india. himalaya mountain range arabian sea bay of bengal rivers: indus, ganges
TRANSCRIPT
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India
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India
Himalaya Mountain Range
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Rivers: Indus, Ganges
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• Early cities in the river valleys (Indus and Ganges)
• Floods are unpredictable and can be dangerous
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Harappan Civilization (2500-1500 BC)Indus River Valley
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Mohenjodaro: Harappan city
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MohenjodaroWhat can you say about the city by looking
at this plan?
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Challenges to our understanding!
• We have seen development of elites, social differentiation in Egypt and Mesopotamia
• Hierarchy is shown in architecture: Temples, Tombs, Palaces
• None here!
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Harappan Writing
450 Symbols
Inscriptions usually 5 symbols long
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Harappan Seals
Sacred cow inIndia today
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What happened to this early Indus Civilization? Economic collapse? Environment? Invasion?
Aryans establish new cities along the Ganges river
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Caste System
• Priests (Brahmins)• Warriors (Kshatriyas)• Traders, merchants, artisans, free
farmers (Vaisya)• Slaves, servants (Sudra)
• Untouchables
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Caste-based discrimination is now illegal in India
but people still often marry within their caste
Brahmin Wedding
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Hinduism• mixture of Aryan and earlier Indian gods
and practices• no single founder or doctrine—long
process of development (1500 BC – 500 BC)
• Third largest world religion after Christianity and Islam
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Teachings of Hinduism
• Traditionally Hindus must abide by caste laws (dharma) by accumulating good deeds (karma) so that when one is reborn / reincarnated (samsara) you find yourself in a better position in the caste system. Eventually – with enough Karma you may experience moksha - a release of cycle of rebirth and reincarnation
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Ahimsa - non-violence
• Important for good karma
• Principle used by Ghandi in peacefully resisting the British rule of India
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Hindu Gods
• major gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
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Hindu Devotional Practices
• acquiring religious learning ( guru)
• asceticism
• meditation
• yoga
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Bhagavad Gita - world’s longest epic story
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Diwali (= festival commemorating the return of Rama and Sita after defeating the demon king Ravana, from
Ramayana)
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There are two major types of Hindu templesThe Northern Style looks like a mountain
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The Southern Indian temple looks like a multi-level pyramid
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Where is this temple? Northern or Southern India ?
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North or South ?
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Mauryan Dynasty (321-185 B.C.)
• first dynasty to rule all of India
• Ashoka (= first Buddhist emperor)
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Buddhism
• Siddharta Gautama (563-483 BCE) = Buddha
• lived in great luxury and isolation; however, one day he encountered a sick person, an old person, and a dying person, and he started to think about human misery and how to escape this misery.
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Buddhism
• Spent years wandering, fasting, meditating
• Siddharta became Buddha - “the enlightened one”
• preached for rest of life, founded Buddhist order of monks
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Teachings of Buddhism
• cause of all human suffering is desire for worldly things
• worldly things are illusory• ultimate spiritual reality of things = nirvana• possible to reach nirvana
-by turning away from evil -by denying the human body -by deep meditation
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Buddhist Shrines
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Spread of Buddhism
• India: attractive to low castes
• spread by monks and pilgrims
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Buddhism in Different Parts of the World