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AAEP. See American Association of Equine Practitioners
Abaxial fracture, of sesamoidean bone, 598f–599f, 601f
Abaxial sesamoid nerve block, in forelimb, 176, 176f
Abduction, of limbs, measurement of, 168Abscess
in draft horses, 1085of foot, 516–17, 517fof hoof, 1208–9of muscles, 946nail, 1209penetrating, 523–25, 523f–525fin quittor, 514–5, 515fsubmural, 518, 519f
Accessory carpal bonedorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique
projection of, 280f–281fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique
projection of, 284f–285fflexed lateromedial projection of,
274f–275ffracture of, 676–77, 677flateromedial projection of, 273f–275fLM of, 273f
Accessory ligamentdesmitis of
of DDFT, 445, 656of SDFT, 683–84
femoral, 62fimage of, 65f
Accessory x-ray equipment, 215ACELL. See Acellular urinary bladder
matrixAcellular urinary bladder matrix (ACELL),
973Acepromazine, 953Acetabular fractures
intra-articular, 830–31, 831ftraumatic, 844–45, 845f
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), 976–77Acquired bone cysts, 744–45, 745fAcquired bursitis, ultrasound of, 370–71Acquired flexural deformities, etiology of,
1147–49
INDEX
ACS. See Autologous conditioned serumAction, 95Acupuncture
adverse effects from, 1011–2at coronary band, 1011fDAPE
detailed evaluation with, 203–4interpretation of, 204–5performance of, 203use of, 203validity of, 205
for detecting pain, 204indications for, 1010introduction to, 1009for lameness, 1010–1, 1011fpalpation, of points, 203reactivity in, 204in saddle region, 1011fstimulation techniques in, 1009–10,
1009fAdduction
of elbow, 131fof knee, 131fof limbs, measurement of, 168pain in, 712f
Adductor muscle, 56fAdenocarcinoma, metastatic intestinal,
400fAdult horses, muscle disorders in, 944–54Age of horse
development in, 106injuries in, 931–32, 932f
Aggrecan (aggregating proteoglycan), 881–82
activation of, 883fALARA. See As Low As Reasonably
AchievedALD. See Angular limb deformityAlignment
of axial skeleton, 76fof DIP, 541fof distal phalanx, 541fjoint disease and, 236
American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), 118, 118t, 1093b
1219
Amplitude, of vertical ground force, 171Anamnesis, 112
in draft horses, 1084Anatomical specimen
of dorsal sacroiliac ligament, 847f–848fof lumbar vertebrae, 859fof sacroiliac joint, 847f, 851f
Anatomic nomenclaturefor musculoskeletal system, 3, 4tpositional/directional terms, 4f
Anatomyof digits, 3, 5tof fetlock, 3, 5tof foot, 3of frog, 3, 6fof hoof wall, 3–9, 6f–9fof joints, 871–72, 872fneuro-
of forelimb, 175of hindlimb, 180–81
for radiography, 241of SL, 65fof sole, 3, 6fof synovium, 365of vertebral column, 833
Ancillary diagnostic tests, of musculoskeletal system, 941–42, 942f
Anesthesiadirect infiltration for, 183intrasynovial, 181–84, 185tlocal, 173, 176fin navicular disease, 480–81nerves in, 174, 174tpadded table for, 216fperineural, 173–74, 174trestraints for, 173, 184site preparation for, 173, 183types of, 173
Anglesbroken pastern, 95fcorrectness of, 79–81, 80fof fetlock, 81of hock, 89f, 90–91of hoof, 81of hoof wall, 87fof joint, measurements of, 165–66, 166fof joint flexion, 111of pastern, 80fradiograph of, 665fof shoulder, 80f
Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses, 6e, edited by Gary M. Baxter© 2011 Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
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COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
1220 Index
Angular limb deformity (ALD)of carpus, 661–67, 662f–667fclinical signs of, 1138–40, 1139f–1140fdiagnosis of, 1140diaphyseal, 636–37, 637fetiology of, 1138in foals, 1126primary, 346fprognosis of, in foals, 1144treatment of, 1133, 1140–44trimming for, 1140–41valgus, 1138, 1138f
Antebrachial nerve, block of, 179–80, 180fAntebrachiocarpal joint, cross-section of,
26fAntebrachium (forearm)
blood vessels to, 27, 28fdeep, 29–30
distal, lateral aspects of, 23ffascia of, 27muscles of, 27nerves of, 27, 29–30palpation of, 132, 132fproximal, medial view of, 31fslope of, 79superficial dissection of, 28f
Antibiotic therapyimpregnated materials in, 1119–20tetracyclines, 959
Anticoagulant therapy, for laminitis, 547Anti-inflammatory therapy. See also
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
for facet joint arthritis, 862for foals, 1177for laminitis, 546–47for rhabdomyolysis, 948t
Antimicrobial delivery systems, 1117–20, 1118f
Apophysis, at calcaneal tuber, 890fArabians, as endurance horses, 1055Arm
medial view of, 31fstructures of, 30, 32f
Arquel (Meclofenamic acid), 977Arteriovenous shunting, in digital laminae,
537Arthritis
classification of, 871from exercise/athletic activity, 879of facet joints, 858–62, 859f–861finfectious, of hip joint, 825–26, 825fOA, 233f, 1005, 1007, 1007f
of carpometacarpal joint, 680, 680fof cervical facet joints, 867–69,
868f–869ffrom CL instability, 756fcritical manifestation of, 883–84, 884fdiagnosis of, 499–500, 1082of DIP, 498–501, 498f–500f, 1087etiology of, 498–99, 498f–499ffrom exercise/athletic activity, 879in femorotibial joint, 812, 812fin fetlock joint, 607–9, 608f–609f,
884fin hip joint, 411f, 829–30, 829fof lower hock, 1078, 1087–88of navicular bone, 477physiologic trauma leading to, 879in PIP, 559, 560–61, 560f–561f,
563–65, 564fprognosis of, 500–01radiographic uptake in, 403f,
411f–412fof SHJ, 715–16
in stifle, 238fin stifle joint, 812, 812ftalocalcaneal, 755, 755fof tarsal joint, 726–37, 728f–733f,
736ftreatment of, 500ultrasound of, 362
septicin foals, 1172imaging of, 425fradiograph of, 236f, 237of shoulder, 913fin young draft horses, 1089
shoulder, 913ftraumatic, 878–79
of fetlock joint, 607–9, 608f–609fArthrodesis
chemically induced, 734–35of DIP, 1050of fetlock joint, 613fof PIP, 567fscrews in, 613f
Arthrography, 225Arthroscopy
assisted repair, of fractures, with lag screw fixation, 999–1000, 1005f
for bone fragment removal, 566fevaluation with
of articular cartilage, 462, 463fof intra-articular ligaments, 462, 463fof menisci, 462, 463fof synovial fluid, 460–62, 462fof synovitis, 460–62, 461f–462f
introduction to, 460MRI v., 460for OA, 999, 1007, 1007fprinciples of, 460, 461f
Arthrosis, of carpus, 1052Arthrotomy drainage, 1117Articular cartilage
arthroscopy evaluation of, 462, 463fbiomechanics of, 876degradation of
cytokines in, 878, 882–83from joint trauma, 880fmorphologic, 883–84, 884f
function of, 873, 873flesions of, 362f
MRI diagnosis of, 440–42, 441fmetabolism of, 876–77, 877frepair of, 885–86
Articular matrix, degradation of, 881fArticular surfaces
normal variations in, 361ultrasound of, 360–61
Articular trauma, 1139Artifacts
of MRI, 421, 423, 423fin proximal planta metatarsal area, 356fof ultrasound, 354–56, 356f
Ascending infection, of white line, 518, 519f
ASIF. See Association for the Study of Internal Fixation
As Low As Reasonably Achieved (ALARA), 378
Aspirin. See Acetylsalicylic acidAssociation for the Study of Internal
Fixation (ASIF), 906fASU. See Avocado and soybean
unsaponifiable extractsAsymmetry, 95
in buttock/croup/hip, 91fof motion, analysis of, 156of pelvis, 170f, 171, 831f
of torso, 169of tuber sacrales, 851f
Asynchronous longitudinal growth, 1138f, 1139–40
Asynchronous physeal growthconservative treatment of, 1140surgery for, 1141–43
Ataxia, 1104Atlas, 67fAtrial fibrillation, 1097Australian stringhalt, 768Autologous conditioned serum (ACS), 967
benefits of, 973Avocado and soybean unsaponifiable
extracts (ASU), 981Avulsion fracture, 228f
saucer-shaped, 645fAvulsion injuries
complete, 531–34, 532f–534fof hoof, 530–34, 530f–534fincomplete, 530–31, 531f–532finfection in, 1117f
Axial skeleton. See also Skeletal systemalignment of, 76fcomponents of, 66–68, 67f, 69fflexion tests for, 836f–837fmusculoskeletal system problems in, in
pleasure horses, 1064pain in, 1079–80
Backlordosis of, 78f, 864pain in, 833, 1080
chronic, 1011primary/secondary, 837–39, 838ffrom saddle, 107
palpation of, 140, 142fpunching, 1196shu points, 204thermography of, 471–73, 472fuse of, observation of, 152
Baited mobilization, 1022fBalance, 95
in conformation, 75, 76fdorsal-palmar, 103of hoof, 1175, 1175tmedial-lateral, 103, 104fin movement, 105natural
in barefoot trimming, 1214–5evaluation for, 1212–4, 1213f–1214fguidelines for, 1212introduction to, 1211shoeing, 1215–17, 1216f–1217ftrimming in, 1217f
Banamine® (Flunixin meglumine), 976Bandage splint, 612fBandy-legged conformation, 86, 86fBAR. See Bright, alert, and responsiveBarefoot trimming
natural balance in, 1214–5principles of, 1188–89
Barrel. See TrunkBarrel racing
events of, 1067–68, 1068fmusculoskeletal problems in, 1068poor performance in, 1096
Bars, overgrown, 120fBar shoes, 1194, 1194f
straight, 1202fBaseline lameness, characteristics of, 110Basement membrane, 538Base narrow faults
in forelimb, 81–83, 82f, 85fin hindlimb, 92, 92f
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Base wide faultscow hocks with, 91fof forelimb, 82–83, 83f, 85fof hindlimb, 91f, 92
Basilar fractures, 600f, 602–03Basisesamoid nerve, block of, 176Behavioral issues, 835fBench knees, 86–87, 87fBetamethasone acetate, 965, 965tBiceps femoris muscle, 53f, 54f, 60fBicipital bursa
characteristics of, 708–11, 708f–710fdistal approach to, 194, 194fnerve blocks in, 193–94, 194fproximal approach to, 194ultrasound of, 369–70
Biomarkers, for tendon disease, 934Biomechanics
of articular cartilage, 876of canter, 834, 834tof ligaments, 930, 930fof physis, 1126of tendon, 930, 930fof trot, 834, 834tof vertebral column/spine, 833–37,
834t–835t, 836f–837fof walk, 834, 834t
Bisphosphonates, 487, 959Bits
problems with, 1101–02, 1101f–1102ftypes of, 1101f
Blocks. See Nerve blocksBlood
chemistry, for prepurchase, 1093flow of
drugs approaching, 547increased, showing disease, 396–97,
396f–397fradioactive imaging of, 388f
signal intensity of, 426supply of
to hip, 63–64to ligaments, 929to tendons, 929to thigh, 63–64
Blood vesselsof antebrachium, deep, 29–30to antebrachium, 27, 28fof digits, 15–16, 17f–18fto digits/fetlock, 15–16, 39of fetlock, 15–16, 17f–18fto forelimb, 10fof hindlimb, 39, 41fin shoulder, 37
Body position, assessment of, 1105Bog spavin, 134
diagnosis of, 739–40, 739fetiology of, 738–39
Bone(s). See also Specific type i.e. Femurabnormal fluid in, 424abnormal formation of, 891fbruising of, 918, 918fcontusion, 918, 918fcysts
acquired, 744–45, 745fin shoulder, 710ftrue, 916
density of, 234loss of, 896f
flat, 79of foals, with exercise, 894, 894f–895ffragility disorder, 920fragment removal, arthroscopy for, 566fof hock joint, 1139immature, 361, 890
infections in, 911–16, 911f–915finjuries to, contour changes in, 424length of, 90local diseases of, 895–96, 896fof lumbar spine, 67f, 68morphogenic protein, 881fMSC from, 967–68nuclear scintigraphy of, 646fopacity of, 231, 233fof pelvic limb, 40periosteal reactions of, 228–29plates, 635radiology of, 227–28remodeling of, exercise-induced, 895–96,
896fresponse of, fundamental patterns of,
228, 233–34, 233f–234fscans
phases of, 387, 388f–389f, 389use of, 377
signal intensity for, 420tspavin, of tarsal joint, 726–37,
728f–733f, 736fsubchondral changes of, 236, 236fsubstance of, 79systemic diseases of, 918–24, 919f–924fof tarsus, 43of thoracic limb, lateral view, 5fof thoracic spine, 67f, 68tumors, 916–18, 917fultrasound for, 371–72, 372f
Botulism, 1107Bowed tendon, 649–54, 650f–653fBow legs, 86, 86fBrachiocephalicus muscle, 70fBrass band, 1205fBreakover, 95, 98, 101f
point of, 991fin shoeing, 1196f
Breedsclassification of, 73evaluation of, 74
Bright, alert, and responsive (BAR), 1105Broken back pastern axis, 82fBucked shins, 621–25, 621f–625fBucking, 835tBuck-kneed, 81f, 85Buck shins, radiographic uptake in, 404fBunny hop canter, 835tBursae, endoscopy evaluation of, 465Bursa intertubercularis, 369–70Bursa podotrochlearis, ultrasound of, 369Bursa synovialis, ultrasound of, 369Bursitis, of elbow, 700–01, 700fBursoscopy
for navicular disease, 489, 489fuse of, 465
Butazolidin® (Phenylbutazone), 976Buttock, asymmetry in, 91fButtress foot, 93–94, 94f, 498fBWE model, 537
CaCr. See Caudocranial projectionCadence, 95Calcaneal bursa
infection in, 914finjection site for, 197fnerve blocks in, 196swelling of, 136fultrasound of, 371
Calcaneal bursitis, 765–67, 766f–767fCalcaneal tendinitis, common, 763–64,
763fCalcaneal tuber
apophysis at, 890f
attachment on, 50fosteolytic lesions of, 752, 752fosteomyelitis of, 752, 752f
Calcaneus (fibular tarsal bone)D45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fDPI of, 304f–305fflexed LM of, 300f–301ffractures of, 749–51, 750fLM of, 300f–301fluxation from, of SDFT, 758–59, 758fswelling in, 136f
Calcification, zone of, 1124, 1126Calcinosis circumscripta, 821
characteristics of, 922–23Calf-kneed, 81fCamera-based kinematic evaluation, of
lameness, 155fCamped in, in front, 87fCamped out
in back, 89f, 91–92in front, 87f
Cancellous screws, 905, 905f–906fCanker
clinical signs of, 519–20, 519f, 1206in Clydesdale mare, 520fetiology of, 519treatment of, 520, 520f, 1206
Cannon bone. See Third metacarpal boneCanter
beats of, 98bbiomechanics of, 834, 834tbunny hop, 835tcross, 835tdescription of, 97flying lead change in, 99fright lead, 98f
Capital physeal fractures, of femoral head, 830
Capped hock, 136fcharacteristics of, 765–66clinical signs of, 766–67, 766fsurgical management of, 767, 767f
Capsular rotation, of distal phalanx, 540f–541f
Capsulitis, 812, 812fcharacteristics of, 879–80
Carpal boneaccessory
dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique projection of, 280f–281f
flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique projection of, 284f–285f
flexed lateromedial projection of, 274f–275f
fracture of, 676–77, 677flateromedial projection of, 273f–275fLM of, 273f
distal row of, flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique projection of, 286f–287f
fifth, flexed lateromedial projection of, 274f–275f
first, flexed lateromedial projection of, 274f–275f
fragment on, 673fossification of, 1139palpation of, 131fproximal row of, flexed dorsoproximal-
dorsodistal oblique projection of, 284f–285f
radiographic projections of, labeling for, 241f
third, 1029fCarpal effusion, radiograph of, 226f
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1222 Index
Carpal flexion test, 144Carpal hygroma, ultrasound of, 371, 371fCarpal joints
injection site for, 192fnerve blocks in, 191, 191fslope of, 80structures of, 25, 27
Carpal ligaments, medial view of, 25fCarpal sheath
effusion in, 130fultrasound of, 367
Carpal valgus, 85–86, 662f, 1142fin foal, 1140f, 1141f
Carpal varus, 86, 663f, 1138Carpometacarpal joint
injection site for, 178fOA of, 680, 680f
Carprofen (Zenecarp), 977Carpus (knee)
abnormalities of, 660adduction of, 131fangular deformity of, 661–67,
662f–667farthrosis of, 1052bench, 86–87, 87fbuck-, 81f, 85calf-, 81fcaudal view of, 21f–22fconformation of, 80–81
abnormal, 86fdelayed phase of, 390, 391fdorsal swelling of, 670–71dorsal view of, 24, 24fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique
projection of, 278f–279fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique
projection of, 280f–281fdorsopalmar projection of, 276f–277fflexed lateromedial projection of,
274f–275fflexion of, 130fflexural deformity of, 667–68, 667fhygroma of, 130fhyperextended, 85injection sites for, 191finjuries in
in foals, 1167in soft tissue, 678, 680, 680fin Standardbred racehorses, 1043–44,
