity of fleets and its variability that landed in PPPLabuhan Lombok. The increasing CPUE of skipjacktuna in 2014 was predicted due to increasing aggregationaround the FADs. Constrasting seasonal fishing indexpattern between yellowfin and skipjack tuna found in 4-month cycles, started in January. A length-weightrelationship suggested that yellowfin tuna caught bysmall-scale fisheries were performing allometric growthpattern (b=2.963, r2=0.9737).

Keywords: Troll and handline fisheries; FADs; fishingseason; Labuhan Lombok

Abstract

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Copyright © 2016, Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal (IFRJ)

Biology And Cpue Spatial Distribution Of Escolar ………………. In Eastern Indian Ocean (Rochman, F., et al)

BIOLOGY AND CPUE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESCOLAR Lepidocybiumflavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) IN EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN

(EVOLVING FISHERIES: TODAY’S BY CACTH IS TOMORROW’STARGET CACTH)

Fathur Rochman*1, Irwan Jatmiko1 and Arief Wujdi1

1Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries, Mertasari Road, No. 140 Br. Suwung Kangin, Desa Sidakarya, Denpasar Selatan,Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia 80224

Correspondence: [email protected]; January 29-2015 Received in revised from May 16-2016; Accepted May 18-2016

ABSTRACT

Discharge of by catch is a significant problem in world fishery. Every commercial fishery suchas tuna longline has a suite of bycatch species, escolar fish (LEC). LEC as by catch product hasreceived a little attention because of its lower economic value and given its importance as asecondary market. With time, however, market can become establish for this presently undesirablespecies. Acknowledging that today’s by catch might become tomorrow’s target fish. The aims ofthis study areto provide information on biological aspect and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) spatialdistribution of escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) as by catch in Indonesian longline fisheryoperating in the Eastern Indian Ocean. Total escolar samples of 1,815 were taken from scientificobserver data from 2011-2013. The study area of escolar was between 0.897 - 33.175°S and85.366 – 138.733°E of Eastern Indian Ocean. Results show that the escolar length (cmFL) isdistributed from 27-178 cmFL (median=83 cmFL, mode=85 cmFL, mean=83.95 cmFL and n=1.812) and dominated by the size of 85 cmFL. The length weight relationship was determined to beW=0.0002FL2.2926(W in kg, FL in cm). In terms of CPUEs distribution, the lower CPUEs(<1.0001)generally occurred near shore between Indonesia and Australia (10-20°S and 110-125°E).Thehighest CPUEs of escolar (>1.0001 to 7.382) generally occurred in Western Australian, preciselyon grid between 10-35°S and 85-110°E. These grids would be a potential for fishing LEC with thebest time to catch in June to August.

Keyword: Tuna Longline; bycatch; escolar; CPUE; Indian Ocean

INTRODUCTION

Indonesian longline fisheries are based upon theeconomics value. The establishment of commercialfisheries, there has been only one “universal law” thatsupersedes all others when it comes to economicmarket: the law of supply and demand. The directionof all commercial fisheries depends on this commonlaw. Historically, commercial fisheries market hasevolved or emerges to balance this fundamental law(Levesque, 2010).

Two of the greatest challenges in fisheriesmanagement are controlled by the catch andunderstanding emerging fishery markets. Dischargeof by catch is a significant problem in world fishery.Every commercial fishery has a suite of by cacthspecies that is discharged (dead or alive) at sea

because they have a little to no economic value. Withtime, however, market can become establish for someof these presently undesirable species.Acknowledgingthat today’s by catch might be tomorrow’s target fish(Levesque, 2010).

The example of by catch species that has receivedlittle research attention because of its lower economicvalue is the escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum).At one time escolar was worthless by catch of tunapelagic longline fisheries. Today, escolar still do notsupport a directed fishery, but this species nowlanded, marketed and sold for profit (Graves, 1998).

LEC is a common bycatch in pelagic longlinefisheries with targeting tuna and swordfish.Accordingto Nakamura & Parin (1993), escolar is a member ofthe Gempylidae family. This fish is widely distributed

Available online at: http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj

e-mail:[email protected]

INDONESIANFISHERIESRESEARCHJOURNALVolume 22 Nomor 1 June 2016

p-ISSN: 0853-8980

e-ISSN: 2502-6569Accreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015

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Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.22 No.1 June 2016 :

in tropical and subtropical (sometimes temperate)waters of the eastern Indian Ocean, the WesternPacific and the Western Central Atlantic. The fish isknown as meso or bathypelagic species and mostlyover the continental slope, down to 200 m and more.Often migrates upward at night (Riede, 2004). Feedson squid, fishes (bramids, coryphaenids, scombrids,trachipterids, etc.) and crustaceans, this speciesinhabits along the continental edge of the continentalshelf and upper slope (Shcherbachev, 1987).

