Republic of India

Bhārat Gaṇarājya

Flag Emblem

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"

Anthem: Jana Gana Mana

"Thou art the rulers of the minds of all people" [3]

National song:Vande Mataram

"I Bow to Thee, Mother" [3]

Area controlled by India shown in dark green;claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.

Capital New Delhi28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E

Largest city Mumbai

IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat

Gaṇarājya),[13][c] is a country in South Asia. It is theseventh-largest country by area, the second-most populouscountry with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populousdemocracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean onthe south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay ofBengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan

to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east;and Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh to the east. In theIndian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and theMaldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islandsshare a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region ofhistoric trade routes and vast empires, the Indiansubcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural

wealth for much of its long history.[14] Four religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originatedhere, whereas Zoroastrianism and the Abrahamic religions ofJudaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millenniumCE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture.Gradually annexed by and brought under the administrationof the British East India Company from the early 18th centuryand administered directly by the United Kingdom after theIndian Rebellion of 1857, India became an independentnation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that wasmarked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

The Indian economy is the world's seventh-largest by nominal

GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[10]

Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, Indiabecame one of the fastest-growing major economies; it isconsidered a newly industrialised country. However, it

[1]

[2]

[a][1]

Coordinates: 21°N 78°E

0:00 MENU

Official languages

Recognisedregional languages

National language None

Demonym Indian

Government Federal parliamentary

constitutional republic[1]

- President Pranab Mukherjee

- Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari

- Prime Minister Narendra Modi

- Chief Justice H. L. Dattu[6]

- Speaker of theHouse

Sumitra Mahajan

Legislature Parliament of India

- Upper house Rajya Sabha

- Lower house Lok Sabha

Independence from the United Kingdom

- Dominion 15 August 1947

- Republic 26 January 1950

Area

- Total 3,287,590[7] km2[b] (7th)

1,269,346 sq mi

- Water (%) 9.6

Population

- 2015 estimate 1,276,267,000[8] (2nd)

- 2011 census 1,210,193,422[9] (2nd)

- Density 384.2/km2 (31st)

995.0/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2015 estimate

- Total $7.997 trillion[10] (3rd)

- Per capita $6,266[10] (124th)

GDP (nominal) 2015 estimate

- Total $2.308 trillion[10] (7th)

- Per capita $1,808[10] (141st)

Gini (2010) 33.9[11]

medium · 79th

HDI (2013) 0.586[12]

medium · 135th

Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)

- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+05:30)

continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption,malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. Anuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in militaryexpenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutionalrepublic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of29 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic,multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to adiversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Contents

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Ancient India

2.2 Medieval India2.3 Early modern India

2.4 Modern India3 Geography

4 Biodiversity5 Politics

5.1 Government

5.2 Subdivisions6 Foreign relations and military

7 Economy8 Demographics

9 Culture9.1 Art and architecture

9.2 Literature9.3 Performing arts

9.4 Motion pictures, television9.5 Society9.6 Clothing

9.7 Sports10 See also

11 Notes12 References

13 Bibliography14 External links

Etymology

Main article: Names of India

Hindi · English

8th Schedule

Date format dd-mm-yyyy (CE)

Drives on the left

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in

Map of the Indian subcontinent

during the Vedic period

The name India is derived from Indus, which originates fromthe Old Persian word Hinduš. The latter term stems from theSanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local

appellation for the Indus River.[15] The ancient Greeksreferred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), which translates as

"the people of the Indus".[16]

The geographical term Bharat (pronounced [ˈbʱaːrət̪]), whichis recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name

for the country,[17] is used by many Indian languages in its variations. The eponym of Bharat is Bharata, atheological figure that Hindu scriptures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India.

Hindustan ([ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn]) was originally a Persian word that meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, it referredto a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its

entirety.[18][19]

History

Main articles: History of India and History of the Republic of India

Ancient India

The earliest authenticated human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.[20] Nearlycontemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at

the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[21] Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlements

appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan.[22] These gradually developed into

the Indus Valley Civilisation,[23] the first urban culture in South Asia;[24] it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in

Pakistan and western India along the river valleys of Indus and Sarasvati.[25] Centred on cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged

robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.[24]

During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the

subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.[26] The

Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[27] were composed during this

period,[28] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the

Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain.[26] Most historians alsoconsider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan

migration into the subcontinent.[29][27] The caste system arose during thisperiod, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, free peasants andtraders, and lastly the indigenous peoples who were regarded as impure; andsmall tribal units gradually coalesced into monarchical, state-level

polities.[30][31] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this

period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.[26] In southern India, a progression to

other TLDs

Paintings at the Ajanta Caves

in Aurangabad, Maharashtra,

6th century

sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period,[32] as well as by

nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.[32]

In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states andchiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidatedinto 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the

mahajanapadas.[33][34] The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of thisage also created heterodox religious movements, two of which becameindependent religions. Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddhaattracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chroniclingthe life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in

India.[35][36][37] Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar,

Mahavira.[38] In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up

renunciation as an ideal,[39] and both established long-lasting monastic traditions.Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or

reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[40] The empire was oncethought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to

have been separated by large autonomous areas.[41][42] The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy

of the Buddhist dhamma.[43][44]

The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsulawas being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman

Empire and with West and South-East Asia.[45][46] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the

family, leading to increased subordination of women.[47][40] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire hadcreated in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later

Indian kingdoms.[48][49] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of

ritual began to assert itself.[50] The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found

patrons among an urban elite.[49] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy,

medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.[49]

Medieval India

The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.[51]

When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand

southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[52] When his successor attempted to expand

eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[52] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards,they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas

from still farther south.[52] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much

beyond his core region.[51] During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for thegrowing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling

classes.[53] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.[53]

The granite tower of

Brihadeeswarar Temple in

Thanjavur was completed in

1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola

I.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language.[54] They were imitatedall over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the

subcontinent.[54] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to

the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[55] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear

everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[55] By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day

Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Java.[56] Indian merchants, scholars,and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many

sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[56]

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horsecavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overranSouth Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the

Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[57] The sultanate was to control much of NorthIndia, and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive forthe Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population

to its own laws and customs.[58][59] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West andCentral Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers,learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the

subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.[60][61]

