index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/.../13377/index/9781107013377_index.pdfindex 303...

299

“Aaron Burr” (Smith), 72Adam (slave), 292Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs

(Hooper) civilization in, 59class in, 184contents of, 51–52, 57dedication in, 241demagoguery satirized in, 240excerpts from, 25, 53–54Joseph Baldwin’s Flush Times

compared to, 149journalists satirized in, 240nature of humor in, 149persuasion in, 56popularity of, 57, 187publication of, 51racism in, 56self-determination in, 239slaves and slavery in, 58, 169, 174, 180,

182–184undercurrents of fear in, 70

Advertiser (Montgomery, AL), 166, 245Advocate (Huntsville, AL), 121, 277African Americans.

Augusta Evans on, 175after Civil War, 287free, 191, 244and freedom, 19and racial prejudice, 20and self-determination, 20, 171Thomas Woodward on, 168and white middle classes, 19See also slaves

“Air” (Clemens), 120Alabama

capitals of, 57

changes in, 3compared to Illinois, 15constitution of, 163Democrats in, 243economy of, 2, 4, 7, 26education in, 12, 14, 25, 27, 29growth of towns in, 8intellectual life of, 29legislature of, 147, 269, 270libraries in, 14magazines in, 44middle class in, 2, 8Native American population of, 4, 25natural resources in, 4newspapers in, 12, 248poetry about, 103politics in, 7, 77, 117, 266print culture in, 2, 13–15, 30publishing in, 12, 161rivers in, 4secession in, 247, 249, 265, 266self-improvement in, 28slave population of, 3, 7, 25Unionists in, 277upper classes in, 171white population of, 4

Alabama Female Institute, 46Alabama Journal (Montgomery, AL)

Albert Pickett’s works in, 78, 139Johnson Hooper and, 139, 184, 185–186as Whig publication, 57, 166, 184

Alabama River, 164Albany, NY, 233, 238Alston, Philip, 44“Americanism in Literature” (Meek), 15American Party, 232American Revolution, 215

Index

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Index300

“American Scholar, The” (Emerson), 15, 27American Tract Society, 13Antietam, MD, 271Appleton, D. 149, 156, 160, 221, 292Archy (slave), 279Aristidean, 57As It Is (Smith), 219, 228, 233–239, 266,

273, 296Astor House, 161As You Like It (Shakespeare), 234Atlanta, GA, 269Aunt Judy (slave), 190, 195Aunt Patty’s Scrap-Bag (Hentz), 111Autauga County, AL, 145, 146, 166, 168, 185

Bachelor’s Button: A Monthly Museum of Southern Literature, 31, 44, 72, 101, 228

Baldwin, Briscoe, 65, 220Baldwin, Cornelia, 66, 68Baldwin, Cornelius, 65, 68Baldwin, Cyrus, 14, 65, 67, 100, 101Baldwin, Joseph

and Alexander Meek, 100ambitions of, 70, 147, 148, 149, 155,

156–157, 166, 170, 218on arrival in Southwest, 92books purchased by, 14childhood and education of, 65and class, 168, 171and competition, 98, 218and concept of family, 63and concept of migration, 63death of, 294and democracy, 216–218early adulthood of, 65and freedom, 2, 15, 17and friendship, 98and humor, 67idealization of southern culture by, 157on intellect, 147and John Hale, 153and Johnson Hooper, 155, 156, 157legacy of, 294legal career of, 9, 66, 148, 154, 156and literary market, 135and Millard Fillmore, 220on Mobile, AL, 155and patriarchy, 69personality of, 67, 154physical characteristics of, 67political career of, 7, 147, 148, 157,

219–220political views of, 217–218, 221, 223and property, 16, 17, 222

and publication of Flush Times, 14relocations by, 11, 147, 154, 156, 219,

228, 251and Sam Hale, 153and self-determination, 218–219and self-sufficiency, 216and slavery, 7, 11, 20, 66, 71, 148, 156,

174, 218social life of, 154status of, 98on U.S. expansion, 222and wealth, 65, 66

Baldwin, Joseph, family of brother-in-law, 68children, 66–67, 147contribution of, to Baldwin’s success, 65, 68cooperation among, 67cousin Alexander Stuart, 156, 219–220,

221, 227–228father, 65, 67, 68, 92father-in-law, 66, 67, 92gender roles in, 67lessons learned from, 62mother, 65, 66, 94mother-in-law, 67and self-determination, 71separations from, 70, 154siblings, 14, 65, 66, 67, 68, 92, 100uncle, 65, 220and wealth, 65wife, 66–68, 70, 94, 149, 155, 156–157

Baldwin, Joseph, works by characteristics of, 93critiques of, 97earnings from, 156families in, 93as popular fiction, 93publication of, 148–149, 153reception of, 133reviews of, 157slavery in, 135See also individual works by Baldwin

Baldwin, Sidney White correspondence with, 66, 67–68, 70, 147,

149, 155, 156–157extended family of, 67father of, 66, 67and husband’s absences, 70mother of, 67relocation by, 11role of, in marriage, 66, 67and slavery, 11, 67, 147Virginia background of, 66

Baltimore, MD, 273






Index 301

Bancroft, George, 134, 144, 162“Bar of the South-West, The” (Baldwin),

152Barnard, Frederick A. P., 34, 36, 38Barnum, P. T., 149Battle of New Orleans, 139Beauregard, P. T., 256, 257, 263, 264, 287Bell, John, 277Benning, Henry, 255, 256Bentley’s Miscellany, 51, 241Bernard Lile (Clemens), 125Betsy (slave), 147Beulah (Evans)

audiences for, 90, 91characters in, 199dedication in, 206domesticity in, 205elements of Brontë’s Jane Eyre in, 200elements of Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus

in, 200excerpt from, 95friend’s critique of, 97gender in, 208impetus for writing, 90inequality in, 200main character of, as orphan, 92messages in, 207“philosophic lore” in, 259plot of, 90–91, 200–203, 207, 263proslavery ideas in, 201publication of, 90, 175, 206purpose of, 175religion in, 90reviews of, 210self-determination in, 90, 200, 204, 208slaves and slavery in, 179, 200–209,

257, 260southern viewpoint in, 175success of, 90–91, 208women depicted in, 258women’s roles in, 257

Bibb, William, 146Big Bear of Arkansas, The, 56Black Belt, 3, 4, 7Black Hawk War, 4Black Warrior River, 100Bob (slave), 168books, 12, 13, 14Boone, Daniel, 61, 64Boston, MA, 25Boswell, James, 264, 268, 269Brantley, Mary. See Hooper, Mary BrantleyBreckinridge, John, 246Bridal Eve, The (Smith), 102, 273

Buchanan, James, 245Buck (slave), 268Buckle, Thomas Henry, 261, 287

Caesar (slave), 144, 164, 168California, 156, 157, 219, 228, 246Camilla (slave), 147Campbell, John A., 139“Captain Stick and Toney” (Hooper), 186–187Carey and Hart, 51Catholics and Catholicism, 85, 86, 90, 232,

271, 295Chambers County, AL, 9Chapel Hill, NC, 40, 43, 189, 193, 196Charles (slave), 279Charleston, SC

1860 Democratic national convention in, 1Albert Pickett in, 78, 79, 80, 136, 141conservatism in, 35intellectual life of, 25Johnson Hooper in, 48, 49publishing in, 139, 140, 158upper classes in, 35William Gilmore Simms in, 32

