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Indirect anaphora Testing the limits of corpus-based linguistics Simon Philip Botley* Mara University of Technology, Malaysia This paper investigates indirect anaphora (LA.) from a corpus-based Hn- guistics (CBL) perspective. Indirect anaphora involves backward-pointing links between surface lexical items, such as demonstrative pronouns and objects, situations or concepts which are mentioned or hinted at in previous discourse, but which are not hnguistically encoded as surface grammatical elements such as nouns or noun phrases. This paper reports an empirical study of three types of IA, namely labelling (Francis 1986,1989,1994), situ- ation reference (Fraurud 1992, 1992a) and text/discourse deixis (Lyons 1977, Levinson 1983). Although the paper reveals some discernable patterns in the us e o f IA across different genres, the study ultimately points to the challenges of identifying hard and fast categories of L A in a corpus of real-life examples. Keywords: indirect anaphora, corpus, labelling, situation reference, deixis 1. Introduction Anaphora is a linguistic device whereby a speaker or writer can recall to the consciousness ofa hearer or reader entities or concepts that have already been introduced into the discourse. In English, anaphora can be realised by many dif feren t linguistic markers, such as pronoun s or demonstratives, as we can see from the following examples taken from the APHB' corpus: (1) A tall w oman in a long rustli ng go wn appeared. "Hotchkiss!" sh e said in a hushed but concerned voice. (APHB Corpus, B002:17)2 (2) "It is no great m att er to m e," Hotchkiss concluded, "for I had only the wages of my Portland engagement, and that was no great sum, I assure you ." (APHB Corpus, B002:21)

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