index from meat, commerce and the city

8/2/2019 Index From Meat, Commerce and the City

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227

INDEX

abattoirs (Parisian system/public slaughter-

houses)butchers and, 10, 87, 1057, 108, 109,

1567, 206n17the City and, 103, 131, 139identities and, 667Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 1567Paris and, 667

proposed, 1057restrictions on, 195n37

abreuvoirs, 153Acland, James (Central Markets Association

Secretary), 141

Act or the Improvement o Smitheld, 140acts and bills or improvements to Smith-eld, 51, 65, 140,see alsospecifc acts

and billsAn act to prevent the cruel and improper

treatment o cattle (Martins Act), 116,198nn1314, 21

agricultural revolution, 166n29, 167n37air, 957, 104, 105, 132, see also miasma;

smellsAlbert, Prince, 1, 6, 148, 1501, 157aldermen, 3, 128, 157, 158, see alsoindi-

vidual aldermenAldersgate Road, 82

Aldersgate Street, 26, 87American system, 110Anderton, Mr (Court o Common Council

member), 1312Andover workhouse, 133Te Animal Estate (Ritvo), 197n5

Animal Rights (Kean), 197n5animal welare

abattoirs and, 106

associations or, 6, 7butchers and, 57, 68, 70, 71, 89, 11720,

122, 123, 132drovers and, 27, 69, 956, 11319, 121,

122, 125, 198n14, 200n54ood quality and, 110history and tradition and, 126human health and, 43, 199n40laws and, 114, 11516, 120, 198nn13

14light and, 198n33Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 76, 150, 153, 155

o-droves and, 26overviews, 12, 10, 14, 113126, 197n5Parliament and, 132, 133Perkins and, 73ring droves and, 289slaughterhouses and, 103, 193nn7, 11space and, 70, 84, 121Te imes on, 199n42tra c and, 89, 91, 92

annular belts, 93, 191n70anxiety, 5, 54, 151

An Appeal to the British Public o the Abuseso Smithfeld Market (Jacomb), 141

architects, 202n32, see alsoindividual

architectsarchitecture, 845, 105, 158, 188n29,

202n32arms (weapons), 172n74army, 172n76Arnott, Neil (inventor), 105, 156, 194n18Asser, James (butcher), 120Asser, Moses (inspector/slaughterman), 119


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228 Meat, Commerce and the City

Association or Promoting RationalHumanity, 121, 123

Bakewell, Robert (breeder), 18, 166n31,167n33

bankers, 28, 301, see also nancial transac-tions

bank ailures, 51Barbon, Nicolas, 178n32Barnet Market, 22, 34, 72, 172n77Barrett, Jeremiah (ounder), 69, 126Barron, Robert (druggist), 58, 90

Bartholomew Fair(Jonson & Counsell), 13,164n9

Bartholomews Fair, 63, 66, 128, 164n4,200n3

Bartram, Edward (butcher), 35, 85Bathurst, Lord, 62Battersea Bridge, 87Baugh, Daniel A., 176n8Bazalgette, Joseph, 107Bedord, Duke o, 52bee, reverence or, 3941, 176n1, 177n31bee bouillion, 179n48Bell, John (sculptor), 155Bentham, Jeremy, 81, 101, 171n67

Besant, Walter, 188n23Betjeman, John (poet), 160biases, 701, 72, 202n34Billingsgate, 14Bills o Mortality, 81A Bill to Prevent the Mischies that arise

rom driving Cattle (1774), 115Black, W., 146Blackburn, John (reverend), 69, 124Black Death, 11Blackriars Bridge, 81, 82, 91, 140, 187n18,

188n20, 202n34blacksmiths, 30, 172n68bladder blowers, 30

blood, 100, 103, 109Bloomsbury Square, 26Board o Agriculture, 167n33Board o rade, 62, 63, 183n43bones, 101, 103, 139Bonser, K. J., 171n63boot makers, 30Borrows, George (physician), 139

