india-cern meeting in mumbai (visions for future collaborations) steve myers director of...
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India-CERN Meeting in Mumbai(Visions for Future Collaborations)
Steve MyersDirector of Accelerators and Technology
CERN
Indian Contributions to CERN
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In CERN we are sincerely grateful for these
substantial contributions
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Total of 9 accelerators at CERN, 12 if you consider the 4 rings of the booster
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p + C (interactions) , K (decay in flight)
700 m 100 m 1000m 67 m
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Task for CERN: produce intense beam towards Gran Sasso
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CERN to Gran Sasso : 732 km at depth up to 11.4 km
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AD@CERN
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Entering a New Era in Fundamental ScienceEntering a New Era in Fundamental ScienceStart-up of the Large Hadron Collider (Start-up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHCLHC) (one of the largest and truly global ) (one of the largest and truly global
scientific projects ever) is the most exciting turning point in particle physics.scientific projects ever) is the most exciting turning point in particle physics.
Exploration of a new energy frontier Exploration of a new energy frontier
LHC ring:LHC ring:27 km circumference27 km circumference
CMSCMS
ALICEALICE
LHCbLHCb
ATLASATLAS28th February 2011 9India CERN Mumbai
LHC: Some of the Technical Challenges
Circumference (km) 26.7 100-150m underground
Number of Dipoles 1232 Cable Nb-Ti, cold mass 37million kg
Length of Dipole (m) 14.3
Dipole Field Strength (Tesla) 8.4 Results from the high beam energy needed
Operating Temperature (K) 1.9 Superconducting magnets needed for the high magnetic field
Super-fluid helium
Current in dipole sc coils (A) 13000 Results from the high magnetic field
1ppm resolution
Beam Intensity (A) 0.5 2.2.10-6 loss causes quench
Beam Stored Energy (MJoules) 362 Results from high beam energy and high beam current
1MJ melts 2kg Cu
Magnet Stored Energy (MJoules)/octant
1100 Results from the high magnetic field
Sector Powering Circuit 8 1612 different electrical circuits
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LHC: First collisions at 7 TeV on 30 March 2010LHC: First collisions at 7 TeV on 30 March 2010
CMSCMS
ALICEALICE
LHCbLHCb
11
First Two Running Periodscalculated
Maximum reached is 10.7x1030 cm-2s-128th February 2011 12India CERN Mumbai
Third Running Period
Performance Improvement by a factor of 200,000 in 7 months:
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28/10/2010 (approaching 50pb-1)
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Peak Luminosity
2010 Goal
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Update neededGoal for 2010
Chamonix 2011
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Chamonix Sessions1. Review of 2010 Operations2. Shutdown 2012 (Part 1) 3. Shutdown 2012 (Part 2) 4. Beam Energy5. High Intensity: Present and Future6. Machine Protection in 2011 and beyond 7. Running in 2011 – Luminosity8. High Luminosity (HL-LHC)9. LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU)10. Summaries and Proposals for Decisions
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" (Proposals for) Decisions " • Operation after 2011
– Impact of a delay in long shutdown (LS1) from 2012 to 2013. • RP (ALARA, ...), maintenance requirements, impact on future projects...
• Impact on the following long shutdown (LS2;2016)
• Performance in 2011– Maximum safe beam energy– Luminosity (Peak and Integrated) Baseline still 1fb-1!
• Bunch spacing (electron cloud, bunch instabilities, scrubbing..)• Intensity per bunch (Injectors, beam-beam effects, impedance and
instabilities…)• collimation, machine protection, UFOs,• beta*, crossing angles, ...• SEU ; radiation to electronics• ALICE and LHCb; how to operate at low luminosity
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Proposal
• BUT study– Maintenance and repairs needs for such a long
running period (2009-2012)• Consider e.g. how CV/EL maintenance could be carried out
during the Christmas in 2011-2012– Make a new 10 year plan including all shutdowns and
technical stops (LMC + experiments)– Try to keep to a minimum the duration of the
shutdown in 2013• Critical review (in June 2011) of the need for including cryo-
collimation system in the LS1 shutdown or delay to LS2
Do physics in 2012!
