ANAPHORA IN ENGLISH VS. ANAPHORA IN ARABIC.

By: Eman J. Musallsam.Rasha I. Kalloub.

THE OUTLINE: Anaphora in English the meaning of anaphora the importance of anaphora the devices of English anaphora

Anaphora in Arabic the meaning of Arabic anaphora types of Arabic anaphora

Similarities and differences between English anaphora and Arabic anaphora

Errors committed by students

A. ANAPHORA IN ENGLISHWhat is the meaning of

anaphora?

 Example: 1- Soha went to the cinema

yesterday . She didn’t like the film . 2- Ahmed looked out the window . The

sky looked threatening , so he decided to take an umbrella .

THE IMPORTANCE OF ANAPHORA

Example:

A large gray cat was lying on the stairs , and I had to step over a large gray cat. *

A large grey cat was lying on the stairs , and I had to step over it .

DEVICES OF ENGLISH ANAPHORA.

1 .Pronouns For example:

Once upon a time there was an old woman who had a lazy son . She was forever scolding him . But it made no difference – he spent all his time lying in the sunshine , ignoring her . His main job was to look after her goats, but he preferred to sleep in the sun.

2 .Definiteness Once upon a time , there was an old woman

who had a lazy daughter . The woman used to scold the daughter all day long .

An old woman ---------- the woman A lazy daughter --------- the daughter

3 .lexical relationship

Example:

Once upon a time an old king was very ill . The old man sent for his councilors when they came before him , their ruler told them that he wanted to divide his kingdom .

4 .Ellipsis

.For example:

They didn’t want to go into the water , and he didn’t force them .

ARABIC ANAPHORA

What is Arabic anaphora?

Types of Arabic anaphora.

1 .The pronominal anaphora

) الغائب) A. A third person pronounضمير

-The disjoint personal pronoun- The joint personal pronoun

The disjoint personal pronoun can be:

Nominative :سلك حيث مبكرا المدرسة إلى أحمد و هوذهب

. األيسر الطريق محمد زميلهAccusative:

فأهديته" رسمتها التي باللوحة أحمد إياها.أعجب

The joint personal pronoun can be:

Nominative :ذهب محمد و .اأحمد مبكرا المدرسة إلى

Accusative:قابل حيث المدرسة إلى أحمد .هسار محمد زميله

Genitive:ب لحق و المدرسة إلى أحمد .هسار محمد زميله

THERE IS ANOTHER SUBTYPE OF PRONOUNS WHICH CAN BE SUITABLE FOR ALL CASES:

" :” "رب الفاعلين تؤاخذ ناناء نسي ناال أخطأ ناإن ا.”نأو

genitiveنسينا accusativeتؤاخذنا genitiveربنا:

B. The relative pronouns

-Singular :“ , التي” الذي

Dual :“ اللذين" , , , اللتين اللذان اللتان

Plural :اللواتي" , , ” الالئي الالتي الذين

e.g. "1" : فاز و الطالبان المقدمة الذيتسابق في

e.g. "2" : الرجالن أحمد ساعده اللذانشكر

e.g. "3“ : المدرسة إلى أحمد تجاور التي ذهبمنزله

بالسفن البحر عرضا الالتيامتأل و طوال تشقه

 C. The demonstrative pronouns

e.g."1" المكتبة في محمد و أحمد طالبين هذينرأيت .مجتهدين

e.g."2" المكتبة إلى محمد مع أحمد الطالب ذاكسارالدرجات أعلى على حصل الذي .المجتهد

2 .verbal anaphora

�ن وإ ك ب ر م�ن �ليك إ �نز�ل أ ما غ بل س�ول� الر ها أي تفعل يا م فما ل "- " ر�سالته غت بل

فإن المحدد الموعد في واجباتهم تسليم الطالب على يجبيفعلوا - لم الملومون وحدهم فهم

3 .Lexical anaphoraخلدون ولد هاجر ابن ثم تونس .العالمةفي مصر إلى

4 .The comparative anaphora

الله�" �يل� سب ف�ي �ل� �قات ت ف�ئة التقتا ف�ئتين� ف�ي آية �م لك كان قد�خرى كاف�رة " وأ

5 .Zero anaphora . " �وا قال �يفة خل األرض� ف�ي جاع�ل ي �ن إ �كة� �لمالئ ل ك رب قال �ذ وإ

ح� �سب ن ونحن� الدماء ويسف�ك� ف�يها د� �فس� ي من ف�يها أتجعل�لك " �قدس� ون �حمد�ك ب

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC ANAPHORA

A. the similarities:- Lexical , verbal , comparative , indirect , and zero

anaphora are included in both languages.-the clearest type is the pronominal as it is used

widely in both languages.-The other common type is the verbal one:

I miss you I do too.

zero anaphora:

Ali writes , reads , and listens to music ; the subject of " reads, listen " is hidden but refers to ��Ali so that it is called zero anaphora.

ENGLISH AND ARABIC DIFFER IN MANY CASES:

According to the gender:

First : in Arabic.

Second: in English

According to: The number:

Arabic English The third person

pronoun

_

“F"هي

“M” هو

"F+M" It

"F" She

“M” he

Singular

"M+F"هما “F+ M”they

Dual

“M"هم

”F“ هن

"F+M" They Plural

INTRA-LINGUAL AND INTER-LINGUAL PROBLEMS

What do we mean by Intra-lingual and inter-lingual problems ?

First: intra- lingual problems.

Second: inter- lingual problems:

“-is there an omitted pronoun“? / / يكتبون: / / األوالد يكتبان الولدان تكتب البنت يكتب الولد

. يكتبن البناتHe write/ she write/ they write .

- -Irrational pronoun "it”

معدلة حبوب انتخبوا باحثين أن علمية مجلة في تقرير كشف. الكافيين من أقل كميات على تحتوي أنها يقولون جينيا

A report in a scientific magazine revealed that researchers produced genetically engineered coffee grains which they say that she

contains less quantities of the caffeine .

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