The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India

paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[62] Embracing a strongShaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the

empire came to control much of peninsular India,[63] and was to influence South

Indian society for long afterwards.[62]

Early modern India

In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,[64] fell again to the superior

mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[65] The resulting Mughal Empire did notstamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative

practices[66][67] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[68] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform

rule.[69] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung

realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.[68] The

Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[70] and mandating that taxes be paid in

the well-regulated silver currency,[71] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[69] The relative peace

maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[69] resulting

in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[72] Newly coherent social groups innorthern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governingambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military

experience.[73] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites

Writing the will and

testament of the Mughal king

court in Persian, 1590–1595

The British Indian Empire, from the

1909 edition of The Imperial

Gazetteer of India. Areas directly

governed by the British are shaded

pink; the princely states under British

suzerainty are in yellow.

along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[73] As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able

to seek and control their own affairs.[74] The "single most important power" that emerged in the early modern

period was the Maratha confederacy.[75]

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, anumber of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal

outposts.[76][77] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced militarytraining and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portionof the Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the Bengal region

by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.[78][76][79][80] Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the

subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.[81]

India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British Empire

with raw materials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.[76] By this time, withits economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British

administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic

arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.[82]

Modern India

Historians consider India's modern ageto have begun sometime between 1848and 1885. The appointment in 1848 ofLord Dalhousie as Governor Generalof the East India Company set thestage for changes essential to a modernstate. These included the consolidationand demarcation of sovereignty, thesurveillance of the population, and the

Jawaharlal Nehru (left) became

India's first prime minister in 1947.

Mahatma Gandhi (right) led the

independence movement.

education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced

not long after their introduction in Europe.[83][84][85][86] However, disaffection with the Company also grew duringthis time, and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasiveBritish-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the

rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.[87][88]

Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and to thedirect administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against

future unrest.[89][90] In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the

founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.[91][92][93][94]

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in thesecond half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away

markets.[95] There was an increase in the number of large-scale

famines,[96] and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne byIndian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for

Indians.[97] There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping,especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production

for internal consumption.[98] The railway network provided critical famine

relief,[99] notably reduced the cost of moving goods,[99] and helped

nascent Indian-owned industry.[98] After World War I, in which

approximately one million Indians served,[100] a new period began. Itwas marked by British reforms but also repressive legislations, by more

strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-cooperation, of which

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[101] During the 1930s, slowlegislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting

elections.[102] The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's finalpush for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence

in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India into two states: India and Pakistan.[103]

Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place asecular and democratic republic; upon Indian independence in 1947 George VI ceased to be the Emperor of India,a title rescinded retroactively by an Act of Parliament on 22 June 1948, and became King of India until 26 January

1950.[104] In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed record of successes and failures.[105] It has remained a

democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and a largely independent press.[105] Economicliberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of

the world's fastest-growing economies,[106] and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual

teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[105] Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty,

both rural and urban;[105] by religious and caste-related violence;[107] by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[108]

and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and in Northeast India.[109] It has unresolved territorial disputes with

A topographic map of India

China[110] and with Pakistan.[110] The India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.[111] India's sustaineddemocratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economic

successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.[112]

Geography

Main article: Geography of India

See also: Geology of India

India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the Indian

tectonic plate, and part of the Indo-Australian Plate.[113] India's defininggeological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian plate,then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later,

south and south-east.[113] Simultaneously, the vast Tethyn oceanic crust,

to its northeast, began to subduct under the Eurasian plate.[113] Thesedual processes, driven by convection in the Earth's mantle, both createdthe Indian Ocean and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to

under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas.[113] Immediately southof the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that

rapidly filled with river-borne sediment[114] and now constitutes the Indo-

Gangetic Plain.[115] Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range

lies the Thar Desert.[116]

The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. Itextends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian

Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[117] To the south,the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as

the Western and Eastern Ghats;[118] the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over onebillion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north

latitude[e] and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.[119]

India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi)belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island

chains.[120] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43%

sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[120]

Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both

of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[121] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi;

the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[122] Major peninsular rivers,whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and

the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[123] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the

Arabian Sea.[124] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans

The Kedar Range of the Greater

Himalayas rises behind Kedarnath

Temple (Indian state of Uttarakhand),

which is one of the twelve jyotirlinga

shrines.

Shola highlands are found in

Kudremukh National Park,

Chikmagalur which is part of the

Western Ghats.

delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[125] India hastwo archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in

the Andaman Sea.[126]

The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the TharDesert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal

summer and winter monsoons.[127] The Himalayas prevent cold CentralAsian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian

subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[128][129] TheThar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide

the majority of India's rainfall.[127] Four major climatic groupingspredominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and

montane.[130]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of India

India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity

hotspots.[131] One of 17 megadiverse countries, it hosts 8.6% of allmammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian, 6% of all amphibian,

12.2% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[132][133]

About 21.2% of the country's landmass is covered by forests (treecanopy density >10%), of which 12.2% comprises moderately or very

dense forests (tree canopy density >40%).[134] Endemism is high among

plants, 33%, and among ecoregions such as the shola forests.[135]

Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands,Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of theHimalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist deciduous sal forest ofeastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India;and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western

Gangetic plain.[136] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. Theluxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.

Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated more than

105 million years before present.[137] Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards and collision with theLaurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years

ago forced a mass extinction.[138] Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes

flanking the rising Himalaya.[136] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6%

of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[133] Among them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the

A parliamentary joint session being

held in the Sansad Bhavan.

The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official

residence of the president of India.

Western Ghats. India contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened animal species, or 2.9% of endangered

forms.[139] These include the Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, the snow leopard and the Indian white-rumped vulture,which, by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-laced cattle, nearly went extinct.

