313© The Author(s) 2018R. Jha, Facets of India’s Economy and Her Society Volume I, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56554-9

NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS2G scam, 29273rd Amendment to the

Constitution, 2201857 uprising, 129, 1691967 general election, 2631971 war with Pakistan, 2641977 Lok Sabha elections, 2681984 Lok Sabha elections, 2712009 Lok Sabha elections, 288

AAadhar Card Scheme, 292, 295Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 115Abolition of Untouchability, 223Accidental Prime Minister, 289Action Group, 42Adarsh scam, 293Aden, 174

Adil Khan, Yusuf, 116Adilshahi, 118Adil Shahi dynasty, 116Adil Shah, Muhammad, 113Advani, Lal Krishna, 276Afghanistan, 186Africa, 187Age and gender structure of India’s

population, 40Agra, 143Agra famine, 146Agricultural laborers, 52Agricultural land, 46Agricultural stagnation, 150Agricultural wages, 67Agricultural workers, 52Agriculture

and allied activities, 15community development, 253share of GDP, 54

Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

314 Index

Ahmad, Fakhrudin Ali, 215Ahmad, Malik, 115Aibek, 110Air Force, 192Ajmer, 110, 146Akbar, 113, 126, 128, 142Alexander, 3, 108Aligarh Muslim University, 170Allahabad High Court, 267Allen Octavian Hume, 170All international trade restrictions,

281–282Ambedkar, B.R, 166, 198, 205n36,

251Ambhi of Taxila, 108Anandpal, 109Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 190,

225Anderson, G., 129Andhra Pradesh, 37, 91, 92, 99, 218Anglo-French War, 128–129, 161Anglo-Indian community, 214Anglo-Muhammadan Oriental

College, 170Anglo-Sikh war, 129Annaprashan, 222Anteyesthi, 222Anthropometric indicators, 88Anti-Defection Bill, 272Arable land, 48Arable land per person, 48Archaeological Survey of India,

121n1Arnold, D., 156n22Arpi, 307n12Arrah, 164Arthashastra, 222Article 356 of the Constitution, 267

Article 360, 242Article 370, 242Arunachal Pradesh, 260Aryans, 107Arya Samaj, 203n11Assam, 18, 67, 91, 142, 143, 171Assamese, 171Atlantic magazine, 155n11Atomic bomb, 285Atomic Energy Commission (AEC),

255Attlee, Clement, 193Augusta Westland scam, 292Aurangzeb, 114, 127Aurobindo Ghosh, 172Average real GDP growth, 286Awadh, 162, 164Ayodhya, 274Ayurved, 151Azad, Chandra Shekhar, 168, 180,

181Azad, M., 161Azad Hind, 187Azad Hind Government, 190

BBabri mosque, 274Babur, 6, 9, 112, 274Badaun, 110Bagchi, A., 135, 136Bahmani dynasty, 116Bahmani Empire, 116Bahmani, Mahmud, 115Bahraich, 112Bahri, Nizam-ul-Mulk, 115Baji Rao II, 162Balakrishnan, 15

315 Index

Balance of payments crisis, 255, 262Balance of payments gap, 282Balance of trade deficit, 255Balban, Ulugh Khan, 110Balia, 276Ballabgarh, 129Baluchis, 196Baluchistan, 196Banaras, 110Bandyopadhyay, S., 126, 187Bangladesh, 49, 171, 196Bangladesh war in 1971, 267Bareilly, 164Barkawi, T., 187Baroda, 147Barro-Lee data set, 7Baru, S., 280, 289, 308n29, 308n30,

309n32, 309n35Basham, A., 148Basu, D., 212Baten, J., 149Battle of Kanwah, 112Battle of Plassey, 9, 127, 161Battle of Rossbach, 127–128Begum Hazrat Mahal, 164Begum, Razia, 110Bellary, 146Benares, 110, 142Benares Hindu University (BHU),

175Bengal, 110, 142, 162, 169, 203n15Bengal famine, 147Bengali, 171Bentinck, Lord William, 128, 202n4Bernier, F., 119Besant, Annie, 173, 175Beti Bachao Beti Padhao program,

298

Bhaddaiyan Raj, 129Bhagwad Gita, 173Bhagwati, J., 253, 254Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 271,

273Bhargava, A., 67Bhatinda, 109Bhattacharyya, S., 309n41Bhera, 112Bhilai, 254Bhils of Madhya Pradesh, 162Bhimdev II, 109Bhindrawale, 308n22Bhoja, Raja, 109Bhole, L., 255Bhutto, Zulfikar, 264Big push, 249, 305n2Bihar, 18, 37, 91, 110, 142, 145,

146, 162, 164, 171, 218, 271, 276

Bihar famine, 146BIMARU states, 69n2Birth rate, 12Black money, 293Bombay, 218, 258Bombay University, 170Bonaparte, Napoleon, 117Bose, Ras Behari, 172, 190Bose, Subhas Chandra, 168, 172,

182, 185, 190, 191, 193, 202n2

Brahmo Samaj, 202n4Brennen, L., 156n23BRICS countries, 18Brigadier General Reginald Dyer,