Chickasaw Indians, 145Chronicle (Hayneville, AL), 138Churchman, 161Cincinnati, OH, 40, 41, 107, 110, 189, 191Civil War

Abraham Lincoln and, 15, 254Alabama writers and, 251Alexander Meek and, 288Augusta Evans and, 253–254, 286conscription during, 252food shortages during, 252Jeremiah Clemens and, 253–254, 286literary opportunities presented by, 252lower classes and, 252southern countryside and, 252southern towns and, 252and southern unity, 252upper classes and, 252William Russell Smith and, 253–254, 286women and, 257

Claiborne, J. F. H., 139Claims and Characteristics of Alabama

History, The (Meek), 159–160class. See middle classesClay, Clement Comer, 117, 120, 122, 124, 145Clay, Clement, Jr., 117, 118–119, 120,

122–124, 126, 278Clay, Henry, 103, 221, 224, 225, 226Clay, Jones Withers, 117, 119, 122Clay, Lawson, 121






Index302

Clay, Susannah Withers, 117, 119, 121Clemens, James, 10, 116, 117, 119, 173,

174, 277Clemens, Jeremiah (author)

and Abraham Lincoln, 279, 280and Alexander Meek, 120, 124ambitions of, 116career of, as newspaper editor, 124childhood and early adulthood of, 116, 117and Civil War, 252–254, 286and class, 99, 252and Confederacy, 278–280, 282, 283–284death of, 286drinking habits of, 122–124, 128, 276finances of, 63, 116and friendship, 99, 116, 128–129health of, 279impetus of, for writing, 116and Johnson Hooper, 249legal career of, 10, 120and Lincoln administration, 276, 278and Mexicans, 121military career of, 121, 126, 278, 279personality of, 116, 117, 118, 128, 276,

277, 286physical characteristics of, 120, 122, 124political career of, 21, 120, 121–124, 173,

174, 253, 276, 278, 280political views of, 249–250, 251property of, 10, 277, 279and public acceptance, 125public opinion on, 276relationship of, with Clay family, 117–124,

126, 128, 129and religion, 118, 283relocations by, 279, 280and secession, 215, 249–250, 276,

277–278, 283and self-determination, 128, 253–254and slavery, 7, 21, 173, 174, 249, 253, 276,

277, 279, 284, 286and society, 99, 253, 277, 280tombstone of, 286and Union officers, 278–279vision of, for South, 121on white enslavement, 22and William Russell Smith, 120, 230on women and morality, 283

Clemens, Jeremiah (author), family of daughter, 278, 279father, 10, 63, 116, 117, 119, 173, 174, 277father-in-law, 277mother, 116nephew, 279

siblings, 116son-in-law, 279wife, 63, 118, 119

Clemens, Jeremiah (author), works by audiences for, 125, 173, 280betrayal depicted in, 125during Civil War, 251, 253early poetry, 125friendship depicted in, 99, 115–116,

125–128See also individual works by Clemens

Clemens, Jeremiah (uncle), 116Clemens, Mary Read

and Alexander Meek, 100, 118correspondence with, 121courtship of, 118father of, 119and husband’s tombstone, 286inheritance of, 277marriage of, 119property of, 279relocation by, 279sister-in-law of, 119Tobias Wilson dedicated to, 286

Clemens, Minerva Mills, 116Clemens, Nancy, 116Clemens, Samuel (“Mark Twain”), 116, 281Cloud, Noah, 245Cobb, Thomas R. R., 256Cochrane, John, 101Coffee, John, 43Coffee, Mrs. John, 107, 108, 129College Musings (Smith), 72Columbia, SC, 30Columbus, GA, 83, 111, 113, 198, 255competition in southwestern society, 98, 101,

102, 106, 146Compromise of 1850, 122, 219, 220, 231Confederacy

Augusta Evans and, 263, 264Jefferson Davis as president of, 253Jeremiah Clemens and, 278–280, 282,

283–284legislature of, 251, 265literary opportunities in, 269William Russell Smith and, 270, 276, 292

Congress, U.S., 21, 75, 122, 153, 173, 237, 276

Congressional Globe, 173consumer goods and consumerism, 8–9, 17,

39, 98, 204Cooper, James Fenimore, 28, 61, 115Coosa County, AL, 142Covington, KY, 40






Index 303

Creek Indians Andrew Jackson’s defeat of, 52at Horseshoe Bend, 144depicted in Meek’s Red Eagle, 160depicted in Meek’s Romantic Passages in

Southwestern History, 162depicted in Pickett’s History of Alabama,

81, 82, 142, 144, 145and slavery, 144trade with, 76See also Reminiscences of the Creek, or

Muscogee Indians (Woodward)Creek War of 1836, 4, 30, 42, 53, 72, 117Crittenden, John, 277, 278Curry, Jabez, 256, 257–258, 263

Dadeville, AL, 49Daily Advertiser (Mobile, AL), 175Daily Eagle (Memphis, TN), 124Dante Alighieri, 234Darley, F. O. C., 56Davis (slave), 147Davis, Jefferson, 252, 256, 264, 271, 279Davus (literary character), 261De Lara; or, The Moorish Bride

(Hentz), 46DeBow, J. D. B., 139DeBow’s Review, 158, 165Declaration of Independence, 48, 244Delta (New Orleans, LA), 161Democrat (Eufaula, AL), 138Democrat (Huntsville, AL), 121, 122, 124Democrats and Democratic Party

1860 convention of, 288, 293and 1860 presidential election, 247in Alabama legislature, 147Alabama writers and, 7Albert Pickett and, 137Andrew Jackson and, 137economic policies of, 7Jeremiah Clemens and, 121, 249, 278Johnson Hooper and, 57, 243, 246leaders of, 146, 243predominance of, 243satirization of, 51small farmers and, 7

Depression of 1837, 83Derby, J. C., 258Dickens, Charles, 134Divine Comedy (Dante), 234Dog and Gun (Hooper), 166, 241, 242Douglass, Frederick, 135Drake, Elizabeth, 107Dwight, Mrs., 144

“Earthquake Story, The” (Baldwin), 7, 152Easby (father of Wilhemine Easby Smith), 291Easby, Wilhemine. See Smith, Wilhemine EasbyEasby-Smith, Anne, 72, 74, 75, 296East Alabamian (Lafayette, AL), 12, 49, 50,

51, 56, 57, 58, 60Eight Days in New Orleans (Pickett),

139–140Emancipation Proclamation, 271Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 15, 27Enlightenment, 17, 18, 289Eoline, or Magnolia Vale (Hentz), 112–113,

125, 129Ernest Linwood (Hentz), 115, 198Evans, Augusta

activities of, 88, 92on African Americans, 175and Alexander Meek, 15, 160ambitions of, 89–90, 206, 254and change, 3childhood and early adulthood of, 83–84,

88, 91, 92and Civil War, 251, 252–254, 256, 257,

264, 286and class, 209, 252, 262and competition, 98and concept of family, 63and concept of work, 204and Confederate leaders, 256, 257, 259,

263, 264, 287fame of, 258, 264finances of, 90, 287on freedom, 2, 258–261and friendship, 95, 106, 129, 261–262and gender roles, 83, 84, 91, 264and inequality, 91, 92landholdings of, 91–92legacy of, 294life of, after Civil War, 287and literary success, 90, 91and marriage, 88, 90, 91, 97, 254, 255, 287and materialism, 209, 210on Mobile, AL, 155on northern publishing, 135on options available to women, 91personality of, 88, 256physical characteristics of, 88, 256on plotlines, 207and proslavery ideology, 176and Rachel Lyons, 91, 97, 129, 199, 207,

255, 258, 264and racism, 210and reform, 204and religion, 89–90






Index304

and secession, 256and self-determination, 83, 84, 87, 88, 90,

92, 129, 210–211, 253–255, 258on Shakespeare, 90as slaveholder, 206, 264and slavery, 87, 91, 174, 175, 211, 253,

257–258, 264, 286and social status, 88on southern literature, 175and southern progress, 175and wealth, 10, 88, 90, 91writing habits of, 93

Evans, Augusta, family of aunt, 206, 255literary inspiration provided by, 93mother, 83, 84, 88, 199parents, 63siblings, 84, 88, 257troubles in, 62uncle, 206See also Evans, Matthew R.

