An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics, Third Edition. Natsuko Tsujimura.© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Index

Abe, J., 424–5 “abi-dabi” language, 74 Absolute Case (Warlpiri language), 239 accent (pitch accent), 27–33, 96–104,

116n–17n cross-linguistic comparisons, 29–30, 32 sociolinguistic variation, 406–7

Accessibility Hierarchy see Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy

Accomplishments, 347–8, 352–3, 392–3 Accusative Case -o , 134, 135–6, 141–2,

174, 205, 233–4, 272–9, 294, 295, 302n, 360–1, 371–2, 397n

Achievement verbs, 347–8, 349, 352, 357–8, 365–6, 392–3

Activity verbs, 347–8, 349, 352, 366 addressee honorifi cs, 411–14, 416,

425–7 adjectival nouns, 137–40, 146, 147,

173–4, 216–17 see also nominal adjectives

adjectives, 131–2, 138, 144, 156, 216–17 adverbial phrases, 283–4 adverbs, 132–3 adversative (indirect) passives, 269–72,

280–1 affi xation, 148, 150–2, 168–74 affi xes, 143–50 affricate consonants, 12, 18 age differences (sociolinguistic

variation), 421, 422–3, 429n

agent, 176, 177, 345–6, 355–6, 367, 368 agentive suffi x -te , 150–2, 170–1, 172–3,

341–56, 386–7, 393–5, 396n–7n Aikawa, T., 255, 256, 262, 263, 264–5,

301n, 302n Akita dialect, 405, 409 allophones, 20–1, 39–54 alphabetic writing system

(Romanization), 5–7 alveo-palatal consonants, 11, 12, 15, 18,

115n alveolar consonants, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

18, 55–6, 107–9, 155–6 alternation, 45, 47–52, 53–4

ambiguity, 230–1, 234, 258–62, 283–4, 293, 309–10, 311, 312–13, 338, 356, 384–7, 397n

Ancash Quechua, 292–3 animacy, 256, 282, 299–300 anticausative alternation, 164, 165–7 antonyms, 311–12 Aoyama, K., 35 Arabic, 18, 164 argument structure, 177–8, 186–8,

200–13, 250–1, 265–72, 313–14, 344–6

Arikawa, S., 84 articles, in English, 378 aspect (verbs), 184–5, 191–4, 335,

340–70, 392–5 aspectual verbs, 361–70

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

456 Index

clipping, 79, 154–5 coarticulation, 14–15, 34, 44–7, 115n coda, 65–6, 69 Cole, P., 292–3 compound words, 56, 76–81, 86–96,

116n–17n, 152–4, 174–214, 361–70

Comrie, B., 238, 239, 241, 287–8, 297–8, 335, 342

conjunctions, 126–7, 246 consonants, 8–21

coarticulation, 14–15, 34, 44–7, 115n

gemination, 18–21, 35–6n, 70–1, 77, 113–14, 117n

L2 learner errors, 33–5 mimetic words, 333–4 palatalization, 18, 34–5n, 104–9 phonological constraints on, 67–8 place and manner of articulation, 8,

9–10, 18, 36n, 45–6 sociolinguistic variation, 405–6

constituency (syntactic constituency), 229–31

continuative verbs, 349, 350, 366 cooperative principle, 375–7 coordination, 246, 396n copulas, 127, 133–4, 138–9 Crawford, C., 82 cross-linguistic comparisons

language acquisition, 392–3, 394–5

lexicon, 104 morphology, 125, 127, 133, 135, 139,

142, 148, 154, 164–5, 252–3 phonetics, 10, 11–13, 14, 15, 16f–17f,

18–21, 22, 23f, 24, 27–9, 30, 32, 155–6

phonology, 29–30, 32, 65–6, 68–72, 81–5, 96, 116n

semantics, 309–10, 316–17, 318–19, 338, 339, 340, 347–9, 357–8, 370–5, 378

syntax, 238–41, 242, 243, 251–3, 255–7, 258, 261–2, 263, 264, 271–2, 285–8, 292–3, 296–300, 301n, 302n

Crossing-Over Constraint, 301n culture, 322–31, 377

aspiration, 10, 39–40, 115n assimilation, 14–15, 34, 44–7, 115n auxiliary verbs, 130–1, 173, 252–3,

328–31, 396n

back vowels, 22, 23 “babibu” language, 72–4 beautifi cation honorifi cs, 418–19 Beckman, M. E., 67 Biblical Hebrew, 240 bilabial consonants, 9–10, 11, 14, 18, 33,

82 bimoraic foot, 109–13 blending, 68, 70 Bloch, B., 18, 35n borrowing (loanwords), 20–1, 36n, 58–9,

