Anna Marie Rebucas Vianca Empiales Patricia Diane Lim Andrew Jayme

Anna Marie RebucasVianca EmpialesPatricia Diane LimAndrew Jayme

INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES:Geographical. Indonesia officially the Republic of Indonesia is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia and Oceania.Indonesia is an archipelagocomprising thousands of islands.It encompasses 34 provinces.

It comprises five main islands: Sumatra, Java, Borneo (known as "Kalimantan"), Sulawesi, and New GuineaTwo major archipelagos Nusa Tenggara Maluku IslandsAnd Sixty smaller archipelagoes.

Climate. Being a tropical country, Indonesia is blessed with two seasons, namely dry and rainy. Dry usually occurs from June to September and the rest is rainy season. Sunshine is abundant except in rainy season when the sky tends to be cloudy. It is advisable to visit Indonesia during dry season.

Geological

It lies on the Pacific Ring of FireSumatra, Java, Madura, and Kalimantan lie on the Sunda Shelf and geographers have conventionally grouped them, (along with Sulawesi), as the Greater Sunda Islands.Most of the larger islands are mountainous, with peaks ranging between 3,000 and 3,800 metre Tallest mountains are located in the Jayawijaya Mountains and the Sudirman Range in Papua. Twenty-nine volcanic eruptions were recorded, mostly on Java. Indonesian archipelago have been exploited in ways that fall into consistent social and historical patterns.

Religion. Indonesia is a secular democratic country that has a Muslim-majority population. It stipulates that the state shall be based upon the belief in "the one and only God" (a condition which also forms the first principle of thePancasila, the Indonesian state philosophy introduced by Soekarnoin 1945). At first sight these two conditions seem to be somewhat contradictory but Soekarno, Indonesia's first president, resolved this issue by hypothesizing that every religion (including 'soft polytheistic' Hinduism) essentially has one highest Supreme Being to which one subjects oneself. Although Indonesia is not an Islamic state, Islamic principles do influence political decision making.

The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. However, the government only recognizes six official religions: Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Protestantism. Islam in IndonesiaThe history of Islam in Indonesia is complex and reflects the diversity of Indonesian culturesBy the 15th century, the spread of the religion accelerated via the missionary work of Maulana Malik Ibrahim in Sumatra and Java as well as Admiral Zheng He (from China) in north Java. Islam in Indonesia is in many cases less meticulously practiced in comparison to Islam in the Middle Eastregion.Majority of Indonesian Muslims practice Sunni Islams of Shafi school of jurisprudence.

Historical. Historically, immigrationfrom India, China, Portugal, Arabia, and the Netherlandshas been a major contributor to the diversity of religion and culturewithin the country.

Prior to the arrival of Islam, and the Abrahamicfaiths of Christianity and Judaism, the popular belief systemsin the region were thoroughly influenced by Dharmic religious philosophy through Hinduism and Buddhism.

These religions were brought to Indonesia around the 2nd and 4th centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi.

The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecturehave traditionally been Indian ; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant.

ChristianityThe Government of Indonesiaofficially recognizes the two main Christiandivisions in Indonesia,Protestantism andRoman Catholicism, as two separate religions.PROTESTANTISMform a significant minority in some parts of the country. On the island ofSulawesi, 17% of the citizens are Protestants.Christianity was brought byLudwig Ingwer Nommensenwho is known as apostle to the Batak people Today most of the population native to North Sulawesi practice some form of Protestantism, while transmigrants from Java andMadurapractice Islam.

Catholicismarrived in Indonesia during the Portuguese arrival with spice trading.Many Portuguese had the goal of spreading Roman Catholicism in Indonesia, starting withMoluccas(Maluku) in 1534. Between 1546 and 1547, the pioneerChristian missionary,Saint Francis Xavier, visited the islands andbaptisedseveral thousand locals.As of 2006, 3% of all Indonesians are Catholics, about half the number of Protestants at 5.7%Roman Catholicism

Hinduism in Indonesia takes on a tone distinct from other parts of the world.incorporated nativeAustronesian elements that reveredhyangs, deities and spirits of nature and deceasedancestors.As of 2007, the official number of Hindu practitioners was 10 million, giving Indonesia the fourth largest number of Hindus in the world. This number is disputed by the representative of Hinduism in Indonesia, theParisada Hindu Dharma.HINDUISM

BuddhismBuddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia, arriving around the sixth century.The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires based on Buddhist culture were established around the same period.The arrival of Buddhism was started with the trading activity that began in the early of first century on theSilk Roadbetween Indonesia and India. According to some Chinese source, a Chinese traveler monk on his journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based onSumatra. The empire also served as a Buddhist learning center in the region.2000 nationalcensus, roughly 1% of the total citizens of Indonesia are Buddhists, which takes up about 2 million people.practitioners of Confucianism andTaoism, which are not considered official religions of Indonesia, referred to themselves as Buddhists on the census.

