index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/12627/index/9780521812627...language index...

Language index

Aboriginal English, , Ainu, American English, , , , , American Sign Language, , Arrernte, xii, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , ,, , ,

Balinese, , Belhare, xii, , , , , , ,

Cariban, Central Pomo, Chamus, , Cherokee, Chinese, , , ,

Dutch, xiii, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , ,

English, xiii, , , , , –, , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,–, , , ,

Eskimo, , , Ewe,

Finnish, Finno-Ugric, French, , ,

Garawa (Karrwa), German, ,

Greek, Guugu Yimithirr, x, xiii, , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , ,

Hai//om, xiii, , , , , , ,, , , ,

Hausa, , Hungarian, ,

Inuit,

Jaminjung, , Japanese, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , Javanese,

Karuk, , , Kayardild, , , , Kgalagadi, , , , , , Kilivila, , , , , , , Korean, , Kwakwala, ,

Longgu, , , , , , , , ,

Maltese, Marquesan, Mopan, , , , ,

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Language index

Nicaraguan Sign Language, Nishga,

Russian,

Spanish, , Swedish,

Tamil, xii, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,,

Tarascan, , Thai, , , , Tidore, Totonac, , , , Turkish, , , Tzeltal, x, xiii, xxiii, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , –, , ,, , , , , ,

Tzotzil, , , , , , ,

Vietnamese,

Warlpiri, , , Wik Mungan, ,

Yelı Dnye, , , , , , , Yucatec, , , , , , , , ,

, Yup’ik,

Zapotec, ,






Author index

Acredolo, L. , , Ameka, F. xxi, , Anderson, S. Aoki, K. Argyle, M. Aristotle , Asch, S.E. Austin, P.

Baayen, H. Baddeley, A. , , Baker, R.R. , , , , , Bambi, J. xxii, , , , Bates, E.A. , , Batschelet, E. , , , , Beattie, G. , Bell, S. Bennardo, G. xxiBerg, R. van den Berlin, B. , , , , Berthoz, A. Beusmans, J. Bickel, B. xxi, xxii, , , , , Biederman, I. Bierwisch, M. , Bisiach, E. xviiiBlake, B.J. , Bloom, P. , Boesch, C. Bohnemeyer, J. xxi, xxiii, , Bowden, J. xxi, Bower, G. Bowerman, M. iii, xxi, xxii, , , , , Boyd, R. Breedlove, D. Bresnan, J. Brewer, B. , , ,

Brown, C.H. Brown, P. xxi, xxii, xxiii, , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , ,

Brugman, C. , Buhler, K. , Bulthoff, H.H. Burgess, N. , ,

Cablitz, G. Calbris, G. , Call, J. , Campbell, A. Campbell, J. , Carey, S. Carleton, L.R. Carlson-Radvansky, L.A. , , , , ,

Carpenter, P. Carroll, M. Carruthers, G. Casey, E. , Cassell, J. Cassirer, E. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Chafe, W. Charlie, D. Chen, L. , Cheng, K. , Chijk’, X.G. xxiiChoi, S. , , Chomsky, N. , , Cicero Clark, H.H. , , , , , , , , ,, , , , ,






Author index

Claudi, U. Cohen, D. , , Colasante, C. , Colby, C. Collet, T.S. Corballis, M.C. Cosmides, L. , Cowan, N. ,

Danziger, E. xxi, xxii, , , , , , ,, ,

Dasen, P. xxii, , , , , Dawkins, R. Deacon, T. Dennett, D. , , Descartes Dilke, O.A.W. Dougherty, V. Dubois, J. Duhem, P. Duncan, S. xxi, Dunn, M. xxiDurham, W.

Eilan, N. , Einstein, A. , Elman, J.L. , , Emlen, S.T. Emmorey, K. , Enfield, N. xxiiiEssegbey, J. xxiEtienne, A.S. Ettlinger, G. Evans, N. xxi, , , , ,

Feldman, M.W. , Fillmore, C. , , Fodor, J. , , , , , , , ,

Fodor, J.D. , , Foley, W. xxiFortescue, M. Frederick, R.E. , , Friederici, A. , , Friedrich, P. Frisch, K. von , Furby, C.E. Furby, E.S.

Gage, J. Gale, N. Galea, L.M. Galileo Gallistel, C.R. , , , , , , ,, , , ,

Garrett, M. –, Gaskins, S. xxi, xxii, Gauker, C. Geertz, C.C. Georgakopoulos, J. Gillner, S. Gladwin, T. , Gleitman, L. , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,,

Goddard, C. Golledge, R.G. , Good, C. –, –Goodenough, W.H. Gordon, T. xxiiGreenbaum, S. Gregory, R. Groen, G. de xxiiGuirardello, R. xxiGullberg, M. xxi, Gumperz, J.J. , Gusman Osil, A. xxiiGwinner, E.

Haiman, J. Hanks, W. Harley, J.B. , –Hart, R. xxii, , , Hatfield, G. Haun, D. xxi, , , , , Hauser, M. Haviland, J.B. xxi, xxii, , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,

Healy, S. Heeschen, V. , Heine, B. , , , , , , , , ,

Helmholtz, H. Hermer, L. Herrmann, T. Herskovits, A. xix, , , , ,






Author index

Hertz, R. , Hill, C. , Hill, D. xxi, , , Hockett, C.F. Hoem, I. xxiHoward, I.P. Hughes, H.C. , , , Hunn, E. Hutchins, E. , , Huttenlocher, J.