1044fintra-articular fractures of, 671–76,
673f–675fknock, 85–86lateral aspect of, 23f, 24lateral deviation of, 86, 86flateromedial projection of, 273fluxations of, 677–78, 678fmedial aspects of, 25, 25fmedial deviation of, 85–86MRI of, 446normal, 81f, 660fOC of, 681, 681fosteochondral chip fracture of, 1052,
1052f–1053fpalmar aspects of, 25, 25fpalmar (backward) deviation, 85palmaromedial view of, 26fpalpation of, 128, 130fradiograph of, 226f, 227f, 404, 405fsprung, 85swelling in, 668–71, 669f–670ftechnique chart for, 221tvalgus, 85–86, 662f
Cartilage. See also Specific cartilage i.e. Articular cartilage
breakdown of, signaling pathways in, 883f
diagnostic imaging of, 360–61of distal phalanx, 11fimmature, 361innervation for, 875lesions in, 441, 441fnutrition for, 875
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), 929, 934
Castingin laminitis, 553, 554fof sesamoid bone fractures, 602sleeve, 666ftransfixation pin-, 578fwound healing in, 635–36
CAT scan. See Computed tomographyCaudal aorta, thrombosis of, 845–46Caudal cervical spine
La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fRt-LeL of, 330f–331f
Caudal cruciate test, 139fCaudal cutaneous femoral nerve, 61fCaudal cutaneous sural nerve, 53fCaudal femoral artery, 56fCaudal nasal cavity, 1099
block of, 1100fCaudal thoracic spine, lateroflexion of,
837fCaudal vertebrae, 68Caudocranial projection (CaCr), of stifle
joint, 318f–319fCCD. See Charge couple deviceCenter of articulation, 1184, 1185f–1186fCenter of gravity, 75Center of pressure, 988–90, 989f–990fCentral tarsal bone
flexed LM of, 300f–301fLM of, 300f–301fslab fractures of, 745–47, 746f
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 1175Cervical facet joints
centesis of, 201La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fOA of, 867–69, 868f–869f
Cervical stenosis, radiographic detection of, 223–24, 223f–224f
Cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM)clinical signs of, 1174diagnosis of, 1175–77, 1175f–1177fetiology of, 1174–75prognosis of, 1177–78treatment of, 1177–78
Cervical vertebrae, 67–68caudal
La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fRt-LeL of, 330f–331f
cranialLa45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fmidcervical, Rt-LeL of, 328f–329fRt-LeL of, 326f–327f
fractures of, 869, 869fafter paced diet, 1177fpain in, 1078–79radioactive imaging of, 395fradiographic image of, 869fscintigraphic image of, 868f
Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy, 1107
Charge couple device (CCD), 213Chemically induced arthrodesis, 734–35Chip fracture, 1035f
osteochondralof carpus, 1052, 1052f–1053fof fetlock joint, 594–97, 594f–597f
CHO model, 537Chondroitin sulfate (CS), 979–80Churchill test, 134f–135fCL. See Collateral ligamentsCleidobrachialis muscle, 32Clinch-cutter, 1181fClinching tongs, 1197fClipped shoe, 529fClog shoe, 551fClosed nonarticular comminuted fractures,
643–44Clostridial myositis, 946–47Club foot
characteristics of, 94, 94ffarriery view of, 1200–01, 1201fin foal, 1151f
Clydesdale horse, canker in, 520fCoagulopathy, 537Coffin
flexion of, 126fmeasurement of, 166f
fracture of, 1166finjection site for, 186f
Coggin’s formexample of, 1056f–1057fexplanation of, 1055for prepurchase, 1103
Collagenfibers of, 928fhydrolysate, 981pro-, 874, 874fremodeling of, 354, 355ftypes of, 873–74
Collateral cartilagesimaging of, 352finfection of, 514–15, 515fossification of, of distal phalanx,
513–14, 513fCollateral desmitis, diagnosis of, 434, 434f,
442–43Collateral ligaments (CL)
imaging of, 359finjuries of, 807, 808f–809f, 809
in DIP, 495–97, 496f–497flesions of, of distal interphalangeal joint,
433–34, 433fof PIP, rupture of, 570fstressed radiograph of, 615ftarsocrural, desmitis of, 755–57,
755f–756ftension applied to, 124f
Collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL), lesions of, 435, 435f
Collection, 95, 835tColleoni rolling shoe, 994fComminuted fracture
articular, 722fclosed nonarticular, 643–44non-distracted proximal, 642–43of P1, 585–87, 586fof P2, 576–78, 576f–578fof sesamoidean bone, 600fof talus, 748
Common peroneal nerve, 53f, 55fCOMP. See Cartilage oligomeric matrix
proteinCompensatory lameness
characteristics of, 110detection of, with Lameness LocatorTM,
159, 160fComplete blood count, for prepurchase,
1093Compression fixation, 903–04Computed radiography
conventional v., 214–15
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Index 1223
reading process, 212, 213fComputed tomography (CT)
contrast-enhanced, 454–57, 455f–457fof fractures, 455f–457fimaging benefits of, 451–53, 451f–453findications for, in lameness/surgery,
458–59interpretation of, 451–52, 453f–454fintroduction to, 451MRI v., 452, 459for navicular disease, 483of proximal sesamoid bones, 607fof third metacarpal bone, 453f–454f
Conditioning, movement and, 106Condylar fractures, of third metacarpal
bone, 626–31, 626f–629fConformation
balance in, 75, 76fbandy-legged, 86, 86fof carpus, 80–81correct angles for, 79–81, 80fevaluation of, 74of foot, 92–93, 92f–93fof forelimb, 75of head, 75of hindlimb, 75, 88–90, 88f–90fof hoof, 1183, 1183fimportance of, 73in lameness, 73low-heel, 1199–200, 1199f–1200fmovement from, 104of neck, 75of pastern, 87fquality of, 79of Quarter horses, 1047–48, 1048fsubstance for, 79systematic evaluation of, 74–75toe-in, 83ftoe-out, 83, 83f–85fof trunk, 75
Congenital conditions, in foals, 1170–71, 1171f
Congenital flexural deformitiesclinical signs of, 1145–46, 1145f–1146fdiagnosis of, 1146etiology of, 1145treatment of, 1146–47
Connective tissue, 929–30, 929fConsciousness, assessment of, 1105Constant-rate infusion, 547Contamination, evaluation of, 465Contiguous clip shoe, 505fContracted heels, 93fContrast-enhanced CT, 454–55,
455f–457fContrast enhanced orthopedic MRI, 427Contrast examinations, 221, 221tContrast material, 222fConventional radiography (CR)
digital v., 211, 214–15reading process in, 212screen-film system for, 211
Convex array transducers, use of, 339Coon-footed, 94–95, 95fCorium
histology of, 9fhoof and, 7f
Corns, 510–11, 510f–511fCoronary band
abnormal, 530facupuncture needles in, 1011fgrooving of, 556, 556flacerations of, 532f–533flayers of, 8fresection of, 556
Corrective trimmingexamination for, 986–87, 987f, 988tin navicular, 484–86, 485f–486f
Cortical changes, 234in radiology, 229–31, 237f–239f
Cortical drilling, 624fCortical screws, 696fCorticomedullary definition, sclerosis of,
233fCorticosteroids
actions of, 964benefits of, 973hyaluronan with, 966–67intra-articular, 965tuse of, 964–65
Cow hocks, 91f, 92COX. See Cyclooxygenase geneCoxofemoral. See Hip jointCoxofemoral luxation, 827–29, 828f–829fCR. See Conventional radiographyCranial cervical column
mid-, La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fRt-LeL of, 326f–327f
Cranial cruciate ligaments, test of, 139fCranial gluteal vein, 61fCraniocaudal projection (CrCa), of cubital
joint, 290f–291fCranioproximal-distal cranial oblique
projection (CrPR-DiCrO), of patella, 320f–321f
CrCa. See Craniocaudal projectionCrest fractures, 771–74, 772f–774fCross canter, 835tCross firing, at pace, 103fCross-sectional area (CSA), example of,
352, 352fCroup
asymmetry in, 91fproportions of, 78
CrPR-DiCrO. See Cranioproximal-distal cranial oblique projection
Cruciate ligamentsdisease of, 809testing of, 139f
Cruciate sesamoidean ligament (CSL), imaging of, 349f
Crural paralysis, 820–21Crus (leg or gaskin)
caudal aspect of, 52, 53fcranial aspect of, 49, 51fdorsal view of, 51flateral aspect of, 52, 53fmedial aspect of, 52, 53fsoreness, 153structure of, 49
CS. See Chondroitin sulfateCSA. See Cross-sectional areaCSF. See Cerebral spinal fluidCSL. See Collateral sesamoidean ligament;
Cruciate sesamoidean ligamentCSM. See Cervical stenotic myelopathyCT. See Computed tomographyCubital joint (elbow joint; humeroradial
joint; humeroulnar joint)caudolateral approach to, 192, 192fCrCa of, 290f–291finjection site in, 192flateral approach to, 191–92, 192fluxation of, 697–98, 697f–698fML projection of, 288f–289fnerve blocks in, 191–93, 192f–193fstructures of, 30, 31f–32fsubluxation of, 697–98
Cuboidal boneincomplete
characteristics of, 891–92, 892fetiology/signs of, 1135–37, 1136fprognosis, 1135–37, 1136f
malformation of, 891fossification of, 1135–37, 1136f, 1139,
1139fCunean bursa, nerve blocks of, 196Cunean tenectomy, 731–32, 732fCurb, 135f, 757Cut-back zone, 609, 609fCutting horses
events of, 1069–70musculoskeletal injuries in, 1070–71poor performance of, 1096
Cyclooxygenase gene (COX)enzymes, 975genes, 537, 546
Cyproheptadine, 1100Cytokines, articular cartilage degradation
and, 878, 882–83
D45L-PIMO. See Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique projection
D45M-PILO. See Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique projection
DAPE. See Diagnostic acupuncture examination
DBLPN. See Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
DDFT. See Deep digital flexor tendonDebridement
for laminitis, 555, 555ffor OCDs, 788–89
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN), block of, 182, 182f
Deep digital flexor tendinitis, 655–56, 656fDeep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
abnormalities ofclinical signs of, 591diagnosis of, 592–93, 592ftreatment of, 593
accessory ligament desmitis of, 445, 656attachments of, 13f–14fdesmotomy of, 1151forces acting on, 20finjuries to, 495, 495f
management of, 1077–78MRI diagnosis of, 442treatment of, 491ultrasound of, 366–67, 366f
medial displacement of, 759palmaromedial view of, 26fregions of, 348frepetitive force on
heel elevation for, 485, 486fin navicular disease, 476, 478, 478f
tendinitis in, 430–31, 430f–431f, 655–56, 656f
tenoscopy of, 592, 592ftenotomy of, 553–55, 554f, 1151ultrasound of, 341f–345f, 349f–352f
Deep peroneal nerve, 53fneurectomy of, 736–37
Degenerationof navicular bursa, 231fnutritional, 942–43of SL, 648–49, 648fof tendons, 932–33
Degenerative joint disease, 237Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis
(DSLD), 648–49, 648fDelayed phase, radioactive imaging of,
386–87, 387f–389fof carpus, 390, 391ffor disease, 397–98, 399f–401f
bindex.indd 1223 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM
1224 Index
Delayed phase, radioactive imaging of—continued
of elbow, 390, 392fin MC, 390fof pelvis/SI/coxofemoral joints, 393–94,
393f–394fof scapula/sacrum, 393, 393fof shoulder, 390, 392fin spine, 394–96, 395f, 396fof stifle joint, 390, 392fof tarsus, 390, 391fof upper limb, 390, 391f–392f
Dermal laminar interface, failure of, 538Dermal microcirculation, of foot, 16–19Desmitis
of accessory ligamentof DDFT, 445, 656of SDFT, 683–84
chronic, image of, 359fcollateral, MRI diagnosis of, 434, 434f,
442–43in dressage, 1078–79of DSL
clinical signs of, 588–89diagnosis of, 589–90, 589f–590fetiology of, 588treatment of, 590, 590f
in endurance horses, 1060, 1060fICL, 1081intersesamoid, 442, 442fin jumping/hunting horses, 1078–79of palmar/plantar anular ligament, 618of patellar ligaments, 797–98, 797f–798fof plantar ligament, 757PSD
characteristics of, 644in dressage/jumping horses, 1078–79in endurance horses, 1060, 1060fimage of, 127fMRI diagnosis of, 443, 444tin Quarter horse racehorses, 1051
of SL, 233f, 405f, 644–45, 645f–646f, 647–49, 648f
tarsocrural collateral ligament, 755–57, 755f–756f
Desmopathy, of nuchal ligament, 866–67, 866f
Desmotomy, of SDFT/DDFT, 1151Detector, 211, 213f
holding, 216–17, 216f–218fDevelopment
age of, 106of Equimetrix® by Centaure-MétrixTM,
162in foals
of bones, 894, 894f–895fpremature, 1124f
of Lameness Locator TM by EquinosisTM, 156–57, 157f
of physis, 1123of stationary force plate, 171
Developmental orthopedic diseases (DOD)causes of, 1129–30characteristics of, 890–91in foals, 1170histologic examples of, 891ftypes of, 1147
DFTS. See Digital flexor tendon sheathDHS. See Dynamic hip screwDiagnostic acupuncture examination (DAPE)
detailed evaluation with, 203–4interpretation of, 204–5performance of, 203use of, 203validity of, 205
Diaphyseal angular limb deformities, of third metatarsal/metacarpal bones, 636–37, 637f
Diaphyseal fracturesof femur, 814–17, 814f–817fof tibia, 776–79, 777f–779f
Digitanatomy of, 3, 5tof forelimb, 10ffunctions of, 20, 20fof hindlimb, 39medial aspect of, 17fnerves of, 19–20sagittal section of, 12f
Digital extensor musclelong, 49origins of, 29
Digital flexor synovial sheath, palpation of, 125f
Digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS)abnormalities of, diagnosis of, 442, 442fnerve blocks of, 190–91, 190frupture of, 669, 670fswelling of, 617ftenoscopy of, 617ftenosynovitis of, 618–19, 619f
Digital image display, 214, 214f, 382fDigital image storage, 215Digital laminae
arteriovenous shunting in, 537pathogenesis of, 540–42, 540f–542f
Digital radiographycomputed, 212, 213fconventional v., 211, 214–15CR reading process in, 212direct conversion, 212–13indirect conversion, 213–14Mark III portable, 213fprinciples of, 225safety in, 218–19, 219ftechnique charts for, 219–21, 220f,
220t–221tuse of, 207viewing station, 211–12, 214f
Digital tendon sheatheffusion of, 123ftenosynovitis, 650f
Digits, blood vessels of, 15–16Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 639, 961Diode laser treatment, 736fDIP. See Distal interphalangeal jointDirect conversion, 212–13Direct digital radiography, 212Direct flat panel detector, 213f
with handle, 217fDirect infiltration, for anesthesia, 183Directness, 95Direct pressure, 148Discospondylitis, diagnosis of, 862–63Displaced fractures, 689–91, 691f, 898fDistal crus
lateral view of, 41fmedial dissection of, 45f
Distal displacement, in chronic laminitis, 552–53, 553f
Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)alignment of, 541farthrodesis in, 1050CL injuries of, 495–97, 496f–497feffusion within, 499fflexural deformities of, 1149finjury management for, 1077–78lesions in, 436, 436f
of collateral ligaments, 433–34, 433fnerve blocks in, 184–86, 186f
OA of, 498–501, 498f–500f, 1087radiograph of, 499fsubchondral bone lysis of, 1136f
Distal intertarsal (DIT)characteristics of, 194–95, 196fjoint, drilling of, 732–34, 733f
Distal limbflexion test, 126f, 144, 144fnuclear medicine imaging of, 389–90,
390fin abnormal conditions, 398–401,
399f–401fDistal metacarpus
medial aspect of, 17fperiostitis/fracture of, 621–25, 621f–624fpostmortem sample of, 886f
Distal pes, lateral view of, 41fDistal phalanges
dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique projection of, 244f–245f
lateromedial view of, 242f–243flesions of, 436, 437fLM view of, 242f–243f
Distal phalanxalignment of, 541fcapsular rotation of, 540f–541fcartilage of, 11fdemineralization of, 510fdistalproximal-palmarodistal oblique
view of, 250f–251fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view
of, 252f–253fforces acting on, 20ffour ligaments of, 11ffracture of, 457f, 1207
classification of, 501, 501f–502fclinical signs of, 503–04diagnosis of, 503f, 504etiology of, 502–03prognosis of, 508treatment of, 504–05, 505ftype I, 505, 505ftype II, 506type III, 506–07, 506ftype IV, 507, 507ftypes of, 506ttype V, 507type VI, 507–08type VII, 508
imaging of, 352fossification of, of collateral cartilages,
513–14, 513fosteitis, 1085–86palmarodistal oblique projection of,
246f–247fpalmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique
view of, 248f–249frealignment of, 548–49, 549frotation of, assessment of, 545fsubchondral cystic lesions of, 511–12,