CONFUCIANISMConfucianismoriginated inChinaand was brought to Indonesia byChinesemerchants, as early as the 3rd century AD.more like a way of life orsocial movementthan a religionIn 1965,Sukarno issued Presidential Decree No. 1/Pn.Ps/1965, recognizing that six religions are embraced by the Indonesian people, including Confucianism.the status of Confucianism in Indonesia in the New Order regime was never clear but later part Confucianism once again became officially recognized as a religion in Indonesia.

CULTURE

ThecultureofIndonesiahas been shaped by longinteractionbetween original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences.along ancienttrading routesbetween theFar East,South Asiaand theMiddle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude ofreligions.Western culturehas greatly influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues.Indiahas notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies.CultureDespite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture.Indigenousethnic groupsMentawai,Asmat,Dani,Dayak,Torajaand many others are still practicing their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.

CUISINEThecuisine of Indonesiahas been influenced byChinese cultureandIndian culture, as well as byWestern culture.The most important aspect of modern Indonesian cuisine is that food must behalal, conforming to Islamic food laws.Haraam, the opposite of halal, includesporkandalcohol.Indonesian dishes are usually spicy, using a wide range ofchili peppersand spices.Chinese and Indian cultures have influenced the serving of food and the types of spices used.

Poetry

There is a long tradition in Indonesia, particularly among ethnicallyMalaypopulations, of extemporary, interactive, oral composition of poetry.These poems are referred to as pantun.

CRAFTSSeveral Indonesian islands are famous for theirbatik,ikatandsongketcloth.Other worldwide famous Indonesian crafts ISJeparawood carving.

The characteristic Architecture of Indonesia such as timber construction, varied and elaborate roof structures. Concept design overall; symmetric, nature contextual and used nature materials. Some of design form come from domestic architecture influence religion foreign such as; Java, Bali and others province common Austronesian ancestry (originating in Taiwan, c. 6,000 years ago). The earliest Austronesian structures were communal longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables, as seen in the Batak rumah adat and the Torajan Tongkonan. Variations on the communal longhouse principle are found among the Dayak people of Borneo, as well as the Mentawai people.Architectural Characteristic of Indonesia

TheNational MonumentIndonesian:Monumen Nasional, abbreviatedMonas

Description: Monas is a 132m (433ft) tower in the centre ofMerdeka Square,Central Jakarta, symbolizing the fight forIndonesia. It is thenational monumentof theRepublic of Indonesia, built to commemorate thestruggle for Indonesian independence.

Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta

Istiqlal Mosque, orMasjid Istiqlal, (Independence Mosque) inJakarta, Indonesia is the largestmosquein Southeast Asia. Thisnational mosqueof Indonesia was built to commemorate Indonesian independence and named "Istiqlal", an Arabic word for "independence". The mosque was opened to the public 22 February 1978. Within Jakarta, the mosque is positioned next toMerdeka Squareand theJakarta Cathedral.

Religious Architecture in Indonesia

Althoughreligious architecturehas been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant was developed inJava. A number of often large and sophisticated religious structures (known ascandiinIndonesian) were built in Java during the peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms between the 8th and 14th centuries (seeAncient temples of Java). The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at theDieng Plateau. Thought to have originally numbered as many as 400, only 8 remain today.ThePrambanantemple complex

One hundred years later the secondKingdom of Matarambuilt the Prambanan complex near Jogjakarta; considered the largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in Java.

The World Heritage-listed Buddhist monument Borobudur was built by the Sailendra Dynasty between 750 and 850 AD, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion as a result of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java.

By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two most populous islands.

Indonesia has 33 provinces, Each of province has its own distinctive form and identity of traditional vernacular architecture, known as Rumah Adat in Indonesian. The concept of Rumah Adat are base on social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religion. The main focus of that house for family, theirs community and some residents activities. Design of Rumah Adat didn't have an architect designer but that build their own homes or community under direction of a master builder or a carpenter. Also the amazing unique is every province has different ethnic and they have different distinctive form as well.Traditional Vernacular ArchitectureBatak Karo House

Mentawai House - Nias

The 33 provinces of Indonesia1. Province AcehAcehnesetraditionalhousescalled"RumohAceh".Thiscustom home-typehouses on stiltswith 3mainsectionsandanadditional part.Three main parts ofAcehishomeseuramokeu (frontporch),seuramoTeungoh (centralfoyer)andseuramolikot (backporch).Whileanadditionalpartthat isrumohDapu(homekitchen).