Inhelder, B. , , , , , , Inoue, K. xxi, , Irwin, D.A. , , , , ,

Jack, W. Jackendoff, R. , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,

Jacobson, S.A. Jammer, M. , , , Jarvella, R.J. xxiJeannerod, M. Jeffery, K. Jensen de Lopez, K. xxiJohnson-Laird, P.N. , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , ,, ,

Johnston, J.R. , , , , , Just, M.

Kahr, J. , Kant, E. , , , , , , , , , Kari, J. Karmiloff-Smith, A. , , , , Kay, P. xxii, , , , , Keating, E. xxiKeenan, E. Kempton, W. , , Kendon, A. xxi, , , , , Kenesei, I. Keusen, A. xxiKimura, D. Kita, S. xxi, xxii, , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , ,

Klatsky, R. , Klein, W. xxi, xxiiKolb, B. Kolver, U. ,

Kornfilt, J. Kosslyn, S.M. , , Krauss, R.M. , Kubovy, M. , , Kuhl, P. ,

Lahiri, T.K. Landau, B. , , , , , , , ,

Lang, E. xxii, , Langacker, R.W. , , , , , , ,

Langhorne, M.C. Laughlin, R. Laughren, M. Lausberg, H. xxiLederman, S. , Lee, D.N. Leech, G. , Leer, J. Leibniz, G.W. –, , Leon, L. de xxii, , , , , , , Levelt, P. xxi, xxiiiLevelt, W.J.M. xxi, xxii, , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , ,, , ,

Levine, S. Levinson, S. i, iii, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,

Levy, E. Levy, P. xxi, , , , Lewis, D. , , , , , , , Leyton M. Li, P. , , , , , , , , ,, , , , ,

Locke, J. , Lucy, J. xxi, xxii, , , , , , ,,

Luzatti, C. xviiiLyons, J. , , , , ,

Macaulay, M. MacDonald, J. , , ,






Author index

MacLaury, R. Maddieson, I. , Maffi, L. Maguire, E. , , Mallot, H. , , Marascuilo, L.A. Markus, E. , Marr, D. , , , , , ,

McCarthy, R. , McCullough, K.-E. , McDonough, L. McGregor, W. xxiMcIvor, T. McNaughton, B. , , McNeill, D. iii, xxii, , , , , ,, , , , , , ,

Meira, S. xxi, Meltzoff, A.N. Merkel, F.W. Metzler, J. , , Miller, G.A. xix, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , ,, ,

Mishkin, M. , , Mithun, M. , , , , Moar, I. Molyneux, W. ix, , , , Morrel-Samuels, P. , Muller, C. , Munn, N.

Nadel, L. , , , , , Nagy, L. xxi, xxii, Nash, D. xxi, , , , Needham, R. Neumann, S. xxi, , , Newton, I. , , , , , Norman, J. , Nunberg, G. Nuyts, J. iii

O’Keefe, J. , , , , , , , , ,, ,

Ozanne-Rivierre, F. Ozyurek, A. xxi,

Paillard, J. , , Pears, J. , ,

Pederson, E. iii, xxi, xxii, , , , , ,, , , , , ,

Pellegrino, J. Peterson, M. Piaget, J. , , , , , , , , ,, ,

Pick, H.L. , , , , Pinker, S. , , , , , , ,

Poincare, H. , Potter, M. Putnam, H.

Quirk, R.

Rasch, B. xxi, , , , , Raven, P. Reichenbach, H. Renzi, E. de Richerson, P.J. Rock, I. , , Roelofs, A. Ruggles, A. Ruiter, J.P. de , , , ,

Sapir, E. Save, E. Schegloff, E. , , Schmid, H. Schmitt, B. xxi, xxii, , Schone, H. , Schultze-Berndt, E. xxi, , Searle, J. Senft, G. iii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, , , Senghas, A. xxi, Serlin, R.C. Shephard, R. , , Sherry, D. Simpson, J. xxiSinha, C. xxiSjoerdsma, E. xxiiiSlobin, D. xxii, , , , , , , ,, , , , , ,

Sonnenschein, A. xxiSorabji, R. , , Spallanzani, L. Spelke, E. , , , , Sperber, D. , Spetch, M.






Author index

Squire, L.R. Staden, M. van xxi, Stassen, L. Stein, J.F. , , Steinhauer, H. , Stephens, D. Stoll, S. xxiStolz, C. xxi, , , , , Stralka, R. Stross, B. Stutterheim, C. von Sundurum, O.K. xxiiSutton, P. , Svartvik, J. Svorou, S. xix, , , , , , , , ,,

Takano, Y. , Talmy, L. xix, , , , , , , , ,, ,

Tarr, M. , Taylor, H.A. Tees, R. Thompson, J. Tindale, N. Tinkelpaugh, O.L. Tolman, E.C. , , , , Tomasello, M. , Tooby, J. , Trower, P. Tsivkin, S. , , , Tudor, L. Tversky, B. , , , , Tye, M. , ,

Ulltan, R. Ungerer, F. Ungerleider, L.G. ,

Van Cleve, J. , , Vandeloise, C. xix, , Vygotsky, L.S.