The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indianwildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially

expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[140] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial

wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.[141] India hosts

more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[142] four of which are part of the World

Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[143]

Politics

Main article: Politics of India

See also: Constitution of India

India is the world's most populous democracy.[144] A parliamentary

republic with a multi-party system,[145] it has six recognised nationalparties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata

Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[146] The Congress is

considered centre-left in Indian political culture,[147] and the BJP right-

wing.[148][149][150] For most of the period between 1950—when Indiafirst became a republic—and the late 1980s, the Congress held amajority in the parliament. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared

the political stage with the BJP,[151] as well as with powerful regionalparties which have often forced the creation of multi-party coalitions at

the centre.[152]

In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. OnNehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became primeminister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, byIndira Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergencyshe declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; thethen-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in.Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when IndiraGandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the generalelections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by thenewly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too proved relatively

short-lived, lasting just under two years.[153] Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority.But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha

Rao.[154]

National symbols[1]

Flag Tiranga

Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital

Anthem Jana Gana Mana

Song Vande Mataram

Currency ₹ (Indian rupee)

Calendar Saka

Animal Tiger (land)

River dolphin (aquatic)

Bird Indian peafowl

Flower Lotus

Fruit Mango

Tree Banyan

A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances sharedpower at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting United Front coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form asuccessful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the

first non-Congress, coalition government to complete a five-year term.[155] In the 2004 Indian general elections,again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming anothersuccessful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs whoopposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no

longer required external support from India's communist parties.[156] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first

prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.[157] Inthe 2014 general election, the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without

the support of other parties.[158] The current Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi, who was also the formerChief Minister of Gujarat.

Government

Main article: Government of India

See also: Elections in India

India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India, which serves as thecountry's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, in which "majorityrule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". Federalism in India defines the power distribution betweenthe federal government and the states. The government abides by constitutional checks and balances. The

Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,[159] states in its preamble that India is a

sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[160] India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-

federal" with a strong centre and weak states,[161] has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of

political, economic, and social changes.[162][163]

The federal government comprises three branches:

Executive: The President of India is the head of

state[165] and is elected indirectly by a national

electoral college[166] for a five-year term.[167] The

Prime Minister of India is the head of government and

exercises most executive power.[168] Appointed by

the president,[169] the prime minister is by convention

supported by the party or political alliance holding the

majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.[168]

The executive branch of the Indian government

consists of the president, the vice-president, and the

Council of Ministers—the cabinet being its executive

committee—headed by the prime minister. Any

minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one

of the houses of parliament.[165] In the Indian

Tree Banyan

River Ganga

Game Not declared[164]

parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to

the legislature; the prime minister and his council are

directly responsible to the lower house of the

parliament.[170]

Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameralparliament. It operates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house

called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the

People").[171] The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year

terms.[172] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in numbers proportional to their

state's share of the national population.[169] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected

by popular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five-year terms.[173] The remaining two

members are nominated by the president from among the Anglo-Indian community, in case the president

decides that they are not adequately represented.[174]

Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary[175] that comprises the Supreme Court, headed

by the Chief Justice of India, 24 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[175] The Supreme Court has

original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre;

it has appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[176] It has the power both to declare the law and to strike

down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.[177] The Supreme Court is also the ultimate

interpreter of the constitution.[178]

Subdivisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of IndiaSee also: Political integration of India

India is a federation composed of 29 states and 7 union territories.[179] All states, as well as the union territories ofPuducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patternedon the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed

administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[180]

Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided intoadministrative districts. The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and ultimately into villages.

States

A clickable map of the 29 states and 7 union territories of India

1. Andhra Pradesh

2. Arunachal Pradesh

3. Assam4. Bihar5. Chhattisgarh

6. Goa7. Gujarat

8. Haryana9. Himachal Pradesh

10. Jammu and Kashmir11. Jharkhand

12. Karnataka13. Kerala14. Madhya Pradesh

15. Maharashtra16. Manipur

17. Meghalaya18. Mizoram

19. Nagaland20. Odisha21. Punjab

22. Rajasthan23. Sikkim

24. Tamil Nadu25. Telangana

26. Tripura27. Uttar Pradesh28. Uttarakhand

29. West Bengal

Union territories

A. Andaman and Nicobar Islands

B. ChandigarhC. Dadra and Nagar Haveli

D. Daman and DiuE. Lakshadweep

F. National Capital Territory of DelhiG. Puducherry

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of India and Indian Armed Forces

Narendra Modi meets Vladimir Putin

at the 6th BRICS summit. India and

Russia share extensive economic,

defence, and technological ties.

INS Vikramaditya, the Indian Navy's

biggest warship.

Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly

supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non-Aligned Movement.[181] In the late1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation ofneighbouring countries: a peace-keeping operation in Sri Lanka between1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a 1988 coup d'étatattempt in Maldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan;the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory ofKashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support

for the independence of Bangladesh.[182] After waging the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close militaryand economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet

Union was its largest arms supplier.[183]

Aside from ongoing strategic relations with Russia, India has wide-ranging defence relations with Israel and France. In recent years, it hasplayed key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organisation. Thenation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four

continents. It participates in the East Asia Summit, the G8+5, and other multilateral forums.[184] India has close

economic ties with South America,[185] Asia, and Africa; it pursues a "Look East" policy that seeks to strengthenpartnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan, and South Korea that revolve around many issues, but especially

those involving economic investment and regional security.[186][187]

China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats to intervene insupport of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear

weapons.[188] India conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 1974 andcarried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite criticism andmilitary sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering

both to be flawed and discriminatory.[189] India maintains a "no first use"nuclear policy and is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its

"minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[190][191] It is developing aballistic missile defence shield and, in collaboration with Russia, a fifth-

generation fighter jet.[192] Other indigenous military projects involve the

design and implementation of Vikrant-class aircraft carriers and Arihant-class nuclear submarines.[192]

Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the United

States and the European Union.[193] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the UnitedStates. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the Nuclear Non-ProliferationTreaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, endingearlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth de facto

nuclear weapons state.[194] India subsequently signed cooperation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with

Russia,[195] France,[196] the United Kingdom,[197] and Canada.[198]

Cashew packets displayed in a

Supermarket at Paravur near Kollam.