178British colonialism, 5British common law, 222

316 Index

British Crown, 150British Empire, 171British Parliament, 156n25, 169,

170British Raj, 127, 188British rule, 5Brown, J., 187Bruton, H., 249Buddhism, 35Bukka, 115Burke, E., 156n22Burma, 185

CCalcutta, 171, 264Caliphate, 177Calories, 85Canara, 129Candelaria, C., 18Canning, Lord, 202n5Capital formation, 23, 266Capital gains tax, 230Carey, H., 147, 148Carnatic, 129Cellular Jail in the Andaman and

Nicobar Islands, 180Census of India, 12, 33Central Board of Direct Taxes

(CBDT), 229Central Board of Excise and

Customs (CBEC), 229Central Bureau of Investigation, 220Central Doab, 146Central excise duty, 232Central Excise Tariff Act, 232Central government, 220Central India, 146, 147

The Central Industrial Security force, 226

Central Legislative Assembly, 179, 180

Central Parliament, 228Central Reserve Police Force, 220Central Sales Tax (CST), 231Central Value Added Tax

(CENVAT), 232Cereal yield, 46Cessation of rupee–ruble trade, 277Ceylon, 185Chakravarty, 306n8Chakroborty (Governor), 193Chalisa famine, 146Chamber of Princes, 130Chambers of Commerce, 248Champaran, 175Chanakya, 222Chandela, 109Chanderi, 110Chandernagor, 125Chandra, B., 161Chandragupt Maurya, 222Chandrashekhar, 276, 277, 280,

308n30Changes, 35Charan Singh, 268Chatrapati Shivaji, 114, 118, 171Chattisgarh, 18, 129, 218Chaudhri, D., 45Chaudhuri, K., 139Chauhan, Prithvi Raj, 109Chauhan, S., 244n4Chauri Chaura, 178, 180, 181Chausa, 112China, 7, 18, 259Chittor, 110, 113

317 Index

Christian missionaries, 162Christians, 35Chronic poverty, 249Chunars, 162Churchill, Winston, 149, 189CIA’s World Fact Book, 35, 40Civil Rights Act, 212Clark, C., 135Clause no. 35A, 242Clingingsmith, D., 131, 132, 134,

135Clive, Robert, 127, 128Coal scam, 292Code of Criminal Procedure, 223Communal riots, 276Communist government, 251Communist Party of India, 251, 273Community, 15Composition, 37Congress Party, 172, 174, 181, 184,

185, 192, 251, 260, 261, 263, 264, 266, 267, 271, 276, 280

Congress Working Committee, 188Constituent Assembly, 198Constitution and the Citizenship

Act, 226Constitution Committee, 198Constitution of India, 154n4, 198,

211, 213, 228Constitutional tort law, 225Construction, 15Consumer Price Index for

Agricultural Laborers (CPIAL), 82

Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPIIW), 82

Consumption, 79Coorg, 143

Coote, Eyre, 128Cornish, S., 205n37Cornwallis, 128Corporate tax, 228, 230Corporations, 215Councils Act of 1892, 170CPI inflation, 266Cripps (Lord), 191Cultural unity, 4Current daily status (CDS), 62, 65Currently weekly status (CWS), 62Curzon, Lord, 171, 173Customs and excise duties, 225Customs duties, 228Cutch, 147Cyclone in East Pakistan in 1970,

264Cyrus, 108

DDacca, 171Dadra, 125Dahir, Raja, 109Dalai Lama, 259Dalrymple, W., 138Daly, M., 18Daman, 125Dandi March, 182, 183Das, Raja Bhagwan, 113Dasgupta, B., 66Datarpur, 129Daulatabad, 116Death rates, 12Deaton, A., 86, 87Debroy, B., 60, 61Deccan, 146Decentralization, 220, 221

318 Index

Declaration of Independence in 1930, 134

Defence of India Act and the Dowry Prevention Act, 224

Deindustrialization of India, 133, 135, 150

Delhi, 111, 146, 171, 271Delhi and Hissar divisions of the

Punjab, 146Demise of the textiles industry in

India, 133Demographics, 35

dividend, 46transition, 33

Department of Revenue, 229Deputy Chairman, 252Derbikes, 108Desai, Morarji, 260, 261, 263, 266,

268, 275, 276, 283Devagiri, 111Devaluation, 281Devaluing the rupee sharply, 282Deve Gowda, H.D., 285Devereux, S., 147Dhaka, 266Dhar, A., 110, 192Dharamshala, 259Dhillon, Gurbaksh Singh

(Lieutenant), 192Digby, S., 9Dindigul, 129Din-i-ilahi, 113Directive Principles of the

Constitution of India, 73, 249Dismantling the industrial, 282Distribution of household, 79Diu, 125Divide and Rule, 166

Doctrine of Lapse, 162, 165Doji bara, 146Doon School, 272Dravidian, 107Dreze, J., 87Durant, W., 3Durgapur, 254Dutt, R., 127, 138, 155n16Dynasty, 280

EEast Africa, 174East Asia, 249Eastern Punjab, 146Eastern Rajputana, 146East India Company (EIC), 6, 9,