Wassmann, J. , , , , Waterman, T.H. , , , , Wehner, R. , , Weissenborn, J. , Werker, J. Wheeler, D. Whishaw, I. Whitehead, A.N. Whorf, B.L. , , , , , , , Widlok, T. xxi, xxii, , , , , ,, ,

Wierzbicka, A. Wilkes-Gibbs, D. Wilkins, D.P. xxi, xxii, , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , ,

Wiltschko, W. Witkin, H.A. Woodward, D.

Yates, F.A. , Yidika, I. xxii

Zavala, R. xxiZee, E. van der Zeil, J.






Subject index

a priori knowledge of space, see also Kant in author index

Aboriginal inhabitants of Australia, , , ,, –, –, –,

wayfinding abilities of, –, , ,–

see also Australian languages, and GuuguYimithirr, Wik Mungan, etc. in languageindex

absolute frame of reference, , , , –,–, –, –

abstractions from environment, , , ,

acquisition of, , , , , –environmental support for, , , gradual mastery of, –precocity of,

allocentric nature of, , , ambiguities of, analogue vs. digital representations, ,

, , angles, geometry of, , , –, axes in, , , –as binary relation, , , cardinal directions and, see cardinal

direction systemscoding in language, –, –,

–in cognition, –, –

cognitive preconditions for, , , ,–, , , see also compass(mental)

conceptual slope and, , conversion to other frames, coordinates in, culture and, , , , –, , ,

dead reckoning and, , , , ,–

definition of, –, deixis and, , description in, –direction

constant computation of, see compass(mental)

without places, distinguished

from relative and intrinsic, ecological determinism and, –, encoding in language, , –fixed bearings, and, , geometry of, , gesture and, –

distinctive features of, –see also gesture

imagery and, , inference and, , , see also logical

properties oflandmarks and, –, , landscape bases, language and, see coding inlimitations of, logical properties of, , , memory and, see memorymental maps and, see mental mapsmotion and, orientation and, , , , –origin of coordinates, variable, primitives of, and rotation, similarities, to intrinsic,

to relative, types of, –variation in, , –






Subject index

absolute frame of reference (cont.)vision and, , –, –, –, weak vs. strong, –Western subjects and, widespread use of, see also allocentric, environment-centered

absolute vs. relative space, –, , –and egocentric/allocentric distinction, ,

Newton vs. Leibniz, –primacy of relative space, , , ,

acquisition of language, , , , , , ,, , , –, –

gesture aids, language induces concepts, –, –language-specific style and, –learnability puzzle, , order of, of spatial concepts, , , ,

, adpositions, , , , –, , , ,

topological, –universality and, –

Alaskan languages, , allocentric frames of reference, xviii, , –,

, , , , distinguishing absolute from intrinsic, –see also egocentric coordinates

ambiguity, between frames of reference,xvii–xviii, , , , , , , , ,

vs. semantic generality, , –Amerindian languages, analogue vs. digital representations, , ,

, , , anaphora and gesture, anchoring labels to coordinates, , , , ,

angular specifications of direction, , –, ,

, –, , –, –see also frames of reference (nature of),

cardinal directions, directionanimal spatial cognition , see also navigation (animals)

anthropocentricism, –, anthropomorphism, –architecture, mental, xviii, , Arctic peoples, , , Australian languages, , , –, ,

–,

Austronesian languages, , , , axes, spatial, , , , , , , , ,

, –, defective, and errors, –orthogonal vs. non-orthogonal, , –,

sagittal vs. lateral, weak vs. strong, –

Bali, bees and navigation, see navigation (animals)behaviourism, binary oppositions, binary, vs. ternary, spatial relations, , , ,

birds and navigation, see navigation (animals)biological basis for spatial categories, , –see also innateness, nativism, brain and space,

vestibular systemblind, spatial perception of, , body, human, and spatial coordinates, , , ,

, –, , –, , in gesture, , , –in relative spatial computations, , ,

–body-part terms, , , , –, , , ,

–, implicational scale of,

brain, and space, xviii, , , , , –, ,–,

frontal lobes, head-direction cells, hippocampus, , , , , , lateralization and, lesions and, parietal, xviii, , , place cells, temporal lobe,

calculation, of direction, see dead reckoning,navigation

canonical encounter, , , cardinal direction systems, , , –,

–acquisition of, –digital on analogue foundations, , frequent use of, and up/down, –, –, see also absolute frame of reference






Subject index

cartography, see mapscases, grammatical, , , –, , ,

, , causal role of language, in cognition, –,

–, , –see also linguistic determinism

central thought processes, , vs. input/output modules, ,

centroid, , channels of communication, child development, of spatial concepts, , ,