81–5, 102–4, 140–2, 145–7, 148–50, 155–7, 418

bound morphemes, 143–50 Bowerman, M., 3

case particles, 97, 103–4, 116n, 126, 134–7, 139–42, 146, 162–3, 173–4, 205, 217–19, 233–4, 243–6, 250–1, 257–60, 266–9, 272–9, 302n, 358–61, 421

Double- o Constraint, 274–9, 295, 302n

Ga/Ni conversion, 358–60 Ga/No conversion, 288–90 light verb construction, 293–5 locative alternation, 371–2

causative constructions, 147, 158–67, 205–13, 272–84, 302n

alternation, 164, 165–7 in English, 2–3

central vowel, 22, 23 Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua)

loanwords from, 58–9, 140–2, 145–6, 150–2, 153, 156

phonetic features, 28, 29, 30 syntax, 266, 285

Chomsky, N., 3, 309 citation form (non-past tense) see

non-past tense (citation form) Clancy, P. M., 215–16, 217, 218, 219,

426, 427 Clark, E., 392 clausemate condition, 258–9, 263–4

Index 457

semantics, 318–19, 338, 339, 340, 347–9, 357–8, 370–5, 378

speech errors, 68–9, 71–2 learner errors, 2–3, 33–4

syntax, 242, 243, 251, 253, 255–7, 258, 261–2, 263, 264, 265, 266, 271–2, 285–6, 302n

causative constructions, 2–3, 158, 161

English speakers of Japanese, 13, 33, 34–5, 113–14, 297, 394–5

entailment, 315, 316–17 epenthesis, 83–5 equipollent alternation, 165–7 Ergative Case (Warlpiri language),

239 experiencer, 177

female speakers, 324, 325, 414–25, 428, 429n

Fillmore, C., 176, 319 Finegan, E., 22, 322 fi rst language acquisition, 1–4

morphology, 214–21, 389–90, 392, 393–5

nativist theory, 3 phonetic features, 33–5 phonological features, 109–14 semantics and pragmatics, 387–95 sociolinguistic variation, 425–8 syntax, 295–300

fl aps, 83 French, 164 fricatives, 10–12, 18, 33, 50–2, 53–4,

82–3, 155–6 Fromkin, V., 60, 68, 125, 135 front vowels, 22 Fujiwara, Y., 217, 219, 408 Fukui, N., 371 fusion, 74–5 future completed state, 339–40

Ga/Ni conversion, 358–60 Ga/No conversion, 288–90 -ga (Nominative Case), 97, 103–4,

134, 135–6, 141–2, 205, 250–1, 257–8, 288–90, 358–60, 361, 377–80

gapping, 251–4, 290–1, 384–7

-da (copula), 127, 133–4, 138–9 Dative Case -ni , 134, 219, 257–8, 266–9,

272–5, 276–7, 300n–1n, 358–60 Davis, S., 69, 90 Deguchi, M., 333 deixis, 319–31 demonstratives, 126, 170, 320–2 derivational morphemes, defi nition,

143–4 Describability Condition, 387 -desu/masu , 217, 425–7 deverbal nouns, 79–81, 168–74, 180–1 devoicing, 26–7, 35n, 40–4, 54–6, 114n,

115n dialects, 403–10

phonetic features, 23, 26, 29–30, 32–3, 36n, 403–6

phonological features, 41–4, 74–5, 85–104, 406–8

syntactic features, 262–3, 421 Diffl oth, G., 331 diphthongs, 116n direct passives, 266–9 dissimilation, 59–60, 61–5 ditransitive verbs, 267–9, 302n Double- o Constraint, 274–9, 295, 302n Downing, P., 380–2 Dowty, David R., 347, 348, 352 Dubinsky, S., 278 duration (lengthening/shortening), 20,

24–5, 35, 69, 70, 71, 77–8, 83 see also gemination

dvandva compounds, 153–4, 178–9

Eckman, F., 298 ellipsis, 251–4, 290, 291 embedded clauses, 249–51, 259–61,

263–4, 283–4, 289–90 English

acquisition issues, 33–4, 296–7, 392–3 language games, 72, 74 loanwords from, 140, 141–2, 147,

155–6 morphology, 96, 127, 148, 164–5 phonetic features, 10, 11–13, 14, 15,

16f, 18, 22, 23f, 155–6 suprasegmental features, 28, 32

phonological features, 39–40, 65, 66, 68–9, 71–2, 96, 116n

458 Index

Himeno, M., 195, 197, 200, 205, 208, 222n, 370

Hindi-Urdu (Indo-European language), 164, 165

Hiragana syllabary, 5, 6f, 7, 24–5 Hirata, Y., 20 Hirayama, M., 20 Hixkaryana (Cariban language), 240 Hoff, J., 195, 197, 200, 213 Homma, Y., 20 homonyms, 311 honorifi cation, 189–90, 213, 301n, 302n,