Boyle, Robert, 184n72Brantz, D., 193n7breeds and breeding o cattle, 18, 201,

166n31, 167n33, 189n35, 206n7, seealso attening o livestock

breeds and breeding o sheep, 169nn489Brewer, John, 43brewing, 91bricks, vitried, 153, 206nn23bridges, 188n29, 191n74, see alsospecifc

bridgesBriggs, Asa, 70

British Farmers Magazine, 82, 149British Food Puzzle, 46British Navy, 65, 172n76, 176n8, 177n23Broad Street, 194n27, 196n46brokers, see salesmenBrown, George (surgeon), 104Brunel, Isambard Kingdom (railway

builder), 190n62, 191n75Bude-Light, 60, 182n34Te Builder, 823, 1478buildings,see also architecture; Metropoli-

tan Buildings Act o 1844; rents andleases; slums

the City and, 127, 137, 139, 142,

203n51, 205n66res and, 13growth and, 823history and tradition and, 8iron and, 151, 155, 188n29Smitheld Central Markets and, 151,

159space and, 845St Bartholomews Hospital and, 144

buillion, bee, 179n48Bull Hanks, 1201bullock-driving/hunting, 120Bumpas, John (bookseller), 59, 126Bunning, James Bunston (architect)

background, 202n32improvements to Smitheld o, 135,

136, 1379, 138, 1401, 142, 143Markets Improvements Committee and,

147Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

plans, 1467, 153, 155, 1567ornamentation and, 155


3/22

Index 229

technologies and, 153testimony o, 144trades integration and, 1567

Burrell, Charles (salesman), 136Burrows, George (physician), 104Bushnan, J. Stevenson (physician), 100, 143butchers, see also slaughterhouses; individual

butchersabattoirs and, 10, 87, 1057, 108, 109,

1567, 206n17animal welare and, 57, 68, 70, 71, 89,

11720, 122, 123, 132

breeds o cattle and, 189n35nancial transactions and, 30, 86health o, 104improvements and, 67, 68, 69, 88, 132,

141, 142, 183n54light and, 96, 126location o markets and, 2, 3, 6, 52, 59,

63, 66, 734, 80, 85, 96, 142, 1489,186n15, 205n61

location o residences o, 205n67low end markets and, 44machinery and, 156Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 148, 149, 157, 158

as middlemen, 22, 25, 52, 174n86,174n87

middlemen and, 367moral character o, 104, 114, 123,

177n27, 206n17other markets and, 65, 73, 75, 76, 77overview, 1, 16, 18, 339

petitions o, 53, 94, 115, 135prices and, 38, 174n87, 181n15private interests o, 106, 108, 140, 144railways and, 93, 94regulation o, 14, 33, 104, 109, 144,

170n56, 181n15, 183n54, 192n2retail, 16, 36, 63, 176n4

riots, 13sanitation and, 100, 102, 103, 105,

10810, 111, 192n2slaughterhouses and, 106slaughtermen, distinguished rom, 176n5Smitheld Central Markets and, 160space and, 69, 84, 89, 136St Bartholomew and, 12

technology and, 149temperature and, 96tra c and, 62, 84, 912

wholesale, 16, 345, 36, 38, 63women, 176n6

Butchers Company, 144butchers guilds, 12, 16, 34, 66Butler (driver), 190n59buying advice, 423Byng, Frederick (MP), 1334, 202n34byproducts, 301, 856, see alsospecifc

byproducts

cabs, 90, 189n51cag-mag, 177n24Caledonian Cattle Market,see Metropolitan

Cattle Market (Islington)Caledonian Road, 155Caley, E. S. (agriculturalist), 136Camden own, 147canals, 23carcass butchers, 34,see also butchers,

wholesalecarcass sizes, 44Carlisle, Anthony (inventor), 75Carls, K., 188n22

carriages, 92, 189n51Carter, J., 146Carthusain Monastery, 160cartoons, 60, 61carving, 42cast iron, 82, 155, 159catgut actories, 30Catholics, 51, 94cattle and livestock,see also bee, reverence

or; other specifc kinds o livestockgeographical sources o, 24numbers and weights, 88, 94, 136, 153,

167n37, 171n63, 174n93, 206n2Roman occupation and, 12

censuses, 186n4centralization, 45, 107, 144, 145, 150, 157,

203n48Central Markets Association, 103, 1401Chadwick, Edwin (sanitation reormer), 9,