, , , –, –of absolute orientation, , , , ,

–absolute before intrinsic, Euclidean before topological,

cross-cultural differences, , egocentric before allocentric, , of egocentric vs. allocentric, intrinsic before relative, , , language in, –

as dependent on conceptualdevelopment,

as facilitator, –, , –of left and right, , navigation, perceptual vs. conceptual, , –of relative systems, and sound-systems, , –topological before projective, –, see also acquisition of language

circular statistics, –, –, , see alsonavigation (methods forinvestigating)

classical thought, see Western thoughtclassification, of spatial scenes, , , ,

–, , clockwise rotation, and handedness, , –,

closed-class spatial morphemes, , , coding, of spatial scenes, , –, , –

dual, in language, , , ,

effects on memory, vs. gesture, –

in thought, , –, , co-evolution, of genome, cognition and

culture, xx, , , –and lack of innate navigation system, –

sign languages and, sound systems, see also evolution

cognition, spatial, see spatial cognitioncognitive linguistics, , , cognitive maps, see mental mapscognitive prerequisites, for semantic

distinctions, , , , cognitive sciences

universalizing presuppositions of, cognitive style, , , –, , , colloquial use of language, colour terms, , , , , –communication, broader than linguistic,

gesture and, –human vs. animal, –, interethnic, , , language specialized for, and navigation, –

communication tasks, , –, , see alsomethods, tasks

compass, , in analysis of performance, , –, ,

in ‘hardware’ vs. ‘software’, , inclination type, mental, , , –, , , , ,

–, –basis for, –,

polarity type, sidereal, , –, solar, , , , –, wind, see also orientation

composition, see decompositioncomputation, spatial, , see also inference,

navigationconceptual difficulties, with frames of

reference, conceptual structure

vs. semantics, see semanticsuniversals of, , , –

connectionism, , consistency, of subjects, , , , , ,

see also schooling and cognitionconstructivism, –, –,

partial, –, plausibility of,

contact, linguistic, and cognitive effects, –






Subject index

context-specific meanings, and design oflanguage,

conversion, between frames of reference, seetranslation

coordinate systems, Cartesian see rectangularand frames of reference, , origin of, –, , , , see also originpolar, , , , , rectangular, , , , reflection, rotation and translation of, –see also frames of reference

correlation, between linguistic andnon-linguistic frames of reference, seelanguage and thought

cosmology, , , , , cross-cultural psychology, –

gender differences, see genderliteracy and, –

cross-modal cognition, xvii, –, , ,

in navigation, see navigationrole of language in, see also translation between representations

cultural diversity, and language, –, culture and adaptation, –

innate basis for, culture and spatial thinking, xx, , , , ,

–, –, –, , , ,, , –

artefacts, , , atrophied native capacities and, –and built environment, , , , constancies in spatial arrays, , , cross-cultural contact and, –culture-change and, , –literacy and, , , –, navigation and, –, , schooling and, –writing, see literacysee also cosmology, environment, gesture,

symbolism

dead reckoning, , , –, –, as precondition, for absolute frame, –,

, –for viridical gesture, see gesture

see also navigationdecomposition, semantic, –, –

vs. meaning postulates, recoding, and,

‘deictic’ frame of reference, xvii, , –, ,–,

abolition of, –, confusions about, , , –as relative frame, –see also relative frame of reference

deixis, , , –, –covert, cognition and, and origin of coordinates, , –, , see

also egocentric coordinatesradial nature of, ,

demonstratives, , , , determinism, linguistic, see linguistic

determinismdevelopment in children, see acquisition of

language, child developmentdiachronic patterns in language, see

grammaticalizationdiagrams and drawings, xvii, , , , dimensional expressions, , , dimensionality and spatial language, direction, , , , ,

Aristotelian notions of, estimating, see compassin memory, –see also angular specifications of direction,

frames of reference, vectorsdirectionals, displacement, design feature of, diversity

cognitive, –, , –, –gesture systems, –linguistic, –, , , –, –

consequences of, , , –, –,–

culture and, formal vs. semantic, in horizontal distinctions, sources of,

dreams, in absolute coordinates, Dutch control group, , , , ,

ecological determinants of cognition, seeenvironment

education, and spatial cognition, see schoolingand cognition






Subject index

egocentric coordinatesvs. allocentric frames of reference, xviii,

–, , in all frames of reference, –, multiple systems of, –, primacy of, , , protoypical only in relative frame, , –as viewer-centred,

enantiomorphs, , –, , –, environment

and culture, see culture and spatial thinkingeffects on cognition, , –, –,

, controlling for, , –minimal,

impoverished as source for learning, indoors vs. outdoors, –, , –

effect of windows, landmarks and orientation, , , orientational skills and, semiotic, –see also scale

environment centred frame of reference, see also absolute frame of reference,

allocentric frames of referenceerrors

analysis of, , cognitive, related to linguistic coding,

–frequency of,

Eskimo languages and cultures, , wayfinding in, ,

ethnographic methods, European languages, , evolution, and spatial cognition, xvii, , ,

, –of culture, , see also co-evolutionof language, see also under co-evolution, navigation

experiencing for speaking, , see also codingexperimental evidence, for language/cognition

correlations, –, –hypotheses, –, , , –

variants of, –see also tasks

extrinsic frame,

facets, of objects, , , , –, see alsointrinsic frame of reference

field conditions and experiments, figure and ground, , , , ,

defined, dimensionality of, encoding patterns in language, –

fixed bearings, , , and survey maps, –

foraging, optimal, , , see also navigationform-classes, in spatial description, –frames of reference, Ch. passim

acquisition of, –aligning across modalities, –, –allocentric vs. egocentric, anchoring systems in, angular specifications in, , –application in cognition, –Aristotelian views, as biocultural hybrids, –brain bases of, choice of, –and classification of arrays, in cognition not in language, competition between, , conform in individuals, , confusions about, –, –conventions in, –, conversions between, see translationas coordinates, not reference objects or

origins, –, , –, , , correlations between linguistic and

non-linguistic, see language andthought

cross-cultural variations in, cross-modal identity, –, cultural elements in, –definition of, –, –deixis and, see deixisdiffering distinctions, –, –distinguishing between, –dominant, –, encoding patterns in language, –environmental conditioning of, , in gesture, , , –, see also gestureinnateness and, –, , –, ,