377, 396n, 410–14, 416–19, 425–8, 429n

Hoshi, K., 279 Howard, I., 260–1 humble forms (honorifi cs), 410–11,

412–14, 427–8 Hyman, L. M., 28–9 hypallage phenomoenon, 371–2 hypercorrection, 418–19 hypothesis testing, 3–4

Ibaraki dialect, 423–4 Ide, S., 415, 416, 418, 419, 429n Idemaru, K., 20 ideophonic words, 104 idioms, 198–200, 318–19 Igbo (Niger-Congo language), 28–9, 30 Iida, M., 80, 140, 141, 222n, 301n Ikegami, Y., 317 implicational universals, 240–1 in-group, 323–31, 410–11, 419 inchoative (intransitive) verbs, 157–67,

200–13, 222n, 270–2, 274–5, 281–2, 345–6, 353–6, 366–70, 396n

indirect (adversative) passives, 269–72, 280–1

indirect speech acts, 376–7 infi xes, 148 infl ectional morphemes, 144–8 Ingram, D., 110 Initial Lowering Rule, 30 Inoue, M., 255, 256, 261, 278 instantaneous verbs, 349, 350–1, 365–6 intentional beginning, 193–4, 363–4

Geisha client names, 77–8 gemination, 18–21, 35–6n, 70–1, 77,

113–14, 117n gender differences (sociolinguistic

variation), 74, 324, 325, 415–25, 428, 429n

Genitive Case -no , 126, 134, 139–40, 146, 170, 172, 174, 234, 241, 288–90, 294–5, 380–2

Georgian (Kartvelian language), 164 German speakers of Japanese, 394–5 gerund, 99, 100, 117n, 127, 128, 129,

130–1, 311, 329–30, 341–7, 375, 393–5, 396n–7n

giving verbs, 173, 322–31, 377, 396n glides, 13–14, 33–4 glottal consonants, 12, 35n, 51–2 goal, 177 Greenberg, J. H., 238, 240–1 greetings, dialectal variation in, 409 Grice, H. P., 375–6 Grimshaw, J., 294 Gruber, J., 176 Guion, S., 20 -gurai , 98

habitual aspect, 336–7, 341, 342, 343 Haig, J., 421 Hale, K., 239 Halle, M., 28 Ham, W., 20 Hamano, S., 105, 106, 333–4 Han, M., 20, 35 Harada, S., 242, 243–4, 246, 273, 275,

279, 288, 289–90, 301n, 418–19 Haraguchi, S., 30, 72, 73–4, 405, 406 Hardison, D., 113–14 Hasegawa, N., 74–5 Haspelmath, M., 164–6 Hatano, K., 217 Hayatsu, E., 157 head-dependency relations, 285–93,

297–300 Hebrew (Semitic language), 240 height (vowels), 22, 23, 26, 36n Hepburn Romanization, 35n Higurashi, Y., 86, 90, 91, 97

Index 459

Koster, J., 262 -ku , 132 Kubozono, H., 31–3, 67, 68–9, 70, 71–2,

75, 84, 86, 91, 95, 104, 115n, 116n, 152

Kuno, S., 193, 261, 273, 301n, 321–2, 358–61, 363, 366, 378, 379–80

Kunrei Romanization, 5–6, 35n Kurisu, K., 117n Kuroda, S.-Y., 252, 256, 261, 273, 275,

277–8, 292, 293 Kyoto dialect, 407, 408–9

L1 acquisition, 1–4 morphology, 214–21, 389–90, 392,

393–5 nativist theory, 3 phonetic features, 33–5 phonological features, 109–14 semantics and pragmatics, 387–95 sociolinguistic variation, 425–8 syntax, 295–300

L2 acquisition, 2–3, 13, 33–5, 217, 295–300, 387, 393–5

L1 transfer effects, 394–5 labio-dental fricatives, 11, 82–3, 156 Ladefoged, P., 18, 24, 34, 67, 116n Lakhota (Siouan language), 292–3 language acquisition see L1 acquisition;

L2 acquisition language contact, 81–2 language games, 72–4, 78–9 language typology, 238–41, 301n larynx, 7, 8f, 9f Latin, 135 learner errors, 214–16 Lehmann, W. P., 285 lengthening, 20, 24–5, 35, 69, 70, 71,

77–8, 83 see also gemination lesbians, 424–5 Levin, B., 370, 373 lexicalization, 373–5, 388–92 lexicon, 148–50

compounds, 56, 76–81, 86–96, 116n–17n, 150–7, 174–214, 361–70

cross-linguistic comparisons, 104

interdental fricatives, 11, 82–3, 155 interlanguages

morphosyntactic features, 217 phonetic features, 13, 33–5 phonological features, 109–13 syntactic features, 2–3, 295–300

internally headed relative clause, 291–3 intonation, 407–8 intransitive verbs, 157–67, 200–13, 222n,