Relative to the oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus), LECcannot metabolize the wax esters (gempylotoxin)which is naturally found in its diet. This gives the LECan oil content of 14–25% in its flesh/body. LEC contains strong purgative oil, that whenconsumed can cause diarrhea known as GempylidFish Poisoning or Gempylotoxism (Roche et al., 2002;Feldman et al., 2005). Despite its relative commercialimportant, little has been documented about LECcatch characteristics in commercial fisheries. Thispaper aims to provide information on fishing

characteristics, relative abundance, distribution andsize composition of the LEC catch in the Indian Oceanbased at Benoa-Bali. The overarching goal is toemphasize the importance of evaluating, managingand conserving lower-valued species.

MATERIALS AND METHODSEscolar Fish Description

LEC (Fig.1) is known as black oilfish or snakemackerel. In the market, this fish fraudulentlymarketed as butterfish, walu/waloo and white tuna.Fisherman in Indonesia called as “ikan setan coklatabu-abu”. Nakamura & Parin (1993) described the shortdescription of escolar as follows;escolar has afusiform body, with four to six finlets behind the seconddorsal and anal fins. It has a strong keel on the sideof the caudal peduncle, which is flanked by a smallerkeel above and below. Its upper jaw has two pairs offangs anteriorly. The species is dark brown becomingalmost black as it ages.This fish can grow over twometer length.

Figure 1. Escolar fish (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) (Smith, 1843) with 77cmTL.Source : Fish Base FAO, Brazil by (Vaske Jr. Teodoro) (Lefla_u2.jpg).

Study Area

The escolar fishing ground caught by tuna longlinefisheries extends from (0.897 - 33.175°S and 85.366

– 138.733°E) of Eastern Indian Ocean. The escolarfishing ground is following tuna long line effort andmostly conducted outside Indonesian ExclusiveEconomic Zone (EEZ) as presented in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Fishing ground position of LEC caught by tuna long line during onboard observer program (2011-2013) which also describes the potential of horizontal distribution of LEC.

Catch data of LEC included CPUEs weregeoreferenced in 5° grids of latitudes and longitudes.A surfer9 program was used to describe the spatialdistribution of CPUE.

Data Gathering and Analysis

Data were gathered from onboard observer programon commercial tuna longline fleets based at Benoa–Bali in the period March 2011to October 2013. Theobserver program is collaboration between Indonesia’sMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF)through the Research Centre for Capture Fisheries(RCCF) or now Centre for Fisheries Research andDevelopment, and CSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearch (Australia), and is funded by AustralianCentre for InternationalAgricultural Research (ACIAR).This program was designed to produce accurate catchand effort data from Indonesia’s Indian Ocean industrialtuna longline fishery based at Benoa, and also toprovide detailed information in terms of fishing activitiesand environmental condition. Since 2011, the ScientificObserver Program has been undertaken by ResearchInstitute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF).

Fisheries observer recorded fishing characteristic(e.g., number of hooks, float and depth), catch(species, size, and sex), status of catch (unknown,alive, dead, or damage), and action of catch (unknown,release alive/dead, kept, finned, lost, or tended).Identification of fish species refer to Collette & Nauen

(1983), Sainsbury et al. (1985) and Sommer et al.(1996).

The fishing effort (f) and CPUEs for LEC wascalculated using the following formula, modified fromDe Metrio & Megalofonou (1998):

f = (a’/1000) x d ………..……....……………….(1)

Where a’ is the average number of hooks in longlineper day (divided by the 1000 hooks longline effort unit),and d’ is the number of fishing days per trip.CPUE=N/f (N is the number of fish caught)CPUE=B/f (B is the biomass of fish caught)

The equation to recognized Catch per Unit Effort(CPUE) was using the equation of Gunarso & Wiyono(1994) as follows:

CPUEi= Catch

i...……………………………..(2)

Efforti

where,Catch

i(C

i) = catch result in year - i (ton)

Effort (Ei) = catch effort in year -i (unit)

CPUE = catch Per Unit of Effort in years i (ton/unit)

Prior to analysis, all datasets were tested fornormality and homoscedacity using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Levene test.


30



RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResults

Size Distribution

Total LEC samples analyzed were 1,815, takenfrom scientific observer data ranging from 2011-2013.

LEC length (cmFL)is distributed from 27-178cmFL(median=83 cmFL, mode=85cmFL, mean=83.95cmFLand n= 1,812) and dominated at size 85 cm.Thedata also identified male and female of LEC withthe comparison 120 male and 1,065 female (1:8.8)(Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Length frequencydistribution for LEC observed taken in Indonesian longline fisheryoperating in EasternIndian Ocean in 2011-2013.Dash line is length of fish with probability to perform reproduction (L

50).