–, in language vs. cognition, –, , –,

, , , , , –predictable correlations,

linguistic instantiations of, –






Subject index

frames of reference, Ch. passim (cont.)logical properties of, modalities and, –motion and, , –multiplicity of, , –natural categories, –nature of, xvii–xviii, , –perceptual vs. conceptual, –, , , ,

, preferred, , , , –, , ,

relative vs. absolute, rotational properties of, selective use in languages, , –,

senses and, see senses, touch, visionsituation-specific vs. cross-situation, ,

–specialization and mental representations,

–switching, , terminology, –, –typology of, , –

sub-types, three basic types, , , –

universals of, –, , –, –use of, see also absolute, relative, intrinsic frames of

reference, egocentric vs. allocentric,coordinate systems

front and back, notions of, , , , , ,, , –, , –, –, ,

acquisition of, intrinsic vs. relative, , , , languages without, , ,

function, in spatial analysis, , , see alsointrinsic frame of reference

gaze, functions of, –and gesture, –and relative frame of reference,

gaze-tour, vs. driving-tour, , gender, and spatial performance, , , ,

, genetic factors, and cognitive difference, ,

see also innatenessgeocentric frame, see absolute frame of

reference

geographic orientation, scale, see scale

geometry of spatial cognition, see axes,absolute, intrinsic, relative frames ofreference

Gestalt psychology, gesture, –

absolute frame and, –, , , –,, , –

absolute gestures, properties of, ,–, –

communicative efficacy, –directional veracity, , , ;

transposed origo, semantics/semiotics of, , –unoriented gestures demarcated, and virtual world as ’head-up display’,

, –absolute gesture system vs. relative gesture

system, –, –defined, –morphological differences, –

acquisition of language and, , analogue nature of, , , bimanual, –body and, , , , , –character vs. observer perspective,

blends between, as intrinsic vs. relative frame,

childrens’, communication and, –, , contralateral, convention in, , –cultural factors, , –, dead reckoning and, deictic, , , –, directional accuracy of, , , distance and, emblems, , , frame of reference within, gaze and, –, ‘gesture space’, , , , D vs. D, , , shallow disk, , , ,

hand-shapes in, , iconic, , –,

fused with absolute, –, , indirect reference by, inhibition of, ,






Subject index

gesture (cont.)interaction and, –intrinsic frame and, , mental maps and, , , , metaphorical, monitoring of, , motion depiction, –, natural symbols, –origin of coordinates in, rotation paradigm and, –, relative frame and, , , –, –right- vs. left-handed, , , semiotics of, –size, –, spatial cognition and, , vectors in, –veridical, , , , , visual accessibility and, visual imagery and, –,

goal, see source and goal, spatial languagegradient measures of performance, , see also

RA gradientgrammar of space, –grammaticalization, , , , , , gravity, and spatial cognition, , , , ,

, , Greek thought, see Western thoughtground, , see also figure and ground,

landmarks, originGY see Guugu Yimithirr in language index

habitual thought, , , handedness, , , , –, –, , see also

enantiomorphs, left and rightheading, egocentric, –, , see also

compass (mental)hippocampus, see brain and spacehoming, –,

homeward component of vector, pigeons, –,

Hopevale, Queensland, inhabitants of, –,

gestures of, , orientation and, –, , –, –spatial cognition and, –spatial description and, –see also Guugu Yimithirr in language index

horizontal vs. vertical planes, , –, see alsovertical dimension

hunter-gatherer peoples, , , , see alsoAboriginal inhabitants of Australia,Eskimo languages and culture,Khoisan languages and in languageindex

hypothesisWhorfian, –, see also linguistic

determinism

imagery, mental, , –, , –, , gesture and, –, see also vision,

representationssee also mental rotation

implicature, pragmatic, incongruent counterparts, see enantiomorphsinertial orientation, inference

converses, , and frames of reference,

absolute, intrinsic, , , relative,

logical, , , –mental models and, –spatial, , transitive, , , , , , see also tasks,

and inference under absolute, relativeand intrinsic frames of reference

inherent features of objects, see intrinsic frameof reference

innateness, –, –of concepts, , ,

vs. percepts, –of frames of reference, –, , –,

–‘representational nativism’, ‘simple nativism’, , of spatial cognition, , –of spatial language, , , see also nativism, a priori knowledge of space,

universalsinner ear and spatial sense, see inertial

orientation, vestibular systeminteraction, system of, –interethnic communication, , intrinsic frame of reference, xvii, , , –,

–, –absolute elements in, vs. absolute frame,






Subject index

intrinsic frame of reference (cont.)acquisition of, , see also acquisition of

languageallocentric nature of, see allocentric frames of

referencearmatures in, , –as binary relation, , , conversion from impossible, –, see also

translationdefinition of, –distinguished from absolute, relative, egocentre and, encoding in language, –functional factors and, , , fundamental nature of, , gesture and, inference problematic in, , , , and inherent facets of objects, , , –,