Evans, Augusta, works by anonymous newspaper articles, 175, 256audiences for, 173, 199, 200, 209, 210–211,

258, 289characteristics of, 93critiques of, 97depictions of women in, 83during Civil War, 251, 253earnings from, 206, 208, 258, 289gender roles in, 84marriage in, 86persuasion in, 90religion in, 85–86, 90self-determination in, 85, 86slaves and slavery in, 87, 177, 179success of, 294See also individual works by Evans

Evans, Matthew R. Augusta Evans on, 88and Augusta’s writing, 84, 93career of, 10, 83, 84, 205finances of, 10, 83, 199, 206health of, 83–84marriage of, 83property of, 10, 83, 91–92relocations by, 83, 84, 199, 206risks taken by, 83, 88, 91slaves owned by, 10, 83, 87, 88, 91,

199, 206Evans, Sarah Howard, 83, 84, 88, 199Evening News (Mobile, AL), 161

“Fair Bird of the South” (Meek), 114family (concept)

Alabama writers and, 62–64gender roles in, 63, 64importance of, to self-determination, 61–64and inequality, 83, 93middle classes and, 62, 63, 64and migration, 63and persuasion, 93and self-determination, 65, 92, 93and slavery, 64

“Farewell to Florence” (Hentz), 108farmers

activities of, 177Alabama writers and, 26Alexander Meek and, 58Caroline Hentz and, 58and change, 218improvement of, 209Johnson Hooper and, 58and literacy, 25literary depictions of, 281and slavery, 147Thomas Jefferson on, 16as William Russell Smith’s constituents, 231

“Fawn of Pascagoula, The” (Meek), 164Fayette, AL, 230, 266Fayette County, AL, 231Fillmore, Millard, 220, 232fire-eaters, 105, 219, 239, 249, 250, 252,

267, 293Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, 35, 121, 124Florence, AL

Alabama writers in, 26Andrew Jackson in, 43Caroline Hentz in, 9, 40, 41, 46, 107, 108and Creek War of 42Hentz family in, 129Jeremiah Clemens in, 117literary club in, 9population of, 41publishing in, 43schools near, 32social leaders in, 43

Florida, 3, 193Flush Times of Alabama and

Mississippi, The (Baldwin) Abraham Lincoln and, 15, 153, 296audiences for, 136, 171characters in, 68, 150and class, 171compared to Hooper’s Adventures of

Captain Simon Suggs, 149

Evans, Augusta (cont.)






Index 305

compared to Pickett’s History of Alabama, 149

contents of, 16, 65, 68, 149–150evidence of civiliation in, 154excerpts from, 133family in, 68, 69focus of, 154freedom/liberty described in, 2historical perspective in, 169lawyers depicted in, 9marketing of, 70postwar reprints of, 294publication of, 14, 68, 134, 136, 156purposes for writing, 68reviews of, 154, 155, 156and self-determination, 71, 152, 154self-determination in significance of Southwest in, 149, 150slavery in, 152–153, 154, 170, 174Southern Literary Messenger on, 166success of, 70, 156, 220

Fort Mims, 145, 162, 164, 168Fort Toulouse, 142Frank (slave), 147Frank Leslie’s Magazine, 162Franklin, Benjamin, 28, 74, 215free labor, 19freedom

Abraham Lincoln on, 15Alabama writers and, 16, 289, 295, 297and class, 16, 17, 19early American republicanism on, 17historical changes underlying, 2impact of, on literature, 15and inequality, 289intellectual and psychological bases for, 17as literary topic, 15northern definition of, 15and persuasion, 27and progress, 65, 147, 175and property, 16–17and race, 1, 15, 19, 22, 163–164, 171, 194,

295and self-determination, 18–19and self-improvement, 16, 17–18Simon Suggs as example of, 52and slavery, 2, 157, 163, 170, 188, 289southern definition of, 15See also individual writers and works

friendship Alabama writers and, 95and class, 98and competition, 101, 102, 106

functions of, 97, 129and gender, 107, 110, 111history of, 96impact of, 95and inequality, 129middle classes and, 95, 97, 99, 106, 130problems with, 99qualities of, 96–97and race, 115and self-determination, 95, 96, 99, 129and social change, 130and social harmony, 129and social status and power, 129See also individual writers and works

Furman University, 48

Gainesville, Ala., 66, 147Garber, Alexander, 65, 68Garrett, William, 244–245Gayarré, Charles, 134, 139Gazette (Lancaster, MA), 190Georgia, 3, 91, 94, 103, 107, 256Georgia Scenes (Longstreet), 37, 50Giddings, Joshua, 237Gindrat, John, 80Glen Alpine, 47Globe (Washington, D. C.), 224Godey’s Lady’s Book, 13, 14, 46, 198Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 74, 236Goetzel, S. H., 12, 161–162, 165Goliad, TX, 72, 228Greensboro, AL, 72Gulf of Mexico, 3, 4

Hale, John, 153Hale, Sam, 153Hamilton, Alexander, 221, 224Harper’s Magazine, 13, 122Harriet (slave, literary character), 200–203,

207, 208, 209, 257, 260Harris, Sarah Alston. See Pickett, Sarah Alston

HarrisHart, Abraham, 193Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 14, 70Hayne, Arthur, 141, 142Hayne, Robert, 141Henry (slave), 181, 208Henry, Patrick, 37Hentz, Caroline

activities of, 41, 42, 47, 190, 191and Alexander Meek, 14, 32, 100, 108, 109,

110, 114, 130, 288anxiety felt by, 44






Index306

childhood of, 62and civilization, 59–60and class, 58, 113, 209and condescension, 28and Creek War of 1836, 42–43death of, 251early career of, 26–27, 28and early days in Florence, AL, 41eulogies for, 114, 198fears of, toward unrestrained emotions, 190,

191, 198finances of, 47, 111and friendship, 98, 99, 112, 114–115,

128–129and George Moses Horton, 189–190and Harriet Beecher Stowe, 40legacy of, 294and literary clubs, 9, 40, 107and Maria Stafford, 108, 109, 110marriage of, 40, 41–42, 107, 110, 111, 189,

190, 191and Mrs. John Coffee, 129New England background of, 29, 32, 39,

58, 107, 111, 114, 129, 189and North-South relations, 115and Octavia Le Vert, 109–110, 112,

114, 129personality of, 43, 107and print culture, 59and proslavery ideology, 176and public, 59and race, 58, 209, 210and religion, 108relocations by, 40, 41, 46, 47, 107, 108,

109, 110, 189, 191, 193as schoolmistress, 41, 42, 46, 47, 108and self-determination, 58, 210–211and slavery, 7, 42, 107, 109, 115, 177,