Kollam is known as the Cashew

Capital of the World. An average of

130,000 tonnes of processed

cashews are exporting from Kollam

to various countries in the world

The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.325 million active troops,

they compose the world's third-largest military.[199] It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the IndianAir Force; auxiliary organisations include the Strategic Forces Command and three paramilitary groups: the Assam

Rifles, the Special Frontier Force, and the Indian Coast Guard.[200] The official Indian defence budget for 2011

was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.[201] For the fiscal year spanning 2012–2013, US$40.44 billion was

budgeted.[202] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power

stood at US$72.7 billion.[203] In 2011, the annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,[204] although this does not

include funds that reach the military through other branches of government.[205] As of 2012, India is the world'slargest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms

purchases.[206] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing

Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.[204]

Economy

Main article: Economy of IndiaSee also: Economic history of India, Economic development in India, Tourism in India and Transport inIndia

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as of April 2015,the Indian economy is nominally worth US$2.306 trillion; it is the 7th-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$7.996 trillion,

the third-largest by purchasing power parity, or PPP.[10] With its averageannual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and

reaching 6.1% during 2011–12,[207] India is one of the world's fastest-

growing economies.[208] However, the country ranks 140th in the world

in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in GDP per capita at PPP.[209]

Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies thatwere influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state interventionand regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. Anacute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its

economy;[210] since then it has slowly moved towards a free-market

system[211][212] by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment

inflows.[213] India's recent economic model is largely capitalist.[212] India

has been a member of WTO since 1 January 1995.[214]

The 486.6-million worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest, as of 2011.[200] The service sectormakes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. Major agricultural

products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[179] Major industries includetextiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport

equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[179] In 2006, the share of external trade in India's

GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.[211] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[215] In 2011,

India was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter.[216] Major exports include

The Delhi Metro rapid transit system

and the low-floor CNG buses.

Infrastructure in India in the next five

years is estimated to bring in $1

trillion in investment, half of it by

India's private sector.

petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[179]

Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.[179] Between 2001 and 2011, the

contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[217] India was the

second largest textile exporter after China in the world in calendar year 2013.[218]

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,[211] India has more than doubled its

hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.[219] Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since

1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.[220] Though ranking 51st inglobal competitiveness, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in

business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies, as of 2010.[221] With 7 ofthe world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the

second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States, as of 2009.[222] India's consumer market,

currently the world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.[220]

India's telecommunication industry, the world's fastest-growing, added 227 million subscribers during the period

2010–11,[223] and after the first quarter of 2013, India surpassed Japan to become the third largest smartphone

market in the world after China and the U.S.[224]

Its automotive industry, the world's second fastest growing, increased

domestic sales by 26% during 2009–10,[225] and exports by 36% during

2008–09.[226] India's capacity to generate electrical power is 250gigawatts, of which 8% is renewable. At the end of 2011, the Indian ITindustry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close toUS$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP and contributed 26% of

India's merchandise exports.[227]

The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the significant emerging markets for global pharma industry. TheIndian pharmaceutical market is expected to reach $48.5 billion by 2020. India's R & D spending constitutes 60%

of the biopharmaceutical industry.[228][229] India is among the top 12 biotech destinations of the world.[230][231] TheIndian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–13, increasing its revenues from 204.4 Billion INR (Indian Rupees)

to 235.24 Billion INR (3.94 B US$ - exchange rate June 2013: 1 US$ approx. 60 INR).[232] Although hardly 2%

of Indians pay income taxes.[233]

Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges.India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of

US$1.25 per day,[234] the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005, and 25% in 2011.[235]

30.7% of India's children under the age of five are underweight.[236] According to a Food and Agriculture

Organization report in 2015, 15% of Indian population is undernourished.[237][238] The Mid-Day Meal Scheme

attempts to lower these rates.[239] Since 1991, economic inequality between India's states has consistently grown:

the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.[240]

Corruption in India is perceived to have increased significantly,[241] with one report estimating the illegal capital

flows since independence to be US$462 billion.[242]

Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economicliberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it hasremained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, SriLanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future. However, it is currently higher than Pakistan,

Nepal, Bangladesh and others.[243]

According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that

of the United States by 2045.[244] During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised

average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.[244] The reporthighlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturingsector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven

by a rapidly growing middle class.[244] The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, itmust continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal

of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition.[245]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of India

With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census report,[9] India is the world's second-most

populous country. Its population grew by 17.64% during 2001–2011,[246] compared to 21.54% growth in the

previous decade (1991–2001).[246] The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000

males.[9] The median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.[200] The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951,

counted 361.1 million people.[247] Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural

productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.[248] India

A population density and Indian

Railways connectivity map. The

already densely settled Indo-Gangetic

Plain is the main driver of Indian

population growth.

Children prepare for a

traditional dance in Tripura.

continues to face several public health-related challenges.[249][250]

Life expectancy in India is at 68 years with life expectancy for women being 69.6 years and for men being

67.3.[251] There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.[252] The number of Indians living in urban areas has

grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.[253] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.[254][255] The level ofurbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census. The slowing down of the overall

growth rate of population was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.[256] Accordingto the 2011 census, there are 53million-plus cities in India; among themMumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad,Chennai, Ahmedabad, Pune andKolkata are in order of the mostpopulous metropolitan areas. Theliteracy rate in 2011 was 74.04%:65.46% among females and 82.14%

among males.[257] The rural urbanliteracy gap which was 21.2 percentagepoints in 2001, dropped to 16.1percentage points in 2011. Theimprovement in literacy rate in ruralarea is two times that in urban

areas.[256] Kerala is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while

Bihar the least with 63.82%.[257]

India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken byabout 74% of the population) and Dravidian (24%). Other languagesspoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan language families. India has no national

language.[258] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.[259][260] English

is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";[261] it isimportant in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or moreofficial languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 22 "scheduled languages". The Constitution of India

recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.[262] The

2011 census reported[263] that Hinduism (79.8% of the population) is the largest religion in India, followed by Islam(14.23%). Other religions or none (5.97% of the population) include Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism,

Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith.[264] India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian, andBahá'í populations, and has the third-largest Muslim population and the largest Muslim population for a non-Muslim

majority country.[265][266]

Culture

Main article: Culture of India

A Toda tribal hut exemplifies Indian

vernacular architecture.

Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[267] During the Vedic period (c. 1700 – 500 BCE), thefoundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, theology and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practiceswhich still exist today, such as dhárma, kárma, yóga, and mokṣa, were

established.[16] India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hinduism,Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's

major religions.[268] The predominant religion, Hinduism, has beenshaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the

Upanishads,[269] the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[268] and by

Buddhist philosophy.[270]

Art and architecture

Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works ofMughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local

traditions with imported styles.[271] Vernacular architecture is also highly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra,

literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[272] explores how the laws of

nature affect human dwellings;[273] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived

cosmic constructs.[274] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series offoundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the

"absolute".[275] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memoryof his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of

the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".[276] Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed

by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.[277]

Literature

The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1700 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit

language.[278][279] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahābhārata and theRamayana, the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā), and

poetry such as the Mahākāvya.[280][281][282] Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse also originatedin India. Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the Sangam literature, consisting of 2,381

poems, is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.[283][284][285][286] From the 14th to the 18th centuries,India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poetssuch as Kabīr, Tulsīdās, and Guru Nānak. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought

and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.[287]

In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the

20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.[288]

Performing arts

A Kuchipudi dance performance is

accompanied by Carnatic

vocalisations.

Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses two genres and their

various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.[289] Regionalised popular formsinclude filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk andclassical forms. Among the better-known folk dances are the bhangra ofPunjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of Odisha, West Bengal andJharkhand, garba and dandiya of Gujarat, ghoomar of Rajasthan, andthe lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative formsand mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status byIndia's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are:bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh,kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh,

manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Odisha, and the sattriya of Assam.[290]

Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written

dialogue.[291] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing frommedieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includesthe bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki andramlila of North India, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha ofAndhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of

Karnataka.[292]

Motion pictures, television

The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.[293] Established regional cinematic traditionsexist in the Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, and

Telugu languages.[294] South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.[295]

Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication, and had slow expansion

for more than two decades.[296][297] The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the 1990s and, since

then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.[298] Today, television is the mostpenetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers,462 million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350

million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).[299]

Society

Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. The Indian caste system embodies much of thesocial stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by

thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis, or "castes".[300] India declared untouchability to

be illegal[301] in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives. At theworkplace in urban India and in international or leading Indian companies, the caste related identification has pretty

much lost its importance.[302][303] Family values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generationalpatriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban

areas.[304] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents

Top: Roti bread and sabzi vegetable

stew are cooked outdoors in the Thar

Desert using traditional Rajasthani

methods. Bottom: The kitchen of a

Hindu temple.

or other family members.[305] Marriage is thought to be for life,[305] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[306]

Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women in India wed before reaching 18, which is their

legal marriageable age.[307] Female infanticide in India and female foeticide in India have caused a discrepancy in

the sex ratio, as of 2005 it was estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in the nation.[308][309]

However the recent report from 2011 shown improvement among the gender ratio.[310] The payment of dowry,

although illegal, remains widespread across class lines.[311] Deaths resulting from dowry, mostly from bride burning,

are on the rise.[312]

Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Chhath,Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Bakr-Id, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi,Holi, Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan, Navratri, Thai Pongal, andVaisakhi. India has three national holidays which are observed in allstates and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, andGandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve,are officially observed in individual states.

Throughout India, many people practice customs and religious rituals,such as "Saṃskāra", which is a series of "personal sacraments and rites

conducted at various stages throughout life".[313]

Clothing

Main article: Clothing in India

Cotton was domesticated in India by 4000 BCE. Traditional Indian dressvaries in colour and style across regions and depends on various factors,including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the sari for women and thedhoti or lungi for men. Stitched clothes, such as the shalwar kameez for women and kurta–pyjama combinations

or European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.[314] Use of delicate jewellery, modelled on realflowers worn in ancient India, is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India

as talismans.[315]

Sports

Main article: Sport in India

In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, such as kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and gilli-danda. Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as kalarippayattu, musti yuddha, silambam, andmarma adi, originated in India. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaṅga, is regaining

widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian grandmasters.[316][317] Pachisi, from which parcheesi

derives, was played on a giant marble court by Akbar.[318]

The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in the early 2010s

have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.[319] India has a comparatively strong presence in shootingsports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships, and the Commonwealth

Cricket is the most popular game

among India's masses. Shown here is

an instance of street cricket.

Games.[320][321] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded

internationally include badminton[322] (Saina Nehwal is the top ranked

female badminton player in the world), boxing,[323] and wrestling.[324]

Football is popular in West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the

north-eastern states.[325]

Field hockey in India is administered by Hockey India. The Indiannational hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and have, as of2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals,making it the sport's most successful team in the Olympics.

India has also played a major role in popularising cricket. Thus, cricketis, by far, the most popular sport in India. The Indian national cricket

team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup events, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, shared the 2002 ICCChampions Trophy with Sri Lanka, and won 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. Cricket in India is administered by theBoard of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the IraniTrophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are domestic competitions. The BCCI is also responsible forconducting an annual Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier League.

India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the 1987,1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the 2006 ICC ChampionsTrophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting eventsheld annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the IndianMasters. The first Indian Grand Prix featured in late 2011 but has been discontinued from the F1 season calendar

since 2014.[326]

India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example of this dominance is the

basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date.[327] The Rajiv Gandhi KhelRatna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic achievement; theDronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.

See also

List of India-related articlesOutline of India

Notes

a. "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Governmentmay authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the strugglefor Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it."(Constituent Assembly of India 1950).

b. "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the

total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the

United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2

(1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library of Congress 2004).c. See also: Official names of India

c. See also: Official names of Indiad. The Government of India regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of Kashmir to be part of

India. However, this is disputed, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source:"Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)"(http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2008.

e. The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, theGovernment of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including theNorthern Areas administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6' to itsnorthernmost point.