, , , logical properties of, see inferencemotion and, , –nature of, –object-centred coordinates and, –, ,

, , –, and origin of coordinates, primitives of, –relative system and, , , and rotation, –, shape and, similarities to absolute, simplicity of, as sole frame, theory of vision and, , , , topology and, –, , typology of, –universality of, , , , , ,

irreducible spatial concepts, , see alsotranslation (between representations)

Kalahari Desert, , Kantian notions of spacesee Kant in author index, absolute vs. relative

spaceKhoisan languages,

landmarks, , , , , , , , –,, see also figure and ground,orientation

landscape, and absolute systems, language and genes, –language and space, see spatial languagelanguage-specific categories, –, –language and thought, , , , , ,

consequences of linguistic variation, , ,–, –, –

of frame of reference specialization, ,–, –, –

correlations in frame of referencespecializations, xix, , –, ,, , –, , –

causal inferences and, –, hypothesis, independently investigated, , , language typing and, , pairwise prediction, –situation-general prediction, –situation-specific prediction, –tested, –, –

deixis and thought, –facilitation of complex thought, limitations of language, –, , linear nature of language, –pragmatics and the unsaid, –redundancy in language, representational isomorphism, –,

–, restructuring cognition, , see also linguistic determinism

language/cognition interface, xviii, –, ,, see also projection, linguisticdeterminism, spatial language,Whorfianism

language of thought, , , , , seealso central thought processes

language use, –causal role in cognition, see linguistic

determinismcolloquial, expert, , , habitual see habitual thought

language variation, –unique in communication systems, , see

also diversityleft and right, , , –, , , , , ,

–, absence of coding of, –, , , ,






Subject index

left and right (cont.)acquisition of, , , as body parts, , , and brain lesions, xviiicomputing, family of notions, –gesture and, –, intrinsic vs. relative, , , , –, literacy and, non-spatial notions of, non-universality of, , , , symbolism of, , see also handedness, mirror-images, relative

frame of referencelexicalization patterns, lexicon, finite nature of, ,

coarse categories of, , , decompositional vs. unitary theories of

meaning in, –effects on cognition, role in memory, semantic generality in, ,

linearization in language production, , linguistic and non-linguistic categories, ,

–, , –causal relation, see linguistic determinismcorrelation, –, , –, –, ,

see also language and thoughtidentity vs. distinctness of, –independently investigable, , language-specific, see also language and thought, linguistic

determinismlinguistic determinism, , , –, , ,

, , –, , –, –,, , –

causal vs. correlational analysis, –, conditions for, –confounds and, , –defined, dialects and, –vs. ecological/cultural determinants,

–, mechanisms of, mental architecture and, number marking and, , vs. other semiotic systems, –, predicting, memory coding, –,

orientational abilities, –, –

translational constraints as source, –,

types of, –universals and, , variant hypotheses, –see also language and thought, Whorfianism

linguistic diversity, see diversitylinguistic effects on memory and perception,

–, see also linguistic determinism

linguistic relativity, , , , see also diversity,language and thought,Whorfianism

linguistic resources vs. use, –linguistic typing, of communities, literacy, , localism, locative, construction, –

case, , –see also spatial language

logical inference, see inference

magnetoreception, see navigationmaps, –

cartographic, xvii, , , , , cultures without, function of, mental, see mental mapsstrip-maps, , , , , survey maps, , –,

matter and material, in spatial language, Mayan languages and cultures, , –, ,

memes, memory, spatial, xvii, , , –, –,

, Classical theory of, , coding for later speaking, –, , ,

–, load and choice of frame of reference, ,

–long-term, , –recall, , recoding and, , recognition, , –, , –,

short-term,

vs. long-term and recoding, mental imagery, see imagery






Subject index

mental maps, , , , , –, , ,, , –, , –,

in absolute vs. relative communities, –strip-maps, , , , , survey maps

computational requirements for, –with fixed bearings, –, , ,

–, see also maps

mental models (theory of Johnson-Laird),

mental rotation, –, , and enantiomorphs, –object-recognition without, –

Mesoamerican languages, , , see alsoMayan languages and cultures

metaphor, spatial, –methods, for studying

cross-cultural samples, –, gradient performance, , –the language/cognition relation, –, non-linguistic coding, –orientational abilities, –, –spatial language, , –typing of subjects, see also rotation paradigm, tasks

metric precision in spatial representations, ,–

Mexico, indigenous peoples of, mirror-images, perception of, , –, , see

also enantiomorphs, handednessmodalities, sensory, –

definition of, –and shared frames of reference, –see also senses

modularityand innateness, learned, Molyneux’s Question and, –and perception, of spatial cognition, , , , –, ,