270–2, 274–5, 281–2, 345–6, 353–6, 366–70, 396n

Italian, 18, 20, 252–3 Ito, J., 56, 58, 60, 79, 106, 115n, 148,

149, 222n Ivana, A., 302n Iwasaki, S., 410

Jackendoff, R., 176 Jacobsen, W. M., 129, 130, 157, 159–60,

163, 205, 342, 344, 351–2, 355–6 Japanese speakers of English, 33–4,

296–7 Japanese L2 speakers, 13, 33, 34–5,

113–14, 297, 298–300 Jorden, E., 133, 322, 323

Kaburaki, E., 322 Kageyama, T., 80, 140, 141, 152, 153,

157, 166, 167, 169, 175, 179, 181, 183, 184, 188, 191, 195, 197, 200, 204, 205, 317, 371, 372

Kagoshima dialect, 75, 407, 409 Kakehi, K., 331, 332 Kanno, K., 299–300 Kansai dialects, 262–3, 408–9, 424 Katada, F., 263 Katayama, M., 104 Kato, K., 396n Kawahara, S., 20, 21 Keenan, E. L., 287–8, 297–8 Kindaichi, H., 56, 349–52 Kitagawa, C., 423 Kitagawa, Y., 273, 285, 291 ko-so-a-do words, 320–2 Koenig, J., 317 Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujo (National

Language Research Center), 410

460 Index

manner, of motion, 373–5, 388, 389 markedness, 239 Martin, S., 140, 169, 171, 172, 186, 278,

343, 344 Masuoka, T., 184 Matsumoto, Y(o)., 184, 191, 193, 194,

195, 197–8, 200, 343, 363–4, 366, 386–7

Matsumoto, Y(oshiko)., 291, 384–6 Maynard, S., 382–4 McCawley, J. D., 56, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90,

91, 97, 99, 103–4, 116n, 117n, 148, 156, 285

McClure, W., 340, 358 men, speech patterns, 74–5, 414–25, 428,

429n Mester, R. A., 56, 58, 60, 86, 95, 106,

115n, 148, 149, 222n, 294 metaphor, 317–18 -mi , 171 mimetic words, 36n, 104–9, 117n,

148–50, 154, 221n–2n, 331–4, 373–5, 387–92, 396n

Miyagawa, S., 140, 242, 278, 279, 281, 282, 343, 344, 380, 386

moras, 65–81, 85–104, 109–13, 115n, 133–4, 405

Morikawa, H., 218–19 morphemes, 142–50 morphology, 125–221

acquisition issues, 214–21, 389–90, 392, 393–5, 425–8

adjectives, 131–2, 138, 144, 156 adverbs, 132–3 affi xation, 148, 150–2, 168–74 case particles, 97, 103–4, 116n, 126,

134–7, 139–42, 146, 173–4, 233–4, 250–1, 272–9

Double- o Constraint, 274–9, 295, 302n

Ga/Ni conversion, 358–60 Ga/No conversion, 288–90, light verb construction, 293–5 locative alternation, 371–2

cross-linguistic comparisons, 125, 127, 135, 139, 142, 148, 154, 161, 164–5, 252–3

defi nition, 125, 133 derivational morphemes, 143–4 dialectal variation, 408–9 lexical aspect, 342, 347–61, 366–72,

392–5 lexical categories, 231 lexical causatives, 281–4 lexical V–V compounds, 184–205 loanwords, 20–1, 36n, 58–9, 81–5,

102–4, 140–2, 145–7, 148–50, 155–7, 418

mimetic words, 36n, 104–9, 117n, 148–52, 154, 221n–2n, 331–4, 373–5, 387–92, 396n

nominalization, 168–74 phonological constraints on, 75–96,

116n–17n, 148–50, 221n–2n slang, 418 see also semantics

Lezgian (Nakho-Daghestanian language), 164

Li, P., 393 light verb construction, 293–5, 302n linguistics, 1 lip rounding (vowels), 23, 26, 36n liquids, 12–13, 34, 36n, 83, 108–9 Lithuanian (Indo-European), 165 loanwords, 20–1, 36n, 58–9, 81–5,

102–4, 140–2, 145–7, 148–50, 155–7, 418

locative alternation, 371–2 long-distance refl exivization, 259–61,

283, 295–7 long-distance scrambling, 247–9 Lovins, J. B., 20, 82, 83, 156 Lyman ’ s Law, 59–60, 61–3, 65, 115n

Maddieson, I., 20 -made , 97 Malagasy (Malayo-Polynesian

language), 240 Mandarin (Chinese)

loanwords from, 58–9, 140–2, 145–6, 150–2, 153, 156

phonetic features, 28, 29, 30 syntax, 266, 285

lexicon (cont’d)

Index 461

nominal adjectives, 137–40, 146, 147, 173–4, 216–17 see also adjectival noun

nominal clauses, 79–81 nominalization, 168–74 Nominative Case -ga , 97, 103–4, 134,