2. Province North Sumatra / BatakIn general,the form ofbuilding custom homesin theBatakindigenousgroupsymbolizing"standingbuffalo".It iseven more clearto decoratethe top ofthe roofwith abuffalo head.

Karo traditional house Siwaluh Jabu looks great and is higher in comparison with other custom homes. The roof is made of fibers and is usually coupled with the roofs of the smaller triangle called ayo-ayo and tersek.

Batak Toba:Bolon,The form ofcustom homesin the areaSimalungunquite attractive.Complexcustom homesin the village ofAncientCausewayconsistsofseveralbuildingsthat"houseBolon",Bolonhall,drying,abstinencehallneed,anddimples.

Nias Island: "Omo Niha",The shape andlayoutofthe housetype.Niasconstructionof housesmade ofhardwoodand sturdy.Poles arehigh,so peoplecan get intounder thehouse.Forms oftraditionalchief's house,the roofisdominantcompared toother houses.

3. Province West Sumatra / Padang

The traditional house ofWest Sumatra, especiallyfrom ethnicMinangkabaucalled"Rumah Gadang". Usuallybuilt ona plot ofland belonging tothe parentfamilyinthe tribe/peoplearehereditary.Not farfrom gadang housecomplexesare usuallyalsobuiltamosquethat servesas a placeofworshipand residenceof theadult malebut not yetmarried.Tower Houseis maderectangularanddividedinto twofrontandrearportion,generally made ofwood,anda cursorylook like ahouse on stiltswith theroofshape ofatypical,stand outlike a buffalo horn,the local communityandwas formerlycalledgonjongroofismade fromfibersbeforeswitchingwith atin roof.

4. Province RiauTraditional House :Rumah melayu selaso jatuh kembar (Rumah Lancang)

5. Province Riau IslandsTraditional House :Rumah Selaso Jatuh Kembar (Rumah Belah Bubung)

6. Province JambiTraditional House : Rumah Panjang

7. Province South Sumatra / PalembangThe houseis awooden stage.In terms ofarchitecture,the wooden houseswerecalled Rumah Limas /pyramidhousebecause ofthe shapeofapyramidroof.

8. Province LampungTraditional House : Nuwo sesat

9. Province BengkuluTraditional House : Rumah bubungan lima (Rumah Rakyat)

10. Province Bangka-Belitung IslandsRumah Adat Tradisional : Rumah rakit/Rumah GedeAll thebuilding materialsmade ofwoodup to theroof, calledtheshinglesof buildingsdividedinto threeparts,patioroom,living roomormain,bufferspace,andspaceispublic spacebelakang.

11. Province DKI JakartaTraditional House : Rumah kebaya12. Province West Java / SundaTraditional House : Kesepuhan

13. Province BantenTraditional House : Kasepuhan

14. Province Central JavaTraditional House :Rumah jogloThe architecture of Central Java is characterized by the juxtaposition of the old and the new and a wide variety of architectural styles.The tower of the famous Mosque of Kudus resembles a Hindu-Javanese or Balinese temple more than a traditional Middle-Eastern mosque.

15. Province DI YogyakartaTraditional House : Rumah Bangsal Kencono

16. Province East Java / SurabayaTraditional House : Rumah joglo

17. Province BaliBalihousein accordancewith the rules ofAstaKosalaKosali. Balinesearchitectureis alwaysfilled withornaments,carvings, tools, andthe color.Decorativecontaina certain senseof beautyas an expression ofsymbols and communicationdelivery.Decorativeformsoffaunaspeciesalso serve asritualsymbolsare displayedin the sculpture.18. Province Nusa Tenggara Barat / LombokTraditional House : Dalam loka samawa

19. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur / KupangTraditional House :Sao ata mosa lakitana(Musalaki)

20. Provinsi West Kalimantan / PontianakTraditional House : Rumah panjang

21. Provinsi Central Kalimantan / Palangka RayaTraditional House : Rumah bentang

22. Provinsi South Kalimantan / BanjarmasinTraditional House :Rumah Banjar Bubungan Tinggi

23. Provinsi East Kalimantan /TenggarongTraditional House : Rumah lamin

24. Provinsi North Sulawesi /MenadoTraditional House : Rumah Pewaris

25. Provinsi GorontaloTraditional House : Rumah Dolohupa

26. Provinsi Central Sulawesi /PaluTraditional House : Souraja / Rumah besar

27. ProvinsiSoutheast Sulawesi /KendariTraditional House : Laikas

28. Province South Sulawesi /Ujung PandangTraditional House : Tongkonan

29. Province West Sulawesi / MamujuTraditional House : banua layuk

Tongkonanare the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with thetongkonanare important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically thetongkonanrepresents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin.