115, 126, 150, 155n16East Pakistan, 264Economic drain from India, 140,

150Economic growth, 13Economic Survey, 282, 294Education, 253Egypt/Palestine, 117, 174, 176Eighth Five-Year Plan (EFYP), 283Election Commission of India, 214Electricity, 15Elphinstone, 128Emperor Zafar, Bahadur Shah, 162Employment and unemployment

component of the NSS, 62Employment growth, 282Empowered Action Group (EAG),

44Encyclopaedia Britannica, 113, 184Engineering goods, 286England, 174

319 Index

English, 218Essential Commodities Act, 306n9Estate duty, 228Ethnologue, 218Europe, 187Evolution of poverty, 92Exchange controls; in other words, 255Exchange rate adjustment, 281Expenditure tax, 228Export pessimism, 249Extended fund facility arrangement,

269External emergency, 260

FFaizabad district, 274Famines, 145

in Bihar, 263in Bundelkhand, 147and long-term malnutrition, 150

Farid, Muhammad-bin, 112Fast unto Death, 197Father of the nation, 186Fay, P., 199Feldman-Mahalanobis, 254Female labor force participation, 56Female manifestation of the Divine,

167Female workers with primary

education, 63Finance Commission, 252, 295Finance minister, 280Financing, 15Findlay, R., 154n2First Backward Commission, 275First battle of Panipat, 112First Five-Year Plan (FFYP), 252, 253

First Industrial Policy Resolution, 306n9

First non-Congress government, 268–271

First parliamentary election, 251First War of Independence, 165First World War, 137, 141, 174Fiscal deficit, 282Fisher, M., 155n12Fixed exchange rate regime, 255Food Adulteration Act, 224Food and Agricultural Organization

(FAO), 49Food consumption norms, 85Food price crisis of 2007-2008, 286,

289Food scarcity, 261Food Security Bill, 289Foreign aid, 255Foreign assistance, 253Foreign currency non-resident

(FCNR), 281Foreign direct investment regime,

297Formosa, 193Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class of

functions, 81Fourth Five-Year Plan (FFYP), 264,

266Fragmentation of land holdings, 52,

54France, 7, 125Frankel, F., 244n2, 283Frederick, 127Free India Centre, 187French East India Company, 125Fringe Benefit Tax (FBT), 230Fyzee, A., 244n9

320 Index

GGaiha, R., 103n4Galbraith, John Kenneth, 194Gallipoli, 174Gama, Vasco de, 125Gandhi, Feroz, 251Gandhi, Frontier, 197Gandhi, Indira, 215, 251, 261, 262,

268, 276Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand,

168, 172, 174, 175, 180–183, 186, 188, 189, 191, 196, 197, 199, 204n21, 206n49, 247, 305n1, 309n32

Gandhi, Mrs., 263Gandhi/Nehru dynasty, 283Gandhi, Priyanka, 307n21Gandhi, Rahul, 307n21Gandhi, Rajiv, 182, 185, 189, 191,

269, 271, 272, 274–277, 279, 293, 307n21, 309n35

Gandhi, Sanjay, 268, 269, 271Gandhi, Sonia, 251, 283, 288, 289,

307n21Gandhian, 267Gandhi-Irwin pact, 183Gangetic Bihar, 135Ganjam, 146Garam dal, 172Gas and Water Supply, 15GDP, see Gross Domestic ProductGender bias in India’s population

structure, 41Gender development index (GDI),

77Gender imbalance, 45General Agreement on Tariff and

Trade (GATT), 281General Mountbatten, 198

General strike on the Indian railways, 267

Germany, 7, 186, 190GFC, see Global Financial CrisisGhazni, Mahmud of, 109Ghori, Mohammed, 109Gift tax, 228Gini coefficient, 82, 88Giri, V.V., 263Glenn, P., 244n9Global Financial Crisis (GFC), 26,

289, 290GNI per capita, 74Goa, 125, 222Gobind Singh, Guru, 122n9Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 168, 170,

172, 174, 175Goldar, B., 25, 61, 68Golden age of the Vijaynagar

Empire, 115Gonds, 162Goods and services tax (GST), 225,

228Gopalan, C., 149Gosplan, 254, 255Government of India Act in 1935,

130, 177, 183Government of Nanjing, 190Governor-general, 198, 215Gram panchayat, 215, 221Gram sabhas, 215Great Bengal Famine, 137, 145Green Revolution, 262, 269Gross capital formation, 282Gross domestic capital formation,

12, 256, 286Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 4,

15, 282at factor cost, 256

321 Index

Gross domestic savings, 23Gross national income (GNI), 73Gross Value Added (GVA), 15Gujarat, 67, 91, 109, 110, 146, 218Gujral, I.K., 285Guler, 129Guntupalli, A., 149Gupta period, 222Guru Nanak, 150Gwalior, 109, 110, 112, 164

HHagel, F., 3Haji Pir Pass, 262Haldighati, 113Hale, G., 18Harihar, 115Harihar II, 115Harmonized System of