135–6, 141–2, 205, 250–1, 257–8, 288–90, 358–60, 361, 377–80

non-intentional beginning, 193–4, 363–4, 368, 369–70

non-past tense (citation form), 128, 131–2, 147, 336–7, 340, 342

Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (NPAH), 288, 297–9

nouns, 126–7, 179–83, 221n, 222n adjectival nouns (nominal

adjectives), 137–40, 146, 173–4, 216–17

deverbal nouns, 79–81, 168–74, 180–1 ellipsis, 251–4, 290, 291 pitch accent, 86–96 verbal nouns, 140–2, 163, 168–74,

293–5 see also compound words

nucleus, 65–6, 69

-o (Accusative Case), 134, 135–6, 141–2, 174, 205, 233–4, 294, 295, 302n, 360–1, 371–2, 397n

o- causatives, 272–9 Object Honorifi cation, 302n, 396n, 429n obscenity, 418 obstruents, 59–65, 115n Oehrle, R., 271, 280 Ogihara, T., 335, 339 O ’ Grady, W., 154 Okamoto, S., 410, 414, 422–3 Okinawan dialects, 405 Okubo, A., 110, 217 Okuda, Y., 353 Okutsu, K., 162, 163, 166–7, 222n Old Japanese, 115n onabe (gender identity), 424 onomatopoeia, 104 onset, 65–6, 69 Osaka dialect, 406, 408–9 Ota, M., 109–10, 111

nouns, 126–7 adjectival nouns, 137–40, 146, 156,

216–17 verbal nouns, 140–2, 168–74 word formation, 56, 78–81, 86–96,

150–7, 174–214 passives, 147, 148, 160–1, 190–1,

265–72, 279–81 reduplication, 105, 154, 221n–2n, 333,

396n Righthand Head Rule, 157, 179, 201,

208 stylistic variation, 382–4, 411–14,

416–18 suffi xes, 76–7, 80, 96–104 types of morpheme, 142–50 verbs see verbs

motion verbs, 373–5, 388, 389, 390–2 Motohashi Saigo, M., 113–14 Muansuwan, N., 317 Murasugi, K., 220–1

N–N compounds, 87–96 N–V compounds, 179–83, 222n -na (adjectival noun suffi x), 137–8, 139,

146 Nagoya dialect, 421 Nakamura, M., 263, 426–7, 428 Nakasone, S., 405 Nakau, M., 338 Nakizin dialect, 405 Napoli, D. J., 135 nasal consonants, 8, 9, 14–15, 44–7,

115n nativist theory (language acquisition), 3 -ni (Dative Case), 134, 219, 257–8,

266–9, 300n–1n, 358–60 ni- causatives, 272–5, 276–7

nicknames, 76–7, 116n Niekawa-Howard, A., 260–1 Nishimura, K., 20 Nishio, H., 271, 280 -no (Genitive Case), 126, 134, 139–40,

146, 170, 172, 174, 234, 241, 288–90, 294–5, 380–2

Noda, M., 133, 322, 323 Noji, J., 219, 388–92

462 Index

Pickett, E. R., 20 Pig Latin, 72 Pinker, S., 2–3 pitch accent, 27–33, 96–104, 116n–17n

cross-linguistic comparisons, 29–30, 32 sociolinguistic variation, 406–7

plosives (stops), 8–10, 18, 47–9, 53–4, 405–6

plurals, 127, 221n, 255 politeness, 189–90, 213, 301n, 302n,

377, 396n, 410–14, 416–19, 425–8

polysemy, 312, 318–19 Port, R. F., 67 Portuguese loanwords, 59 Poser, W., 75–9, 86, 90, 275 possessives (genitive case), 126, 134,

139–40, 146, 170, 172, 174, 234, 241, 288–90, 294–5, 380–2

postpositions, 133–4, 136–7, 220–1, 231–4, 241, 244–6, 266–9

Potawatomi (Algonquian language), 125 pragmatics, 322–8, 375–87, 414

cooperative principle, 375–7 defi nition, 302n, 310 and syntax, 260–1, 291

predicate–argument relation, 175–9 prefi xes, 145–7, 418–19 prenominal modifi ers, in children ’ s

speech, 219–20 present tense, 99–102 presupposition, 315–16 profanity, 418 progressive aspect, 341, 342–3, 349–56,

394–5 pronouns, 415–17, 424, 428 prosody, 27–33, 96–104, 116n–17n,

406–8 Prototype Theory, 221n pseudo-cleft sentences, 277–8 Putonghua (Mandarin Chinese)

loanwords from, 58–9, 140–2, 145–6, 150–2, 153, 156

phonetic features, 28, 29, 30 syntax, 266, 285

Quantifi er Floating, 380–2 questions, intonation, 407–8

Otsu, Y., 56, 58, 60, 63–5 overextension, 218–19 Ozeki, H., 298–9, 300

palatal consonants, 11, 15 palatalization, 18, 34–5n, 104–9, 117n palatoalveolar consonants, 11 passives, 147, 148, 160–1, 190–1,