31. Province North MalukuTraditional House : Sasadu

32. Province Irian Jaya / PapuaTraditional House : Rumah Honai

30. Province Maluku / AmbonTraditional House : Baileo

33. Province West Papua / ManokwariThe traditional house has only one form of "Honai Housebuilt by wood and straw, that materials building are readily available in natural surroundings.

Honai house has one small door, it is usually without windows and ventilation to be safe from beast and keep the room temperature still warm. The center of the room has a furnace that is used for cooking and for room heating. As well as a gathering place for families.

One Honai house, consisting of several families or single heads of households with multiple wives and children. Home honai has circular form with a half of coconut-shaped roof. Also open space interior with 2 level, which on top level used as a bed.

Balinese architectureis avernacular architecturetradition ofBalinese peoplethat inhabits volcanic island ofBali,Indonesia. The Balinese architecture is a centuries-old architectural tradition influenced byBalinese culturedeveloped fromHinduinfluences through ancient Javanese intermediary, as well as pre-Hindu elements of native Balinese architecture.Balinese architecture

They uses natural materials such asthatch roofing, bamboo poles, woven bamboo, coconut wood, teak wood, brick and stone. The thatched roof usually usesijuk(blackarenfibers), dried coconut orrumbialeafs, orsirap(hard wood shingles arranged like tiles) roof. Stones and red bricks are usually used as foundation and walls, whilesandstoneandandesitestone are usually carved as ornamentation.

Today, contemporary Balinese style is known as one of the most popular Asian tropical architecture, due largely to the growth of the tourism industry in Bali that has created demand for Balinese-style houses, cottages, villas and hotels. Contemporary Balinese architecture combines traditional aesthetic principles, island's abundance of natural materials, famous artistry and craftmanship of its people, as well as international architecture influences, new techniques and trends.

Palace architecture

Istan (or "palace") architecture of the various kingdoms and realms of Indonesia, is more often than not based on the vernacularadatdomestic styles of the area. Royal courts, however, were able to develop much grander and elaborate versions of this traditional architecture.

In the Javanese palaces thependopois the tallest and largest hall within a complex. As the place where the ruler sits, it is the focus of ceremonial occasions, and usually has prohibitions on access to this space.

Pagaruyung Palace (Sumatra Barat)

Colonial architecture

The 16th and 17th centuries saw the arrival of European powers in Indonesia who usedmasonryfor much of their construction. Previously timber and its by-products had been almost exclusively used in Indonesia, with the exception of some major religious and palace architecture.

For almost two centuries, the colonialists did little to adapt their European architectural habits to the tropical climate. The canals became dumping grounds for noxious waste and sewage and an ideal breeding ground for theanophelesmosquitos, with malaria anddysenterybecoming rife throughout theDutch East Indiescolonial capital.The largest stock of colonial era buildings are in the large cities of Java, such as Bandung,Jakarta,Semarang, andSurabaya.

Museum Jakarta - Old Cty - Jakarta Kota

Contemporary architectureThe 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw foreign investment and economic growth; large construction booms brought major changes to Indonesian cities, including the replacement of the early twentieth styles with latemodernandpostmodernstyle. The urban construction booms have continued in the 21st century and are shaping skylines in Indonesian cities. Many new buildings are clad with shiny glass surfaces to reflect the tropical sun.Architectural styles are influenced by developments in architecture internationally,including the introduction ofdeconstructivismarchitecture.Central Park Jakarta41

Modern Architecture in Indonesia

Al-Irsyad Mosque

Location: Bandung, IndonesiaArchitect: PT. Urbane IndonesiaLocation:Kota Baru Parahyangan, Padalarang, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaClient:PT. Belaputera IntilandSite Area:8,000 sqmProject Area:970 sqmDescription: A modern mosque that is shaped as a cube, without a dome. It was built in 2009 and completed in 2010. Uses stacked stones as the main faade to create tectonic effect, while embedding Islamic text/calligraphy on the faade as a graphic element and reminder prayer. With a capacity to accommodate approximately 1,000 people, the mosque is also designed to blend in with nature. The stacked stones allow for natural ventilation without the need for air-conditioning. Surrounded by water, the ambient temperature around the mosque will be lower during the hot season. Once inside, the people are able to look out and appreciate the external scenery.