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The Return for the Risk associated with energy increase
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(Probability) Maximum Safe EnergyProbability per Year of burning an interconnect
Remaining choice
Going to 4TeV, 50s implies a significant increase in the risk of burning an interconnect
2128th February 2011 India CERN Mumbai
(Impact) Maximum Safe Energy• Electrical arc in an interconnect:
– The present consolidation, up to 5 TeV, will suppress mechanical collateral damages in adjacent sub-sectors.
– Nevertheless, mechanical damage of the MLI in the concerned sub-sector as well as contamination of the beam pipe(s) could require heavy repair work.
– With the present consolidation status, a new incident will still have a big impact on the machine down time (8 to 12 months)
– PLUS severe damage to CERN’s reputation2228th February 2011 India CERN Mumbai
Safety Integration Level (SIL)
SIL PFD PFD (power)
1 0.1-0.01 10-1 - 10-2
2 0.01-0.001 10-2 - 10-3
3 0.001-0.0001 10-3 - 10-4
4 0.0001-0.00001 10-4 - 10-5
4TeV/50s
3.5TeV/50s
LHC safety systems are designed for SIL4 (Beam dump, access safety, ...
To achieve a given SIL, the device must meet targets for the maximum (allowable) probability of dangerous failure.......PFD (Probability of Failure on Demand) ........for different SILs as defined in IEC EN 61508 are as follows:
SIL2 is not acceptable. Return/Risk is not favourable 2328th February 2011 India CERN Mumbai
Proposal
Stay at 3.5TeV for 2011
Thermal amplifier to be developped during 2011 to allow measurements during Christmas shutdown for a deterministic decision on a possible energy increase for 2012.
We should operate in 2011 with the "snubber" capacitors to reduce further the possible number of quenches (SIL4)
Small performance benefit due to reduced need for luminosity calibration
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Estimated Peak and Integrated Luminosity
days H.F Comm
with
Fills
with
kb Nb
e11
m
/IP L
Hz/cm2
Stored energy
MJ
L Int
fb-1
4 TeV
L Int
fb-1
3.5 TeV
160 0.3 150 ns 150 ns 368 1.2 2.5 0.006 ~5.2e32 ~30 ~2.1 ~1.9
135 0.2 75 ns 75 ns 936 1.2 2.5
2
1.8
0.006
0.007
0.008
~1.3e33
~1.6e33
~1.8e33
~75 ~3
~3.8
~4.2
~2.7
~3.3
~3.7
125 0.15 50 ns 50 ns 1404 1.2 2.5 0.006 ~2e33 ~110 ~3.2 ~2.8
* = 1.5m
• Baseline is 2E32 Peak and 1fb-1 (integrated) (expectation management)
• But following 2010, we are confident we will do better
Possible integrated Luminosity of 2-3 fb-12528th February 2011 India CERN Mumbai
“Old” 10 year technical Plan
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New Draft 10 year plan
LHC Ion
Ion
Injectors
LHC
Injectors
J J A S O N D
X-M
as m
aint
enan
ce
S O N D J F M A MD J AM A M J J A S O ND J F J F M A M JM A M J J A S O NJ J A S O N D J FJ F
SPS upgrade
2016 2017 2018M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
2019 2020 2021
X-M
as m
aint
enan
ce
X-M
as m
aint
enan
ce
N DM J J A S ON D J F M AM J J A S ON D J F M AM J J A S ON D J F M AM J J A S ON D J F M AA M J J A S ON D J F M AM J J A S O
20162010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015M J J A S ON D J F M
LS1Ion Ion Ion
? SPS - LINAC4 connection & ? PSB energy upgrade
IonLS2 Ion
Machine: Collimation & prepare for crab cavities & RF cryo system
ATLAS: nw pixel detect. - detect. for ultimate luminosity.