189–190, 193–198, 209, 210, 211as social critic, 45, 112and social status, 108and society, 43, 46and success, 29, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47and voluntary societies, 108and wealth, 58, 112, 113, 129

Hentz, Caroline, family of, 189, 191 See also Hentz, Charles; See Hentz, Nicholas

Hentz, Caroline, works by audiences for, 60, 114, 173, 198, 199, 209,

210–211earnings from, 47, 111, 193magazines published in, 32, 46, 72

marriage in, 189New England settings for, 111poetry, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46popularity of, 84, 111, 114, 115postwar publication of, 294race in, 201slaves and slavery in, 58, 113–114, 177,

179, 189, 193–198, 201southern character of, 111See also individual works by Hentz

Hentz, Charles as adult, 109on father, 40on Hentz family’s stay on Coffees’

plantation, 108on life in Florence, AL, 108, 190on life in Tuscaloosa, AL, 46and Meek family, 108on men’s attention to his mother, 191on mother’s activities, 47, 177

Hentz, Nicholas acquaintances of, 108activities of, 41–42and Alexander Meek, 108finances of, 47as immigrant, 95marriage of, 107, 110, 111, 190, 191mental state of, 47, 107, 110, 111,

191, 193and religion, 108relocations by, 40, 41, 46, 47, 107, 108,

109, 110as schoolmaster, 41, 43, 46, 47, 108,

190–191and slavery, 189and society, 43, 46

Hentz, Thaddeus, 109Herald and Tribune (Mobile, AL), 138, 139Herbert, Hilary William, 241Hester (slave), 144Heustis, Rachel Lyons. See Lyons, RachelHildreth, Richard, 134Historical Society of Alabama, 9, 134,

159, 162History and Debates of the Convention of

the People of Alabama, January 1861, The (Smith), 269–270, 294

History of Alabama (Pickett) as Alabama’s first full history, 134Alexander Meek and, 157, 158audiences for, 137, 140, 141–142, 171and class, 171contents of, 142–146, 164, 165, 171message of, 137

Hentz, Caroline (cont.)






Index 307

motives for writing, 158–159publication of, 78, 80, 81–82, 136,

140–141, 146, 158, 170research and writing of, 78, 140–141, 142,

162, 171responses to, 134, 158–159, 167, 171self-determination in, 144as serious endeavor, 149slavery in, 170

Hooper, Charlotte, 180–181Hooper, De Berniere

brothers of, 44career of, 48and Caroline and Nicholas Hentz, 43correspondence with, 187–188, 245,

247–248health of, 248

Hooper, George and Albert Pickett, 76, 98, 129–130and brothers, 63, 180and class, 98and education, 181, 208and legal career, 76, 181and relocations, 44, 49, 181and slavery, 181and William Dickson Pickett, 97

Hooper, Johnson and 1856 presidential election, 242as advocate for southern literature, 48and Albert Pickett, 98, 157, 167and Alexander Meek, 28, 139, 157, 159,

288ambitions of, 181, 218on Blackwood’s magazine, 14career of, as newspaper editor, 12, 14, 49,

50–51, 57, 184, 186, 239, 242–243, 245, 248

career of, as publisher, 12, 57, 134, 136, 166, 170, 176, 184, 241, 242

childhood and early adulthood of, 26–27, 28, 48, 49, 180–181

and civilization, 57, 59–60, 189and class, 58, 98, 171, 248and competition, 218and condescension, 28death of, 251and democracy, 216–218dependence of, 239–240drinking habits of, 57, 240, 241, 246finances of, 166, 184–185, 186, 242, 244,

245–246, 247, 248health of, 166, 246, 248on human nature, 211and humor, 49, 52

influence of, 248and Jeremiah Clemens, 249and Joseph Baldwin, 155, 156, 157late 30s and early 40s of, 239legacy of, 294legal career of, 9, 64, 186, 188and literary market, 135as Mason, 9mental state of, 247, 248and migration, 63, 246, 247personality of, 48, 49, 52, 180–181, 185,

239, 242, 244, 246, 248and persuasion, 29, 59, 188physical characteristics of, 49on Pickett’s Eight Days, 139and planters, 166, 169political views of, 7, 51, 138, 217–218, 219,

242, 243, 245, 246–247, 249and print culture, 59and proslavery ideology, 176and public, 59and race, 58, 188, 189, 209, 210, 244racehorse named after, 246and religion, 242relocations by, 44, 49, 181, 184reputation of, 48review of Flush Times by, 155and secession, 239and self-determination, 58, 129, 169,

210–211, 218–219, 239, 243, 245, 246, 248

and self-sufficiency, 216and slavery, 7, 166, 167, 169, 170, 174, 181,

182–184, 186–187, 218, 243–244society envisioned by, 57and success, 29, 184and wealth, 58, 64, 181and Woodward’s Reminiscences, 157, 166,

167, 169, 170writers read by, 14

Hooper, Johnson, family of children, 181, 242, 246cousins, 48father, 48, 180, 181father-in-law, 181great-uncle, 48, 244mother, 180–181mother-in-law, 181and slaves, 181, 208wife, 63, 181, 242

Hooper, Johnson, works by audiences for, 60, 173, 181, 187, 199, 209,

210–211, 239, 240, 241, 242class in, 185






Index308

compared to minstrel shows, 181consumer goods in, 8–9later, 239, 242literary style in, 51political, 185–186popularity of, 166, 241publication of, 12, 56, 136, 148, 294and self-sufficiency, 219slaves and slavery in, 58, 177, 179, 180,

181, 182–184, 186–187, 189and society’s improvement, 188See also individual works by Hooper

Hooper, Mary Brantley, 49, 64, 130, 181

Hooper, William, 48Horseshoe Bend, 4, 52, 144Horton, George Moses, 189–190House of Representatives, U.S., 237Houston, TX, 84Howard, Sarah. See Evans, Sarah Howard“How the Times Served the Virginians”

(Baldwin), 69–70Huntsville, AL

Bibb family in, 146booksellers in, 14Clay family in, 129, 145Clemens family in, 116founding of, 116Haydn Society in, 9Jeremiah Clemens in, 9, 129, 249, 277, 278,

279, 280, 286leaders in, 117manufacturing in, 8prosperity in, 116Smith family in, 94support for Confederacy in, 278Union occupation of, 278, 279upper classes in, 278Walker family in, 77

Iliad, 292Illinois

Abraham Lincoln in, 94compared to Alabama, 15education in, 25Indian population of, 20libraries in, 14middle classes in, 9and migration, 94newspapers in, 12schools in, 12, 14slavery in, 94and statehood, 4

voluntary associations in, 9white literacy in, 12white population of, 12

Impending Crisis of the South, The (Helper), 237

Independent Monitor (Tuscaloosa, AL), 35, 36, 39, 230

Indians. See Creek Indians; Native Americans; Reminiscences of the Creek, or Muscogee Indians (Woodward); Seminole Indians

inequality Alabama writers and, 98, 171, 297and class, 98and competition, 98families and, 83, 93and freedom, 289and friendship, 129and gender, 64, 93, 110, 207literary depictions of, 93and progress, 209and race, 207, 294and self-government, 250and slavery, 93, 207, 210 See also entries for individual writers

Inez: A Tale of the Alamo (Evans), 84–87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 199

Irving, Washington, 155

J.B. Lippincott, 125, 276, 279Jackson County, AL, 280Jackson, Andrew

Alabama writers and, 27and Creek Indians, 4in Florida, 3as founder of Democratic Party, 137at Horseshoe Bend, 51, 52, 144leadership of, 249literary depictions of, 51, 52, 103, 144, 168,

221, 224–225, 226–227, 230and War of 1812, 139wife and friends of, 43

Jackson, Rachel, 43Jane Eyre (Brontë), 200Jefferson Building (Library of Congress),

294Jefferson, Thomas, 3, 17, 217, 221, 224“Jim Wilkins and the Editors” (Hooper),

240–241, 248Johnson, Samuel, 264, 268“Joint Song” (Smith), 120, 230Jones, Mary, 255Jones, Seaborn, 199, 206“Journal of Commerce,” 154

Hooper, Johnson, works by (cont.)