Nomenclature, 233Harrod-Domar model, 253Haryana, 37, 91, 218, 269Hassan, 116Hastings, 128Hay, S., 203n13Head count ratio (HCR), 81

of poverty, 78Health services, 253Heavy dependence on agriculture, 46Hedgewar, Keshav, 179Hemu, 113Heredia, R., 204n21Heston, A., 13, 145High Court, 274Himachal Pradesh, 91, 92, 99, 218,

259Himalayan, 262

Hindi, 171, 218Hind Swaraj, 174Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance

Act, 223Hindu Code Bill, 223Hinduism, 35Hindu Marriage Act, 223Hindu Minority and Guardianship

Act, 223Hindus, 35Hindu Succession Act, 223Hiroshima, 191Hissar, 146Holkar, Ahilyabai, 161Home Rule League, 174Hotel receipts tax, 228Hotels, 15Howitzer field guns, 273Human Development Index (HDI),

73Humayun, 112Hyderabad, 146, 147Hyder Ali, 116Hydroelectric power projects, 254

IIbrahim, 116Ichogil, 262Ilbert Bill, 169Iltutmish, 110Impending effects of climate change

on the monsoons, 54Imperial Assemblage, 169Imperial Gazetteer of India, 146Imperialism, 248Import substitution (IS), 248, 249Income tax, 225

322 Index

Income Tax Act, 225, 229Increasing landlessness, 54Incremental capital output ratio, 253Independence, and in 1921, 178Independent State of Croatia, 190Index of Industrial Production (IIP),

15India, 7, 176, 196, 198

Code of Criminal Procedures, 224deindustrialization, 131–137first non-Congress government,

268legal structures, 226

India Gate, 177Indian, 248Indian Administrative Service (IAS),

219Indian Airlines, 269Indian Citizenship Act, 289, 309n40Indian Civil Service (ICS), 185, 219Indian Companies Act, 225Indian Constitution, 211, 218Indian Contract of September, 224Indian criminal laws, 223Indian Emergency Food Aid Act, 258Indian Evidence Act, 223Indian famine, 146, 147Indian financial year, 228Indian Foreign Service, 259Indian Independence Act, 198Indian Institutes of Technology

(IITs), 121n1, 253Indian Kashmir, 195Indian labor laws, 224Indian National Army (INA), 190Indian National Congress, 155n13,

169, 170, 189, 251Indian nationality law, 226Indian Penal Code, 223, 224Indian personal law, 222

Indian Police Service (IPS), 226Indian Revenue Service (IRS), 226Indian Trusts Act, 225Indigo farmers, 175Indigo workers in Bengal, 169Industrial controls, 281Industrialization, 248Industrial revolution, 133Industries Development and

Regulation Act, 306n9Industry, 15, 253Indus valley civilization, 121n1Inflation, 256Informality of employment, 60Informalization of the labor market, 62Instrument of Ascension to India,

195Insurance, 15Intelligence Bureau, 194Interest tax, 228International Atomic Energy Agency,

289International Monetary Fund (IMF),

269Ireland, 176, 185Irrigation and energy, 253Islamic invasion of India, 150Islamic occupation, 5Italy, 190

JJacoby, H., 66Jagannath Puri temple, 111, 122n4Jahangir (Salim), 113, 126Jainism, 35Jaipal, 109Jaitpur, 129, 162Jajnagar, 111Jallianwala Bagh, 178, 180

323 Index

Jalor, 110Jalun, 129Jammu and Kashmir, 18, 91, 92, 99,

195, 196, 198, 224, 225, 242, 243, 250

Jamshed, 116Jamshedpur, 172Jana Dhan program, 295Jana Sangh, 260Janata Dal, 273, 276Janata Dal Secular, 276Janata Dal (United Front), 285Janata Party, 268, 276Japan, 6, 7, 186, 187, 190, 203n15

Suzuki Corporation, 268Japanese-controlled Philippines, 190Jaswan, 129Jatis, 202n8Jats, 118Jaziya tax, 114Jha, P., 45Jha, R., 45, 69n2, 70n4, 70n5, 87,

88, 99, 103n4, 205n37, 245n16, 271, 293, 298, 309n41

Jha, S., 308n26Jhansi, 164Jharkhand, 18, 37, 162, 171, 218Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 174, 184,

196Jury trials, 224Jwalamukhi, 111, 122n5

KKabir, 150Kabirdas, 166Kabul, 109Kafur, Malik, 110Kakori Train Robbery, 181

Kalat, 196Kalekar, Kaka, 275Kalinjar, 113Kamraj, K., 261Kamraj Plan, 261Kanauj, 109Kangra, 109, 129Kannada, 218Kannauj, 109, 110, 112Kanpur, 164Karachi, 109Kargil region of Kashmir, 286Karikal, 125Karnataka, 91Kashmir, 109, 146Kathiawar, 147Kautilya’s Arthashastra, 142Keay, J., 127Kelkar, R., 224Kerala, 37, 91, 251Keralite Church, 252Khadi, 247Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 197Khan, Kamal, 116Khan, Khizr, 112Khan, Khusru, 110Khan, Shah Nawaz (Captain), 192,