265–72, 279–80 past tense, 128, 129, 131, 144, 147,

337–40, 393 Pederson, E., 317 phonetic transcription, 40 phonetics, 5–35

acquisition issues, 33–5 coarticulation, 14–15, 34, 44–7 cross-linguistic comparisons, 10, 11–13,

14, 15, 16f–17f, 18–19, 22, 23f, 24, 27–9, 155–6

gemination, 18–21, 117n intonation, 407–8 mimetic words, 333–4 palatalization, 18 pitch accent, 27–33, 406–7 and writing systems, 5–7, 24–5, 35n

phonology, 39–114 accentuation, 30–3, 96–104, 116n–17n acquisition issues, 109–14 alternation, 47–54 assimilation, 14–15, 34, 44–7, 115n constraints on word formation, 61–5,

75–96, 116n–17n loanword adaptation, 81–5, 148–50

cross-linguistic comparisons, 65–6, 68–72, 81–5, 96, 116n

devoicing, 26–7, 36n, 40–4, 54–6, 114n, 115n

dissimilation, 59–60, 61–5 fusion, 74–5 moras, 65–81, 85–104, 109–13, 115n,

116n, 133–4, 405 Rendaku , 56–65, 87, 115n, 153–4,

175, 178–9 rule ordering, 54–6, 61–5, 109, 115n syllables, 65–6, 67–8, 85–96, 112–13,

116n phrase structure, rules and notation,

231–8

Index 463

Sells, P., 301n, 302n semantics, 158–67, 205–13, 222n–3n,

309–95 acquisition issues, 387–95 ambiguity, 230–1, 234, 258–62, 283–4,

293, 309–10, 311, 312–13, 338, 356, 397n

cross-linguistic comparisons, 316–17, 318–19, 338, 339, 340, 347–9, 357–8, 370–5, 378

defi nition, 302n, 310 deixis, 319–33 metaphor and idiom, 198–200,

317–19 and pragmatics, 322–8, 375–87 predicate–argument relations, 175–9,

222n syntax–semantics interface, 260–1,

273–4, 286, 291, 293, 344–7, 370–5, 377–87

tense and aspect, 184–5, 191–4, 335–70

thematic roles (semantic roles), 176–7, 313–14, 355–6

truth conditions, 314–17 Sendai dialect, 405 sentence-fi nal particles, 417–18, 422–3,

428 sentence meaning, 313–17 sequential voicing ( Rendaku ), 56–65, 87,

115n, 153–4, 175, 178–9 sexual identity, 424–5 Shibamoto, J., 420–1 Shibatani, M., 12, 23, 80, 129, 140, 141,

147, 152, 154–5, 160, 179, 193, 194, 273, 275, 280, 281, 282, 283–4, 301n, 322, 363, 366, 404–5, 406, 410

Shimoyama, J., 292 Shirai, Y., 298–9, 300, 393, 394–5 -sika , 97–8 Singh, M., 317 Sino-Japanese words, 58–9, 140–1,

145–6, 150–2, 153, 156, 163 slang, 418 slips of the tongue (speech errors), 68–72,

111, 116n Smith, J., 82, 84

Radford, A., 396n Rappaport Hovav, M., 373 receiving verbs, 322–31 reduplication, 105, 154, 221n–2n,

396n referent honorifi cs, 410–11, 412–14,

427–8 refl exives, 254–65, 283, 295–7, 301n,

302n register see style and register relative clauses, 246–9, 279, 284–95,

297–300, 384–7 (Noun Phrase) Accessibility

Hierarchy, 288 Rendaku (sequential voicing), 56–65, 87,

115n, 153–4, 175, 178–9 Renyookei Reduplication, 78, 154,

168 respect forms (honorifi cs), 410, 412–14,

419, 427–8 resultative aspect, 341–2, 343–6, 349–56,

394–5 Right Branch Condition, 63–5, 115n Right Dislocation, 244–9, 301n, 420–1 Right Node Raising, 396n Righthand Head Rule, 157, 179, 201,

208 Rispoli, M., 393 Rodman, R., 60, 125, 135 Romanization systems (writing), 5–7,

35n Rosch, E., 221n rounding (vowels), 23, 26, 36n rule ordering, 54–65 Russian speakers of Japanese, 394–5 Russian (Slavic language), 164, 165 Ryukyuan dialects, 405

-sa , 171, 173–4 Saito, M., 242, 249, 279 Sakai, A., 302n Sato, Y., 35 Schourup, L., 105 scrambling (word order), 241–51, 301n,