Index 309

Kendall, Amos, 51, 59Kentucky, 71, 75, 94, 116, 277Ketch (slave), 168, 169King, William R., 139Knickerbocker, 161Know-Nothing Party, 243, 249

La Fayette Society, 60La Grange College, 32, 46Lafayette, AL

Johnson Hooper in, 49, 51, 60, 186, 242newspapers in, 12

Lafayette, Marquis de, 46Lamar, Mirabeau, 103Lamb, Charles, 155Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 115lawyers, 8, 9, 16, 26, 97, 150, 152Le Vert, Octavia Walton, 98, 109–110, 112,

114, 115, 129, 160“Legend of the Silver Wave, A” (Hentz), 45–46Lewis, Dixon Hall, 121liberty. See freedomLibrary of Congress, 294, 296Lincoln, Abraham

ambitions of, 63and African American self-determination, 20and Civil War, 15, 254education of, 25election of, 248, 266, 277, 293and Flush Times, 7, 15, 153, 296and free labor theory, 19on freedom, 15and friendship, 97“House Divided” speech by, 19Jeremiah Clemens and, 251, 279, 280Johnson Hooper and, 246legal career of, 9, 97marriage of, 63, 97military career of, 4and property rights, 16relocations by, 94, 273and self-determination, 18and servants, 10and slavery, 2, 22upward mobility of, 10as Whig, 7William Russell Smith and, 271See also Royal Ape, The (Smith)

Lincoln, Mary Todd, 11, 63, 273, 274Lincoln, Robert, 273Linda; or, The Pilot of the Belle Creole

(Hentz), 111literary magazines. See magazinesliterary societies, 28

Livingston, AL, 147Locke, John, 17Locust Dell, 41, 42, 43, 190London, England, 156Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 14, 70Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin, 37, 50Lost Cause, 287, 292, 293Louisiana Purchase, 3Lovell’s Folly (Hentz), 40Lyell, Charles, 4Lyons, Rachel

and Augusta Evans, 91, 97, 129, 199, 207, 255, 258, 264

and Henry Timrod, 257

Macaria (Evans), 2, 251, 253, 254, 258–264, 289

Macon County, AL, 142magazines, 12, 13, 14, 28, 63, 134Magnolia, The, 32, 38Mail (Montgomery, AL)

audiences for, 243book reviews in, 14establishment of, 166, 242finances of, 166, 245, 248Jeremiah Clemens and, 249Johnson Hooper as editor of, 166, 239,

242–243political content in, 243, 244–245, 246–247,

248Thomas Woodward and, 166, 167

Manassas, VA, 272, 274Manly, Basil, 33–34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 48, 58,

134Marcus Warland (Hentz), 113marriage (concept), 63, 64

See also family (concept)Martin, Joshua, 108Massachusetts, 15, 111McGillivary, Alexander, 144Meek, Alexander

and 1860 Democratic national convention, 1as advocate for southern literature, 30, 31,

33, 102, 114and Albert Pickett, 158, 159, 288ambitions of, 160, 161, 166and Augusta Evans, 15, 160and Basil Manly, 33–34, 38biographical sketch of, 162career of, as editor, 30, 32, 45, 50, 59, 102,

158, 160career of, as historian, 82and Caroline Hentz, 14, 32, 100, 108, 109,

110, 114, 130, 288






Index310

childhood and early adulthood of, 26–27, 28, 30, 100–101

and Civil War, 251, 288and civilization, 59–60and class, 33, 37, 58and condescension, 28and Cyrus Baldwin, 14, 65, 100, 101death and funeral of, 99, 288drinking habits of, 9on education, 165and elites, 168and fame, 160, 162finances of, 30, 63, 102, 161and freedom, 2, 162–164friends of, 97and friendship, 98–99, 102, 103, 104, 106,

128–129, 160health of, 288idealization of southern culture by, 157and Jeremiah Clemens, 120, 124and Johnson Hooper, 28, 139, 157, 159,

186, 288and Joseph Baldwin, 100legal career of, 30library of, 14and literary market, 135on literature and culture, 36and marriage, 63, 97, 100and Mary Brantley Hooper, 130and Mary Read, 100, 118military career of, 30, 53in Mobile, 1and New York City, 161on newspaper editors, 39and Nicholas Hentz, 108and North-South relations, 115and Octavia Le Vert, 160as orator, 15, 30, 33, 101on patriarchy, 35personality of, 30, 34, 99, 104, 107, 158,

160, 293and persuasion, 31–32, 33physical characteristics of, 30, 31and Pickett’s History of Alabama, 157, 158political career of, 1, 8, 30, 102, 124, 160,

288, 293and politics, 100and popularity, 106and print culture, 59and progress, 157, 163, 165pseudonyms for, 31and public, 39, 59and race, 58, 164, 171

and religion, 288as Romantic, 162on rural life, 36and secession, 105, 288, 293and self-determination, 29, 58and self-protection, 101and slavery, 7, 93, 105, 135, 163–164as social critic, 27, 33social life of, 100–101, 158and social status, 29, 160society envisioned by, 1, 170, 288and success, 29and upper classes, 33and voluntary associations, 9, 34, 100and Wilhemine Easby Smith, 130and William Gilmore Simms, 32, 34, 36–38,

140, 157–158and William Lowndes Yancey, 105and William Russell Smith, 14, 31, 97,

98–106, 129, 130, 239, 293and women, 30, 100–101, 160writing skills of, 101

Meek, Alexander, family of first wife, 102, 160, 161, 251father, 13, 30lessons learned from, 62mother, 103second wife, 251siblings, 63, 64, 108, 158, 160, 161

Meek, Alexander, works by audiences for, 60, 161histories, 30, 32, 139, 140, 142, 157–158magazines published in, 72poetry, 30popularity of, 103publication of, 136, 160, 162slavery in, 58, 135Southron statement of principle, 31unfinished, 171William Gilmore Simms and, 162William Russell Smith on, 293See also individual works by Meek

Meek, Ben, 161Meek, Eliza Slatter, 160Meek, Samuel (brother), 63, 64, 158, 160, 161Meek, Samuel (father), 13, 30Melville, Herman, 115“Memoirs of an Ambitious Man, The”

(Smith), 75, 87, 93, 228, 266, 269Messenger, 70Metamorphoses (Ovid), 150Mexican War

Alexander Meek and, 165Evans family and, 84

Meek, Alexander (cont.)