512fDistal radius
carpus, 664fchip fracture of, 1035fcranial, lateromedial projection of, 273fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique
projection of, 286f–287fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique
view of, 282f–283fOC of, 681–83, 682f
Distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), lesions of, 434–35, 434f
Distal sesamoidean ligament (DSL)desmitis of
clinical signs of, 588–89
bindex.indd 1224 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM
Index 1225
diagnosis of, 589–90, 589f–590fetiology of, 588prognosis of, 590
injuries to, diagnosis of, 439–40, 440flocation of, 65f
Distal tarsal jointenlargement of, 134, 135flaser treatment of, 735–36, 736fsynovitis of, 726–37, 726f–733f, 736ftest for, 134f
Distal tibial physis, fractures of, 776Distribution of force, 990–92, 991fDistribution of pressure, 991fDIT. See Distal intertarsalDMD. See Dorsal metacarpal diseaseDMSO. See Dimethyl sulfoxideDOD. See Developmental orthopedic
diseasesDorsal cortex, P1 fracture in, 581fDorsal deviation of carpus, 85Dorsal laminectomy, 1178Dorsal metacarpal disease (DMD), 1051Dorsal-palmar balance (DP), 103Dorsal sacroiliac ligament
anatomical specimen of, 847f–848flocation of, 61fschematic drawing of, 847f
with adjacent structures, 848fDorsal spinous process
impingement of, 854–55palpation of, 142fscintigraphic imaging of, 855f
Dorsal tarsal ligament, structure of, 48f, 49Dorsiflexion test, 837fDorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique
projection (D45L-PIMO)of MT, 296f–297fof tarsus, 306f–307f
Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique projection (D45M-PILO)
of MT, 298f–299fof tarsus, 308f–309f
Dorsoplantar projection (DPI)of metatarsus, 294f–295fof tarsus, 304f–305f
flexed, 310f–311fDorsoscapular ligament
cross-section of, 36fstructures of, 36–37
DP. See Dorsal-palmar balanceDPI. See Dorsoplantar projectionDraft horses
abscess in, 1085anamnesis in, 1084foot pathology of, 1084–87,
1084f–1087fhoof care of, 1084finfectious pododermatitis in, 1085introduction to, 1084lameness in
common causes of, 1084–89, 1084f–1089f
examination of, 1084laminitis in, 1086–87, 1086fOCDs in, 1088f–1089fseptic arthritis in, 1089shivers in, 1088–89sidebone in, 1085stringhalt in, 1088SWEENY in, 1087young, diseases in, 1082f–1083f, 1089
Drainagearthrotomy, 1117in laminitis, 555, 555flymphatic in, 37, 67
passive, 1117for synovial cavities, 1116–17, 1117fvenous, in foot, 19, 19f
Dressage horseshalf pass of, 1074fintroduction to, 1072lameness management in, 1077–82poor performance of, 1095–96suspensory desmitis in, 1078–79training of, 1073–74
Drilling, of tarsometatarsal/distal intertarsal joints, 732–34, 733f
DSIL. See Distal sesamoidean impar ligament
DSL. See Distal sesamoidean ligamentDSLD. See Degenerative suspensory
ligament desmitisDuration of gluteal use, 111Dynamic compression plates, 909fDynamic hip screw (DHS), 908Dysmetria, 1104
Ear ticks, 946Ease of movement, 990, 990fEastern/Western/Venezuelan encephalitis
virus, 1107Echo time (TE), 419Egg-bar shoes, 485f, 486, 550, 550f, 1194fElbow
adduction of, 131fbursitis of, 700–01, 700fdelayed phase radioactive imaging of,
390, 392fflexion test for, 144–45fractures of, 693–97, 694f–696fimmobilization methods for, 899injuries of, in foals, 1167–69, 1169flateral view of, 32flymphatic drainage in, 37palpation of, 132, 132fradiographic uptake in, 406SLC of, 698–99, 699fsubchondral defects of, 698–99, 699fsuperficial dissection of, 28f
Elbow joint. See Cubital jointElectric eye, 154fElectrolytes
disturbance of, 946supplementation with, 953
Electromagnetic therapy, 962–63Electromyography (EMG), 942Electro-physical agents, 1023EMG. See ElectromyographyEncephalitis
Eastern/Western/Venezuelan, 1107equine protozoal myelo-, 1107
Endoscopic lavage, 1117Endoscopy
for infection evaluation, 465for navicular disease, 489, 489f
Endurance horsesArabians as, 1055competitions for, 156f, 1056examination of, 1057in FEI World Endurance Championships,
1058ffoot lameness in, 1060–61, 1061flameness in, 113f, 1057–61,
1059f–1061fmuscle disorders in, 1059–60poorly performing, 1097suspensory desmitis in, 1060, 1060ftendinitis in, 1061, 1061fthermography in, 1061fveterinary control of, 1055–57, 1056f
Enostoses, of tibia, 780–81, 781fEnostosis-like lesion, radiographic imaging
of, 407fEntheses, soft tissue radiology of, 227,
227f–228fEnthesopathy, 405fEnthesophyte, 236Enzymes
COX, 975deficiency of, 943of muscles, 941
Epidermal laminar interface, failure of, 538Epiphyseal cartilage, ossification of, 361Epiphysitis
clinical signs of, 1132diagnosis of, 1132–33etiology of, 1132prognosis of, 1134treatment of, 1133
Equimetrix® by Centaure-MétrixTM
development of, 162evaluation with, 162f, 163output from, 163f
Equine Digital Support System, 551fEquine metabolic syndrome, 542Equine motor neuron disease, 1107Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, 1107Equioxx® (Firocoxib), 977Equiproxen (Naproxen), 977Equivalent exposures, 220tEquuSense by Equusys Inc., 156, 156fEstrogen, 959ESWT. See Extracorporeal shock wave
therapyEvenness, 95Eventing horses
introduction to, 1073, 1073flameness management in, 1077–82poor performance of, 1096SDFT injuries in, 1081training of, 1075
Exercisearthritis from, 879-based treatment techniques, for motor
control, 1023–25, 1024fcontrolled, in navicular, 484for exertional rhabdomyolysis, 951–52immature skeleton during, 894,
894f–895f-induced bone remodeling, 895–96, 896fpassive stretching, 1013–14, 1013fresponse test, 941tendons injuries from, with age, 931–32,
932fvisual examination at, 115–16
Exertional rhabdomyolysismanagement of, 951–54, 952ttypes of, 947–50, 948t
Exfoliation, 1213, 1215f–1216fExostosis, chronic, 229fExtending force, 1185fExtensor branch, 65fExtensor carpi radialis
effusion of, 129ftendon, damage to, 668–69, 669f
Extensor carpus ulnariscross-section of, 26fimage of, 23f
Extensor fossa, attachment in, 50fExtensor muscles, types of, 27–29, 28fExtensor process, fracture of, 122fExtensor tendon, calcification of, 500fExternal fixation
of fractures, 909–10, 910fskeletal, 583f, 586
bindex.indd 1225 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM
1226 Index
Extracellular matrix, 538diagram of, 875f
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), use of, 736, 961–62
Facet jointsarthritis of, 858–62, 859f–861fcervical
centesis of, 201La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fOA of, 867–69, 868f–869f
lumbar, 861fthoracic, necropsy specimen of, 860f
Farrierybasic terms of, 1192tclub foot view by, 1200–201, 1201ffoot evaluation by, 1179–82,
1180f–1182ffoot response to, 1199–1203,
1199f–1203fglue-on methods of, 1198, 1198fnon-nail alternatives in, 1197–98radiography and, 1203–1207,
1203f–1206fscience of, 995
Fast low angle shot sequence (FLASH), 428f–429f
Fat, MSC from, 967–68Fatigue fractures, in Quarter horses, 897,
897fFatty acids, 981FED. See Focal spot-film distanceFEI World Endurance Championships,
1058fFemoral artery
branches of, 63image of, 62f
Femoral condyle lesionsetiology of, 806, 806ftreatment of, 807
Femoral headcapital physeal fractures of, 830right, VD of, 322f–323f
Femoral nerve, paralysis of, 820–21Femoral trochlea, fractures of, 789–90, 790fFemoropatellar joint. See Stifle jointFemoropatellar ligament, 54fFemorotibial joint. See Stifle jointFemur
CaCr of, 318f–319fconditions of, 814CrPR-DiCrO of, 320f–321fdiaphyseal fractures of, 814–17,
814f–817fflexed LM of, 316f–317fligament head of, 62fLM of, 312f–313fmetaphyseal fractures of, 814–17,
814f–817fpalpation of, 139, 141fradioactive imaging of, 392fround ligament of, rupture of, 826–27swelling of, 141fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f
Fetlockanatomy of, 3, 5tangle of, 81blood vessels of, 15–16constriction of, by palmar/plantar anular
ligament, 616–18, 617fdeformity of, 1153fdropping of, 648fextension of, 166fflexion test, 125f, 144, 144f, 1161functions of, 20, 20f
of hindlimb, 39hyperextension of, 1075f, 1076flameness in
diagnosis of, 438timaging of, 426f
medial aspect of, 17fMRI of, 438–43, 438t, 439–442f
of abnormalities, 438–40, 439f–440fintroduction to, 438lesion incidence in, 438, 438tprotocol for, 438
nerves of, 19–20palpation of, 123–24, 124fplantar region of, thickening of, 619fproton density image of, 424fradiologic imaging of, 398–401,
399f–401fsagittal section of, 12fSCLs of, 609–10, 610fstructures of, 15suspensory apparatus of, 39varus, 1140f, 1142f–1143f
Fetlock joint (metacarpophalangeal joint)arthrodesis of, 613fcapsule, distention of, 124fcollateral sesamoidean approach to, 189,
189fdiagram of, 873fdistal palmar approach to, 189–90dorsal approach to, 190, 190fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view
of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
of, 266f–267fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection
of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,
256f–257fflexion tests for, 1161fractures of, in racehorse, 1034finjection sites for, 189finjuries in, 1081lateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view
of, 264f–265flateroproximodorsal-mediodistopalmar
oblique view of, 262f–263fluxation of, 614–15, 614f–615fnerve blocks in, 188–90, 189f–190fnormal, 235fOA of, 607–09, 608f–609f
from trauma, 884fOCDs of, 1161osseus bodies on, 238fosteochondral chip fracture of, 594–97,
594f–597fosteochondral fragmentation in, 998–99,
1001f–1004fosteochondrosis of, 240fproximal palmar approach to, 188–89in Quarter horse racehorses, 1050–51,
1051fracehorse injuries in, 1031–32, 1034fradiograph of, 226f, 228ftraumatic arthritis of, 607–09,
608f–609fFibroblast growth factor, 881fFibrotic myopathy
characteristics of, 818, 818fclinical signs of, 819, 819f–820fimage of, 137ftreatment of, 819–20
FibulaCaCr of, 318f–319ffractures of, 781–82, 781f
Fibularis tertius, 49Fibular tarsal bone. See CalcaneusField gradients, use of, 417Fifth carpal bone, flexed lateromedial
projection of, 274f–275fFilm badges, 378fFilm markers, 215Film processing, 211, 212tFirocoxib (Equioxx®), 977First carpal bone, flexed lateromedial
projection of, 274f–275fFistulography, 221–22, 222fFitness, level of, 106FLASH. See Fast low angle shot sequenceFlat bone, 79Flat-face linear transducers, 357–58Flat foot, 93Flexing force, 1185fFlexion tests
for axial skeleton, 836f–837fcarpal, 144distal limb, 126f, 144, 144ffor elbow, 144–45fetlock, 125f, 144, 144f, 1155full limb forelimb, 146, 147ffor hindlimb, 146, 147fLameness Locator TM for, 159–60, 160ffor shoulder, 145, 145ffor stifle, 146, 147ffor tarsal joint, 145–46, 146ftypes of, 143upper forelimb, 145, 145fupper limb, 145ffor vertebral column, 837f
Flexor carpi radialis, 29Flexor muscles
of shoulder joint, 35types of, 29
Flexor retinaculum, 26fFlexor tendons
laceration of, 373fpalpation of, 128, 129f
Flexural deformitiesacquired, 1147–49of carpus, 667–68, 667fclinical signs of, 1148f–1150f, 1150congenital, 1145–47, 1145f–1146fdiagnosis of, 1148f, 1149–50, 1151fof DIP, 1149fin foals, 1145–53, 1145f–1153fprognosis of, 1153in Quarter horse, 1147f–1148f, 1150fsurgery for, 1151–53treatment of, 1150–53, 1150f–1151f
Flotation, 1192t, 1193fFlunixin meglumine (Banamine®), 976Fluorosis, 920–21, 921fFlying lead change, in canter, 99fFoals
ALD in, 1126, 1138–44, 1138f–1143fanti-inflammatory therapy for, 1177bone development in, 894, 894f–895fcarpal injuries in, 1167, 1167fcarpal valgus in, 1140f–1141fclub foot in, 1151fcongenital conditions in, 1170–71, 1171fDOD in, 1170elbow injuries in, 1167–69, 1169fflexural deformities in, 1145–53,
1145f–1153ffoot injuries in, 1165–67, 1166fhock injuries in, 1167, 1167flameness in
diagnosis of, 1165infectious causes of, 1171–72
bindex.indd 1226 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM
Index 1227
noninfectious causes of, 1165–71, 1166f, 1168f–1169f, 1171f
muscle diseases of, 942–44nutrition for, 1177pelvic injuries in, 1169–70physeal fractures in, 1170premature development of, 1124fproximal sesamoid bone injuries in,
1167, 1168fradius/ulna in, 1124fseptic arthritis in, 1172shoulder injuries in, 1167–69, 1169fstifle injuries in, 1169
Focal spot-film distance (FED), 208, 208fmeasurements for, 209f
Foot. See also Hoofabscess of, 516–17, 517fanatomy of, 3bare-, 1188–89, 1214–15Buttress, 93–94, 94f, 498fcare of, 1179club, 94, 94f, 1151f, 1200–201, 1201fconcavity of, 121fconformation of, 92–93, 92f–93fcontracted, 93, 93fcoon-, 94–95, 95fdermal microcirculation of, 16–19different, horse with, in front, 114fdistalproximal-palmarodistal oblique
view of, 250f–251fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view
of, 252f–253fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique
projection of, 244f–245fof draft horse, 1084–87, 1084f–1087fevaluation of, 1179–82, 1180f–1182fexamination of, 119, 119fexfoliation of, 1213, 1215f–1216fflat, 93flight of, arc of, 111ffore, 92, 92f, 386f
evaluation of, 119fnormal, 516f
foreign bodies in, 523f–524fground reaction forces of, 540fhind, 93, 93f
with overgrown bars, 120finjuries in
in foals, 1165–67, 1166fpenetrating, 523–25, 523f–525fin standardbred racehorses, 1041in Thoroughbred racehorse, 1031,
1031finternal structures of, 9–12, 9f–12flameness in
acute onset, 425f, 430f, 437fin endurance horse, 1060–61, 1061fMRI studies of, 429t
landing of, 111lateromedial projection of, 242f–243fmapping of, 1213–14, 1214fMRI of, 427–38, 428f–437f, 429t
introduction to, 427protocol for, 427–28, 428f
normal, 92fpain in, 1077palmar, 1183, 1183fpalmarodistal oblique projection of,
246f–247fpalmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique
view of, 248f–249fpalmar syndrome of, 476bpath, 83f
arc of, 111fradioactive imaging of, 384, 385f, 386
for disease, 398–401, 399f–401fresponse, to farriery, 1199–203,
1199f–1203fschematic drawing of, 1180fsoft tissue injuries in, 494–98, 496f–497fsore, 153strain of, 111thermography of, 468trauma of, acute, 491–92trimming of, 1186–88, 1186f–1188fvascular canals of, 251fvenous drainage of, 19, 19f
Footing, movement and, 105Forearm. See AntebrachiumForefoot, 92, 92f, 119f
normal, 516fradioactive imaging of, 386f
Foreign bodiesin foot, 523f–524fultrasound evaluation of, 373–74, 374f
Forelimbabaxial sesamoid nerve block in, 176,
176fbase narrow faults in, 81–83, 82f, 85fbase wide faults in, 82–83, 83f, 85fblood vessels to, 10fconformation of, 75correctness of, 79, 80fcranial views of, 79fimmobilization of, 899–900kinematics of, 168f–169flameness in
evaluation of, 116–18, 119fhead movement in, 168f–169fLameness LocatorTM for, 157–58, 158f,
160f–161flameness of, 835tlateral views of, 79floading force on, measurement of, 163fmid-, immobilization of, 899–900musculoskeletal problems in, of pleasure
horses, 1062–63, 1062fnerve blocks of, 175–80, 175f–180fneuroanatomy of, 175radioactive imaging of, 385f
Forgingdefinition of, 96bexample of, 102, 102f
Four-point rail shoe, 550, 551fFourth metacarpal bone
dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique projection of, 278f–279f
dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view of, 271f
dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of, 270f
dorsopalmar view of, 269fFourth metatarsal bone
D45L-PIMO of, 296f–297f, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 298f–299fDPI of, 294f–295f, 304f–305fproximal fractures of, 641f–642f
Fourth tarsal bone, attachments of, 50fFractures. See also Specific fractures i.e.