1012, 133, 194n21, 194nn21, 27Challis, Tomas M. (salesman), 60, 80, 140,

202n34, 203n39


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Chambers, J. D., 166n29Chambers Edinburgh Journal, 117, 150Chambers Inormation or the People, 18chandlers, 16Charles I, 14Charles II, 1415, 25, 182n15Charterhouse (hospital), 66charters, 12, 14, 75, 81, 85, 88, 128, 203n48Cheapside, 12, 14, 202n32Cheap Street, 26Chicago, 158child welare, 113

cholera, 9, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 127,193n13, 194nn25, 27, 196n46, see alsodiseases

Christie, Tomas (businessman), 121, 122Christmastime, 38, 70, 141, 198n16, 206n1cities, 13, 4Citizen, 128City Lands Committees, 31, 70, 89, 181n14the City o London, see also Common

Council;specifc councils and committeesanimal welare and, 118butchers and, 34coordination with Crown, 1367Copenhagen Fields and, 1478

drainage and sewer improvements, 103drains and rivers and, 192n2drovers and, 115expenses and, 31, 88, 175n102nal responses, 135152history and tradition and, 204n59improvements and, 7, 13, 607, 712,

74, 82, 13745, 138, 187n18, 203n51Islington Cattle Market and Abattoir

Company, 147Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 157, 204n60, 205n66monopoly and, 11, 14, 52, 53Parliament and, 56, 144, 145, 158

Perkins Market and, 77private interests and, 16, 181n14public opinion and, 145relocation and, 77, 146revenues and, 37, 50, 63, 6970, 73, 82,

127, 135rights and regulation by, 1415, 75, 88,

91, 107, 128, 137, 142, 145, 146,

164n4, 170n56, 181n14, 183n62,204n56 (see also inspections)

rights and regulations and, 12, 31, 51,55, 62, 75

rivers and, 192n2sanitation and, 103, 109space and, 62, 87, 88, 127, 128, 139, 140St Bartholomews Fair and, 200n3tra c and, 66, 91, 183n62

walls and, 81City o London School in Cheapside,

202n32

civility, 178n39Clan, K., 193n7Clare market, 123Clark, Gregory, 46classes, social, 52, 68, 199n45, see alsospecifc

classesClay, William (woolen draper), 57, 912,

121Clerkenwell, 83, 101, 134Clerkenwell Street, 26Clerk o the Market, 27clipping o money, 1314clocks, 100clock tower, 156

Cloth Fair, 160cloth market (air), 11, 12clubs, mens social, 40Coal Exchange, 202n32coal gas, 192n83coal heaters, 194n18Cockaye, E., 175n98cockghts, 12Cock Lane, 100Cole, W. A., 168n37, 179n54Collins, 119Collins, John (salesman), 136Collins, William, 27, 118, 173n81Collins, William (salesman), 136

Combs, Alderman, 62Commissioners o Sewers, 31Commission o Inquiry o 1847(Chadwick),

102Common Council, 72, 94, 104, 115, 127,

1312, 146compressed air railways, 94conficts o interest, 52


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Index 231

conusion, 13conservatives, 130consumers, 201, 31, 3348, 107, see also

demandconsumption o meat, 4, 44, 457, 180nn57,

61, see also demandcookbooks, 423Copeland, William aylor (MP), 130Copenhagen Fields, 1478, see also Isling-

ton; Metropolitan Cattle Market(Islington)

Copenhagen House, 148, 205n65

Corn Laws, 5, 7, 44, 51, 66, 127, 134Counsell, C., 164n7countryside, 4, 9Coup de Grce (MacLachlan), 197n5Court o Aldermen, 57, 116Court o Common Council, 66, 1312,

136, 137, 139Covent Garden, 52, 76, 82, 84Cow Cross Street, 100Cramp, John (butcher), 36, 93, 1034, 119,

120Cresswell, Major, 142crimes, 1314, 128, 164n11, 190n59,

199n50

cruelty,see animal welareCrystal Palace, 188n29, 200n1Cubitt, Lewis (architect), 191n75Cubitt, Tomas (engineer), 146Culley, George, 24curriers, 16

Dante, 90Darnton (bookseller), 125Darnton (Quaker), 124Darnton, William, 70, 117Darwin, Charles, 99Daughters o Rebecca, 24, 172n69Davis, John, 181n14

day and night, 956dead meat,see also Metropolitan Meat and

Poultry Marketarmers and, 168n43location o markets and, 108, 202n29market integration and, 1567Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 157

pigs as, 19, 174n92, 178n33prices and prots and, 28, 38, 85railways and, 7, 46, 106Smitheld Central Markets and, 159,