ALICE - Inner vertex system
CMS - New Pixel. New HCAL Photodetectors. Completion of FWD muons upgrade
LHCb - full trigger upgrade, new vertex detector etc.
Machine: Splice Consolidation & Collimation in IR3
ATLAS - Consolidation and new forward beam pipes
ALICE - detector completion
CMS - FWD muons upgrade + Consolidation & infrastrastructure
LHCb - consolidations
SPS - LINAC4 connection & PSB energy upgrade
Ion
Ion
Ion
LS3Ion
Machine - maintenance &
ATLAS - New inner detector
ALICE - Second vertex detector upgrade
CMS - New Tracker
X-m
as m
aint
enan
ce
?Cryo-collimation point
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Luminosity Upgrade
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Luminosity Upgrade Scenario– For LHC high luminosities, the luminosity lifetime becomes
comparable with the turn round time Low efficiency– Preliminary estimates show that the useful integrated
luminosity is greater with • a peak luminosity of 5x1034 cm-2 s-1 and a longer luminosity lifetime
(by luminosity levelling)• than with 1035 and a luminosity lifetime of a few hours
– Luminosity Levelling by• Beta*, crossing angle, crab cavities, and bunch length
Detector physicists have indicated that their detector upgrades are significantly influenced by the choice between peak luminosities of 5x1034 and 1035.
• Pile up events• Radiation effects
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Hardware for the Upgrade• New high field insertion quadrupoles• Upgraded cryo system for IP1 and IP5• Upgrade of the intensity in the Injector Chain• Crab Cavities to take advantage of the small
beta*• Single Event Upsets
– SC links to allow power converters to be moved to surface
• Misc• Upgrade some correctors• Re-commissioning DS quads at higher gradient• Change of New Q5/Q4 (larger aperture), with new stronger
corrector orbit, displacements of few magnets• Larger aperture D2
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First Thoughts on an Energy Upgrade
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Preliminary HE-LHC - parameters
Very Long Term Objectives: Higher Energy LHC
Very prelim
inary with
large
error b
ars
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HE-LHC – main issues and R&D
• high-field 20-T dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn, Nb3Al, and HTS
• high-gradient quadrupole magnets for arc and IR
• fast cycling SC magnets for 1-TeV injector
• emittance control in regime of strong SR damping and IBS
• cryogenic handling of SR heat load (first analysis; looks manageable)
• dynamic vacuum
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Thank You for your attention
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Help Needed for Splice Consolidation
• Opening and closing W (20 FTE’s)• Repair, reinstall and tack PIM’s (2)• Orbital machining of M sleeves and PIM’s (5)• Electrical interconnections (3)• TIG welding M sleeves and PIMs (9)• QC welding (4)• Special intervention team (9), for one-off unplanned or delicate
work steps• Other (5)
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Identified and trained Identified but need training missing 58 64 57
ProposalWhile India may wish to take some of this effort, a
contribution at the level of the full missing staff (57) would be highly visible, highly useful for CERN and for the whole HEP community. It would identify India as a highly desireable partner, in preparation of its accession to CERN as an associate state.
CERN experience shows that the expertise of the Indian staff is excellent but we are unaware if the required number of qualified mechanics can be secured for the required period.
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Proposal (2)Other proposals for new collaboration topics that could be
coupled• ENERGY extraction absorbers for LHC magnets.• Impedance calculations: for SPS and LHC components• Magnets for HL-LHC: supports, correctors (Nb3Sn?), analysis of magnet behavior, …• Contribution to the HiLumi design study in all aspects, together with US and Japan.• two new Linac4 proposals: alignment jigs and RF couplers.
There is, in addition a list of 13 items proposed by CLIC/CTF3 (fine mechanical and electronical parts, and instrumentation for active stabilization, warm magnets, vacuum chambers, beam dumps, accelerating structures and RF components).
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