Comminuted fracturesof accessory carpal bone, 676–77, 677farthroscopically assisted repair of, with lag
screw fixation, 999–1000, 1005fof calcaneus, 749–51, 750fcausing lameness, 910–11of cervical vertebrae, 869, 869fcharacteristics of, 896–97of coffin bone, 1166fCT of, 455f–457fof distal metacarpus, 621–25, 621f–624f
of distal phalanx, 457f, 501–08, 501f–507f, 506t, 1207
of distal tibial physis, 776of elbow, 693–97, 694f–696fof femoral trochlea, 789–90, 790fof femur, metaphyseal, 814–17,
814f–817fof fetlock joint, in racehorse, 1034fof fibula, 781–82, 781ffixation of, 902–03
external, 909–10, 910finternal, 906f, 908–09, 908f–910f, 915f
of fourth metatarsal bone, 641f–642fhealing of, 901of humerus, 701–05, 701f, 703fof ilial shaft, 843–44kit for, 898fof long bones, 1170of middle phalanx, 399fof navicular bone, 491–93, 492f–493fof P1, 398f
clinical signs of, 582comminuted, 585–87, 586fdiagnosis of, 582, 584fin dorsal cortex, 581fetiology of, 580, 582noncomminuted, 582–85, 585fprognosis of, 587of proximal/plantar eminence, 596–97radiograph of, 580ftreatment of, 582–85, 585ftypes of, 579–80
of P2comminuted, 576–78, 576f–578fetiology of, 573–74, 574ftreatment of, 574–76, 574f–576ftypes of, 572–73, 572f
of patella, 790–92, 791f–792f, 1082of physis, 1126–29, 1127f–1130fof proximal tibial physis, 774–76, 775fof pubis, 843, 844fin Quarter horse racehorses, 1053of radius, 687–92, 687f–692fof scapula, 721–23, 721f–723fof sesamoid bone
comminuted, 600fprognosis of, 604proximal, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895fin racehorses, 1033ftreatment of, 602–03
of sesamoidean bone, articular abaxial, 598f–599f, 601f
of spinous processes, 856–57, 857fof splint bones, 124, 640–44, 640f–643f,
679fstabilization of, 898–99, 899fof stifle joint, 789–90, 790f
with patellar fracture, 790–92, 791f–792f
of supraglenoid tubercle, 723–24, 724fof third metacarpal bone, 631–36,
632f–635f, 903fcondyles of, 626–31, 626f–629fin racehorse, 1034f
of third metatarsal bone, 631–36, 632f–635f
of condyles, 626–31, 626f–629fof third tarsal bone, 399fof tibia, 770–76, 771f–775f
diaphyseal/metaphyseal, 776–79, 777f–779f
stress, 780, 1036, 1036f, 1053of tibial malleoli, 748–49of tooth, 452fof ulna, 693–97, 694f–696f
bindex.indd 1227 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM
1228 Index
Froganatomy of, 3, 6fatrophy of, 120fbase of, 1185–86, 1185fnail in, 120fstructures of, 1185f
Full bar shoes, 504fFull limb forelimb flexion test, 146, 147f
Gait, 95abnormalities in, 835tanalysis of, compensatory mechanisms
in, 110defect in, 102
lateral, 103–04in lameness, 110natural, 96neurological, 1104, 1107sensory integration device for, 1024f
Gallop, beats of, 100fGame ReadyTM Equine, 1065fGamma camera
positioning of, 383f–386fuse of, 380, 380f–381f
Ganglion, 671Gas, soft tissue radiology of, 226–27,
227fGaskin. See CrusGastrocnemius digital flexor muscle,
rupture of, 764–65, 764fGastrocnemius muscle, 53f
lateral head of, 54fmedial head of, 55f
Gastrocnemius tendinitis, 763, 763fGBED. See Glycogen branching enzyme
deficiencyGE. See Gradient echoGeiger Muller survey instrument, 378fGenetic testing, 942Genu. See StifleGLN. See GlucosamineGLN-CS. See Glucosamine and chondroitin
sulfateGlucosamine (GLN), 979Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
(GLN-CS), 980Glue-on shoes, 1197–98, 1198fGluteal muscles, atrophy of, 114fGluteal rise, 117Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
(GBED), 943Glycoproteins, 875Glycosaminoglycan, 874
intra-articular polysulfated, 967polysulfated, 957–58
Gradient echo (GE), 419sequences of, 425
Gravel, 518, 519fGravitational device, for plasma, 652fGravity, center of, 75Grids, 215Ground reaction forces
of foot, 540fmeasurement of, 154–55, 154f
Growthasynchronous longitudinal, 1138f,
1139–40asynchronous physeal
conservative treatment of, 1140surgery for, 1141–42
factors, 878in articular matrix degradation, 881finsulin-like, 877studies of, 972for tendons, 927
plateclosure times of
in pelvic limbs, 66tin thoracic limbs, 66t
morphology of, 1123, 1123frings, 987f
GYS1 mutation, 950
Half pass, in dressage, 1074fHalf-round shoes, 1191fHallmarq Equine Limbscanner®, 418fHandle cassette holder, 216fHCTP+PS. See Periosteal strippingHead. See also Femoral head
conformation of, 75height of, with hoof height, 168f–169fmovement of, 111–12, 118
in forelimb lameness, 168f–169fnormal, 168f
out, on circles, 835tposition of, evaluation of, 158proportions of, 79symmetry of, 1105
Headshaking syndromebit problems in, 1101–02,
1101f–1102fclinical signs of, 1099diagnosis of, 1110, 1110fetiology of, 1098–99introduction to, 1098prognosis of, 1102treatment of, 1100–01
Heart bar shoe, 550, 550fHeel
cracks in, 534–35, 534felevation of, 1151f
for DDFT tension, 485, 486fof hoof capsule, 1185–86, 1185flift for, 101flow-, foot conformation, 1199–200,
1199f–200fnarrow, 93fovergrown, 120fpain in, 1077palpation of, 122fwedge, 989f
Height, 95of head, 168f–169f
Hematogenous infection, 912–13, 912f–913f
Hematogenous osteomyelitis, 1172Hemicircumferential transaction, of
periosteum, incision of, 666fHemorrhage, in luxation, 614fHerbs, 982Hereditary multiple exostosis, 921–22,
922fHF 100 Equine technique chart, 220tHigh 2-point block, 179High 4-point nerve blocks, 177, 178fHigh-field MRI, low-field v., 437–38High-frequency transformers, 209High palmar nerve block, 177, 178fHigh plantar block, 181, 181fHindfoot
normal, 93, 93fwith overgrown bars, 120f
Hindlimbbase narrow faults in, 92, 92fbase wide faults in, 91f, 92blood vessels of, 39, 41fcollapsed, 835tconformation of, 75, 88–90, 88f–90fcontact of, at trot, 103fdeviation in, 84f
digit of, 39evaluation of, 116–18faults in, 90–95, 91f–95ffetlock of, 39flexion test for, 146, 147fkinematics of, 170flameness of
chronic, 110fkinematics of, 170fwith Lameness LocatorTM, 158–59,
159f–161fpelvis in, 114frectal examination for, 148, 149f
lateral view of, 50fnerve blocks of, 180–83, 181f–182fnerves of, 39neuroanatomy of, 180–81normal, 88f, 90fof pleasure horses, musculoskeletal
problems in, 1063–64protraction of, 167fPVC splint of, 900fsliding plate on, 1069fsynovial osteochondroma in, 800underdeveloped, 149
Hipblood supply to, 63–64caudal aspect of, 63cranial aspect of, 63deep dissection of, 61fdysplasia of, 823–25, 823f–825fhike, 117lateral aspect of, 58, 59f–60flowered, 835tmedial aspect of, 61, 62fnerves of, 59–60palpation of, 139, 141froll, 117
Hip joint (coxofemoral)delayed phase imaging of, 393–94,
393f–394finfectious arthritis of, 823–24, 823finjection site for, 200fmovements of, 64nerve blocks in, 199–200, 200fOA of, 411f, 829–30, 829fOC of, 823–25, 824f–825fproblems of, 823radioactive imaging of, 384f
in disease, 408, 410f–411fstructures of, 64
HIS. See Hospital Information SystemHock. See TarsusHock hitting, 103fHock joint. See Tarsal jointHoof. See also Foot
abscess of, 1208–14angle of, 81arc of, 99avulsion injuries in, 530–34, 530f–534fbalance of, 1181, 1181tcapsule, heel of, 1185–86, 1186fcapsule morphology of, 987care of
in draft horse, 1084fin early laminitis, 547–48in rotation, 548–52, 549f–552f
conformation of, 1183, 1183fpoor, 476–77, 476f–477f
coriums relationship to, 7fcrack in, 121f, 534–35, 535f, 1086,
1086fcurettes, 1208tdistortions of, 1211–13, 1211f, 1213fgouge, 1197f
bindex.indd 1228 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM
Index 1229
growth ofdifficulty of, 534fin laminitis, 544f
height, with head height, 168f–169fknife, 1187fML balance of, 103, 104fnippers, 1187f-pastern axis, 1183–84, 1184fphotomicrograph cross-section of, 9fpigmented, 7rasp, 1187ftesters of, 121f
Hoof wallanatomy of, 3–9, 6f–9fangles, 87fcoronary region of, 8fdefects, 1203–04distorted, 1211fforces acting on, 20fgrowth of, 6problems with, 119fremoval of, over keratoma, 529fresection of, 552f, 555–56, 1206fscrew through, 506f, 529ftopography of, solar surface of, 6f
Hormone therapy, 953Horn, of sole, 9fHorses. See also Specific horses i.e.
Thoroughbred horsesadult, muscle disorders in, 944–54age of, 106, 931–33, 933fbalance of, 75, 76fbarefoot, trimming of, 1188–89behavioral issues of, 835fwith different front feet, 114fhandling of, 115kinematic marking of, 165fperformance, at work, 152–53poorly performing, 1095–97proportions of, 74f, 77fquality of, 79radioactivity in, 380fradiologic uptake in, normal, 403fstanding, manipulations of, 1105types of, 73
lameness in, 113fHospital Information System (HIS), 215Hot spots, in nuclear medicine, 397Hua Tou Jia Jia points, 204Human torso array coil, 417fHumeroradial joint. See Cubital jointHumeroulnar joint. See Cubital jointHumerus
CrCa of, 290f–291ffractures of, 701–05, 701f, 703flength of, 80ML of, 288f–289f, 292f–293fslope of, 79
Hyaluronanaction of, 965–66benefits of, 958clinical trials of, 971commonly used, 966twith corticosteroids, 966–67efficacy of, 966
Hyaluronic acid, 980Hydrogen nuclei, 417Hygroma
of carpus, 130fetiology of, 670treatment of, 671
Hypaxial muscles, 71Hyperextended carpus, 85Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP),
943–44
Hyperthermia, malignant, 951Hypertrophic osteopathy, 923–24,
923f–924fHypertrophy zone, 1124Hypochaeris radicata, 768HYPP. See Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Iatrogenic osteomyelitis, 914ICL. See Inferior check ligamentIdiopathic synovitis. See Bog spavinIdiopathic tenosynovitis, ultrasound of,
367–68IGF-1. See Insulin-like growth factorIliac arteries, thrombosis of, 845–46Iliacofemoral vein, 61fIlial shaft fractures, 843–44Ilial wing fractures, 841, 842f–843fIliocostalis muscle, 70fIliolumbar artery, 61fIliopsoas muscle, palpation of, 149fIlium
right, VD of, 322f–323fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f
Imbalance, from movement, 105Immobilization methods
for elbow, 900limb support for, 899ffor MC, 899for MT, 900for phalanges, 899purpose of, 899for radius, 900, 901ffor tarsus, 901for tibia, 770–71, 901, 902f
Impingement, of dorsal spinous process, 854–55
Impulsion, 95Incomplete fractures, 897–98Indirect conversion, 213–14Indirect MRI arthrography, 427Infection
antimicrobial delivery systems for, 1117–20, 1118f
ascending, of white line, 518, 519fin avulsion injuries, 1117fin bones, 911–16, 911f–915fin calcaneal bursa, 914fof collateral cartilage, 514–15, 515fevaluation of, 465hematogenous, 912–13, 912f–913forthopedic, prevention of, 1113–14in surgery, 1115tof synovial sheath, 368treatment of, 1115–16, 1116f
Infectious arthritis, of hip joint, 825–26, 825f
Infectious osteitis, 911–12, 911fInfectious physitis, 916Infectious pododermatitis, in draft horses,
1085Inferior carpal check ligament, palpation
of, 128Inferior check ligament (ICL)
desmitis, 1081desmotomy, 488–89ultrasound of, 341f–343f, 346
Inflammationin carpus, 668–71, 669f–670fof DFTS, 617fof infraspinatus bursa, 712, 712fof intertubercular bursa, 708–11,
708f–710fintralesional injections for, 971–73in laminitis, 537–38medications for
intrasynovial, 964–68topical/local, 961–63
of muscles, 940of patellar ligaments, 138of stifle joint, 783–84, 783fof tarsal sheath, 761f
Inflammatory phase, of healing, 902Infraspinatus bursa
inflammation of, 712, 712flocation of, 712f
Infraspinatus muscle, structures related to, 33–34
Injection sitesfor calcaneal bursa, 197ffor carpal joint, 192ffor carpometacarpal joint, 178ffor carpus, 191ffor coffin joint, 186ffor elbow joint, 192ffor fetlock joint, 189f–190ffor hip joint, 200ffor local anesthesia, 176ffor palmar digital nerve, 175ffor pastern joint, 188fpreparation of, 183for radiocarpal joint, 192ffor sacroiliac joint, 201f, 852–53, 853ffor shoulder region, 194ffor stifle joint, 197f–199ffor tarsal joints, 195for TMT, 196f
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)benefits of, 973image of, 881fuse of, 877
Interfering, 96bInterfragmentary compress, 907fInterleukin-1
activation by, 883fflow diagram of, 881f
Internal fixationASIF, 906fradiograph of, 910fof third metacarpal bone, 915ftypes of, 908–09, 908f–909f
Interosseus medius muscle. See Suspensory ligament
Interosseus perfusion, 1116fIntersesamoid desmitis, 442, 442fIntertubercular bursa, inflammation of,
708–11, 708f–710fIntra-articular fractures
acetabular, 830–31, 831fof carpus, 671–76, 673f–675fof femoropatellar joint, 789–90, 790fof stifle, 804–06, 805f–806fof tarsocrural joint, 747–50, 748f–749f
Intra-articular ligaments, arthroscopy evaluation of, 462, 463f
Intra-articular polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, 967
Intralesional injections, for inflammation, 971–73
Intra-medullary pinning, 908, 908f, 910fIntrasynovial anesthesia, 181. See also
Nerve blocksgeneral technique for, 183–84guidelines for, 185trestraints for, 184use of, 183
Intrasynovial medicationantimicrobials, 1117–18for navicular, 486–87practical considerations for, 968types of, 964–68
bindex.indd 1229 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM
1230 Index
Inversion recovery (IR), 419Involucrum, 230fIon chamber, 378fIR. See Inversion recoveryIschium
right, VD of, 322f–323fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f
Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, for navicular disease, 487, 959
Jogger, 115Joints. See also Specific joint i.e. Synovial
jointanatomy of, 871–72, 872fangle measurements of, for lameness,
165–66, 166fcapsule
attachment of, 62fthickening of, 122fultrasound of, 360, 360f
classification of, 871disease
alignment and, 236radiographic changes associated with
general, 235–36, 236fspecific, 237–40, 238f–240
thermography of, 468–69, 469fdynamic examination of, 358effusion of, 1139fendoscopy evaluation of, 465extension of, 111flexion angles, 111function of, 872–73, 872f–873finjury
diagnostic ultrasound for, 356–57ultrasound of
equipment for, 357–58indications for, 357technique for, 357–59
lubrication of, 877–78mobilization of, 1014–15, 1019–20, 1019fspace, on radiograph, 235trauma to, in articular cartilage, 880f
Jumping/hunting horsesimage of, 1072fintroduction to, 1072lameness management in, 1077–82poor performance of, 1096SDFT injuries in, 1081suspensory desmitis in, 1078–79training of, 1074–75
Juvenile spavin, 891–92, 892f
Keratomacharacteristics of, 527–28clinical signs of, 528, 528fhoof wall removal over, 529fradiograph of, 528ftreatment of, 528–29white line caused by, 528f
Kilovoltage, 208Kimzey splint, 612fKinematics
of forelimb, 168f–169fof hindlimb, 170fmarking horse for, 165fmeasurement of, 155–63, 155f–163fmotion parameters for, 165study of, 165
Kinesio TapeTM, 1024fKinetics
measurement of, 154–55, 154fstudy of, 171
Knee. See CarpusKnock knees, 85–86
Kyphosisof thoracolumbar region, 141fin Thoroughbred horses, 864f
L45Ca-CrMO. See Laterocaudal-craniomedial oblique projection
La45D-LaVO. See Laterodorsal-lateroventral oblique projection
Lacerationsof coronary band, 532f–533fof flexor tendons, 373fof tendons, 657–59, 657f–658f, 935–37,
937fultrasound of, 372, 373f
Lag screwsarthroscopically assisted repair with, of
fractures, 999–1000, 1005fimages of, 577f, 581f–585f, 675fplacement of, 624fprinciple of, 904–08, 904f–907f
Lamenessacupuncture for, 1010–11, 1011f
for diagnosis, 204–05adaptive strategies for, 109–10baseline, 110camera-based kinematic evaluation of,
155fclassification of, 110–12clinical examination of, 836, 837fcompensatory, 110, 159, 160fconformation in, 73CT indications for, 458–59description of, 118tin draft horses, 1084–89, 1084f–1089fin endurance horse, 113f, 1057–61,
1059f–1061fexamination of
at exercise, 115–16in forelimb/hindlimb, 116–18palpation for, 118–19in Quarter horses, 1049–50at rest, 112in Standardbred racehorse, 1039–41,
1040fat work, 151–53
in fetlock, imaging of, 426fin foals, 1165–72, 1166f, 1168f–1169f,
1171fin foot
acute onset, 425f, 430f, 437fin endurance horse, 1060–61,
1061fMRI studies of, 429t
in forelimb, 116–18, 119f, 157–58, 158f, 160f–161f, 168f, 835t
fractures causing, 910–11gait in, 110grading of, 118in hindlimb, 110f, 114f, 148, 149f,
158–59, 159f–161fhistory of, 112in horse types, by occupation, 113fintroduction to, 109joint angle measurements for, 165–66,
166flimb flight arc variables for, measurement
of, 166–67, 167fin metacarpophalangeal region, 438tnuclear imaging of, 401fin performance horses
common problems in, 1077diagnosis of, 1076–77management of, 1077–82
push-off, 169, 170fin racehorses, 1030–31
sensor-based evaluation system of, 156–57, 157f
shoeing and, 112signalment and, 112, 1095standard detection of, 154stride timing measurement for, 166,
166f–167fof tarsus, 725, 1053thermographic diagnosis of, specific
applications for, 468–73, 469f–472f
in thoroughbred racehorse, 113ftoe-in in, 84ftrack surfaces related, 1048in training, 152trochanteric, 821–22, 822fuse and, 112vertical torso movements in,
measurement of, 166–71, 166f–170f
vitamins for, 981–82weight and, 112whirlbone, 821–22, 822f
Lameness LocatorTM by EquinosisTM
for compensatory lameness, 159, 160f
development of, 156–57, 157ffor flexion tests, 159–60, 160ffor forelimb lameness, 157–58, 158f,
160f–161ffor hindlimb lameness, 158–59,
159f–161fin lungeing, 160, 162, 162foutput of, 158f–162f
Laminaedigital, 540–42, 540f–542fstresses in, 540–42, 540f–542f
Laminar basal epithelial cell, 538Laminar vascular dynamics, 537Laminitis
acute, pathogenesis of, 538–40, 539fanticoagulant therapy for, 547anti-inflammatory therapy for, 546–47casting in, 553, 554fcharacteristics of, 535–36chronic, 542f
with distal displacement, 552with unilateral distal displacement,
553, 553fclassic stance of, 543fclinical signs of, 543, 543fdebridement in, 555, 555fdiagnosis of, 544in draft horses, 1086–87, 1087fdrainage in, 555, 555fhoof care in, 547–48
rotation in, 548–52, 549f–552fhoof growth in, 544finflammation in, 537–38literature about, 536NSAIDs for, 546–47Obel grades of, 542tpasture-associated, 542predisposing factors for, 542radiography for, 544–46, 545fshoeing in, 549–52, 550f–552fsplinting in, 553, 554ftreatment of, 546, 548
Landingfoot strain in, 111mechanics of, 98, 98f
Laser therapy, 962–63Lateral deviation, of carpus, 86, 86fLateral digital extensor myotenectomy,
769f
bindex.indd 1230 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM
Index 1231
Lateral femorotibial joint, nerve blocks for, 189, 189f
Lateral meniscus, 56fLateral palmar nerve, block of
lateral approach, 177–78, 178fmedial approach, 179, 179f
Lateral saphenous vein, 53fLateral survey radiograph, 223, 223fLateral walk, 835tLaterocaudal-craniomedial oblique
projection (L45Ca-CrMO), of stifle joint, 314f–315f
Laterodorsal-lateroventral oblique projection (La45D-LaVO), of cervical vertebral facets, 332f–335f
Lateroflexion, of caudal thoracic spine, 837f
Lateromedial projection (LM)of accessory carpal bone, 273f–275fof distal phalanges, 242f–243fof fetlock joint, 254f–257fof MC, 267f–268fof stifle joint, 312f–313f, 316f–317f,
794–95of tarsus, 300f–301f
flexed, 302f–303fLatissimus dorsi, 70fLavage
arthroscopic, 1117endoscopic, 1117needle, 1116–17, 1117ffor synovial cavities, 1116–17, 1117f
Law of sides, 160fLead
apron, 379fglove, 219fsyringe shields, 379f
Leg. See CrusLegend®, 958Lesions
of cartilage, 441, 441farticular, 362f, 440–42, 441f
of collateral ligaments, of distal interphalangeal joint, 433–34, 433f
of CSL, 435, 435fof DIP, 436, 436fof distal phalanges, 436, 437fof DSIL, 434–35, 434fenostosis-like, radiographic imaging of,
407ffemoral condyle, 806–7, 806fof fetlock region, MRI incidence of, 438,
438tidentifiable, 428tincidence of, 429, 429t
in MT/MC, 443, 444tat medial femoral condyle, 362–63, 363fin myelography, 224, 224fof navicular bone, 431–33, 432f–433f,
481f–482fosteochondral, 361–62, 362f, 715fosteolytic, of calcaneal tuber, 752, 752fof P2, 436, 437fpoorly detected, 437SCL, 363
characteristics of, 893–94, 893f–894fclinical signs of, 512of distal phalanx, 511–12, 512fof elbow, 698–99, 699fetiology of, 512of fetlock, 609–10, 610fnuclear scintigraphy for, 802OCDs and, 1163
prognosis of, 512, 610of stifle, 801–4, 802f–803fsurgery for, 610ultrasound for, 803, 803f
Leverage bits, 1100fLigaments. See also Specific ligament i.e.