194Kharan, 196Khera, R., 103n4Khilafat movement, 177Khilji, Alauddin, 110Khilji, Jalaluddin, 110Khilji, Muhammad, 110Khonds, 162Khosla Commission, 194Khudai Khidmatgar, 197Khusro, Amir, 166–167Khyber Pass, 108Kohli, A., 212

324 Index

Kolkata, 264Korean War, 259Kozel, V., 86Krishnadeva Raya, 115Krishnamachari, T.T., 261Kulpahar, 129Kumar, D., 126, 141, 146Kurosaki, T., 103n3Kwashiorkor, 145

LLabor, 31

and land productivity, 13market participation rates, 58productivity, 49

Labour Party, 191Lahore, 262Lajpat Rai, Lala, 168, 172, 179, 180Lal, 117Lal, D., 12, 148, 155n17Lal-Bal-Pal, 172Lancashire began in, 133Land, 31

reforms, 250rehabilitation, 253revenue, 228tenurial crisis, 247

Lasbela, 196Laxmibai, Queen of Jhansi, 162, 164League of Nations, 176Left of centre policies, 264Legislative council, 165Lenin, Vladimir, 176, 248Lhasa, 259Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE), 279License quota raj, 256, 281, 282Life expectancy at birth, 74Lincoln, Abraham (President), 147

Lindstrom, Sten (Special Prosecutor), 273

Line of control, 195Link language, 218Lodi, Behlol, 112Lodi, Ibrahim, 112Lodi, Sikandar, 112Lodi dynasty, 112Lok Sabha elections in 1989, 273Lok Sabha (LS), 213, 217, 244n2,

251, 267, 268Loot, 138Lord Linlithgow (Viceroy of India),

186, 198Lorenz Curve, 80Lucknow, 164Lytton (Lord), 169

MMadagascar, 187Maddison, A., 5, 136, 139Madhya Pradesh, 18, 67, 91, 92, 99,

218Madras, 143, 146, 261Madras Carnatic, 129Mahabharata war, 121n1Mahal, Mumtaz, 114Mahalanobis, P.C., 255, 306n7Mahalwari system, 143Maharashtra, 91, 143, 218Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Scheme, 288

Mahbub-ul-Haq, 74Mahe, 125Mahmud, Nasiruddin, 110Mahmud, Shihab-ud-din, 116Maintenance of Internal Security Act

(MISA), 267

325 Index

Majumdar, S., 132–134Makrai, 129Makran, 196Malabar, 129Male unemployment, 65Malthusian type equation, 12Malviya, Madan Mohan, 204n22Malwa, 110, 161Manchukuo, 190Mandal, B.P., 275Mandal Commission Report, 275,

276Mandela, Nelson, 203n9Mandu, 110Manipur, 190Manufacturing, 15Manusmriti, 222Marathas, 114, 118Marginal holdings, 49Marshall, P., 127Maruti car, 268, 307n20Marwar, 146Marxism, 248, 305n1Mathura, 109Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, 185,

191, 196Maurya, Chandragupta, 108Mauryan, 222Mazumdar, R.C., 108, 161Mean of years of schooling, 74Meerut Cantonment, 164Megasthenes, 3Meghalaya, 18Mehta, Ferozshah, 170, 174Menon, K. (Foreign Minister),

155n9, 195Menon, V.P., 131Mercado, R., 295Mercantile Law of India, 224Mesopotamia/Iraq, 174

Mewar, 112Middle East, 58Minimum alternate tax (MAT), 230Mining and Quarrying, 15Minister for Information and

Broadcasting, 263Ministry of Agriculture, 263Ministry of Finance, 229Minto, Lord, 173Minto-Morley reforms, 173, 183Mirabai, 166Mir Jafar, 127Mir Zafars, 199Mishra, P., 117, 165, 203n15Miyazaki Torazo, 176Moderately poor, 39Modi, Narendra (Prime Minister),

69, 86, 292, 293Mohammad Bahadur Shah, 128Mo’in ad-Din Abu’l Mozaffar

Mohammad, 127Moirang, 190Mongolia, 58Mongol ruler Timur, 111Mongols, 110Monopolies and Restrictive Trade

Practices Act, 264Monthly Per Capita

Expenditure(MPCE), 42Moosvi, S., 136Morten, M., 86Mountbatten, 196, 197Mubarak, Qutub-ud-din, 110Mughal dynasty, 164Mughal emperor, 164Mughal Empire, 127, 132, 133Mughal rule, 6, 9Mujibur Rehman, 264Mukherjee (Justice), 194Mukherjee, M., 149, 156n22, 161

326 Index

Mukherjee, Pranab, 271Mumbai, 258Municipalities, 215Munro, Sir Thomas, 128, 143Murphy, K., 306n2Muslim appeasement, 178Muslim electorate, 173Muslim invasions of India, 109Muslim League, 184Muslim personal law, 223, 274Muslim problem in Bengal, 173Muslims, 35Mysore, 146