, , –modules, mental, see modularitymotion, –, see also spatial language

direction without frames of reference, and recognition memory, –

naıve vs. scientific spatial thought, , , , ,, ,

nativism, and spatial concepts, , –, –,–, , –

and lexical meaning, representational, see also innateness, natural categories

natural categories, , –, , defined, –and emergent languages, –

navigation, , , –, abilities, differential, absolute vs. relative styles, –, allocentric vs. egocentric, angular estimations, , –animal, , –,

ants, , , apes, arthropod, , bats, –bees, , –, compared to human, , –, monkeys, pigeons, –, primates, –, rats, , , , –, terns, –

child abilities, , –communication about, –, compass and, see compassconnectionism and, cross-modal nature of, cultural vs. innate, –, dead reckoning, –, –

vs. piloting, , , , –distance estimations, echo-location in, –ephemeris tables and, foraging and, , , ‘geometric’ module and, , , –human

cultural nature of, , –, implicit nature of, inadequacies of, –, , lack of information about, –multi-modal nature of, ,

innate basis for, landmarks in, , , , language and, –, ,

miscueing, magnetoreception and, , ,






Subject index

navigation (cont.)maps and, –, see also mapsmarine, , methods for investigating, , –,

–, orientation and, see compass (mental),

orientationPacific islanders, –, polarized light and, , , serial correction and, , skewed estimations, –time and, , in traditional societies, –, –,

trigonometric vs. vector, velocity and, , viewgraphs, , , , vision and, –see also compass, mental maps, maps,

wayfindingneuroscience, see brain and space

object, recognition, –parts of, see parts of objects

object-centred coordinates, –, , , ,, , see also intrinsic frame ofreference

occlusion, , ‘on’ and ‘in’ notions, , , , , optical flow, orientation

abilities, , –, –basis for, –predicted by language, –

in absolute vs. relative communities,–

canonical, of objects, , –pointing and, see pointingpoor in Western societies, –skewed estimations, –, –see also navigation

orientation-free vs. orientation-bound framesof reference, –, , –, , ,,

equation with intrinsic vs. absolute/relativeframes, , ,

origin, of coordinates, –not equated with frames of reference, ,

variable interpretations, otoliths, , , , , see also vestibular

system

Papuan languages, parts of objects, , –, see also intrinsic

frame of referenceperspective, philosophical approaches to spatial concepts,

–, –, see also Western thoughtand under name index Aristotle, Kant,Leibniz, Newton

phonetics, and acoustic discriminations, ,, –

piloting, , , , place, vs. space, –, , ,

Aristotelian definition of, , in navigation,

place names, , , , –pointing, accuracy, –, –

across cultures, , , –polarized light, see navigationpragmatics, and thought, –prepositions, see adpositionsprimary vs. secondary coordinates, see relative

frame of referenceprimate navigational abilities, see navigation

(animals)primitives in spatial cognition, –, –,

–, see also absolute, intrinsicand relative frames of reference, anddecomposition

projection, of innate ideas into language, ,–, ,

projective vs. topological spatial relations, ,, –, , , , , ,

psychic unity of mankind, , , see alsodiversity

psycholinguistics, –, see also acquisition,conceptual development,psychology

psychology, evolutionary, vs. co-evolutionary,, –

of space, , , , , –, see also brainand space, mental imagery, mentalrotation, representations, memory,inference, modularity

public vs. private representations, , see alsorepresentations






Subject index

RA (relative-to-absolute) gradient, –, psychological interpretation of,

rats, navigational abilities of, reaching, control of, , , recall memory, see memoryrecoding, for short-term memory, ,

as dual-level theory of representations,

recognition memory, see memoryreference frame, see frames of referencereference object, in spatial location, , see also

figure and groundregion, spatial, , , –, –, relational nature of space, , , , see also

absolute vs. relative spacerelative frame of reference, , , –

acquisition of, , , , body and, , , complexity of, definition of, –, –derivative from intrinsic, , , –distinguished from absolute, intrinsic, dominant over intrinsic, –gesture and, , , , –, –egocentre and, , inference and, , , languages without, –literacy and, logical properties of, see inferencemapping of coordinates, ,

reflection, marginal systems, , , motion and, , –orientation and, –primary vs. secondary coordinates in, ,

, , –primitives of, –subjectivity of, ternary character, , , , , , tests for, types of, universality

in cognition, lacking in language, ,

viewpoint and, –, , , , ,

and vision, , , , , , –, ,, –

visual imagery and, –

relativity, theory of, , , see also linguisticrelativity

relatum, , , see also figure and ground,landmarks, reference object

representations, mental, central vs. input/output systems, congruence between, , , –, ,

–different, for different mental functions, ,

dual-level theory of, –experimental evidence for, external vs. internal, , , , , frames of reference restricted in, , , geometric, –gesture and, –, see also gesturehaptic, see touchimagistic, , , see also imageryinferences and, –kinaesthetic, , , , , language as,

access to spatial representations, internal and external, , limitations of, –

linguistic vs. non-linguistic, –, ,–

mismatch between, , –partial isomorphism of,

motor systems, , multiplicity of, , , , propositional, , , , public vs. private, see external vs. internal‘representational redescription’ and, restricted interactions, semantic, properties of, –spatial,

inventory of, multiple or singular amodal, , , ,

, partial isomorphisms between,

specificity of, –structure of, translation between, see translationvisual, see vision

right vs. left, see left and right, handednessrotation

distinctive for each frame of reference, ,

see also mental rotation, rotation paradigm






Subject index

rotation paradigm, , –, –, –gesture and, –logic of, , ninety vs. one hundred and eighty degrees,