Suspensory ligamentbiomechanics of, 930, 930fblood supply to, 929functions of, 930injuries to, 930–31
healing from, 933–34, 933tin racehorses, 1036–37, 1037f
molecular composition of, 928–29, 929fthermography of, 470–71, 471fultrasound evaluation of, 339, 352
of pathology, 352, 353f, 354Ligamentum nuchae, 69Light-beam collimator, 208fLimb flight arc variables, measurement of,
for lameness, 166–67, 167fLM. See Lateromedial projectionLoading, 100f
force, measurement of, 163fLocal anesthesia
injection sites for, 176ftypes of, 173use of, 173
Local pressure, 148Loin, proportions of, 78Long bones
fractures of, 1170MRI diagnostic imaging of, 404, 405fthermography of, 468–69, 469f
Long digital extensor tendon, 65fLongissimus muscle, 70fLongitudinal articular fractures, 626–30,
626f–629fLongitudinal scan planes, 358Long plantar ligament, swelling in, 135fLong sloping pastern, 87–88, 88fLong-toe, 1199Lordosis, of back, 78f, 864Low 4-point block, 176–77, 177fLower motor neurons, 1105–6Low-field MRI, high-field v., 437–38Low-heel foot conformation, 1199–1200,
1199f–1200fLow palmar nerve, block of, 176–77, 177fLumbar facet joints, 861fLumbar vertebrae
anatomical specimen of, 859fbones of, 67f, 68flexion of, 143lateroflexion of, 837fradiograph of, 859fscintigraphic image of, 837f
Lumbosacral soreness, 152Lungeing, 160, 162, 162fLuxation
of carpus, 677–78, 678fcoxofemoral, 827–29, 828f–829fof elbow joint, 697–98, 697f–698fof fetlock joint, 614–15, 614f–615fhemorrhage in, 614fof patella, 798–99, 799fof PIP, 568–71, 570f–571fprognosis of, 615of SDFT, from calcaneus, 758–59, 758fof SHJ, 717–18, 717fof tarsal joint, 753–54, 753f–754f
Lymphatic drainagefrom elbow, 37in pelvis, 64in shoulder, 37
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)arthroscopy v., 460artifacts of, 421, 423, 423fof carpal region, 446contrast enhanced orthopedic, 427CT v., 452, 459disadvantages of, 419equipment for, 417–19, 418fevaluation of, 426–27example of, 417fof fetlock, 438–43, 438t, 439f–442ffinding of, in foot lameness, 429tof foot, 427–38, 428f–437f, 429thigh-field of, low-field v., 437–38indications for, 419indirect, arthrography, 427interpretation of, 423–26, 423f–426fintroduction to, 416low field, 418of metatarsal/metacarpal regions,
443–46, 444t, 445fof navicular disease, 483–84, 483f–484fpathologic validation of, 437physics of, 416–17principles of, 416–17protocols for, 419–21, 422tsignal intensities for, 420tspecialized techniques in, 427of stifle region, 447–48, 448of tarsal region, 446–47, 446f–447f,
725, 726f3-T magnet for, 418
Malignant hyperthermia, 951Malva parviflora, 768Mandibular draining tract, 451fManipulation tests, 143Manual therapy. See also Mobilization
contraindications to, 1015introduction to, 1013scope of, 1018types of, 1015t
Mark III portable digital radiography system, 213f
Marking systems, 215–16Massage
introduction to, 1013use of, 953–54
Matrix metalloproteases (MMP), 538activation of, 883frole of, 881–82therapy regarding, 547
Matrix turnover, 876–77, 877fMC. See MetacarpusMeclofenamic acid (Arquel), 977Medial collateral ligament
structure of, 48, 48ftesting of, 140f
Medial cutaneous nerve, block of, 179–80, 180f
Medial deviation of carpus, 85–86Medial deviation of hock, 91f, 92Medial displacement, of DDFT, 759Medial femoral condyle, lesions at,
362–63, 363fMedial femorotibial joint
effusion in, 138fnerve blocks in, 198, 198f
Medial-lateral balance (ML), 103, 104fMedial meniscus, 56fMedian nerve, block of, 179–80, 180fMediolateral projection (ML)
of elbow joint, 288f–289fof scapulohumeral joint, 292f–293f
Medullary sclerosis, radiographic imaging of, 407f
bindex.indd 1231 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM
1232 Index
Meloxicam (Metacam®), 977–78Menisci
arthroscopy evaluation of, 462, 463finjuries to, 810–12, 810f–811flateral/medial, 56fultrasound of, 364, 364f
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSC)bone/fat-derived, 967–68clinical trials of, 972
Metacarpal exostosis (splints), 637–40, 638f–639f
Metacarpophalangeal joint. See Fetlock joint
Metacarpus (MC)caudal view of, 21f–22fdeformity of, 1152–53, 1153fdelayed phase in, 390fdisease of, 126fdistal, 17f, 886f
periostitis/fracture of, 621–25, 621f–624f
DMD, 1051dorsal aspect of, 21dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view
of, 271fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view
of, 270fdorsopalmar view of, 269fimmobilization methods for, 899injuries in, in Standardbred racehorses,
1043LM of, 267f–268fmedial aspects of, 22, 23fMRI of, 434–46, 444t, 445f
primary diagnosis with, 444tpalmar aspects of, 23–24palpation of, 124–26, 125f, 127fproximal, abnormalities in, 443–44,
445fradiograph of, 227f, 229fradiologic imaging of, 401, 404, 404fsmall, fractures of, 640–44, 640f–643fstress fractures of, 625structures of, 21tuberosity, 268fultrasound zones for, 340f
Metaphyseal fracturesof femur, 814–17, 814f–817fof tibia, 776–79, 777f–779f
Metatarsal exostosis (splints), 637–40, 638f–639f
Metatarsophalangeal joint. See Fetlock joint
Metatarsus (MT)condyles of, fracture of, 626–31,
626f–629fD45L-PIMO of, 296f–297f, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 298f–299f, 308f–309fdeviation of, 637fdiaphyseal angular limb deformities of,
636–37, 637fdorsal aspect of, 42DPI of, 294f–295f, 304f–305fflexed LM of, 300f–301ffractures of, 631–36, 632f–635fimmobilization methods for, 900injuries in, in Standardbred racehorses,
1043lateral aspect of, 42LM of, 300f–301fmedial aspect of, 42medial dissection of, 45MRI of, 443–46, 444t, 445f
introduction to, 443lesion incidence in, 443, 444t
primary diagnosis with, 444tprotocols for, 443
open comminuted mid-diaphyseal fracture, 633f
palpation of, 124–26, 125fplantar aspect of, 42–43proximal, abnormalities in, 443–44, 445fradiologic imaging of, 401, 404, 404fsmall, fractures of, 640–44, 640f–643f
Methocarbamol (Robaxin), 959Methylprednisolone acetate, 965, 965tMethylsulfonylmethane (MSM), 980–81Midcervical spine, Rt-LeL of, 328f–329fMiddle fractures, 643Middle patellar ligament (MidPL), 797,
797fMiddle phalanx (P2)
fracture of, 399fcomminuted, 576–78, 576f–578fetiology of, 573–74, 574ftreatment of, 574–76, 574f–576ftypes of, 572–73, 572f
imaging of, 352flesions of, 436, 437f
Mid-forelimb, immobilization of, 899–900MidPL. See Middle patellar ligamentMineralization, soft tissue radiology of,
226, 226fMinerals, 981–82Minimum image acquisition counts, 382fMitochondrial myopathy, 954Mixed lameness, characteristics of, 110ML. See Medial-lateral balance;
Mediolateral projectionMMP. See Matrix metalloproteasesMobilization, 1014, 1014f
baited, 1022fof joints, 1014–15
technique for, 1019–20, 1019fwith movement techniques, 1020–23,
1021f–1022fof soft tissue, 1020thoracolumbar spinal extension, 1014,
1014fMotion of limb, during flight, 992Motor control, exercise-based treatment
techniques for, 1023–25, 1024fMovement
abnormalities in, 102, 102fconditioning and, 106from conformation, 104factors affecting, 104footing and, 105of head, 111–12, 118imbalance from, 105measurement of, 155–63, 155f–163fof neck, 111–12normal, 101pain from, 104–5shoeing and, 105with tack, 107terms associated with, 95btraction in, 106in training, 107
Movement techniques, mobilization with, 1020–23, 1021f–1022f
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imagingMSC. See Mesenchymal stem cell therapyMSM. See MethylsulfonylmethaneMT. See MetatarsusMultiple cartilaginous exostosis, 921–22,
922fMuscles. See also Specific type i.e. Rectus
femoris muscleabscess of, 946
altered tone of, 939atrophy of, 939, 939f–940f, 945fbiopsy of, 942, 942fcramping of, 946disorders, in endurance horses, 1059–60electrolyte disturbance of, 946enzymes of, 941growth of, 1123ischemia of, 945–46of neck, 69–70, 70foveruse of, 944pain in, 940substitution of, for shoulder joint
ligaments, 32–35swelling in, 940trauma of, 944–45, 944f–945fof trunk, 69–70, 70fultrasound evaluation of, 941–42
Musculoskeletal systemanatomic nomenclature for, 3, 4tancillary diagnostic tests of, 941–42,
942fdisorders of
in adult horses, 944–54in axial skeleton, 1064in barrel racing, 1068classification of, 939–40, 939fin cutting horses, 1070–71in foals, 942–44in forelimb, 1062–63, 1062fin hindlimb, 1063–64history of, 940physical exam of, 940–41in reining horses, 1069systemic/parenteral medications for,
957–59in team roping horses, 1066in tie-down roping, 1067–68
nuclear medicine evaluation of, 381–86, 382f–386f
thermography of, 471thoracic limbs of, 3, 4tultrasounds of, 372–73, 372f
Myelographyinterpretation of, 224–25lesions detected in, 224, 224fradiographs used in, 223, 223fuse of, 222of Wobbler syndrome, 1176, 1177f
Myocarditis, 1097Myopathy
fibrotic, 137f, 818–20, 818f–820fmitochondrial, 954ossifying, 818–20, 819f–820fPSSM, 950–51, 1097
Nail(s)abscess, 1209in frog, 120fpitch, 1196fremoval of, 1181
Naprosyn (Naproxen), 977Naproxen (Equiproxen, Naprosyn), 977Narrow behind, 835tNatural balance
in barefoot trimming, 1214–15evaluation for, 1212–14, 1213f–1214fguidelines for, 1212introduction to, 1211shoeing, 1215–17, 1216f–12017ftrimming in, 1217f
Natural Balance® shoes, 1217fNavicular bone
distalproximal-palmarodistal oblique view of, 250f–251f
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Index 1233
dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of, 252f–253f
dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique projection of, 244f–245f
fractures of, 491, 492fclinical signs of, 492diagnosis of, 492treatment of, 492–493, 493f
lesions of, 431–33, 432f–433f, 481f–487f
location of, 477OA of, 477palmarodistal oblique projection of,
246f–247fpalmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique
view of, 248f–249fNavicular bursa
degenerative changes in, 231ffluid in, 435–36nerve blocks in, 186–87, 187f
Navicular bursography, 487–93Navicular disease, 432
abnormalities in, 476banesthesia in, 480–81bursoscopy for, 489, 489fclinical signs of, 478–480corrective trimming in, 484–86,
485f–486fCT for, 483DDFT in, repetitive force on, 476, 478,
478fdefinition of, 475diagnosis of, 480–81endoscopy for, 489, 489fetiology of, 476exercise for, 484imaging of, 401fintrasynovial medication for, 486–87isoxsuprine for, 487, 959MRI imaging of, 420f, 433f, 483–84,
483f–484fnerve blocks for, 480NSAIDs for, 486palmar digital neurectomy for, 487–88,
488fpolysulfated glycosaminoglycans for, 487poor hoof conformation in, 476–77,
476f–477fprognosis of, 489radiography in, 481–83, 482frest for, 484risk of, 475scintigraphy for, 483severity of, 479shoeing in, 484–86, 485f–486f, 993fsurgical treatments for, 487–88, 488ftiludronate for, 487treatment of, 484ultrasound for, 483
Navicular suspensory ligament desmotomy, 488
Navicular syndromeabnormalities in, 476bmanagement of, 1077–78
Navicular wedge test, 148fNeck
conformation of, 75curvature of, 77, 77fmovement of, 111–12muscles of, 69–70, 70fpalpation of, 143
Needle lavage, 1116–17, 1117fNegative solar plane, 1064fNerves. See also Specific type i.e. Ulnar
nerve
in anesthesia, 174, 174tof antebrachium, 27, 29–30of digit, 19–20of fetlock, 19–20of hindlimb, 39of hip, 59–60of shoulder, 37of thigh, 59–60trigeminal, block, 1100f
Nerve blocksintrasynovial
bicipital bursa, 193–94, 194fcalcaneal bursa, 196carpal joints, 191, 191fcunean bursa, 196DFTS, 190–91, 190fDIP joint, 184–86, 186felbow joint, 191–93, 192f–193ffemoropatellar joint, 197–98, 197ffemorotibial joint, 199ffetlock joint, 188–90, 189f–190fin hip joint (coxofemoral), 199–200,
200flateral femorotibial joint, 189,
189fmedial femorotibial joint, 198, 198fnavicular bursa, 186–87, 187fPIP, 187–88, 188fpodotrochlear bursa, 186–87, 187fin sacroiliac joint, 200–201, 201fscapulohumeral joint, 193, 194fstifle joint, 196–99, 197f–199ftarsal joint, 194–96, 195f–196ftrochanteric bursa, 199
for navicular disease, 480perineural, 174t
abaxial sesamoid, 176, 176fantebrachial, 179–80, 180fbasisesamoid, 176DBLPN, 182, 182fforelimb, 175–80, 175f–180fhigh 2-point, 179high 4-point, 177, 178fhigh palmar, 177, 178fhindlimb, 180–83, 181f–182flateral palmar, lateral approach,
177–79, 178f–179flow 4-point, 176–77, 177flow palmar, 176–77, 177fmedial cutaneous, 179–80, 180fmedian, 179–80, 180fpalmar digital nerve, 174t, 175,
175fpastern ring, 175–76, 176fperineural anesthesia, 174tperoneal, 182–83, 182fplantar metatarsal, 181, 181ftibial, 182, 182fulnar nerve, 174, 179, 180f
Neurectomyof deep peroneal nerve, 736–37of tibial nerve, 736–37
Neuroanatomyof forelimb, 175of hindlimb, 180–87
Neurological examination, 149expected findings from, 1105–1106pitfalls of, 1106, 1106t
Neurological gait, 1104, 1107Neurological system
disease of, 1104gait and, 1104, 1107presentations in, 1106tproblems in, 1097
NMD. See Nutritional myodegeneration
Nomenclature Committee of American College of Veterinary Radiology, 241
Noncomminuted fracture, of P1, 582–85, 585f
Nondisplaced fracture, 691palmar subchondral, cortical stress
fracture, 628f–629fNon-distracted proximal comminuted
fracture, 642–43Non-nail alternatives, in farriery, 1197–98Non-screen film systems, 211Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)commonly used, 975t, 976–78for laminitis, 546–47for navicular, 486oral, 975–76parenteral, 957for physitis, 1133for splints, 639topical, 961
Normal joint structures, 234–35NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugsNuchal ligament, desmopathy of, 866–67,
866fNuclear medicine
equipment for, 380–81, 381fevaluation with
of distal limb, 389–90, 390f, 398–401, 399f–401f
of musculoskeletal system, 381–86, 382f–386f
of skeletal system, 386–87, 387ffalse negatives in, 413hot spots in, 397limitations of, 413for navicular disease, 493phases of, 377–78principles of, 377–78safety in, 378–80, 379f–380f
Nuclear scintigraphyof SCL, 802of SL, bone injury at, 646f
Nutraceuticals, 978–82Nutrition
for cartilage, 875for exertional rhabdomyolysis, 952–53,
952tfor foals, 1177
Nutritional myodegeneration (NMD), 942–43
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, 923
OA. See OsteoarthritisObel grades, of laminitis, 542tOblique sesamoidean ligaments (OSL),
imaging of, 346, 348f–350fObliquus extemus abdominis, 70fObturator artery, 62fOC. See OsteochondrosisOCDs. See Osteochondritis dissecansOff incidence artifact, 354–55Offset knees, 87fOlecranon bursitis
diagnosis/treatment of, 700–701, 701fimage of, 132f, 700fultrasound of, 370–71
Omohyoideus muscle, 71Open distal fractures, 642Open proximal fractures, 642Oral therapies, 975–82Organic iodide contrast material, 221t
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1234 Index
Orthopedic infections, prevention of, 1113–14
OSL. See Oblique sesamoidean ligamentsOsseus bodies
on metacarpophalangeal joint, 238fin navicular disease, 432
Osseus injury, to proximal palmar cortex, diagnosis of, 444–45, 445f
Ossificationof carpal bone, 1139of collateral cartilages, of distal phalanx,
513–14, 513fof cuboidal bone, 1135–37, 1136f, 1139,
1139fdelayed, 1139fimaging of, 361incomplete, identification of, 364–65of tarsal bone, 1139of tarsal joint, 892fzone of, 1124, 1126
Ossifying myopathy, 818–20, 819f–820fOsteitis
of distal phalanx, 1085–86infectious, 911–17, 911fpedal, 384f, 509–511, 510f–511f
Osteoarthritis (OA), 227f, 237arthroscopy for, 1005, 1007, 1007fof carpometacarpal joint, 680, 680fof cervical facet joints, 867–69,
868f–869ffrom CL instability, 756fcritical manifestation of, 883–84, 884fdiagnosis of, 499–500, 1082of DIP, 498–501, 498f–500f, 1087etiology of, 498–99, 498f–499ffrom exercise/athletic activity, 879in femorotibial joint, 812, 812fin fetlock joint, 607–9, 607f–609f, 884fin hip joint, 411f, 829–830, 829fof lower hock, 1078, 1087–88of navicular bone, 477physiologic trauma leading to, 879in PIP, 559
clinical signs of, 560–61, 560f–561fdiagnosis of, 561, 561fprognosis of, 565surgery for, 563–65, 564ftreatment of, 561–63, 561f–563
prognosis of, 500–501radiographic uptake in, 403f, 411f–412fof SHJ, 715–16in stifle, 238fof stifle joint, 812, 812ftalocalcaneal, 755, 755fof tarsal joint, 726–37, 728f–732f, 736ftreatment of, 500ultrasound of, 362
Osteochondral fractureschip
of carpus, 1052, 1052f–1053fof fetlock joint, 594–97, 594f–597f
diagnosis of, 442mechanism of, 594fof P1, 594–97, 594f–597fpost-mortem specimen of, 568fprognosis of, 578proximal dorsal, 595, 596ftreatment of, 568
Osteochondral fragmentationin femoropatellar joints, 1000, 1006fin fetlock joint, 998–99, 1001f–1004fprinciples of, 997–98
Osteochondral lesionspost-mortem view of, 715fultrasound of, 361–62, 362f
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCDs)characteristics of, 892–93, 893fdebridement of, 788–89depth of, 1156fin draft horses, 1088f–1089ffemoropatellar, 785–89, 786f–848f,
1156, 1156t, 1157fof fetlock joint, 1161images of, 231f, 238f–239f, 681fmanifestation of, 1155–56OCDs of, 785–89, 786f–788f, 1156,
1156t, 1157fof P1, 1161–62pathways of, 1155fprognosis of, 743, 1157, 1159radiographs of, 1158fSCLs and, 1163of SHJ, 1162–63, 1162fsigns of, 1156–57surgery for, 788–89, 1000, 1003, 1005of tarsocrural joint, 740–43, 741f–742f,