NNadir Shah of Persia, 115Nagar Haveli, 125Nagarkot, 111Nagasaki, 191Nagor, 110Nagpur, 129Naipaul, V.S., 151Nalanda, 117Namboodripad, E.M.S., 251, 252Namdeva, 166Nanak, Guru, 166Naoroji, Dadabhai, 140, 169, 170Naram dal, 172Narasimha Rao, P.V., 277, 280, 283,

309n32Narayan, Jayprakash, 267, 268, 276Narendranath Datta, see Swami

VivekanandaNash equilibrium, 306n2Nasiruddin, Mahmud, 111National Advisory Council (NAC),

283, 289

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, 269

National Democratic Alliance (NDA), 285

National Democratic Front, 266National Development Council,

259National emergency, 267National Family Health Survey, 88National Health Service, 156n19National income, 253Nationalization of 14 major private

banks and the Land Ceiling Act, 264

National product, 253National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act, 289, 290National Rural Employment

Guarantee Program (NREGP), 67

National Sample Survey (NSS), 42, 69n2

Nazi Germany, 187Nehru/Gandhi family, 280, 283Nehru, Jawaharlal, 168, 179, 182,

183, 189, 196–199, 203n14, 223, 248, 249, 251, 252, 259, 260, 264, 309n32

Nehru, Motilal, 179, 181Nehruvian socialism, 269Nelson, R., 12, 13Nepal, 48, 49, 164Neuve Chapelle, 204n20Newly independent countries, 248Niti Ayog, 292, 295Nizam Shahi dynasty, 115, 116Non-poor high, 40Non-poor low, 39

327 Index

Non-resident Indians (NRIs), 281, 285

North Africa, 58North Bihar, 146North East Frontier Agency (NEFA),

260Northern and Central Bengal, 145Northern and eastern Rajputana,

146Northern Circars, 129North Madras, 142North-West Frontier Province

(NWFP), 197NSS, see National Sample SurveyNuclear deal with the USA, 289Nuclear device, 267Nuclear power, 255Nurpur, 129

OOdisha, 18, 111, 171, 271OECD Secretariat, 18Ó Grada, C., 145, 155n18Operation Blue Star, 308n22Operational holdings, 49Orissa, 37, 91, 142, 146Orissa famine, 146Oriya, 171O’Rourke, K., 154n2Orrisa, 146Other backward castes (OBC), 275Other social services, 253Ottoman Turkey, 176Oudh, 143Output–capital ratio, 266Overseas citizen of India (OCI), 226Overvaluation of the rupee, 255Overvalued exchange rates, 249

PPakistan, 48, 185, 189, 196, 198,

262Pakistani terrorists, 262Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, 195Pal, Bipin Chandra, 168, 172Panchayati raj elections, 262Panchayati raj institutions, 285Panchayats, 140, 213, 295Panchayat samitis, 215Pandey, Mangal, 163Panigrahi, S., 204n31Park, C., 295Parliament of India, 195Partition, 193, 250Partition of Bengal, 171Party whip, 272Patel, I.G., 280Patel, Vallabhbhai, 168, 182, 183,

189, 193, 199Patna, 164Pattabhi Sitaramayya, 186Pattanayak, S., 156n20Peasants, 163Penal Code and Criminal Procedure,

224People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 259Per capita GNP, 266

at factors cost, 256Permanent zamindari system, 142Peshawar, 186Peshwas, 128Pharmaceuticals, 286Pitt, William, 128Plan holidays, 263Planning Commission, 62, 99, 252,

263, 292, 295Plowden, Sir William Chichele, 202n8Pogge, T., 103n2

328 Index

Policy paralysis, 293Political instability, 285Pondicherry, 172Population, 31Population growth, 33Population growth figures, 12Portugal, 125Poverty elimination, 286Poverty line, 40Poverty nutrition trap (PNT), 88Pradhan, 221Prasad, Rajendra, 198, 213Pratap, Maharana, 113Preamble to the Constitution of

India, 212Pre-Islamic Foreign Invasions of

India, 107–108President, 214President of India, 213, 271, 289Prevention of Corruption Act, 224Prime minister

of India, 289of United Pakistan, 264

Princely states, 129, 162Privy Council deliberations, 170Provisional government in Burma,

190Public and private components of

gross fixed capital formation, 25

Public Distribution Scheme (PDS), 258

Public Law 480, 262Public Safety Bill, 180PUDR PUCL, 308n23Puducherry, 125Punjab, 91, 109, 129, 143, 218, 269Punjabi festival of Baisakhi, 178

Puranas, 121n1Puri, 111Purnanas, 108Puttaiah, E., 156n20Pythagoras, 108

QQasim, Mohammed bin, 109Quattrocchi, Ottavio, 273Queen Victoria, 155n18, 169Quit India Movement, 188, 189,

193Quit India Resolution, 188Quli Shah, Sultan, 116Qulli, Muhammad, 116Qutab Shahi, 116