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Wisma 46Location: Jakarta, IndonesiaArchitects: Zeidler Roberts Partnership (Zeidler Partnership Architects) and DP Architects Private Ltd.Type: Office, RetailArchitectural style: High-rise

Description: Currently the tallest building in Indonesia. The tower is a cuboid concrete tower rising 200 m before a sleek glass tower rises out of it before culminating in a curved spire. The glass tower has a totally glass exterior unlike the tower it rises from which has a concrete exterior with square windows. The building's design is described as modern and late-modernist. The tower has 48 floors above ground which consist of offices only. There are 2 underground floors used for car parking.

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Sahid Perdana TowersProposedArchitects: M. Ridwan Kamil & A.D. TardiyanaLocation: Sahid City Superblock

Description: The SPT, consist of two main towers: a 50-storey five-star hotel and a 45-storey office building. At ground level the twin towers flank a graceful globe-like exhibition hall and performing arts centre; the same shape is mirrored by the spa in the sky that connects the two towers higher up.The Sahid Perdana Towers sleek elliptical shape has a distinctly modern aesthetic while also reflecting a Javanese symbol, the twin lotus. The towers are rotated in such a way to preserve views from both buildings.The towers curtain wall also meets both objectives. The bottom half of the buildingsfrom the podium to the 30th floorhas a modern, futuristic wall made of coloured glass and aluminium cladding to express strong horizontal lines; from the 31st floor to the top of the tower, the curtain wall is made of a clear glass that is textured through an internal aluminium screen moulded into a Javanese batik pattern.

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Peruri 88ProposedPeruri 88 is approximately a 360,000 square-meter 88-story high rise mixed-use district in the heart of Jakartas capitol region. Designed to be the grandeur of Peruri and Indonesia, Peruri 88 combines residential, hotel, office, retail and entertainment uses and is envisioned as a modern iconic and active public gathering place for the city.Location: Jakarta, IndonesiaYear : 2012Client : Wijiya Karya - Benhill Property

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Central ParkinJakarta,Indonesiais a mixed-use complex including a shopping mall, an office tower, 3 apartments, and a hotel covering an area of about 655,000m2(7,050,000sqft) located in the district ofGrogol Petamburan,West Jakartacreated by the Agung Podomoro Group. The Complex is the10th largest building in the worldin terms of floor space.It is named after the originalCentral ParkinNew York City. Central Park Jakarta is situated in betweenMall Taman AnggrekandMall Ciputra. It also features a musical fountain at the park area with daily shows.Central Park Jakarta

Bakrie Tower Architect: Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum.Building type: SkyscraperStructural material: ConcreteFaade material: GlassFaade system: Curtain wall

Description: A 50-storey office tower reaching the height of 215 m with 64,856 sqm of useable area, strategically located within the Epicentrum Rasuna in the heart of Jakartas golden triangle. Developed with a unique building architecture concept and with considering energy efficiency and environment, its amazing twists and interlocking design makes Bakrie Tower the new landmark in Jakartas prime CBD.

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BCA TowerLocation: Central JakartaArchitect: RKTL

Description: Menara become Jakarta's tallest premium-grade office building that incorporates the latest design and structural layoyts with state of art technology all in an elegant, business-friendly environment.

At level 3 of high speed lifts there is a connection to the mall, hotel, apartment and entertainment centre. At level 11 has the swimming pool at Platinum Fitness First' outdoor. At level 56, one of Jakarta best restaurants, with spectacular views overlooking the city from the outdoor penthouse balcony.

The Capital Residence Tower 1Location: JakartaArchitect: PT. Airmas AsriBuilding type: SkyscraperMain usage: Residential Condominium

Description: The architectural inspiration for the Capital Residence was the majestic Prambanan Temple Complex. Through the application of cutting the edge technology and careful utilization of modern materials. This symbol of power in ancient Java has become the architectural icon of Jakarta.

Pakubowono SignatureLocation: Jakarta

Pakubowono Signature is the last tower, the most luxurious and the tallest among Pakubuwono Residence (5 tower) and Pakubowno View (2 tower) residential complex at Pakubuwono Street, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta. Pakubuwono Signature will scrape Jakarta's sky with counted 50 floor of residential tower, official height is not open for public yet, but with 50 floor plus the antena this tower could be reach 200m.

Equity TowerLocation: JakartaBuilding Uses:office, retailStructural Types: HighriseMaterials: Glass, Reinforced concrete

Description: Equity Tower is a 44-storey office tower located at the heart of Sudirman Central Business District, recognized to be the most desirable area for business and commerce in Jakarta. Occupying a sizeable area of 9,535 sq m on this prime land, the design aims to address the physical and urban context and to create an iconic landmark.

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