1159, 1160f, 1161, 1161ttreatment of, 743, 1157
Osteochondromacharacteristics of, 921–22, 922fsynovial, in hindlimb, 800
Osteochondrosis (OC), 239fof carpus, 681, 681fof distal radius, 681–83, 682fof hip joint, 823–25, 824f–825fintroduction to, 1155of metacarpophangeal joint, 240fof PIP
diagnosis of, 566–68, 566f–568fetiology of, 566
of SHJ, 712–15, 713f–715fof stifle, 239ftraumatic, 240, 240f
Osteodystrophia fibrosa, 923Osteolytic lesions, of calcaneal tuber, 752,
752fOsteomyelitis
of axial border, of proximal sesamoid bones, 606–607, 606f–607f
of calcaneal tuber, 752, 752fcharacteristics of, 912clinical signs of, 914hematogenous, 1172iatrogenic, 914prognosis of, 916radiographic signs of, 233–34, 233f–
234f, 914, 915ftraumatic, 913–14, 913ftreatment of, 915–16
Osteopathy, hypertrophic, 923–24, 923f–924f
Osteopenia, secondary, radiograph of, 232f
Osteopetrosis, 920Osteophytes
diagnosis of, 441–42on tarsus, 730f
Osteophytosis, 227f, 231fradiograph of, 235f
Osteoporosisgeneralized, 918–19localized, 919, 919f
Osteostixis, for dorsal cortical fracture, 623–24, 623f–624f
Otobius megnini, 946Output
of Equimetrix® by Centaure-MétrixTM, 163f
of Lameness LocatorTM by EquinosisTM, 158f–162f
Over-reachingdefinition of, 96bexample of, 102f
Overriding, of dorsal spinous process, 854–55
Overtrack, 95Oxygen-derived free radicals, 882
P1. See Proximal phalanxP2. See Middle phalanxPace, 95
cross firing at, 103fPaced diet, 1177fPACS. See Picture Archive and
Communication SystemPadded table, for anesthesia, 216fPaddling
definition of, 96bexample of, 84f
Painacupuncture points detecting, 204in adduction, 712fin axial skeleton, 1079–1080in back, 827, 1080
chronic, 1011palpation of, 142fprimary/secondary, 837–39, 838ffrom saddle, 107
in cervical vertebrae, 1078–79in foot, 1077in heel, 1077in knee, 131ffrom movement, 104–5in muscles, 940palmar heel, 476bprovocation tests for, 838fin sacroiliac joint, 1045in sacroiliac region, 1080–81in sole, 1077
PAL. See Primary angular ligamentPalmar anular ligament
desmitis of, 618fetlock constriction by, 616–18, 617flocation of, 13f
Palmar (backward) deviation, 85Palmar digital nerve
block of, 174t, 175, 175finjection site for, 175f
Palmar digital neurectomy, for navicular, 487–88, 488f
Palmar eminence fracture, 589fPalmar foot, 1183, 1183f
abnormalities in, 476bPalmar fragmentation, from PIP, 567fPalmar heel pain, abnormalities in, 476bPalmar process fracture, radiologic imaging
of, 402fPalmar rotation, 545, 545fPalpation
of back, 140, 142fof carpal bone, 131fof carpus, 128, 130fof digital flexor synovial sheath, 125fof dorsal spinous process, 142fof elbow, 132, 132fof femur, 139, 141fof fetlock, 123–24, 124fof flexor tendons, 128, 129fof forearm, 132, 132fof heel, 122fof hip, 139, 141fof iliopsoas muscle, 149fof inferior carpal check ligament, 128for lameness evaluation, 118–19of MC, 127f
bindex.indd 1234 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM
Index 1235
of MT, 124–26, 125fof neck, 143of pastern, 122–23, 122f–123fof pelvis, 139–40, 141fof scapula, 132–33, 133fof sesamoidean ligaments, 123fof shoulder, 132–33, 133fof SL, 645fof stifle, 137–39, 137f–139fof suspensory ligaments, 126, 127fof tarsus, 133–34, 134fof tibia, 134, 137, 137f
Parenteral medications, for musculoskeletal diseases, 951–53
Paresis, weakness in, 1105Partial tear, of round ligament, 826–27Partial volume averaging artifacts, 423Passive drainage, 1117Passive mobility test, 836, 836fPassive stretching exercises, 1013–14,
1013fPastern
angle of, 80fbroken angle of, 95fbroken back axis of, 82fconformation of, 87fenlargement of, 560fflexion of, 126fimaging of, 351f–353f, 559injection sites for, 188finjuries in, in Standardbred racehorses,
1041–42joint, 12f, 15long sloping, 87–88, 88fpalpation of, 122–23, 122f–123fradioactive imaging of, 396f
for disease, 398–401, 399f–401fring block, 175–76, 176fshort upright, 87, 87fstructures of, 12–15, 12f–15f
Pasture-associated laminitis, 542Patella
CaCr of, 318f–319fCrPR-DiCrO of, 302f–321fdistal, fragmentation of, 792–93, 792ffixation of, 138fflexed LM of, 316f–317ffractures of, 790–92, 791f–792f, 1082LM of, 312f–313fluxation of, 798–99, 799fsubluxation of, 798–99, 799fupward fixation of, 793–96, 794f, 827,
828fPatellar ligaments, 65f
desmitis of, 797–98, 797f–798ffemoro-, 54finflammation of, 138middle, 797, 797f
Patten shoe, 993f, 1087f, 1192tPBZ. See PhenylbutazonePectoralis ascendens, 70fPectoral muscles, attachments of, 36Pedal osteitis (PO)
clinical signs of, 509diagnosis of, 509–10, 510fetiology of, 509prognosis of, 511radiologic imaging of, 402ftreatment of, 510–11, 511f
Pelvic fractureclinical exam of, 840diagnosis of, 840etiology of, 840images of, 141f, 410fon-site management of, 841
in racehorse, 1036treatment of, 841types of, 841–45, 842f–845f
Pelvic hike, 117Pelvic limb
bones of, 40growth plate closure times in, 66tlymphatic drainage in, 64radioactive imaging of, 383f, 384stay apparatus of, 64, 65f, 66
Pelvic rotation, evaluation of, 169, 170fPelvis
asymmetry of, 170f, 171, 831fdelayed phase imaging of, 393–94,
393f–394fin hindlimb lameness, 114finjuries of, in foals, 1169–70movement of, normal, 168fpalpation of, 139–40, 141fradioactive imaging of, 385f
in disease, 408, 410f–411fscintigraphic images of, 851f–852fstructures of, 64V25M-DLO of, 324f–325fVD of, 322f–323f
Penetrating injuries, of foot, 523–25, 523f–525f
Performance horsescomplaints of, 1095–97history of, 1095lameness in
common problems in, 1077diagnosis of, 1076–77management of, 1077–82
non-musculoskeletal complaints of, 1097
signalment of, 1095at work, 152–53
Perfusionsinterosseus, 1116fregional limb, 1118–19, 1118f
Periarticular structuresappearance of, on ultrasound, 359,
359f–360fenthesophyte, 236support tissues, laxity of, 1138
Perinatal conditions, 1170–71, 1171fPerineural anesthesia. See also Nerve
blocksguidelines for, 174trestraints for, 173use of, 173–74
Periosteal reactions, 228–29Periosteal stripping (HCTP+PS), 1141–43Periosteum
hemicircumferential transaction of, incision of, 666f
histology of, 9fPeriostitis
characteristics of, 918, 918fof distal metacarpus, 621–25, 621f–624f
Peroneal nerve, block of, 182–83, 182fPeroneus tertius muscle, 50f, 65f
rupture of, 137f, 762–63, 762fPhalangeal joints
flexion of, 144frotation of, 542, 542f
Phalangesdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view
of, 252f–253fimmobilization methods for, 899
Phalanx. See Distal phalanx; Proximal phalanx
Phase wrap artifacts, 423Phenylbutazone (PBZ), 976
Physeal fracture, 691–92, 692f, 1139, 1139f
in foals, 1170Physical examination
of musculoskeletal system disorders, 940–41
prepurchase, 1092–93Physical therapy (PT)
client/clinical demand for, 1018future of, 1025introduction to, 1017
Physisbiomechanics of, 1126at calcaneal tuber, 890fcellular layers of, 1125fdevelopment of, 1123distal tibial, fractures of, 776external trauma to, 890, 1126fractures of, 1126–29, 1127f–1130fgrowth cessation of, 1126injuries to, classification of, 1126–29,
1127f–1129fmorphology of, 1123, 1124fvascularity of, 1126
Physitischaracteristics of, 825–26, 825fclinical signs of, 1132diagnosis of, 1132–33etiology of, 1132examples of, 1132f–1133fNSAIDs for, 1133prognosis of, 1134radiograph of, 1134ftreatment of, 1133
Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS), 215
Pigeon-toed, 83, 83f–84fPigmented hooves, 7Pin echo (SE), 419PIP. See Proximal interphalangeal jointPIT. See Proximal intertarsalPlaiting
definition of, 96btype of, 85
Plantar ligamentanular
desmitis of, 618fetlock constriction by, 616–18, 617f
desmitis of, 757Plantar metatarsal nerve, block of, 181,
181fPlantar rotation, 545, 545fPlasma
gravitational device for, 652finjection of, 653fPRP, 972–73
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 972–73Pleasure horses
competition of, 1062general treatment recommendations in,
1064–65, 1065fmusculoskeletal problems in
in axial skeleton, 1064in forelimb, 1062–63, 1062fin hindlimb, 1063–64
shoeing in, 1062fsynovitis in, 1065tendinitis in, 1065
PO. See Pedal osteitisPodotrochlear bursa, nerve blocks in,
186–87, 187fPoint of breakover, 991fPoint of hip, asymmetry in, 91fPoint of shoulder, 79Polyglycan®, 967
bindex.indd 1235 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM
1236 Index
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM), 950–51, 1097
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycansclinical trials of, 971–72for navicular, 487
Popliteal artery, 56fPopliteal lymph nodes, 55fPopliteus muscle, tendon of, 54fPositioning aids, 216–17, 216f–218fPost-legged, 89fPower, 95Prepurchase examination
guidelines for, 1093bprocedures for, 1091–94
Primary angular ligament (PAL), ultrasound of, 346f
Primary lameness, characteristics of, 110Procollagen, 874, 874fProliferative zone, 1124Prostaglandins, 882Proteoglycans, 874, 874fProton density, 420t, 421Proximal anular ligament
location of, 13fsyndrome of, 348
Proximal dorsal osteochondral fractures, 595, 596f
Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)abnormalities in, 559arthrodesis of, 567fCL of, rupture of, 570fluxation of, 568–71, 570f–571fnerve blocks in, 187–88, 188fOA of, 559
clinical signs of, 560–61, 560f–561fdiagnosis of, 561, 561fprognosis of, 565surgery for, 563–65, 564ftreatment of, 561–63, 561f–563
OC of, diagnosis of, 566–68, 566f–568fpalmar fragmentation from, 567fradiographic examination of, 562f, 572subluxation of, 568–71, 570f–571ftrauma to, 560, 560f
Proximal intertarsal (PIT), 194Proximal palmar/plantar cortex, osseus
injury to, diagnosis of, 444–45, 445f
Proximal phalanx (P1)dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view
of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
of, 266f–267fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection
of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,
256f–257ffracture of, 398f
clinical signs of, 582comminuted, 585–87, 586fdiagnosis of, 582, 584fin dorsal cortex, 581fetiology of, 580, 582noncomminuted, 582–85, 585fprognosis of, 587proximal/plantar eminence of, 596–97radiograph of, 580ftreatment of, 582–85, 585ftypes of, 579–80
imaging of, 350flateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view
of, 264f–265flateroproximodorsal-mediodistopalmar
oblique view of, 262f–263f
OCD fragments of, 1161–62osteochondral fractures of, 594–97,
594f–597fProximal planta metatarsal area, artifacts
in, 356fProximal/plantar eminence, of P1, fractures
of, 596–97Proximal sesamoid bone
diagnosis of, 440, 441fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view
of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection
of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,
256f–257ffractures of, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895finjuries in
in foals, 1167, 1168fin Standardbred racehorse, 1043
lateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view
of, 264f–265fosteomyelitis of, 606–607, 606f–607f
Proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD)characteristics of, 644in dressage/jumping horses, 1078–79in endurance horses, 1060, 1060fimage of, 127fMRI diagnosis of, 443, 444tin Quarter horse racehorses, 1051
Proximal tibial physis, fractures of, 774–76, 775f
PRP. See Platelet-rich plasmaPSD. See Proximal suspensory desmitisPSSM. See Polysaccharide storage
myopathyPT. See Physical therapyPubis
fractures of, 843, 844fright, VD of, 322f–323fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f
Puncturesdiagnosis of, 437in sole, 1209in tarsus, 914fultrasound of, 372, 373f
Push-off lameness, detection of, 169, 170fPVC splint, 900, 900f
Quadriceps musclefemoris, 65fruptured, 823
Quadrisol® (Vedaprofen), 977Quarter clips, 505fQuarter cracks, 534–35, 534fQuarter horses
cortical stress fracture in, 621ffatigue fracture in, 897, 897fflexural deformities in, 1147f–1148f,
1150fmare, abaxial sesamoid fracture in,
598fas racehorses
conformation of, 1047–48, 1048ffractures in, 1053images of, 1049finjuries in, in metacarpophalangeal
joint, 1050–51, 1051fintroduction to, 1047, 1047flameness examination in, 1049–50proximal suspensory desmitis in, 1051tendinitis in, 1051training of, 1048
shoeing of, 1048yearling, deformity in, 86f
Quarters, 525–27, 526f–527fQuittor, 514–15, 515f
Racehorsescondylar stress fracture in, 628flameness in, 113f, 1030–31pelvic fracture in, 1036poorly performing, 1097Quarter horse, conditions in, 1050–53,
1051f–1053fStandardbred, conditions in, 1041–45,
1042f–1045fthird metacarpal condyle of, 897f,
1034fThoroughbred, conditions in
in cannon bone, 1032–34, 1034fin fetlock joint, 1031–32of foot, 1031, 1031frisk factors for, 1029–30sesamoid bone fracture in, 1033fstifle injuries in, 1035–36studies of, 1029tarsal injuries in, 1035tendon/ligament injuries in, 1036–37,
1037fRadial nerve, paralysis of, 705–707,
706fRadiation safety, 378–80, 378f–380fRadiocarpal joint
effusion of, 129finjection site for, 192f
Radiofrequency coils, 417f, 418Radiography
farriery and, 1203–1207, 1203f–1206ffilm processing for, 211–12film viewing devices for, 211–12,
214ffor laminitis, 544–46, 545flimitations of, 240–41in navicular disease, 481–83, 482fnormal anatomy for, 241of osteomyelitis, 233–34, 233f–234f,
914, 915fof stifle, 801–802, 802f
Radiologyof bones, 227–28contrast examinations in, 221, 221tcortical changes in, 229–31, 234,
237f–239fequipment for, 207–12periosteal reactions from, 228–29principles of, 225safety in, 218–19, 219fof soft tissue
entheses, 227, 227f–228fgas, 226–27, 227fmineralization, 226, 226fthickening, 225, 226f, 233, 234f,
238fof synovial joints, 234–40, 235f–240ftechnique charts for, 219–21, 220f,
220t–221ttypes of, 207
Radioulnar relationships, 30Radius
CrCa of, 290f–291fdistal
carpus, 664fchip fracture of, 1035fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal
oblique projection of, 286f–287fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal
oblique view of, 282f–283fimages of, 577f, 581f–585f, 675flateromedial projection of, 273f
bindex.indd 1236 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM
Index 1237
OC of, 681–83, 682fplacement of, 624fprinciple of, 904–908, 904f–907f
dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique projection of, 278f–279f
dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique projection of, 280f–281f
dorsopalmar projection of, 276f–277fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique
projection of, 284f–285fflexed lateromedial projection of,
274f–275fin foals, 1124ffractures of, 687–92, 687f–692fimaging of, 372fimmobilization of, 900, 901flateromedial projection of, 273fML of, 288f–289f
Rapidity, 95Rare earth intensifying screen and film
combinations, 212tRasp, 1187fRearing, 835tReciprocal apparatus, 50fRectal examination, for hindlimb lameness,
148, 149fRectus femoris muscle, 57f, 61fRed blood cells, labeled, 377Reflective spheres, 155fRefractive artifacts, 355–56, 356fRegional limb perfusions, 1118–19,
1118fRegularity, 95Rehabilitation
client/clinical demand for, 1018future of, 1025introduction to, 1017
Reining horsesevents of, 1068musculoskeletal problems in, 1069pattern in, 1069f
Relaxation, 95Remodeling phase, of healing, 902Reparative phase, of healing, 902Repetition time (RT), 419Respiratory system, problems in, 1097Rest, visual exam at, 112Resting zone, 1123–24Restraints
for intrasynovial anesthesia, 184for perineural anesthesia, 173
Rhabdomyolysisacute, 948exertional
chronic, 948–49management of, 951–54, 952ttypes of, 947–50, 948t
image of, 400fmedications treating, 948t
Rhythm, 95Ribs, spring of, 79Right-to-left lateral projection (Rt-LeL)
of caudal cervical spine, 330f–331fof cranial cervical column, 326f–327fof midcervical spine, 328f–329f
Riskof infection, in surgery, 1115tof navicular disease, 475of Thoroughbred racehorses, 1029–30
Robaxin (Methocarbamol), 959Round ligament, partial tear in, 826–27RT. See Repetition timeRt-LeL. See Right-to-left lateral projectionRyding hoof tester, 121fRyegrass staggers, 1107
Sacroiliac jointanatomical specimen of, 847f, 851fdelayed phase imaging of, 393–94,
393f–394finjection into, 201f, 852–53, 853flocation of, 69fnerve blocks in, 200–201, 201fpain in, 1045radioactive imaging of, in disease, 408,
410f–411fsoreness in, 152thermography of, 474
Sacroiliac regionclinical signs in, 848–49diagnosis in, 849–51, 850f–852fdiseases of, 847location of, 69pain in, 1080–81prognosis for, 853treatment of, 852–53ultrasound of, 850f
Sacrumfractures of, 845images of, 67f, 68, 69fradioactive imaging of, 393f
Saddleback pain from, 107fit of
dynamic examination of, 1111–12introduction to, 1109poor, clinical signs of, 1109static examination of, 1109–11,
1110f–1111fthermography for, 474withers in, 1110f–1111f
pads, static examination of, 1111region, acupuncture points in, 1011
Safetyin nuclear medicine, 378–80, 379f–380fradiation, 378–80, 378f–380fin radiology, 218–19, 219f
Sagittal fractures, 745–47, 746fof talus, 748
Salter-Harris fractures, 691–92, 692f, 1127f
type II, 817fSand cracks, 534–35, 534fSarapin, 973Sartorius muscle, 57fScalping, 103fScapula