RRae Bareilly, 251Rahim, 150Raidas, 150The Railway Protection Force, 226Railways, 151Rajagopalachari, 198Rajasthan, 18, 61, 67, 91, 164, 196Rajguru, Shivaram, 168, 180Rajputana, 146, 147Rajputana famine, 146Rajputs, 118Rajya Sabha (RS), 213, 251The Ramayana, 121n1Ram Janmabhoomi dispute, 274Ram Janmabhoomi in Ayodhya, 276Ram Janmabhoomi movement, 276Ram (Lord), 274Ram Mohan Roy (Raja), 202n4

329 Index

Ramthambhor, 110Rangarajan, L., 222Ranthambhor, 113Ranthambor, 110The Rapid Deployment Force, 226Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS),

179Rath yatra, 276Rationalization of the cooking gas

subsidy, 296Ravidas, 167Raychaudhuri, T., 132, 133, 146Real Estate and Business Services,

15Real net state domestic product per

capita, 18Real per capita consumption, 39Real per capita GNP, 286Recruiting agent for the British

Army, 176Reddy, Neelam Sanjiv, 263Reddy, S, 103n2Red Fort, 162Regional and personal inequalities,

288The religions, 37Removal of privy purses to

ex-princes, 264Reserve Bank of India (RBI), 281,

282, 309n34Reserve Police Force, 226Resurgent India Bonds, 285Reunification of Bengal, 171Revolts Against the British Before

1857, 161–163Right to Education Act, 289Right to Information Act, 289Ripon (Lord), 169

Rolling plans for the period 1978–1980, 268

Rosenstein-Rodan, P., 305n2Round table conferences, 179Rourkela, 254Rowlatt Act, 177Roy, T., 126, 135Royal Indian Navy, 192, 193Rural Gini, 82Rural inequality, 91Rural poverty, 82Russia, 254Ryotwari system, 143, 144

SSabuktagin, 109Sadhukhan, A., 61, 68Saheb, Nana, 162, 164Sahgal, P.K. (Captain), 192Sai Baba, 150Saini, K., 144Saiyyid dynasty, 112Sales of Goods Act, 224Sales tax, 228Salonika, 174Saluva, Narasimha, 115Sambalpur, 129, 162Sambhaji, 118Sangama dynasty, 115Sanga, Rana, 112Sannyasis, 162Santhals of Bihar, 162Sardar Patel, Vallabhbhai, 130, 185,

191, 259Sardar Singh, Bhagat, 168Sarma, N., 253Satyagraha, 178

330 Index

Satyagrah Ashram, 175Saunders, John P., 180, 181Saving rate, 282Scheduled Castes (SC), 49Scheduled Tribes (ST), 49Scindia, 164Scott, James, 180Secessionist movement was

prompted in East Pakistan, 264

Second battle of Panipat, 113Second Five-Year Plan (SFYP), 253,

255, 256, 259Second Industrial Policy Resolution,

256Second Lok Sabha, 251Second report on backward castes,

275Second round table conference, 183Second term of the UPA

government, 290Second World War, 130, 132, 137,

186–188, 192Security transaction tax, 230Self-governing village, 248Self-rule, 171, 176Sen, Amartya, 74Sepoys, 163Service, 15Service tax, 228, 231Seventh Five-Year Plan (SFYP), 277Shah Bano, 273, 274Shah, Bahman, 116Shah, Islam, 113Shah, Jahan, 113, 162Shah, Sher, 112Shahjahanabad, 114Shamasastry, 222

Share of cultivators in the total rural population, 52

Share of informal sector employment, 63

Share of international trade in GDP, 23

Sharia law, 223Sharma, A., 87Shastri, Lal Bahadur (Prime

Minister), 261–263, 280, 283Shaw, A., 65Sheikh Abdullah, 242Sher Shah, 142Shias, 184Shourie, A., 177, 223Shukla, V., 244n7Siba, 129Sikhism, 35, 167Sikhs, 118Sikkim, 218Simmons, C., 131Simon, Sir John, 179Simon Commission, 179Sind, 109, 110Singh, Babu Kunwar, 164Singh, Bhagat, 180, 181Singh, Hari (King), 195, 250Singh, Manmohan, 277, 280, 281,

289, 292, 294, 309n32Singh, Sardar Bhagat, 180Singh, T., 261Singh, V.P., 273, 275, 276Siraj-ud-daulah, 127Sivasubramonian, 9, 15, 56Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP), 268,

269Slave dynasty, 110Small scale industry (SSI), 60

331 Index

Small size of farms, 54Social and Personal service, 15Socialism, 248Socialist model of development, 183Social safety nets, 288Social services, 253Somnath temple, 109, 276Son preference, 45Soordas, 166South Africa, 174Southeast Asia, 187Southern Indian Famine, 146Southern Maratha, 146Soviet model of economic

development, 254Soviet “success”, 252Soviet Union, 262Special action plans, 288Special Bureau for India, 187Srinivasan, T., 81, 103n2, 253Sriperumbudur, 279Stagnant productivity of agricultural

land, 54Stamp and registration fees, 228Stanford Encyclopedia, 108State excise duty, 228State government, 220State of emergency, 215State road transport corporations,

262The Statesman, 193Straw, Jack, 195Structural change, 283Subedar, 163Subedar, M., 129Subramaniam, Chitra, 273Subramanian, S., 103n6Subscriber trunk dialing (STD), 275