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(http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf) (PDF), Current Science 91 (4): 530–536India Yearbook 2007, New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government ofIndia, 2007, ISBN 978-81-230-1423-4Posey, C. A. (1 November 1994), The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather, Reader's Digest, ISBN 978-0-89577-625-9Prakash, B.; Kumar, S.; Rao, M. S.; Giri, S. C. (2000), "Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the

Western Gangetic Plains" (http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf) (PDF), Current Science 79 (4):438–449

Biodiversity

Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D.; Dick, J. H. (15 August 1996), A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent(2nd ed.), Mumbai: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-563732-8Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species and New Records(http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf) (PDF), Zoological Survey of India,2012, retrieved 20 July 2012Basak, R. K. (1983), Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities(https://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ), retrieved 20 July 2011"Hotspots by Region" (http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.aspx),Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation International), 2007, retrieved 28 February 2011Crame, J. A.; Owen, A. W. (1 August 2002), Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician andMesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations (https://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142), GeologicalSociety Special Publication (194), Geological Society of London, ISBN 978-1-86239-106-2, retrieved 8 December2011"Forest Cover (http://fsi.nic.in/cover_2013/sfr_forest_cover.pdf)". State of Forest Report 2013(http://fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=mn_93). Dehradun: Forest Survey of India. 2013.Griffiths, M. (6 July 2010), The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower (https://books.google.com/books?id=f2cbyTCeq-EC), St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-64148-1Karanth, K. P. (25 March 2006), "Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota"

(http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf) (PDF), Current Science (Indian Academy of Sciences) 90(6): 789–792, retrieved 18 May 2011Mace, G. M. (March 1994), "1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals" (https://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4), World Conservation Monitoring Centre (International Union for Conservation ofNature), ISBN 978-2-8317-0194-3"Biosphere Reserves of India" (http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm), C. P. R. Environment EducationCentre (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India), retrieved 17 July 2011Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html), Ministry of Environmentsand Forests (http://moef.nic.in/index.php), Government of India, 9 September 1972, retrieved 25 July 2011Puri, S. K., Biodiversity Profile of India (http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html), retrieved 20 June 2007The List of Wetlands of International Importance(https://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf) (PDF), The Secretariat of theConvention on Wetlands, 4 June 2007, p. 18, archived from the original (http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf) (PDF)

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Politics

Banerjee, Sumanta (16–22 July 2005). "Civilising the BJP" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/4416896). Economic &

Political Weekly 40 (29): 3116–3119. Retrieved 19 October 2014.Bhambhri, C. P. (1 May 1992), Politics in India, 1991–1992 (https://books.google.com/books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ), Shipra, ISBN 978-81-85402-17-8, retrieved 20 July 2011Burnell, P. J.; Calvert, P. (1 May 1999), The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea(https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271) (1st ed.), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-7146-8026-2, retrieved 20 July 2011Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on), BusinessStandard, 16 May 2009, retrieved 13 June 2009Chander, N. J. (1 January 2004), Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience (https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117), Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 978-81-8069-092-1, retrieved 20 July2011Dunleavy, P.; Diwakar, R.; Dunleavy, C. (2007), The Effective Space of Party Competition(http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf) (PDF) (5), London Schoolof Economics and Political Science, retrieved 27 September 2011

Dutt, S. (1998), "Identities and the Indian State: An Overview", Third World Quarterly 19 (3): 411–434,doi:10.1080/01436599814325 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814325)Echeverri-Gent, J. (January 2002), "Politics in India's Decentred Polity", in Ayres, A.; Oldenburg, P., Quickeningthe Pace of Change, India Briefing, London: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 19–53, ISBN 978-0-7656-0812-3"Current Recognised Parties"(http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf) (PDF), Election Commissionof India, 14 March 2009, retrieved 5 July 2010Gledhill, A. (30 March 1970), The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution(https://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ), Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-8371-2813-9, retrieved 21 July2011Halarnkar, Samar (13 June 2012). "Narendra Modi makes his move" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18352532). BBC News. "The right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's primaryopposition party"Narasimha Rao Passes Away (http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm), The Hindu, 24December 2004, retrieved 2 November 2008Malik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V.B. (April 1992). "Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?". Asian

Survey 32 (4): 318–336. doi:10.2307/2645149 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2645149). JSTOR 2645149(https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645149).Mathew, K. M. (1 January 2003), Manorama Yearbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ),Malayala Manorama, ISBN 978-81-900461-8-3, retrieved 21 July 2011"National Symbols of India" (http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php), Know India (NationalInformatics Centre, Government of India), retrieved 27 September 2009

Neuborne, B. (2003), "The Supreme Court of India", International Journal of Constitutional Law 1 (1): 476–510,doi:10.1093/icon/1.3.476 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2F1.3.476)Pylee, M. V. (2003), "The Longest Constitutional Document", Constitutional Government in India(https://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C) (2nd ed.), S. Chand, ISBN 978-81-219-2203-6Pylee, M. V. (2003), "The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court", Constitutional Government in India(https://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&pg=PA314) (2nd ed.), S. Chand, ISBN 978-81-219-2203-6,retrieved 2 November 2007Sarkar, N. I. (1 January 2007), Sonia Gandhi: Tryst with India (https://books.google.com/books?id=26flsWUf8fkC), Atlantic, ISBN 978-81-269-0744-1, retrieved 20 July 2011

Sharma, R. (1950), "Cabinet Government in India", Parliamentary Affairs 4 (1): 116–126Sharma, B. K. (August 2007), Introduction to the Constitution of India (https://books.google.com/books?

Sharma, B. K. (August 2007), Introduction to the Constitution of India (https://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161) (4th ed.), Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-81-203-3246-1

Sinha, A. (2004), "The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India", India Review 3 (1): 25–63,doi:10.1080/14736480490443085 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14736480490443085)World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day(http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm), United Nations Population Division, retrieved5 October 2011Wheare, K. C. (June 1980), Federal Government (4th ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-313-22702-8

Foreign relations and military

Alford, P. (7 July 2008), G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759), The Australian, retrieved 21 November 2009Behera, L. K. (7 March 2011), Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 2011–2012(http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311), Institute for Defence Studiesand Analyses, retrieved 4 April 2011Behera, L. K. (20 March 2012), India's Defence Budget 2012–13(http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312), Institute for DefenceStudies and Analyses, retrieved 26 March 2012"Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm), BBC News (BritishBroadcasting Corporation), 11 February 2009, retrieved 22 August 2010Curry, B. (27 June 2010), Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India(http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/), The Globe and Mail, retrieved 13 May 2011"India, Europe Strategic Relations"(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm),Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation (European Union), 8 April 2008, retrieved 14 January 2011Ghosh, A. (1 September 2009), India's Foreign Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC),Pearson, ISBN 978-81-317-1025-8Gilbert, M. (17 December 2002), A History of the Twentieth Century (https://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486), William Morrow, ISBN 978-0-06-050594-3, retrieved 22 July 2011India, Russia Review Defence Ties (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece), The Hindu, 5October 2009, retrieved 8 October 2011Kumar, A. V. (1 May 2010), "Reforming the NPT to Include India" (http://thebulletin.org/reforming-npt-include-india), Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, retrieved 1 November 2010Miglani, S. (28 February 2011), With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending(http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228), Reuters, retrieved6 July 2011Nair, V. K. (2007), No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy(https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf) (PDF), archived from theoriginal (http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf) (PDF) on 27 September 2007, retrieved 7 June 2007Pandit, R. (27 July 2009), N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine), The Times of India, retrieved 10 March 2010Perkovich, G. (5 November 2001), India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation(https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC), University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5,retrieved 22 July 2011India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation (http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm), Rediff,25 January 2008, retrieved 22 August 2010UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord (http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews), Reuters, 13 February 2010, retrieved 22 August 2010Ripsman, N. M.; Paul, T. V. (18 March 2010), Globalization and the National Security State(https://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539390-3, retrieved 22 July 2011