fractures of, 721–23, 721f–723fML of, 292f–293fpalpation of, 132–33, 133fradioactive imaging of, 393fradiographic uptake in, 406
Scapulohumeral joint (shoulder joint) (SHJ)craniolateral approach to, 193flexor muscles of, 35lateral approach to, 193ligaments of, 32–35luxation of, 717–18, 717fML of, 292f–293fnerve blocks in, 193, 194fOA of, 715–16OCDs of, 1162–63, 1162fOC of, 712–15, 713f–715fstructures of, 35
Sciatic nerve, 60Scintigraphy. See Nuclear medicineSCLs. See Subchondral cystic lesionsScoliosis, 864Screen-film system, 212t
for conventional radiography, 211Screws
in arthrodesis, 613fcancellous, 905, 905f, 906fcortical, 696fDHS, 908fixation of, 904f–905fthrough hoof wall, 506f, 529flag, for fractures, 999–1000, 1005fplacement of, 907fin tibia, 907f
SDF. See Superficial digital flexorSDFT. See Superficial digital flexor tendonSE. See Pin echoSecond metacarpal bone
dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view of, 271f
dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of, 270f
dorsopalmar view of, 269fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique
projection of, 284f–285f, 286f–287f
Second metatarsal boneD45L-PIMO of, 296f–297f, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 298f–299fDPI of, 294f–295f, 304f–305f
Semimembranous muscle, 57fSemitendinosus muscle, 57f, 60f
atrophy of, 137fSensor-based lameness evaluation system,
156–57, 157fSensory integration, 1024fSeptic arthritis
in foals, 1172imaging of, 425fradiograph of, 236f, 237of shoulder, 913fin young draft horses, 1089
Septic conditions, treatment of, 1115–16, 1116f
Serratus ventralis muscle, 70fSesamoid bone
fractures ofcomminuted, 600fprognosis of, 604proximal, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895fin racehorse, 1033ftreatment of, 602–603
proximaldiagnosis of, 440, 441fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique
view of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal
projection of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,
256f–257ffractures of, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895finjuries of, 1043, 1167, 1168flateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique
view of, 264f–265fosteomyelitis of, 606–607, 606f–607f
Sesamoidean bone, 14farticular abaxial fracture of, 598f–599f,
601fcomminuted fracture of, 600fdigital pressure applied to, 125f
Sesamoidean ligamentsattachments of, 14fpalpation of, 123ftypes of, 13f
Sesamoiditischaracteristics of, 604–605, 605fclinical signs of, 605diagnosis of, 605–606etiology of, 605
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1238 Index
Sesamoiditis—continuedprognosis of, 606radiologic uptake in, 403ftreatment of, 606
Sheared heelsclinical signs of, 526fetiology of, 525–26shoeing of, 518f, 1201–3, 1201f–1202ftreatment of, 527, 527f
Shin hitting, 103fShin splints, 621–25, 621f–625fShivering, 769–70Shivers
in draft horses, 1088–89etiology of, 1107
SHJ. See Scapulohumeral jointShock absorption, 987–88Shoeing
breakover in, 1196fcorrective, 986–87, 987f, 988tlameness and, 112in laminitis, 549–52, 550f–552fmovement and, 105natural balance, 1215–17, 1216f–1217fin navicular disease, 484–86, 485f–486f,
993fin pleasure horses, 1063fprinciples of, 992–95, 993f–994ffor protection, 992in Quarter horses, 1048of sheared heels, 519f, 1201–3,
1201f–1202fshoe types for, 993ffor support, 992surfaces and, 1075–76
Shoe pullers, 1281, 1282fShoes
bar, 1194, 1194fstraight, 1202f
clipped, 529fclog, 551fColleoni rolling, 994fegg-bar, 485f, 486, 550, 550f, 1194fextensions of, 1191four-point rail, 550, 550ffull bar, 504fglue-on, 1197–98, 1198fhalf-round, 1191fheart bar, 550, 550finner margin of, 1191fmaterials of, 1189–91Natural Balance®, 1217fpatten, 993f, 1087f, 1192tplacement of, 1195–97, 1196f–1197fremoval of, 1181–82, 1181f–1182f,
1181tSigafoos Series II, 552, 552fsize of, 1189–91steel, with quarter clips, 1193studs in, 1192tTennessee navicular, 993fwith trailers, 1194ftypes of, 993fwedged front, 1062f–1063fwide-web, 1190fwooden, 551f
Short tau inversion recovery (STIR), 420, 420f
medullary, hyperintensity, 432Shoulder
angle of, 80fatrophy of, 133fblood vessels in, 37delayed phase radioactive imaging of,
390, 392f
flexion test for, 145, 145fimaging of, 370f, 374finjection sites for, 194finjuries of, in foals, 1167–69, 1169flateral aspect of, 34flymphatic drainage in, 37medial view of, 31fmuscles of, 35–36
joint ligaments and, 32–35right, 33f
nerves in, 37osseus cysts in, 710fpalpation of, 132–33, 133fpoint of, 79fradiographic uptake in, 406septic arthritis in, 913fstructures of, 30, 32f
Shoulder joint. See Scapulohumeral jointSickle hocks, 89fSidebone, in draft horses, 1085Siemens Symphony 1.5-tesla
image of, 416fprotocols for, 422t
Sigafoos Series II shoe, 552, 552fSignaling pathways, in cartilage
breakdown, 883fSignal intensity
of blood, 426for injuries, 424for MRI, 420tof synovial fluid, 426
Signalmentlameness and, 112, 1095of performance horses, 1095
Sinography, 221–22, 222fSkeletal system
abnormalities in, 240–41axial
alignment of, 76fcomponents of, 66–68, 67fflexion tests for, 836f–837fpain in, 1079–80in pleasure horses, 1064
external fixation in, 583f, 586immature, in exercise, 894, 894fnuclear medicine evaluation of, 386–87,
387fSkin preparation, for anesthesia, 173SL. See Suspensory ligament (interosseus
medius muscle)Slab fractures
images of, 405f, 674f–675fof tarsal bones, 745–47, 746fof third carpal bone, 1035fof third tarsal bone, 745–47, 746f
Sliding plate, on hindlimb, 1069fSmall loop knives, 1208tSnaffle bits, 1101fSoft tissue
of carpus, damage to, 678–79, 679finjuries of
in foot, 494–98, 496f–497fVersa Tron shockwave for, 1065f
mobilization of, 1020phase
radioactive imaging of, 386, 388fshowing disease, 397, 397f
radiolabeling of, 377–78fradiology of
entheses, 227, 227f–228fgas, 226–27, 227fmineralization, 226, 226fthickening, 225, 226f, 233, 234f, 238f
remodeling of, 354, 355fSole
anatomy of, 3, 6fbruising of, 516–17, 516f–517f, 1207–8,
1208fhorn of, 9fpain in, 1077puncture wound in, 1209
Soleus muscle, 53fSpavin test, 146fSpeedy cutting, 103fSpinal cord
compression of, 1175mobilization of, thoracolumbar extension
of, 1014, 1014fSpinalis muscle, 70fSpine
biomechanics of, 833–37, 834t–835t, 836f–837f
delayed phase imaging of, 394–96, 395f–396f
mobility of, 834tradioactive imaging of, 384, 384f
in disease, 408, 411, 411f–412f, 413Spinous processes
dorsalimpingement of, 854–55palpation of, 142fscintigraphic imaging of, 855f
fractures of, 856–57, 857fSplenius muscle, 70fSplint bones, fractures of, 124, 640–44,
640f–643f, 679fSplinting. See also Immobilization methods
bandage, 612fKimzey, 612fin laminitis, 553, 554fPVC, 900, 900fin radial fracture, 690fof sesamoid bone fractures, 602Thomas, 771ffor tibia, 770–71in ulnar fracture, 695f
Splints, 637–40, 638f–639fshin, 621–25, 621f–625f
Spondylosisdiagnosis/treatment of, 863–64,
863f–864fthoracic vertebrae with, 863f
Spring of rib, 79SSL. See Straight sesamoidean ligamentStance, 98, 101f
duration of, measurement of, 166fStandardbred horses
apical sesamoid fracture in, 599fcondylar stress fracture in, 629fimaging values for, 354as racehorses
carpal injuries in, 1043–44, 1044ffoot problems in, 1041lameness exam for, 1039–41, 1040fMC/MT injuries in, 1043Pastern injuries in, 1041–42proximal sesamoid bone injuries in,
1043sport of, 1039stifle injuries in, 1045tarsal injuries in, 1044
Standing horses, manipulations of, 1105Standing under
from behind, 89f, 90in front, 87, 87f
Stand-off pads, 358Staphylococcus spp., 913Stationary force plate
development of, 171example of, 154f
bindex.indd 1238 9/25/2018 4:27:51 PM
Index 1239
mechanics of, 171–72Stay apparatus
of pelvic limb, 64, 65f, 66of thoracic limb, 37, 38f
Steel shoes, with quarter clips, 1193Step, 95
duration of, measurement of, 167fSternomandibularis muscles, 70f, 71Stiffness, 95Stifle (genu)
caudal aspect of, 54–55, 55fdeep dissection of, 56f
cranial aspect of, 52, 53fdorsal view of, 51fflexion test for, 146, 147ffractures of, intra-articular, 804–6,
805f–806fimaging of, 374finjuries of, 1081–82
in foals, 1169in Standardbred horses, 1045in Thoroughbred racehorse, 1035–36
lateral aspect of, 52, 53f, 54deep dissection of, 54f
medial aspect of, 55–56deep dissection of, 57f
MRI of, 447–48, 447fOA of, 238fOC of, 239fpalpation of, 137–39, 137f–139fradiographic uptake in, 406–7, 410fradiography of, 801–2, 802fSCLs of, 801–4, 802f–803fsoreness of, 153tests for, 138
Stifle joint (femoropatellar joint, femorotibial joint)
CaCr of, 318f–319fcharacteristics of, 783delayed phase radioactive imaging of,
390, 392fdistal patella fragmentation with,
792–93, 793feffusion of, 137f, 783–84, 783ffractures of, 789–90, 790f
with patellar fracture, 790–92, 791f–792f
inflammation of, 783–84, 783finjection sites for, 197f–199fintra-articular fractures of, 789–90,
790fL45Ca-CrMO of, 314f–315fLM of, 312f–313f, 800–1
flexed, 316f–317fmovements of, 58nerve blocks in, 196–99, 197f–199fOA of, 812, 812fOCDs of, 785–89, 786f–788f, 1156,
1156t, 1157fosteochondral fragmentation in, 1000,
1006fstructures of, 56–58
STIR. See Short tau inversion recoveryStraight bar shoes, 1202fStraight limbs, 91Straight sesamoidean ligament (SSL), injury
of, imaging of, 353fStreptococcus bovis, 536Stress fractures
corticalpalmar subchondral nondisplaced,
628f–629fin Quarter horse, 621f
imaging of, 229f–230fof MC, 625
radiographic uptake in, 404f–406fof tibia, 780, 1036, 1036f, 1053upper limb, in Standardbred racehorses,
1045, 1045fStride
caudal phase of, 111fcharacter of, 111cranial phase of, 111flength of, 95, 99, 101phases of, 98reduced, 835ttiming of, measurement of, 166,
166f–167fStringhalt
Australian, 768in draft horses, 1088etiology of, 768, 1107treatment of, 768–69, 769f
Studs, in shoes, 1192tSubchondral bone
changes in, 236, 236fdefects in, of elbow, 698–99, 699fimaging of, 438–39, 439f, 563finnervation of, 878primary disease of, 886–87, 886f
Subchondral bone cyst. See Subchondral cystic lesions
Subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs), 363characteristics of, 893–94, 893f–894fclinical signs of, 512of distal phalanx, 511–12, 512fof elbow, 698–99, 699fetiology of, 512of fetlock, 609–10, 610fnuclear scintigraphy for, 802OCDs and, 1163prognosis of, 512, 610of stifle, 801–4, 802f–803fsurgery for, 610ultrasound for, 803, 803f
Subluxationdorsal, 570of elbow joint, 697–98of patella, 798–99, 799fof PIP, 568–71, 570f–571fof tarsal joint, 753–54, 753f–754f
Subperiosteal callus, on third metacarpal bone, 622f
Superficial digital flexor (SDF), musclelocation of, 65frupture of, 764–65, 765ftendinitis in, 136f
Superficial digital flexor tendinitischaracteristics of, 649–50, 650fclinical signs of, 650–51, 651fetiology of, 650prevention of, 654rehabilitation in, 653–54treatment of, 651–53, 651f–653f
Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)abnormalities in, etiology of, 591abnormalities of, treatment of, 593branch injuries to, 591, 591fdesmitis of, of accessory ligament,
683–84desmotomy of, 1152in event horses, 1081in jumping horses, 1081lateral displacement of, 136floading of, 931fluxation of, from calcaneus, 758–59,
758fMRI diagnosis of, 442regions of, 348fstructures of, 13f
ultrasound of, 341f–345f, 349f–351f, 592, 592f
view of, 26fSuperficial peroneal nerve, 53fSuppleness, 95Supporting limb lameness, characteristics
of, 110Suppurative process, 408f, 410fSupracondyloid fossa, attachment in, 50fSupraglenoid tubercle, fractures of,
723–24, 724fSuprascapular nerve injury (SWEENY),
718–20, 719f–720fin draft horses, 1087
Supraspinatus muscle, atrophy of, 719fSupraspinous ligament injuries
clinical signs of, 856diagnosis of, 856, 856f
Surfacesselection of, for exam, 115–16track, lameness related to, 1048
Surgery. See also Arthroscopyfor asynchronous physeal growth,
1141–43for capped hock, 767, 767fCT indications for, 458–59cunean tenectomy, 731–32, 732fdrilling in, of tarsometatarsal/distal
intertarsal joints, 732–34, 733ffor flexural deformities, 1151–53for humerus fracture, 704indications for, 996–97infection risk in, 1115tfor navicular disease, 487–88, 488ffor OA, in PIP, 563–65, 564ffor OCDs, 788–89, 1000, 1003, 1005osteochondral fragmentation, removal
and, 997–1007, 998f–1007fpostoperative care from, 676preparation for, 1114–15for scapular fracture, 722, 723ffor SCLs, 610for SWEENY, 720ftechniques for, 996–97for tendinitis, 652–53
Surpass®, 961Suspension, 95Suspensory apparatus
of fetlock, 39traumatic rupture of, 611–13, 612f–613f
Suspensory ligament (interosseus medius muscle) (SL)
anatomy of, 65fattachments of, 645fbone injury at, nuclear scintigraphy of,
646fbranch injuries, diagnosis of, 440, 441fdegeneration of, 648–49, 648fdesmitis of
characteristics of, 644etiology of, 644, 645fimages of, 233f, 405f, 645f–646ftreatment of, 647–48
imaging of, 353f, 647navicular, desmotomy, 488palpation of, 126, 127f, 645fpressure test for, 128fultrasound of, 341f–343f, 346, 347f
SWEENY. See Suprascapular nerve injurySwelling, in carpus, 668–71, 669f–670fSwing, 99, 101fSwinging limb lameness, characteristics of,
110Symmetry
characteristics of, 111
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1240 Index
Symmetry—continuedof head/neck, 1105in work evaluation, 151
Symphysial tendon, 62fSynovial effusion, of femoropatellar OCDs,
1157fSynovial fistula, 671Synovial fluid
arthroscopy evaluation of, 460–62, 462fsignal intensity of, 426ultrasound of, 360, 361f
Synovial hernia, 671Synovial joints
distention of, identification of, 122fdrainage for, 1116–17, 1117flavage for, 1116–17, 1117fradiology of, 234–40, 235f–240f
Synovial membrane, function of, 872–73, 872f–873f
Synovial osteochondroma, in hindlimb, 800Synovial pad fibrotic proliferation, 999Synovial sheath, 365
infection of, 368Synovitis, 360, 812, 812f
arthroscopy evaluation of, 460–62, 461f–462f
characteristics of, 879–80diagnosis of, 1082of distal tarsal joint, 726–37, 728f–733f,
736fimportance of, 880–81in pleasure horses, 1064
Synoviumgeneral anatomy of, 365ultrasound of, 360
Systemic/parenteral medications, for musculoskeletal diseases, 957–59
Tack, movement with, 107Tail fixed, 835tTail on detector (TOD), 394fTail pull, 1106fTalocalcaneal osteoarthritis (TO), 754,
754fTalus
comminuted fractures of, 748D45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fDPI of, 304f–305fflexed DPI of, 310f–311fflexed LM of, 300f–301fLM of, 300f–301fsagittal fractures of, 748
Taraxacum officinael, 768Tarsal joint (hock joint)
bones of, ossification of, 1139bone spavin in, 726–37, 728f–733f, 736fcapsule of, 49components of, 48distal
enlargement of, 134, 135flaser treatment of, 729–30, 730fsynovitis of, 726–37, 728f–733f, 736ftest for, 134f
dorsal view of, 48fflexion test for, 145–46, 146ffour spaces in, 194injection sites for, 195fluxation of, 753–54, 753f–754fnerve blocks in, 194–96, 195f–196fOA of, 726–37, 728f–733f, 736fossification of, incomplete, 892subluxation of, 753–54, 753f–754f
Tarsal sheathswelling of, 134, 135f
tenosynovitis of, 758–61, 759f–760fultrasound of, 367
Tarsal valgus, 92Tarsocrural collateral ligament, desmitis/
instability/rupture, 755–56, 755f–756f
Tarsocrural effusion. See Bog spavinTarsocrural joint, 195, 994, 1006f
effusion of, 133fimaging of, 360fintra-articular fractures of, 747–49,
748f–749fmovements of, 49, 50fOCDs of, 740–43, 741f–742f, 1158,
1159f, 1160, 1161tTarsometatarsal (TMT), 194–96
injection site for, 196fjoint, drilling of, 732–34, 733f
Tarsus (hock)angles of, 89f, 90–91bone cysts of, acquired, 744–45, 745fbones of, 43cow, with base wide, 91f, 92D45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fdelayed phase radioactive imaging of,
390, 391fdorsal aspect of, 43, 51fdorsal dissection of, 44fDPI of, 304f–305f
flexed, 310f–311fflexed LM of, 302f–303fimmobilization methods for, 895injuries of
in foals, 1167, 1167fin Standardbred racehorses, 1044in Thoroughbred racehorses, 1035
lameness of, 725, 1053lateral aspect of, 43, 46fLM of, 300f–301flower, OA of, 1078, 1087–88medial aspect of, 43–44, 47fmedial dissection of, 45MRI of, 446–47, 446f–447f, 725, 726fwith osteophyte, 730fpalpation of, 133–34, 134fplanar aspect of, 47punctures in, 914radiographic exam of, routine, 725radiographic uptake in, 406, 407f–408fsickle, 89fsore, at work, 153trauma to, 133f
99mTc-labeled red blood cells (99mTcRBCs), 377
99mTcRBCs. See 99mTc-labeled red blood cells
TCM. See Traditional Chinese medicineTE. See Echo timeTeam roping horses
complaints of, 1095–96events of, 1066, 1067fmusculoskeletal injuries in, 1066
Technetium-99m, production of, 377Tellington-Jones, Linda, 1013Tempo, 95Tendinitis
common calcaneal, 763–64, 763fin DDFT, 430–31, 430f–431f, 654–55,
655fin endurance horse, 1061, 1061fin flexor tendons, 129fgastrocnemius, 763–64, 763fin pleasure horses, 1065prevention of, 932f
in Quarter horse racehorses, 1051radiologic uptake in, 403fsuperficial deep flexor, 649–54, 650f–
653f, 1037, 1037fin superficial digital flexor muscle, 136fsurgical management of, 652–53tendinosis v., 425–26ultrasound of, 651f, 652f
Tendinosis, tendinitis v., 425–26Tendons. See also Specific tendon i.e.