Index 311

fiction set during, 125growth of antislavery movement after, 123,

130Jeremiah Clemens and, 121, 126, 278, 279William Russell Smith and, 230

Mexicans, 99, 115, 121, 126–127, 228middle classes

and African Americans, 19Alabama writers and, 123, 296and concept of family, 62, 63, 64and consumerism, 8, 17, 204dependence of, 239development of, 2, 8, 26–27, 216and domestic values, 82and education, 28ethics of, 18and free labor, 19and freedom, 16, 17and friendship, 95, 97, 99, 106, 130and government, 9homes of, 17and immigrants, 19and lower classes, 19, 28and marriage, 66as minority, 209and Native Americans, 19and paternalism, 130and persuasion, 58and planters, 146and print culture, 12, 14–15, 171and progress, 64, 209and property ownership, 16–17and race, 210, 295and reading, 29scholarship on, 18and self-determination, 27, 58, 60, 64, 92,

99, 173and self-improvement, 17–18, 28–29and servants, 11and slavery, 16–17, 130, 173, 176, 208and towns, 218and voluntary associations, 9, 134and work ethic, 216

Miller, Stephen, 39Mills, Minerva. See Clemens, Minerva MillsMinervy (slave), 199, 206, 207, 208Mississippi, 3, 65, 147, 251Mississippi River, 4Mississippi Territory, 4Mobile, AL.

Alexander Meek in, 1, 98, 160Augusta Evans in, 88, 155, 256, 287Caroline Hentz in, 109characteristics of, 154, 188

during Civil War, 264Confederate leaders in, 256economy of, 205Evans family in, 84, 88Johnson Hooper in, 185Joseph Baldwin in, 98, 154, 155, 220nativism in, 85population of, 8publishing in, 12, 44, 102, 161railroad connections to, 188society in, 88, 109, 160wealth in, 88William Russell Smith in, 72

Mobile Bay, 4, 158, 220Moby Dick (Melville), 115Montgomery County, AL, 13, 142Montgomery, AL

Albert Pickett and, 76, 137, 146booksellers in, 14Confederate government in, 256, 269Democrats in, 186Johnson Hooper in, 57, 184, 186newspapers in, 78, 137population of, 8publishing in, 241roads to, 187secessionist convention in, 266society in, 186state Capitol in, 57William Russell Smith in, 275

Mordecai, Abram, 142Mustang Gray: A Romance (Clemens),

125–129, 277

Nancy (slave), 147Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 137Native Americans

activities of, 4Alexander Meek and, 32and freedom, 19and lack of citizenship, 25literary depictions of, 16, 45, 142, 144, 145,

152, 162, 164and slavery, 144and whites, 4, 16, 17, 19

New England Genealogical and Historical Register, 114

New Orleans, LA, 3, 139, 158New York, NY

Albert Pickett in, 78, 80, 140–141, 148Alexander Meek in, 161Augusta Evans in, 206, 255John R. Thompson and, 148Joseph Baldwin in, 14, 70, 148, 149, 154






Index312

publishing in, 12, 84, 90, 102, 135, 136, 140, 160, 161, 165, 221, 241, 258, 292

News (Marion, AL), 140newspapers

Alabama writers and, 36, 38, 39, 43Alexander Meek on, 165contents of, 12, 28, 39, 43, 50, 134contributors to, 36idealization of family in, 63impact of, 43market for, 12origins of, 13partisan, 12, 39, 224and persuasion, 39political parties and, 217struggles of, 28

“Nice Sense of Honor, A” (Hentz), 459th Infantry Regiment, 121North Carolina, 48, 75, 76Nott, Josiah, 176

Ohio, 237Ohio River, 4, 188“On Liberty and Slavery” (Horton), 190Ovid, 150“Ovid Bolus, Esq.” (Baldwin), 133, 147, 148,

150, 152–153

Panic of 10, 41, 117Parkman, Francis, 61Party Leaders (Baldwin), 219, 221–228, 250Perryman, Polly, 168, 169persuasion

Alabama writers and, 27, 39, 130bases for, 52and childrearing, 63and democracy, 216early American legacy of, 28Emerson and, 27families and, 93impact of, 38in marriage, 64Johnson Hooper and, 57, 59, 188middle classes and, 58newspapers and, 39and patriarchy, 78and social change, 130social dynamics of, 48toasting as form of, 37as Whig tactic, 52

Peterson, T. B., 294Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia Union League, 279

1848 Whig convention in, 7Jeremiah Clemens in, 279newspapers from, 41publishing in, 125, 135, 186, 193, 294self-improvement in, 28

Phillips, Philip, 154Pickett, Albert (author, father)

absences of, from home, 92and Alexander Meek, 157, 288ambitions of, 155, 166attitude of, toward powerful families, 10in Charleston, SC, 141and class, 98, 168and competition, 146and concept of family, 63death of, 251finances of, 62, 75, 81, 82, 92, 93, 130, 135,

136–137, 158and freedom, 130and friendship, 98and gender roles, 79, 92and George Hooper, 129–130idealization of southern culture by, 157and Johnson Hooper, 157, 167landholdings of, 10, 76, 78, 82, 136, 138,

144and migration, 82in Montgomery, AL, 146in New York, 140–141and patriarchy, 130personality of, 76, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 139,

140, 146, 158, 169physical characteristics of, 80as planter, 81, 146political views of, 78, 137–138, 146response of, to criticisms of History of

Alabama, 159and secession, 146and self-determination, 82, 146and slavery, 7, 64, 76, 79, 82, 93, 136, 137,

138, 169, 174and social status, 146Thomas Woodward and, 168and voluntary associations, 9and Walker family, 129and William Gilmore Simms, 140, 158and Woodward’s Reminiscences, 169

Pickett, Albert (author, father), family of brother-in-law, 78children, 78, 79, 82, 83, 93correspondence with, 93father, 62, 75–76, 78, 146grandson, 82inequalities in, 64

New York, NY (cont.)






Index 313

niece, 76–78, 94, 117, 129siblings, 76, 78wife, 64, 76, 78–79, 80–81, 93, 136, 141

Pickett, Albert (author, father), works by, 78, 135, 171

See also individual works by PickettPickett, Albert (grandson), 82Pickett, Albert (son), 79Pickett, Lida, 79Pickett, Sarah Alston Harris

correspondence with, 78, 79, 80–81, 82, 141family of, 76health of, 80and husband’s absences, 79, 80, 92husband’s concerns for, 93inheritance of, 76marriage of, 78, 79, 80–81, 93, 130role of, 79and slavery, 76Pickett, Sooky, 79

Pickett, William Dickson, 76, 97Pickett, William R., 75–76, 78, 81Pickett’s Springs, AL, 76Pierce, Franklin, 121, 124, 221Planter’s Gazette, 137Planter’s Northern Bride, The (Hentz), 114,

193–198planters

Alabama writers and, 58, 130Alexander Meek and, 58, 163Augusta Evans and, 264Caroline Hentz and, 58and change, 218as Democrats, 166, 243Johnson Hooper and, 58, 166, 169, 243as leaders, 35, 77, 130literary depictions of, 92, 168and middle classes, 146and persuasion, 58and self-determination, 92and slavery, 147townspeople and, 130William Gilmore Simms on, 35William Russell Smith and, 231

Plessy v. Ferguson, 294, 295Poe, Edgar Allan, 57Poetical Works of George Moses Horton,

The (Horton), 190Poor Richard’s Almanac, 33Pope, LeRoy, 116, 117Porter, William T., 51, 54, 56print culture

Alexander Meek and, 59Caroline Hentz and, 59

competition in, 135impact of, 2, 14–15Johnson Hooper and, 59middle classes and, 14–15, 171and northern publishing, 135–136and politics, 218reform organizations and, 204religious organizations and, 13, 14and slavery, 130and wealth, 28See also magazines; see newspapers

“Proem” (Meek), 1, 288–289progress, 172, 188, 209, 210, 243Protestantism, 84, 85

Randolph, John, 221, 224, 226Read, John, 277Read, Major, 119Read, Mary. See Clemens, Mary ReadReconstruction, 292Red Eagle (Meek), 164.