539390-3, retrieved 22 July 2011Rothermund, D. (17 October 2000), The Routledge Companion to Decolonization(https://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC), Routledge Companions to History (1st ed.), Routledge,ISBN 978-0-415-35632-9India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet (http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html), RIA Novosti, 10January 2011, retrieved 1 April 2009Sharma, S. R. (1 January 1999), India–USSR Relations 1947–1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness

(https://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC) 1, Discovery, ISBN 978-81-7141-486-4Shukla, A. (5 March 2011), China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india%5Cs-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/), Business Standard,retrieved 6 July 2011Sisodia, N. S.; Naidu, G. V. C. (2005), Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan(https://books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC), Promilla, ISBN 978-81-86019-52-8"SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security" (https://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178), Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Oxford University Press), 8August 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-954895-8, retrieved 22 July 2011"Rise in international arms transfers is driven by Asian demand, says SIPRI" (http://archive.is/ml62T), StockholmInternational Peace Research Initiative, 19 March 2012, archived from the original(http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri) on 13 January 2013, retrieved 26 March 2012India, US Sign 123 Agreement (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field), The Times of India, 11 October 2008, retrieved 21 July 2011

Economy

Alamgir, J. (24 December 2008), India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity(https://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-77684-4, retrieved23 July 2011Bonner, B (20 March 2010), Make Way, World. India Is on the Move (http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move), Christian Science Monitor, retrieved 23 July2011"India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11782795), BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation), 18 November 2010, retrieved 23 July 2011"India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article988689.ece), Business Line, 9 April 2010, retrieved 23 July 2011Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013), An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions, Allen LaneIndia's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts (http://www.economist.com/node/21531527), TheEconomist, 8 October 2011, retrieved 9 October 2011"Indian Car Exports Surge 36%" (http://archive.is/DUoe6), Express India, 13 October 2009, archived from theoriginal (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/) on 2 January 2013,retrieved 23 July 2011Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, SriLanka, Thailand (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=), International Monetary Fund, April 2011, retrieved23 July 2011Farrell, D.; Beinhocker, E. (19 May 2007), Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class(http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/In_the_news/Next_big_spenders_Indian_middle_class), McKinsey &Company, retrieved 17 September 2011Gargan, E. A. (15 August 1992), India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy(http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html), The NewYork Times, retrieved 22 July 2011World Economic Outlook Update (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf) (PDF),

World Economic Outlook Update (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf) (PDF),International Monetary Fund, June 2011, retrieved 22 July 2011Nayak, P. B.; Goldar, B.; Agrawal, P. (10 November 2010), India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V.K. R. V. Rao (https://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC), SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-81-321-0452-0Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf) (PDF),Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, October 2007, retrieved 22 July 2011Pal, P.; Ghosh, J (July 2007), "Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends"(http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf) (PDF), Economic and Social Affairs: DESA WorkingPaper No. 45 (United Nations), retrieved 23 July 2011PricewaterhouseCoopers (January 2011), The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power:Challenges and Opportunities (http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/psrc/pdf/world_in_2050_jan2011.pdf) (PDF),retrieved 23 July 2011Schwab, K. (2010), The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011(http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf) (PDF), World EconomicForum, retrieved 10 May 2011Sheth, N. (28 May 2009), "Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens"(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Darticle), The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 3 October 2010Srivastava, V. C. (2008), "Introduction", in V.C. Srivastava, Lallanji Gopal, D.P. Chattopadhyaya, History ofAgriculture in India (p to c1200 AD) (https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PR30), Historyof Science, Philosophy and Culture In Indian Civization, V (Part 1), Concept Publishing Co, ISBN 8180695212Information Note to the Press (Press Release No.29 /2011)(http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf) (PDF),Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 6 April 2011, retrieved 23 July 2011Exporters Get Wider Market Reach (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM), The Times of India, 28 August 2009, retrieved23 July 2011Corruption Perception Index 2010—India Continues to be Corrupt(http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf)(PDF), Transparency International, 26 October 2011, retrieved 23 July 2011New Global Poverty Estimates—What It Means for India(http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html), World Bank, retrieved 23 July 2011"India: Undernourished Children—A Call for Reform and Action"(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html), World Bank, retrieved 23 July 2011Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf) (PDF), World Bank, 29May 2006, retrieved 7 May 2009India Country Overview September 2010(http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html), World Bank, September2010, retrieved 23 July 2011Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports(http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm), World Trade Organisation, 26 March 2010, retrieved23 July 2011Yep, E. (27 September 2011), ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html), The Wall Street Journal,retrieved 27 September 2011Indian IT-BPO Industry (http://www.nasscom.org/indian-itbpo-industry), NASSCOM, 2011–2012, retrieved22 June 2012UNDERSTANDING THE WTO: THE ORGANIZATION Members and Observers(http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm), WTO, 1995, retrieved 23 June 2012