420–1 second language acquisition, 2–3, 13,

33–5, 217, 295–300, 387, 393–5 L1 transfer effects, 394–5

464 Index

Suga, K., 157, 162 Sugaya, N., 394–5 Sugioka, Y., 150, 152, 153, 171, 172,

173, 178–9, 181, 183, 222n Sunaoshi, Y., 423–4 superlong compounds, 90–1, 95–6 suprasegmental features, 27–33, 96–104,

116n–17n, 406–8 syllables, 65–6, 67–8, 85–96, 112–13,

116n synonyms, 311 syntactic V–V compounds, 184–95 syntax, 229–300

(Noun Phrase) Accessibility Hierarchy, 288, 297–9

case particles, 136–7, 233–4, 243–6, 250–1, 266–9, 421

Double- o Constraint, 274–9, 295, 302n

Ga/Ni conversion, 358–60 Ga/No conversion, 288–90 light verb construction, 293–5 locative alternation, 371–2

causative constructions, 147, 158–67, 205–13, 272–84, 302n

in English, 2–3 coordination, 246, 396n cross-linguistic comparisons, 238–41,

242, 243, 251–3, 255–7, 258, 261–2, 263, 264, 271–2, 285–8, 292–3, 296–300, 301n, 302n

Double- o Constraint, 274–9, 295, 302n embedded clauses, 249–51, 259–61,

263–4, 283–4 nominal clauses, 79–81 passives, 147, 148, 160–1, 190–1,

265–72, 279–81 phrase structure rules, 237–8 phrase structure trees, 231–8 pseudo-cleft sentences, 277–8 refl exives, 254–65, 283, 295–7, 301n,

302n relative clauses, 246–9, 279, 284–95,

297–300, 384–7 sociolinguistic variation, 414–18,

420–1 syntactic constituency, 229–38

social hierarchy, 322–31, 377, 410–14, 426

sociolinguistic variation, 116n, 403–28 acquisition issues, 425–8 dialects, 403–10

phonetic features, 23, 26, 29–30, 32–3, 36n

phonological features, 41–4, 74–5, 85–104

syntactic features, 262–3, 421 Old Japanese, 115n style and register, 136–7, 382–4,

410–30 age differences, 421, 422–3 gender differences, 74–5, 324, 325,

414–25, 428 honorifi cation, 189–90, 213, 301n,

302n, 323–31, 377, 410–14, 425–8 Soga, M., 335, 339 soo-suru substitution, 188–9, 192–3, 213 source, 177 spatial deixis, 320–2 speaker ’ s meaning, 375–7 speech errors (slips of the tongue), 68–72,

111, 116n Spencer, A., 148, 152, 175 Spoonerisms, 68 States, 347–8, 349 stative verbs, 250–1, 258, 289–90,

349–50, 356–61, 397n stops, 8–10, 18, 47–9, 53–4, 405–6 stress accent languages, 28, 32, 96 stuttering, 71–2 style and register, 136–7, 382–4, 410–30

age differences, 421, 422–3 gender differences, 74–5, 324, 325,

414–25, 428 honorifi cation, 189–90, 213, 301n,

302n, 323–31, 377, 410–14, 425–8 Subject, 249–50, 256–60, 283, 295–7,

301n Subject Honorifi cation, 189–90, 213,

301n, 302n, 429n see also Nominative Case -ga

substitution, 68, 70–1, 188–9, 192–3 suffi xes, 76–7, 80, 96–104, 116n–17n,

145, 147–8, 170–4, 214–16

Index 465

phonological features, 41–4, 74–5, 85–104

Tomlin, R. S., 240 tone languages, 28–9, 30 Tonoike, S., 249, 301n Topic Marker -wa , 134, 135, 141–2,

218–19, 377–80 transitivity, 128–30, 157–67, 200–13,

222n, 265–72, 274–5, 281–4, 302n, 344–6, 353–6, 366–70, 386–7, 396n–7n

transposition (speech errors), 68 transsexual/transgendered people, 424–5 truth conditions, 314–17 Tsujimura, N., 80, 90, 99, 129, 317, 331,

333, 345, 388, 396n -tyan , 76–7, 116n Type 4 verbs, 349, 350–1

Ueda, M., 262 Uehara, S., 139, 221n Ujihira, A., 71–2 Unger, J. M., 58 universals, 288, 300 Urubú (Tupian language), 240 uvular consonants, 14

V–V compounds, 78, 184–214, 361–70 Vance, T. J., 10, 12, 18, 23, 25, 33, 35n,

36n, 44, 56, 58, 114n, 115n, 116n variation, 116n, 403–28

acquisition issues, 425–8 dialects, 403–10

phonetic features, 23, 26, 29–30, 32–3, 36n

phonological features, 41–4, 74–5, 85–104

syntactic features, 262–3, 421 Old Japanese, 115n style and register, 136–7, 382–4,