See also Weatherford, William (“Red Eagle”)

Register (Mobile, AL), 102, 158Reminiscences (Smith), 291–294, 295, 296Reminiscences of the Creek, or Muscogee

Indians (Woodward) audiences for, 169contents of, 167–169, 170, 171introduction to, 167, 169perspective of, 166publication of, 134, 169, 242as response to Pickett’s History of Ala-

bama, 134, 157slavery in, 135, 170

Renaissance, 210“Representative Men” (Baldwin), 221Republican (Carrollton, AL), 139Republicans and Republican Party

and 1856 presidential election, 242and 1859 Speaker of the House election,

237and 1860 presidential election, 286Alabamians and, 266forces strengthening, 228Johnson Hooper and, 243northern, 243on slavery’s impact, 2Whigs and, 232William Russell Smith and, 249

Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 122Richard Hurdis (Simms), 35Richmond, VA

Johnson Hooper in, 251






Index314

Joseph Baldwin in, 70, 148publishing in, 68, 258Union Army encroachments on, 251William Makepeace Thackeray in, 148William Russell Smith in, 271, 273, 292

Rocky Mountains, 3Romantic Passages in Southwestern History

(Meek), 134, 157, 161, 162, 163–166, 170, 288

Romantics and Romanticism, 18, 150, 289Royal Ape, The (Smith), 251, 253, 272–276,

289, 296Russell County, AL, 83, 142

“Sam Hele, Esq.” (Baldwin), 153–154San Antonio, TX, 84San Francisco, CA, 156Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 72Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 200Schlegel, Frederick von, 33Scott, Walter, 149Scott, Winfield, 221secession

Alexander Meek and, 288, 293Augusta Evans and, 256Jeremiah Clemens and, 215, 249–250, 276,

277–278, 283Johnson Hooper and, 246Lincoln’s election as trigger for, 246, 266Whigs and, 277William Russell Smith and, 219, 249, 251,

266–267, 270, 292, 293Second Treatise of Civil Government

(Locke), 17self-determination

Alabama writers and, 29, 123, 129, 136, 289, 297

Albert Pickett and, 146Augusta Evans and, 253–254, 258and class, 171concept of family and, 62, 65, 92, 93and democracy, 215–216and friendship, 95, 96, 99, 129literary depictions of, 136, 144, 152, 154literary orphans and, 92middle classes and, 27, 58, 60, 92, 99, 173as national ideal, 60and older traditions, 99planters and, 92and political ambition, 228and progress, 209and race, 171–172, 176and self-control, 228

and slavery, 65, 130, 146, 171–172, 176, 207threats to, 215and wealth, 92writing as means of, 252See also freedom. See individual writers

self-government, 250self-sufficiency, 216Seminole Indians, 167

See also Creek Indians; Native AmericansSenate, U.S., 21, 122, 153, 173, 276“Sex of the Soul, The” (Hentz), 110Shakespeare, William, 96, 149, 234Shenandoah Valley, 65Shiloh, TN, 257Simms, William Gilmore

and Albert Pickett, 140, 158and Alexander Meek, 32, 34, 140, 157–158as author, 134banquet for, 36–38earnings of, 28on history’s focus, 159on literature and culture, 36as magazine editor, 32and patriarchy, 58and Pickett’s History of Alabama, 142,

158–159as Romantic, 158, 162on rural life, 35as social leader, 36on southern publishing, 159and Southern Quarterly Review, 230and University of Alabama commencement,

35and works by Alexander Meek, 160, 162

“Simon Suggs, Jr., Esq.” (Baldwin), 148, 155Siro (slave), 168Slatter, Hope Hull, 160slavery

Alabama writers and, 93, 123, 133, 134–135, 136, 174, 179, 250, 289

arguments supporting, 193California and, 157compared to northern domestic service, 194and concept of family, 64Confederates and, 284coverage of, in histories, 134–135, 136criticism of, 27debates about, 123, 133defenses of, 20–21, 174, 176, 179end of, 253expansion of, 218, 219and freedom, 1, 2, 15, 57, 157, 163, 170,

188, 289and gender, 207

Richmond, VA (cont.)






Index 315

and hierarchy, 130and inequality, 93, 210literary depictions of, 20, 152–153, 154,

197and literary market, 136as literary topic, 15means of control in, 216middle classes and, 17, 130, 173, 208mother-child bond in, 192northerners and, 115and progress, 20, 188, 210and race, 207, 244reform of, 176–177and self-determination, 65, 130, 146,

171–172, 176, 207and slave trade, 21, 174southerners and, 115Thomas Woodward and, 135urban, 176, 177and wealth, 163white fears of, 22women and, 257–258See also individual writers

slaves activities of, 17, 21, 176, 177, 190,

199, 208Alabama writers and, 21–22, 26as assets, 7compared to northern domestic servants,

177, 194and education, 25and farms, 7forced migrations of, 21and freedom, 253hired, 190humanity of, 174literary depictions of, by Augusta Evans,

87middle classes and, 16–17monetary value of, 188and patriarchy, 130as property, 174recording of, in U.S. census, 147, 174and self-determination, 207, 216as sources of capital, 208urban, 17, 177and white prosperity, 16See also African Americans

slaves, literary depictions of by Alabama writers, 7, 20, 22, 177,

179, 210by Albert Pickett, 144–145by Augusta Evans, 86–87, 199, 200–203,

204–205, 208–209, 260

by Caroline Hentz, 194, 198, 203, 208–209by Jeremiah Clemens, 284–285by Johnson Hooper, 182–184, 186–187,

189, 208–209by Joseph Baldwin, 7, 16, 152, 295by Terence, 261by William Russell Smith, 274, 295

Smith, Anne. See Easby-Smith, AnneSmith, Elizabeth, 71, 74, 269Smith, Sidney, 72Smith, Wilhemine Easby

and Alexander Meek, 130childhood of, 291children of, 75, 233conversion of, to Catholicism, 270–271correspondence with, 266–272, 273, 275daughter Anne on, 296husband’s absences from, 265life of, after Civil War, 291love sonnets for, 273management of slaves and household by, 268marriage of, 75, 232newspaper contributions by, 292personality of, 75poetry by, 267political beliefs of, 267property owned by, 291, 292relocations by, 291, 292

Smith, William Russell activities of, during Civil War, 265as advocate for southern literature, 102and Alexander Meek, 14, 31, 97, 98–106,

129, 130, 293ambitions of, 218, 239, 269, 275, 287career of, as editor, 31, 44, 72, 230, 292childhood and early adulthood of, 10, 64,

71–72, 75, 92, 93, 94, 228, 269and Civil War, 251, 252–254, 286and class, 252and competition, 218and concept of family, 63and Confederacy, 270, 276, 292daughter’s biography of, 72, 74, 75, 296death of, 294, 296, 297and democracy, 216–218drinking habits of, 268earnings by, 269and fame, 293finances of, 266and friendship, 98–99, 106, 128–129and gender, 273–274and Jeremiah Clemens, 120, 230legal career of, 10, 230, 233, 292life of, after Civil War, 287, 291, 292–293






Index316

and literary success, 72military career of, 72, 230, 270as orator, 101–102personality of, 71, 72, 75, 99–100, 104, 228,

249, 265, 269, 271, 274, 276on political ambition, 228political career of, 11, 75, 102, 228, 230,