–route description, –, , , , ,

scale, and frame of reference choice, geographic, , table top, , ,

schooling and cognition, , , , –search domain, , , , , , secondary vs. primary axes in spatial

representation, see relative frame ofreference

semantic parameters, , see also spatiallanguage

semantic representations, vs. conceptualrepresentations, –, see alsorepresentations

semantics, vs. conceptual structure, ,–

semiotics, senses, xviii

exotic, in animals, , , and their frames of reference, –, –see also modalities, vision, touch

sex differences, and spatial cognition, seegender

shape, in spatial description, , , , , ,,

short-term memory, see memorysides, sign languages, –, , social symbolism of space, , , see also left

and rightsolar compass, , see also compasssource and goal, , , space concept

as infinite void, , material conception of, , relational nature, ,

spatial cognition, xvii, xix–xx, –, , –animal, see navigationcovariation with language, , distance, , –environmental effects on, see environmentestimating, angle, , , –

expert, gender and, see genderhuman inadequacies in, –linguistic effects on, , , see also

linguistic determinismliteracy and, –modularity and, , see also modularitymulti-modal vs. sense-specific, , universal bases, , , –see also brain and space, dead reckoning,

inference, modularity, navigation,psychology

spatial language, –abstract nature of, , angular vs. non-angular specifications, –coding tendencies, –cognitive support for, deixis, see deixisdistributed nature of, , , –diversity in, –domains within, –frames of reference and, –, –, see

also frames of referencegeometry of, –

Euclidean, , restricted to ‘gross geometry’, topological, , , ,

grammar of, –location vs. motion, , –motion, ,

fictive, relational nature of,

spatial language (cont.)static, strategies for location specification, –topological nature of, topological sub-domain, , , –, ,

, see also topological relationsuniversals of, , , –, , –variation in, –window into non-linguistic cognition, see also adpositions, figure and ground, verbs

of motionspatial models in thought, –spatial neglect, xviiispatial nominals, , –

universality of, spatial relations,

binary vs. ternary, ,






Subject index

spatial representations, see representationsspatial thinking, centrality of, –spatialization of thinking, , see also metaphorspeakers, vs. languages, speaking, vs. thinking, , see also thinking for

speakingsubjective space, sun, and orientation, see compasssurvey perspective, , see also mapssymbolism, spatial, , –, , synopsis, of the book, –

tasksanimals in a row, –, , –, ,

, –ninety-degree rotation variant, –varied memory load, –

chips, –coding results of, , , , , ‘Eric’s maze’, –, , inferential, , –instructions, sensitivity of, , Li and Gleitman’s variants, linguistic, –, , see also methodsmaze, –men and tree, , , mirror-image detection, –motion, preferential-looking, recall memory, –recognition memory, –, –transitive inference, , –, , ,

Tenejapa, inhabitants of, , , –

gestures of, , –‘mirror image blindness’ and, –orientation of, , –spatial cognition and, –, –spatial description and, –see also Tzeltal in language index

ternary spatial relations, see binary vs. ternarythinking for speaking, ,

vs. experiencing for speaking, vs. non-linguistic thinking, , –, ,

–thought and language, see language and

thoughtthree-D (D) model, –time, and space, , ,

in navigation, , topological spatial relations, –, –, ,

distinct from intrinsic frame, –,

vs. projective or coordinate system, ,, , , –

toponyms, see place namestouch and haptic sense, , , , trajector vs. landmark, translation

across languages, , between representations, , , , –,

, , , –vs. rotation and reflection, of coordinates,

–transposition, of deictic centre, , two-and-a-half-D (.D) sketch, , , typology, semantic, , , –

of frames of reference, –

unfeatured objects, , , , , , , ,see also object, intrinsic frame ofreference

universalsabsolute, vs. tendencies, as attractors, compatible with Whorfianism, of conceptual structure, , , –,

of frames of reference, , see also frames of

referenceof language, , –of semantics, , , , , , –of spatial language, , , , –, ,

–, –substantive, as selection from pool, ,

up and down, see vertical dimensionuphill/downhill systems, , , , , ,

use vs. structure of language, , , –

variation, see diversityvectors, , , , , , , ,

gestural, –mean, , , see also circular statistics

verbslearning of, locative, see postural and positional






Subject index

verbs (cont.)manner vs. path and, motion, , , , , ,

in absolute direction, postural and positional, , , , –,

vertical dimension, , , , , –, ,

, , , , see also horizontal vs. vertical planes

vestibular system, , , viewer-centred coordinates, –, , , ,

see also relative frame of reference,.D sketch, D model

viewpoint, in relative frame, see relative frameof reference

virtual spaces, –, vision

and frames of reference, , –, , ,–

incongruent with absolute frame, ,–, –

and object-centred coordinates, ,–

and relative vs. absolute frames, , ,–, –

representational levels,

and space, see also frames of reference

visual imagery, see imagery

wayfinding, see navigationWestern thought, concepts of space in, , –

Greek thought, –, –‘What’ vs. ‘Where’ system, , , , Where-questionsWhorfianism, xix, –, –

in acquisition studies, –in anthropology, dual-level theory of representations and,

–grammar vs. lexicon and, loss of favour of, –mental architecture and, neo-Whorfianism, , –in philosophy, –revival of, –semantic diversity and, –, –types of Whorfian effects, –universals and, see also linguistic determinism, linguistic

relativity, and Whorf in author indexworld-view, , see also cosmology






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