The data also consisted of mean fork lengthdistribution by month and by year. Monthly mean forklength ranged from 63.88 cmFL (November) to 93.49cmFL (August) (Fig.4). Mean fork lengths by year were74 cmFL, 77 cmFLand 85 cmFL in 2011, 2013, and2012, respectively. Mean length distribution of LECshowed significant different of each month (Anova,

P<0.001). Scheffe post-hoc multiple comparison testshows that the highest mean length distributionoccurred in August (93.49 cmFL). Mean lengthdistribution inAugust has significant different with June(83.51 cmFL) and July (83.49 cmFL) but not significantdifference with September (84.39 cmFL).

Figure 4. Mean fork length distribution by month for LEC observed taken in the Indonesian pelagic longlinefishery operating in Eastern Indian Ocean (2011-2013).

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31


Length and Weight Relationship

The data were taken from observer program from2011-2013, with 282 samples. The result of t-testshowed the significant different with b value 2.2969

(<3) and a value 0.0002 (Fig.5). It’s assumed thatgrowth pattern of LEC were negative allometric, wherethe growth in length is faster than the growth in weight.The comparison of length-weight of LEC in otheroceans is shown in Table 1.

Figure 5. Weight-fork length fit exponentialmodel of LEC sampled from the Indonesia’s Scientific Observeroperating in Eastern Indian Ocean in 2011-2013.

Table1. Length-weight relationship of LEC inother locations (compile from several authors)

No Author Location nFL Range(cm)

Intercept(a)

Slope(b) R2

1 Rochman et al. (2014) East Indian Ocean 282 36-162 0.0002 2.2969 0.84

2 Levesque (2010)Western NorthAtlantic 44 18-182 0.0003 2.3226 0.81

3Keller and Kerstetter(2012) Gulf of Mexico 23 41-78 0.0000044 3.152 0.95

4Lorenzo andPajuelo(1995)

Central EastAtlantic 776 36-80 0.004521 2.98932 0.99

Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE)

The data of catch rate and catch per unit effort(CPUE) of LEC caught by tuna long line fleets aretabulated by year in Table 2.

The overall moving average of CPUE showed thatLEC catches generally increase from November to(June, July and August) and decrease in August toNovember (Fig. 6).


32



No Year?

Effort

Number Cacth TonnageAverageWeight CPUE

of HookNumber

(pcs) (kg) (kg)

(No.fish/1000hooks (Number/effort) (kg/effort)

1 2011 132 134,414 103 455 4.42 0.766 0.78 3.452 2012 193 280,935 1423 8466 5.95 5.065 7.37 43.873 2013 224 227,607 286 1474 5.15 1.257 1.28 6.58

Table 2. Catch Rate and Catch Per Unit Effort of escolar caught by tuna long line fleets based in Benoaduring year 2011-2013.

Figure 6. Mean Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) of LEC by month in Eastern Indian Ocean (2011-2013).

From 18 tuna long line observer trips, all of tripscaught LEC with total number of escolar were 1,882fishes with CPUEs ranging between 0.766 -5.065 per1,000 hooks (Table 2). From the extended study

area, the coordinate of the study area was dividedinto 5x5° grid to recognize CPUE value. The spatialCPUEs distribution of LEC in Eastern Indian Oceanis shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Spatial distribution of nominal CPUEs (no. of fish/1000 hooks) for LEC recorded by Benoa Observer,aggregated from 2010-2013 with 5 x 5 grids.

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33


DiscussionSize Distribution

The overall mean size and length frequencydistribution of LEC taken in the Eastern Indian Ocean(mean=83.95 cmFL, min=25 cmFL and max=180cmFL) was smaller to that of the Western AtlanticOcean (89.5 cmFL) (Levesque, 2010) and PacificOcean (90 cmFL) (Nishikawa & Warashina, 1998) butlarger than those reported by (Lorenzo & Pajuelo,1999) in Canary Island Atlantic Ocean (max.78.90cmTL). The LEC are thought to reach maturity by 30-35 cmFL and larvae are predominantly found nearislands, suggesting that spawning occurs in near-shoreareas, adjacent to oceanic islands or continentallandmasses (Maximov, 1970; Nishikawa,1982 inBrendtro et al., 2008). From the existing data, thefemale and male of LEC identified ranged from size34 cmFL to 178 cmFL with the appearance of the eggand sperm. Refer to this information, it presumes thatLEC caught by tuna longline fisheries in the EasternIndian Ocean mostly would be adult.

Seasonal mean-length distributions weresignificantly different among month with the largestdifference between November (mean= 63.88 cmFL)and August (mean= 93.49 cmFL). Overall, the datashow that mean length of LEC increased fromNovember toAugust with peak performance inAugust.It might be due to seasonal movement caused byreproductive behavior. Lorenzo & Pajuelo (1995)reported that reproductive of roudi escolar extendsfrom April to September, and peaks in June and July.The tested ovary were resting (stage II) during theperiod from November to March, mature gonad (stageIII) appeared inApril and increased in Mayand becomedominant in June and July. The spawning male andfemale are dominant in June and July and alsorecorded inAugust and November.