231–232, 233, 251, 253, 265, 266–267, 270, 271, 276, 287, 291, 292, 293

political views of, 102, 217–218, 228, 231, 245, 249, 266, 270, 271–272

and popularity, 106and print culture, 11and religion, 271, 283, 296relocations by, 230, 291, 292, 296and secession, 105, 219, 233, 249, 251,

266–267, 270, 292, 293and self-determination, 64, 75, 106, 107,

129, 218–219, 253–254, 275and self-sufficiency, 216and slavery, 7, 71, 105, 174, 218, 253, 266,

268, 286and wealth, 10, 71, 72and William Lowndes Yancey, 105writing skills of, 101

Smith, William Russell, family of first wife, 230children, 72, 74, 75, 232, 233, 292, 296father, 71, 74literary inspiration from, 93mother, 71, 74, 75, 269relocations by, 292second wife, 230, 232siblings, 72, 74, 75, 92, 228third wife, 75, 232–233, 265, 266–272, 273,

275, 291, 292troubles in, 62

Smith, William Russell, works by Alexander Meek on, 102audiences for, 275characteristics of, 93, 228during Civil War, 253love sonnets for third wife, 273as popular fiction, 93sketch of Alexander Meek, 239slavery in, 93slaves and slavery depicted in, 74translation of Iliad, 292See also individual works by Smith

Social Principle: The Source of National Permanence, The (Simms), 35

Songs and Poems of the South (Meek), 102–103, 114, 161

Soto, Hernando de, 142, 162, 164South Carolina, 32, 35, 83, 121, 122, 146South Carolina College, 48Southern Democrat, 120Southern Literary Messenger

Alexander Meek’s works mentioned in, 161, 166

editor of, 148Joseph Baldwin’s works in, 147, 148, 153,

166, 171, 221, 224Pickett’s History of Alabama ignored by,

158review of Evans’s Beulah in, 210Richmond, Va., publication of, 68, 148

Southern Quarterly Review, 139, 156, 158, 230Southern Rights, 232Southron, The, 31–32, 45, 59, 101, 135Souvenirs of Travel (Le Vert), 160, 161Spaulding, James, 255Speed, Joshua, 97Spirit of the Times, 51, 54, 56, 57Springfield, IL, 10, 28St. Elmo (Evans), 287Stafford, Maria, 108, 109, 110Stafford, Samuel, 108Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 40, 135, 154Stuart, Alexander H. H.

correspondence with, 156, 219–220, 221, 227–228

criticism of Baldwin’s work by, 221, 224Flush Times dedicated to, 65political career of, 65, 156, 219, 220

Suggs, Simon (literary character) and audience, 53characteristics of, 52, 133on education, 25first appearances of, 51motto of, 26and persuasion, 56, 59popularity of, 48and public, 59, 60as representative of middle-class aspirations,

208success of work presented in, 29as vehicle for social criticism, 52

Sumter County, AL, 147Supreme Court, U.S., 294, 296

Tabby (slave), 168“Taking the Census” (Hooper), 51Talladega, AL, 66, 187–188Tallapoosa County, AL, 142Tallapoosa River, 52, 81Taylor, Zachary, 121, 148, 230

Smith, William Russell (cont.)






Index 317

Temperance Society, 30Tennessee, 43Tennessee River, 4Tennessee Valley, 41Texas, 82, 83, 84, 103, 199Texas War for Independence, 72Thackeray, William Makepeace, 70, 148Thompson, John R., 148Thoreau, Henry David, 289Thorpe, Thomas Bangs, 162Timrod, Henry, 257Tobias Wilson: A Tale of the Great Rebellion

(Clemens), 253, 276, 280–283, 284–286Toombs, Robert, 155Townes, Samuel, 140towns

activities in, 17Alabama writers and, 26, 296antisecessionists in, 266and Civil War, 252consumer goods in, 17economy of, 205literary societies in, 25property ownership in, 16–17publishing in, 28slaves in, 17wealth in, 130See also individual towns

Transcendentalists 15Transylvania College, 117Tribune (Harper, NY), 161Tuscaloosa County, 232Tuscaloosa, AL

Alabama writers in, 26Alexander Meek in, , 1, 9, 29, 30, 63, 99,

100, 102booksellers in, 14Caroline Hentz in, 46, 108Charles Hentz in, 109Clement Clay, Jr., in, 117Cyrus Baldwin in, 65depicted in fiction, 8historical society in, 9 Jeremiah Clemens in, 119Johnson Hooper in, 9, 49manufacturing in, 8middle classes in, 266population of, 8print culture in, 292publishing in, 11, 31, 39, 186, 233schools in, 29state Capitol in, 29temperance society in, 9Thaddeus Hentz in, 109

University of Alabama in, 34, 108William Gilmore Simms in, 58, 103William Russell Smith in, 11, 71, 72, 99,

228, 233, 266, 291, 292William Russell Smith’s constituents in, 231,

266Tuskegee, AL, 47, 109, 110Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel (“Mark

Twain”)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 153, 154, 179, 191, 193, 198, 208

Uncle Young (slave), 177, 190, 195, 208University of Alabama

Alexander Meek and, 30Clement Clay, Jr., at, 117establishment of, 30literary societies at, 46literature chair for, 34presidents of, 34, 292and relocation of state capital, 109William Gilmore Simms at, 35William Russell Smith and, 72, 292

University of North Carolina, 40, 48Uses of Solitude, The (Smith)

contents of, 61, 104–106, 112, 233, 266Daniel Boone’s wife in, 61, 64included in Smith’s biography, 296publication of, 233quotations from, 61, 64, 104–106, 266, 291,

293reprinted in Smith’s Reminiscences, 293, 296Smith’s self-depiction in, 276

Virginia and Virginians, 65, 77, 94, 225, 226, 238, 271

Virginia Court of Appeals, 220

Wake Forest University, 48Walden (Thoreau), 14, 239Walker family, 94, 117, 129Walker, Eliza Pickett, 76–78, 94, 117, 129, 145Walker, John Williams, 116, 117, 145Walker, Leroy Pope, 77, 117, 129War and Its Incidents (Smith), 230–231War of 1812, 4, 116, 142Washington, DC, 124, 245, 291, 292, 294,

296, 297Weatherford, William (“Red Eagle”), 145,

160, 164, 168, 169Webster, Daniel, 103, 220West and Johnson, 258“Whig, or the Diary of a Young Candidate,

The” (Smith), 228–230, 266






Index318

Whig (Wetumpka, AL), 138Whigs and Whig Party

and 1860 presidential election, 246Alabama writers and, 7collapse of, 242commercial farmers and, 7economic policies of, 7Jeremiah Clemens and, 121Joseph Baldwin on, 224as minority, 124northern, 232and progress, 243and secession, 277urbanites and, 7use of persuasion by, 52and wealth, 243

Widow Rugby’s Husband, The (Hooper), 180, 186–187

Wilde, Richard, 103“Wild Jack, or the Stolen Child” (Hentz),

191–192

Wildman, Dr., 113Wilhelm Meister (Goethe),

74, 236Willard, Mr. and Mrs., 111Wilmington, NC, 48, 49,

180, 181Winchester, VA, 149Wirt, William, 37Wise, Henry, 237Withers, Jones, 121women, 83, 204, 257–258, 287

See also individual writers and individual works

Woodward, Thomas, 135, 167, 168, See also Reminiscences of the Creek, or Muscogee Indians

work ethic, 204, 216

Yancey, William Lowndes, 105, 256, 288, 293

Young America movement, 231






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