410–30 age differences, 421, 422–3 gender differences, 74–5, 324, 325,

414–25, 428 honorifi cation, 189–90, 213, 301n,

302n, 323–31, 377, 410–14, 425–8 velar consonants, 10, 14, 34

verbs see verbs word order, 238–54, 301n, 420–1

syntax–semantics interface, 260–1, 273–4, 286, 291, 344–7, 370–5, 377–87

-ta (past tense marker), 128, 129, 131, 144, 147, 337–40, 393

Tabusa, T., 70 Tagalog (Austronesian language), 148 Tagashira, Y., 195, 197, 200, 213 Tai, J., 317 Takamatsu dialect, 406–7 Takami, K., 396n Takano, Y., 301n Takubo, Y., 184 Talmy, L., 374 Tamori, I., 105 Tannen, D., 414 -tati , 127, 255 -te (agentive suffi x), 150–2, 170–1,

172–3, 341–56, 386–7, 393–5, 396n–7n

-te aru , 343–6, 386–7 -te/de (gerund), 99, 100, 117n, 127, 128,

129, 130–1, 311, 329–30, 341–7, 375, 393–5, 396n–7n

-te iru , 341–3, 349–57, 393–5, 397n -te simau , 346–7, 396n tense (verbs), 128, 129, 131–2, 144, 147,

335–40, 342–3 tentative suffi x, 102 Teramura, H., 139, 266, 268, 302n, 342,

343, 346–7, 364, 366 thematic (semantic) roles, 176–7, 313–14,

355–6 theme, 176 Thomas, M., 296–7 to (conjunction), 126–7 Tohoku dialects, 405–6 Tojo, M., 408–9 Tokyo dialect

gender differences, 423 lexical features, 408–9 morphosyntactic features, 410 phonetic features, 23, 26, 29–30, 32–3,

405, 406–8

466 Index

-wa (Topic Marker), 134, 135, 141–2, 218–19, 377–80

Warlpiri (Pama-Nyungan language), 239, 242, 252–3, 301n

Whaley, L. J., 238, 239, 240, 285 Whitman, J., 242, 249 Whiton, J., 20 Wierzbicka, A., 271 Williams, E., 157 women, speech patterns, 324, 325,

414–25, 428, 429n word order, 238–54, 301n, 420–1 words, 148–50 see also semantics

compounds, 56, 76–81, 86–96, 116n–17n, 150–7, 174–214, 361–70

cross-linguistic comparisons, 104 defi nition, 125, 133 derivational morphemes, 143–4 dialectal variation, 408–9 lexical aspect, 342, 347–61, 366–72,

392–5 lexical causatives, 281–4 loanwords, 20–1, 36n, 58–9, 81–5,

102–4, 140–2, 145–7, 148–50, 155–7, 418

mimetic words, 36n, 104–9, 117n, 148–52, 154, 221n–2n, 331–4, 373–5, 387–92, 396n

nominalization, 168–74 phonological constraints on, 75–96,

116n–17n, 148–50, 221n–2n slang, 418

writing systems, 5–7, 24–5, 35n phonetic transcription, 40, 114n

Yamamoto, M., 200 Yonaguni dialect, 405 -(y)oo , 102 Yoshimoto, K., 409

zibun , 254–63, 283, 295–7, 301n, 424–5 zibun-zisin , 263–5

velum, 8 Vendler, Z., 347, 352 verbal nouns, 140–2, 163, 167, 168–74,

293–5 verbs, 128–31, 156

accentuation rules, 98–102 argument structure, 177–8, 180–1,

200–13, 250–1, 265–72, 313–14, 344–6

aspect, 184–5, 191–4, 335, 340–70, 392–5

auxiliary verbs, 130–1, 173, 252–3, 328–31, 396n

lexical classifi cation of, 342, 347–61, 366–72, 392–5

light verb construction, 293–5, 302n N–V compounds, 179–83, 222n predicate–argument relations, 175–9,

180–1 semantics, 273–4, 322–31, 335–75 tense, 128, 129, 131–2, 144, 147,

335–40, 342–3 transitivity, 128–30, 157–67, 265–72,

274–5, 302n, 344–6, 353–6, 366–70, 386–7, 396n–7n

V–V compounds, 78, 184–214, 361–70 verbal nouns, 140–2, 163, 168–74,

293–5 Vergnaud, J.-R., 28 vocal cords, 8f vocal tract, 7–8f, 9f voicing, 7, 9–10, 20–1, 26–7, 35n, 405–6

Rendaku , 56–65, 87, 115n, 153–4, 175, 178–9

vowels, 22–7, 36n deletion, 84–5 devoicing, 26–7, 36n, 40–4, 54–6,

114n, 115n diphthongs, 116n duration, 20, 24–5, 35, 69, 70, 71,

77–8, 83 epenthesis, 83–5 sociolinguistic variation, 403–5