Inter-annual mean length distribution wassignificantly different among years. The smallest (74cmFL) LEC was taken in 2011 and the largest (85cmFL) in 2012.The difference of mean lengthdistribution of LEC by year caused by the position ofstudy area (fishing ground) in Eastern Indian Ocean.In 2011 and 2013, LEC were caught near oceanicisland with coordinate ranging from (9-15)°S to (100-128) °E. In 2012, LEC caught far from the oceanicisland with coordinate range from (0-33) °S to (85-117) °E. According to Nishikawa (1982), the larva ofLEC were predominantly found near Island, suggestingthat spawning occurs in near-shore areas, adjacentto oceanic islands or continental land masses.

The sex ratio of male to female LEC wassignificantly different than the expected 1:1. The sexratio of male to female of LEC in Eastern Indian Oceanbased on observer data 2011-2013 was (1:8.9). It isdifferent with the Western North Atlantic Ocean thatreported by Levesque (2010) which showed that sexratio of male to female was 1:1.86. Lorenzo & Pajuelo(1995) also reported that sex ratio of roudi escolar inEastern North Atlantic was 1:1.96.

Length and Weight Relationship

Length-weight relationship of all LEC in this studywas negative allometric, where the growth in length isfaster than the growth in weight including male andfemale. Test of b (slope) value of male was 2.2823and female was 2.3155. The slope of male wasslightly lower than female. Overall, the slope of length-weight relationship of LEC in Eastern Indian Oceanwas slightly lower compared with Levesque (2010) inWestern North Atlantic, Keller &Kerstetter (2012) inGulf of Mexico and Lorenzo & Pajuelo (1995) in CentralEast Atlantic. Complete comparisons are shown inTable 1.

Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE)

The CPUEs distribution of LEC showed the unevendistribution. The highest CPUE (>1.0001 to 7.382)generally occurred in Western Australian, preciselyon grid 10-35°S and 85-110°E. The lower CPUEs(<1.0001) generallyoccurred near shore Indonesia andAustralia (10-20°S and 110-125°E). According toLevesque (2010), the CPUE values caused byseveralfactors such as reproductive behavior and feedingbehavior. In the open-ocean environment, theavailability of food is often limited to specific areas ofoceanic convergence (currents, and sea mounts orridge), which creates productive fishing conditions atcertain times of year.

There is an evidence that seamounts form hotspotsof biological activity in the oceans. Over largegeographic scales ocean predators appear to beassociated with seamounts and other features. Tuna,billfish, sharks, cetaceans, pinnipeds, turtles andseabirds may all be associated with seamounts, andhigh biomass and abundance of such predators havebeen observed in the vicinity of seamounts (Holland& Grubs, 2007 in Rogers, 2012). Seamounts mayalso be associated with turbulent mixing caused byinternal or baroclinic waves that can also induceupwelling of nutrients (Kunze & Sanford, 1997; Toole


34



et al.,1997 in Rogers., 2012). It is now recognizedthat several other physical processes associated withseamounts may enhance productivity or food supplyin their vicinity. These include tidal rectification(generation of mean residual currents by tidal flow),flow acceleration and the formation of internal waves,and can enhance vertical mixing around a seamount,causing upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water and

enhancement of primary production (White et al.,2007; Lavelle & Mohn, 2010 in Rogers, 2012).

The CPUEs rate of LEC is allegedly associatedwith the presence of seamount and ridge in IndianOcean. The coordinate with highest CPUEs of LECis the area of seamount and ridge (Broken Ridge andNineyeast Ridge) as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Bathymetric features of the Eastern Indian Ocean including location of Leg 121 drilling sites alongNine yeast Ridge and dredges from the Broken Ridge (solid square) and the average of escolarCPUEs in Eastern Indian Ocean.Source:(Duncan, 1991)

CONCLUSION

The majority of LEC in Eastern Indian Ocean wascaught in mature condition with the average length83.95 cmFL. Length-weight relationship of LEC wasnegative allometric that means the growth in length isfaster than the growth in weight. This study suggeststhat the best area to catch LEC would be in coordinate10-350S and 85-1100E (Highest CPUE) with the besttime to catch in June-August.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank to observers of ResearchInstitute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) Benoa Bali, MrAbram Barata, Mr Andi Bachtiar, Mr Yusuf Affandi,Mr. Dian Novianto, Mr. Fathur Rochman, Mr IrwanJatmiko, Mr. Ashadi, Mr. Hasan Syaiful Rizal, Mr. AdiSubagio for their assistence. We also deliver ourgratitude to the Director of RITF, Budi Nugraha S.Pi,M.Si. for support and evaluable inputs.

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