Flexor tendonsbiomarkers for, 934biomechanics of, 930, 930fblood supply to, 929cellular components of, 927–28, 928fconnective tissue associated with,
929–30, 930fdegeneration of, mechanisms of, 932–33endoscopy evaluation of, 465functions of, 930growth factors for, 927hierarchy of, 927finjuries of, 930–31, 931f
with exercise/age, 931–32, 932fhealing from, 933–34, 933tmonitoring of, 934in racehorses, 1036–37, 1037f
lacerations of, 657–59, 657f–658f, 935–37, 937f
molecular composition of, 928–29, 929fstructure of, 927tenoscopy evaluation of, 462–65,
463f–464fthermography of, 469–70, 471fultrasound evaluation of, 339, 352, 933t,
934, 935f–936fpathology of, 352, 353f, 354
Tendonography, 225Tendon sheath
diagnosis of, 442, 442fdigital
effusion of, 123ftenosynovitis, 650f
nerve blocks of, 190–91, 190frupture of, 669, 670fswelling of, 617ftenoscopy of, 617ftenosynovitis of, 618–19, 619f, 650f
Tenectomycunean, 731–32, 732flateral digital extensor myo-, 769f
Tennessee navicular shoe, 993fTenocyte, 927Tenoscopy
of DDFT, 592, 592fof DFTS, 617fuse of, 462–65, 463f–464f
Tenosynovitisof DFTS, 618–19, 619fof digital tendon sheath, 650fidiopathic, 367–68of tarsal sheath, 759–62, 760f–761fultrasound of, 368–69, 368f
Tenotomy, of DDFT, 553–55, 554f, 1152Tension band wires, 908fTensor fasciae latae muscle, 60f, 65fTetracyclines, 959Therapeutic touch, 1013Therapeutic trimming, 986–87, 987fThermography
of back problems, 471–73, 472fin endurance horse, 1061fof foot, 468instrumentation for, 466of joint disease, 468–69, 469f
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Index 1241
of ligaments, 470–71, 471fof long bone injuries, 468–69, 469fof muscles, 471principles of, 466–68, 466f–468fof sacroiliac joint, 473saddle fit, 473specific applications of, for lameness,
468–73, 469f–472fof tendons, 469–70, 471f
Thickening, soft tissue radiology of, 225, 226f, 233, 234f, 238f
Thighatrophy of, 114fblood supply to, 63–64caudal aspect of, 63cranial aspect of, 63lateral aspect of, 58, 59f–60fmedial aspect of, 61, 62fnerves of, 59–60
Third carpal bone, 1035fThird metacarpal bone (cannon bone)
condyles offracture of, 626–31, 626f–629fhistologic section of, 896fof racehorse, 897f, 1034f
CT of, 453f–454fdiaphyseal angular limb deformities of,
636–37, 637fdisease, 622fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view
of, 260f–261f, 271f, 278f–279fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view
of, 270f, 280f–281fdorsopalmar view of, 269f, 276f–277fdorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
of, 266f–267fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection
of, 258f–259fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique
projection of, 286f–287fflexed lateromedial projection of,
274f–275ffractures of, 631–36, 632f–635f, 902fimaging of, 424f
protocol for, 438internal fixation of, 915flateromedial view of, 267f–268f, 273flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view
of, 264f–265flateroproximodorsal-mediodistopalmar
oblique view of, 262f–263fosseus injury to, diagnosis of, 444–45,
445fracehorse injuries in, 1032–34, 1034fsubperiosteal callus on, 622f
Third tarsal boneattachment on, 50fcollapse of, 1136fflexed LM of, 300f–301ffracture of, 399fLM of, 300f–301fslab fractures of, 745–47, 746f
Thomas splint, 771fThoracic facet joint, necropsy specimen of,
860fThoracic limb
bones of, left, lateral view, 5fdigit, 3, 5tfetlock, 3, 5tgrowth plate closure in, 66tof musculoskeletal system, 3, 4tradioactive imaging of, 382stay apparatus of, 37, 38f
Thoracic vertebraebones of, 67f, 68
flexion of, 143lateroflexion of, 837fradioactive uptake in, 395f–396f, 412fradiograph of, 859fwith spondylosis, 863f
Thoracolumbar regionkyphosis of, 141fradioactive imaging of, 384f
Thoracolumbar spinal extension mobilization, 1014, 1014f
Thoroughbred horsesarticular basilar fracture in, 600fimaging values for, 354kyphosis in, 864flameness in, 113fracehorses, conditions in, 1029–37,
1031f, 1033f–1034f, 1037fthird metacarpal condyle of, 897f
Thoroughpin, 759–62, 760f–761f3-T magnet, for MRI, 418Thrombosis, of caudal aorta, iliac arteries
or, 845–46Thrush, etiology of, 521Tibia
CaCr of, 318f–319fD45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fDPI of, 304f–305fenostoses of, 780–81, 781fflexed LM of, 300f–301f, 316f–317ffractures of, 770–71, 771f
diaphyseal, 776–80, 777f–779fof distal physis, 776metaphyseal, 776–80, 777f–779fof proximal physis, 774–76, 775fstress, 780, 1036, 1036f, 1053
immobilization methods for, 770–71, 901, 902f
LM of, 300f–301f, 312f–313fpalpation of, 134, 137, 137fradiograph of, 230fscrews in, 907f
Tibial malleoli, fractures of, 748–49Tibial nerve, 55f
block of, 182, 182fneurectomy of, 736–37
Tibial tuberosity, 771–74, 770f–774fTie-down roping
events in, 1067, 1067fmusculoskeletal injuries in, 1067–68poor performance in, 1096
Tiludronate, for navicular disease, 487TMT. See TarsometatarsalTO. See Talocalcaneal osteoarthritisTOD. See Tail on detectorToe
calks, 1195fcracks in, 534–35dragging behind, 835t-in
conformation, 83, 83flameness, 84f
long-, 1199-out conformation, 83, 83f–85f
image of, 141fpigeon-, 83, 83f, 84fpivot, 101frolled, 1192t
Tooth, fracture of, 452fTopical/local therapies, 961–63Top line, curvature of, 77–78, 77fTorso
acceleration of, measurement of, 163, 163f
asymmetry of, 169
human, array coil, 417fvertical movements of, measurement of,
166–71, 166f–170fTrace elements, 981–82Tracers, 382Track surfaces, lameness related to,
1048Traction
devices, 1195in movement, 106
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), examination with, 203–4
Trainingfor dressage, 1073–74of eventing horses, 1075for jumping/hunting, 1074–75lameness problems in, 152movements in, 107of Quarter horse racehorses, 1048surfaces for, 1075–76
Tranquilizers, 948tTransfixation pin-casts, 578f, 920fTransverse metatarsal fracture, 634fTransverse scan planes, 358Trapezius muscle, 70fTraumatic acetabular fractures, 844–45,
845fTraumatic arthritis
characteristics of, 878–79of fetlock joint, 607–9, 608f–609f
Traumatic osteomyelitis, 913–14, 913fTraumatic rupture, of suspensory
apparatus, 611–13, 612f–613fTraumatic wounds, 1113–14, 1113fTravel, 95
defects in, 96bTriamcinolone acetonide, 965, 965tTrigger points, 203Trimming
for ALD, 1140–41barefoot horse, 1188–89, 1214–15before/after drawing of, 1215fexamination for, 986–87, 986fof foot, 1186–88, 1186f–1188fguidelines for, 1183–86, 1183f–1184fnatural balance, 1217fin navicular disease, 484–86,
485f–486fprinciples of, 988t, 995therapeutic, 986–87, 987f
Trochanteric bursa, nerve blocks in, 199
Trochanteric bursitis, 821–22, 822fTrochanteric lameness, 821–22, 822fTrochlear ridge fractures, 748, 748fTrot
beats of, 97fbiomechanics of, 834, 834tcircling at, 115hindlimb contact at, 103fsoreness at, 153
Trunk (barrel)conformation of, 75muscles of, 69–70, 70f
TSE. See Turbo spin echoTuber coxae
fractures, 841–43, 842f–843flocation of, 70f
Tuber sacrales, asymmetric, 851fTumoral calcinosis, 922–23Tumor necrosis factor-, 538, 877, 881fTumors, bone, 916–18, 917fTurbo spin echo (TSE), 419Tying-up syndrome, 400fType II collagen, 873–74
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UFP. See Upward fixation of patellaUlna
CrCa of, 290f–291fin foals, 1124ffractures of, 693–97, 694f–696fML of, 288f–289f
Ulnar nerve, block of, 174, 179, 180fUltrasonography
of acquired bursitis, 370–71advantages of, 365architecture of, 354of articular surfaces, 360–61artifacts from, 354–56, 356fof bicipital bursa, 369–70for bone evaluation, 371–72, 372fof bursa podotrochlearis, 369of bursa synovialis, 369of calcaneal bursa, 371of carpal hygroma, 371, 371fof carpal sheath, 367of DDFT, 341f–345f, 349f–352f
injuries to, 366–67, 366fof foreign bodies, 373–74, 374fof ICL, 341f–343f, 346introduction to, 338of joint capsule, 360, 360fof joint injuries, 356–59labeling of, 348of ligaments, 339, 352
pathology of, 352, 353f, 354limitations of, 354–56of MC, zones for, 340fof menisci, 364, 364fof muscles, 372–73, 372f
evaluation of, 941–42for navicular disease, 483of olecranon bursitis, 370–71of osteoarthritis, 362of osteochondral lesions, 361–62,
362fof PAL, 346fpatient preparation for, 339, 346periarticular structures appearance on,
359, 359f–360fof punctures/lacerations, 372, 373fof sacroiliac region, 850fscan protocol for, 339, 346science of, 338–39of SCLs, 803, 803fof SDFT, 341f–345f, 349f–351f, 592,
592fof SL, 341f–343f, 346, 347fof synovial fluid, 360, 361fof synovium, 360of tarsal sheath, 367of tendinitis, 651f–652fof tendons
evaluation of, 339, 352, 933t, 934, 935f–936f
of pathology, 352, 353f, 354of tenosynovitis, 368–69, 368f
idiopathic, 367–68therapeutic, 962–63
Upper forelimb flexion test, 145, 145fUpper limb
delayed phase radioactive imaging of, 390, 391f–392f
flexion test, 145flong bones in, diagnostic imaging of,
404, 405fstress fracture, 1045, 1045f
Upper motor neuron tracts, 1104Upward fixation of patella (UFP)
clinical signs of, 793, 793fwith coxofemoral luxation, 827, 828fetiology of, 793–94intermittent, 1082treatment of, 793–96
Upward flick, 117Urokinase plasminogen activator, 881f
V25M-DLO. See Ventromedial-dorsolateral oblique projection
ValgusALD, 1138, 1138fcarpal, 85–86, 662f, 1142ftarsal, 92
Varuscarpal, 86, 662f, 1138fetlock, 1140f, 1142f–1143f
Vascular canals, of foot, 251fVascular phase, radioactive imaging of,
386for disease, 396–97, 396f–397f
Vasoconstriction, 537Vastus medialis muscle, 57fVD. See Ventrodorsal projectionVedaprofen (Quadrisol®), 977Venous drainage, of foot, 19, 19fVentrodorsal projection (VD), of pelvis,
322f–323fVentromedial-dorsolateral oblique
projection (V25M-DLO), of pelvis, 324f–325f
Versa Tron shockwave, for soft tissue injuries, 1065f
Vertebral articulations, 68–69Vertebral column, 66–68, 67f
anatomy of, 833biomechanics of, 833–37, 834t–835t,
836f–837fcervical, Rt-LeL of, 326f–327fflexion tests for, 857fmalformation of, 141fpain provocation tests of, 858f
Vertebral facet joint syndrome, arthritis of, 858–62, 859f–861f
Vertebral fracturesdiagnosis of, 857treatment of, 857–58
Vertical movementsamplitude of, 171of torso, measurement of, 166–71,
166f–170fVeterinary control, of endurance horses,
1054–57, 1056fVIBE. See Volumetric interpolated breath-
hold examinationViewing devices, 211–12, 214fVillonodular synovitis, 999Virus, 1107Visual examination
at exercise, 115–16at rest, 112
Vitamin C, 981Vitamin E, 981Vitamins
deficiency of, 943in foals, 1177
for lameness, 981–82Volumetric interpolated breath-hold
examination (VIBE), 428f
Walkbeats of, 96fbiomechanics of, 834, 834tlateral, 835t
Wedged front shoes, 1062f–1063fWedge heel, 989fWedge test, navicular, 148fWeight
bearing, 988–90, 989f–990fbearing cassette holder, 218flameness and, 112
West Nile virus, 1107Whirlbone lameness, 821–22, 822fWhite blood cells, high, in infectious
arthritis, 826White line disease (WLD)
ascending infection of, 518, 519fcharacteristics of, 521–23, 521fetiology of, 1205from keratoma, 538f
Wide behind, 835tWidest part of the foot (WPOTF), 1213–14Wide-web shoe, 1190fWing fracture, 492f
ilial, 841, 842f–843fWinging, 84f, 96bWires, placement of, in quarter crack
repair, 1204fWithers
proportions of, 78in saddle fit, 1110f–1111f
WLD. See White line diseaseWobbler syndrome
clinical signs of, 1174diagnosis of, 1175–77, 1175f–1177fmyelography for, 1176, 1177fprognosis of, 1177–78treatment of, 1177–78
Wooden shoe, 551fWood positioning block, 217fWork
evaluation atprocedure for, 151–52reasons for, 151
performance horses at, 152–53Wounds
healing of, in casts, 635–36puncture
diagnosis of, 437in sole, 1209in tarsus, 914fultrasound of, 372, 373f
traumatic, 1113–14, 1113ftreatment of, 1115–16, 1116f
WPOTF. See Widest part of the foot
X-ray machinesaccessory equipment for, 215cassette holder for, 216fcontrol panel for, 208fequivalent exposures for, 220tHF 100 equine technique chart for, 220fportable, 209, 209fsettings of, 207–8technique chart for, for knee, 221ttimers on, 210–11types of, 208–9, 210fuse of, 207
Zenecarp (Carprofen), 977Zinc, 981
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