Demographics

Bonner, A. (1990), Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today (https://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC), Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-1048-8, retrieved 24 July 2011Healthcare in India: Report Highlights(http://bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare%20in%20India%20Executive%20Summary.pdf) (PDF), BostonAnalytics, January 2009, retrieved 23 July 2011Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C. (2009), India: Perspectives on Equitable Development (https://books.google.com/books?id=adhKjRoTjcIC), Academic Foundation, ISBN 978-81-7188-685-2Dharwadker, A. (28 October 2010), "Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of PerformanceHistoriography", in Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T., Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography(https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgf0gbml2ocC), University of Iowa Press, ISBN 978-1-58729-905-6,retrieved 24 July 2011Drèze, J.; Goyal, A. (9 February 2009), "The Future of Mid-Day Meals", in Baru, R. V., School Health Services inIndia: The Social and Economic Contexts (https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ39RO9OET4C&pg=PA46),SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-81-7829-873-3Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (7 July 2005), "Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects", in Dyson, T.;Casses, R.; Visaria, L., Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and theEnvironment (https://books.google.com/books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928382-8Garg, S. C. (19 April 2005), Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMF/Resources/339747-1105651852282/Garg.pdf) (PDF), World Bank,retrieved 27 January 2010Mallikarjun, B (November 2004), "Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language ofIndia" (http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html), Language in India

(http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html) 4 (11), ISSN 1930-2940 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-2940), retrieved 24 July 2011Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L (http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=Mzc%3d), Ministry of Home Affairs,Government of India, 27 April 1960, retrieved 13 May 2011"Religious Composition" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx), Officeof the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India), 2010–2011,retrieved 23 July 2011"Census Data 2001"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/National_Summary_DataPage.aspx),Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India),2010–2011, retrieved 22 July 2011Ottenheimer, H. J. (2008), The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology(https://books.google.com/books?id=d4QHsORbZs4C), Cengage, ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7Ratna, U. (2007), "Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India", in Dutt, A. K.; Thakur, B, City,

Society, and Planning (https://books.google.com/books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC) 1, Concept, ISBN 978-81-8069-459-2Robinson, S. (1 May 2008), "India's Medical Emergency"(http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html), Time, retrieved 23 July 2011Rorabacher, J. A. (2010), Hunger and Poverty in South Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=u6hriMcSsE4C), Gyan, ISBN 978-81-212-1027-0Country Cooperation Strategy: India(http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf) (PDF), World Health Organisation,November 2006, retrieved 23 July 2011Chandramouli, C. (15 July 2011), Rural Urban Distribution Of Population (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf) (PDF), Ministry of Home Affairs (India), retrieved24 January 2015

Culture

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Oxford World's Classics (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-282361-8Jones, G.; Ramdas, K. (2005), (Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage(https://books.google.com/books?id=IttiQ3QdJ6YC), National University of Singapore Press, ISBN 978-981-05-1428-0Kālidāsa; Johnson, W. J. (15 November 2001), The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts, OxfordUniversity Press, ISBN 978-0-19-283911-4Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (30 September 2011), India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in theRepublic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic (https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C), ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3, retrieved 12 September 2012Karanth, S. K. (October 2002), Yakṣagāna, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-357-1Kiple, K. F.; Ornelas, K. C., eds. (2000), The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, ISBN 978-0-521-40216-3Kuiper, K., ed. (1 July 2010), The Culture of India (https://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC),Britannica Educational Publishing, ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1, retrieved 24 July 2011Kumar, V. (January 2000), Vastushastra, All You Wanted to Know About Series (2nd ed.), Sterling Publishing,ISBN 978-81-207-2199-9Lal, A. (2004), The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre (https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ),Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3, retrieved 24 July 2011Lang, J.; Moleski, W. (1 December 2010), Functionalism Revisited (https://books.google.com/books?id=rOCaSn8-ZboC&pg=PA151), Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4094-0701-0MacDonell, A. A. (2004), A History of Sanskrit Literature, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4179-0619-2Majumdar, B.; Bandyopadhyay, K. (2006), A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score, Routledge,ISBN 978-0-415-34835-5Makar, E. M. (2007), An American's Guide to Doing Business in India (https://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC), Adams, ISBN 978-1-59869-211-2Massey, R.; Massey, J (1998), The Music of India (https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC),Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-332-8Medora, N. (2003), "Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages", inHamon, R. R.; Ingoldsby, B. B., Mate Selection Across Cultures, SAGE Publications, pp. 209–230, ISBN 978-0-7619-2592-7Messner, W. (2009), Working with India. The Softer Aspects of a Successful Collaboration with the Indian IT &BPO Industry (http://www.globusresearch.com/knowledge-books.com#working-with-india), Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-89077-5Messner, W. (2012), Engaging with India. How to Manage the Softer Aspects of a Global Collaboration(http://www.globusresearch.com), Createspace, ISBN 978-1-466244900"Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings" (http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf) (PDF).Media Research Users Council. Growth: Literacy & Media Consumption. Retrieved 12 September 2012.Mehta, Nalin (30 July 2008), Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change(https://books.google.com/books?id=R-BsSzSjnTYC), Taylor & Francis US, ISBN 978-0-415-44759-1, retrieved12 September 2012Is Boxing the New Cricket? (http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1jxksEgRhUYXq0ezp1iixM/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html), Mint, 24 September 2010, retrieved 5 October 2010Nakamura, H. (1 April 1999), Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes(https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC), Buddhist Tradition Series (12th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass,ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8Puskar-Pasewicz, M. (16 September 2010), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism(https://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&pg=PA39), Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9Raghavan, S. (23 October 2006), Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings(https://books.google.com/books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&pg=PA3) (2nd ed.), CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-8493-2842-8Raichlen, S. (10 May 2011), A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html), The NewYork Times, retrieved 14 June 2011Rajadhyaksha, A.; Willemen, P., eds. (22 January 1999), Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (2nd ed.), British FilmInstitute, ISBN 978-0-85170-669-6

Institute, ISBN 978-0-85170-669-6Ramanujan, A. K. (translator) (15 October 1985), Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and theTen Long Poems of Classical Tamil (https://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC), New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, pp. ix–x, ISBN 978-0-231-05107-1Rawat, Ramnarayan S (23 March 2011), Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India(https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&pg=PA3), Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-22262-6Anand Crowned World Champion (http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm), Rediff, 29 October2008, retrieved 29 October 2008Roberts, N. W. (12 July 2004), Building Type Basics for Places of Worship (https://books.google.com/books?id=hOxOAAAAMAAJ) (1st ed.), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-22568-3

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External links

National Portal (http://india.gov.in/) of the Government of India

India (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html) entry at The WorldFactbookIndia (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India) at DMOZIndia profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12557384) from the BBC News

India (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India) Encyclopædia Britannica entryIndia (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm) at the UCB Government Information Library

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