Subsidiary alliances, 129Sukhdev Thapar, 168, 180Sultan of Bijapur, 114Sultan, Tipu, 116Sumul Sinha, 259Sunnis, 184Supreme Court of India, 223, 226,

243, 267, 274, 289Surat, 126Suri, Shershah, 118Sutherland, J., 131, 155n11Swadeshi, 172, 247Swami Dayananda Saraswati,

203n11Swami Ramakrishna Pramahansa,

167Swami Vivekananda, 167, 168, 186,

199Swaminathan, M., 87Swaraj, 175Swatantra Party, 260, 263Swatch Bharat Abhiyan, 298Swedish company Bofors, 273Syed Ahmad Khan (Sir), 170, 171Syndicate, 263

TTagore, Rabindranath, 168Taj Mahal, 114Take-off, 249Tamil group from Sri Lanka, 279Tamil Nadu, 37, 91, 261, 279Taneja, S., 255Tarain, 110Tariff cuts and export promotion,

281Tashkent, 262

332 Index

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 255

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), 172

Tata, Jamshedji, 137, 172Tatra truck scam, 293Tax and duty on electricity,

228–229Taxes on goods and passengers,

228Taxes on vehicles, 228Taxila, 108Telangana, 218Temporary zamindari system, 142Tendulkar, Suresh, 82Tenth Five-Year Plan (TFYP), 288TFR, see Total fertility rateThailand, 190Thakurdas, P., 248Thaneshwar, 109Theory of demographic transition,

52Theory of economic drain, 169Third and final round table

conference, 183Third Commission of Inquiry, 194Third Five Year Plan (TFYP), 259,

260, 262Three-language formula, 218Tibet, 259, 260Tibetan resistance, 259Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 168, 171–173,

203n18The Times, 176Tope, Tatya, 164Total Factor Productivity (TFP),

25–26Total female unemployment, 63

Total fertility rate (TFR), 37, 46, 269

Trade, 15Trade deficit, 255Traditional poverty line, 92Transfer of Power agreement, 195Transfer of Power papers, 192Transfer of Property Act, 225Trans-Jamuna districts of the

North-Western Provinces, 146Transparency International, 295Transport and communication, 15,

253Treaty of friendship and cooperation

with the Soviet Union, 267Truman, Harry, 258Truong, N., 293Tughlak, Feroz, 111Tughlaq dynasty, 112Tughlaq, Feroz, 111Tughlaq, Ghazi, 111Tughlaq, Muhammad-bin, 111, 116Tukaram, 166Tulsidas, 166Tulsipur, 129Tungabhadra, 115Turkeman Gate, 268Turkey, 177Twelfth Five-Year Plan (TFYP), 290

UUdaipur, 129, 162Ujaain, 110UK, 5, 7Ulster, 185UN, 262Underweight children, 88

333 Index

Uniform civil code, 222, 223Union excise duties, 228Union territories, 215Unique Identification Number

(UID), 292United Nations Development

Program (UNDP), 73United Progressive Alliance (UPA),

288Universal adult franchise, 214University Grant Commission

(UGC), 253University of Aligarh, 170Unpaid family work, 58Upanishads, 173Upper Doab of Agra, 146Uprising of 1857, 163–166Upstream industries, 254Urban Gini, 82Urban inequality, 91Urban poverty, 82USA, 7, 18, 260, 261US Seventh Fleet, 267USSR, 6, 7, 190Usual principal and subsidiary

(UPSS), 62Usual principal status (UPS), 62Uttarakhand, 218Uttar Pradesh, 18, 91, 92, 99, 218,

269, 274, 276Uzbekistan, 262

VVajpayee, A.B., 271, 276, 285Vajpayee government, 288Value added per worker, 48Value Added Tax (VAT), 225, 228

Varna, 202n8Veer Savarkar, 172, 179Venkatesh, P., 66, 67Venkatraman, R., 308n30Verelst, Harry, 138Very poor, 39Vice-president, 213Vidhan Parishad (VP), 215Vidhan Sabha (VS), 215Vijaynagar Empire, 115, 118Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 274

WWakf Board land scam, 292Ways and means advances, 282Wealth tax, 228Wealth Tax Act, 230Wellesley, 128West Bengal, 18, 91, 92, 99, 171,

271Western, 269Western Agra, 146Western Europe, 6Western Oudh, 146West Germany, 254White backlash, 169–170White, M., 147, 156n19Wholesale Price Index (WPI), 15Williamson, J., 131, 132, 134, 135Wilson, Woodrow (US President),

176World Bank, 103, 224, 282World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business

Index, 295World Development Indicators

(WDI), 48World Economic Forum, 58

334 Index

World Health Organization (WHO), 149

World Parliament of Religions, 168World Trade Organization (WTO),

233

YYadav, Laloo Prasad, 276Yavana, 108

Yield per acre, 48Youth unemployment, 58

ZZafar, Bahadur Shah, 115, 164, 165Zamindari system, 142, 143Zamindars, 163Zastoupil, L., 154n5Zila parishads, 215