163n1spoilage and, 110statistics and, 179n56

Deane, P., 168n37, 179n54Deoe, Daniel, 165n22delicacies, 38demand,see also consumption o meat e

attening and, 201

improvements and, 65income and, 46industrialization and, 166n29market design and, 188n22overview, 44, 45Perkins Market and, 75

population growth and, 179n54price and, 37salesmen and, 37seasonality and, 38space and, 467, 83statistics, 46

Deptord Foreign Cattle Market, 7, 45,195n37

Devons, 19Dickens, Charles

animal welare and, 113butchers description, 36consumer descriptions, 35gaslight and, 126location o markets and, 147market descriptions, 2, 13, 95, 96on pigs, 1819sanitation descriptions, 104

diseases, 1, 97, 101, 102, 11011, 199n40,see alsospecifc diseases

Dishley ram, 18distillers, 100, 178n33

diversity, 127Dixon, Mr (resident), 11112Dodd, George (journalist/statistician), 45,

15, 30, 45, 923, 149, 180n57, 190n65,191n70

dogs, 121, 122, 199n50Domestic Cookery, 423Donald, Diana, 197n5


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donkeys, 199n50Douglas, Mary, 187n11drainage (sewer) systems

administration o, 107the City and, 103, 109, 127, 192n2the City proposals and, 139disease and, 102early, 13, 14improvements, 82, 103, 188n23Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 76, 153, 155rents and, 82

sanitation and, 109surveys, 10drays, 91, 92, 190n61drovers,see also o-droves

animal welare and, 27, 69, 956, 11319, 121, 122, 125, 198n14, 200n54

arms (weapons) and, 172n74costs o, 171n68, 172n70nancial transactions and, 234, 172n70,

175n100hackneys and, 189n51Hardy on, 23history o, 171n63light and, 956

Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 149

moral character o, 245, 114, 1245numbers o, 171n62overview, 20, 237

pay o, 172n70prices and, 21railways and, 94regulation o, 115, 181n14routes and stops o, 26, 656, 172nn76

7, 175n96Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 145space and, 88speed and, 93tra c and, 90

Drovers Benevolent Association, 200n54droves, 170n62, 171n67Dunhill, Tomas, 1067

Earle, Peter, 54, 179n49Eastern Counties Railway, 191n71

east o England, 24economic considerations, 623economic growth, 166n29, 180n61economists, 180n61, see alsoindividual

economistsEdinburgh Review,60Edward III, 14Edward VI, 25, 177n271847 bill, 131eighteenth century, 15, 39, 82, 167nn32, 371850s and 60s, 128, 158, 206nn2, 16electricity, 156, 167n31

Te Elms, 164n10enclosures, 17, 166n29engrossers, 21, 22entrepreneurs, 54, 193n4Ernle, Lord, 179n54Erskine, Lord, 11516

Essay on the Principle o Population (Mal-thus), 5, 53

Essex, 16evangelicalism, 6, 81, 123, 134Te Experienced Butcher(Plumptre), 34, 38,

118exports, 168n38

actors,see salesmenacts versus opinions, 6771, 103, 184n72,

202n34Falkirk, 171n63Falsta s page, 12amilies, 124

Far om the Madding Crowd(Hardy), 23armers

agricultural revolution and, 166n29animal welare and, 122as butchers, 168n43Corn Laws and, 44as drovers, 171n62droves and, 172n68, 175n96

attening and, 168n39nancial transactions and, 30manure and, 153Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 149, 206n7opinions o, 3overview, 1721

prices and, 278


7/22

Index 233

regulation o, 173n86wages and, 43

Farmers Magazine, 334, 103, 110, 131,1512, 156, 165n24, 174n93

Farr, William (statistician), 9, 194n27,196n46

Farringdon Market, 72, 135, 187n18Farringdon Road, 83, 91, 94, 100, 187n18,

191n75Farringdon Without, 81ashions, 33, 43attening o livestock, 1921, 24, 25, 41, 45,

166n31, 168n39, 169nn479Felt(nightclub), 160Fenner (surgeon), 102, 121Fenner, John Ludd, 70, 119Field, Tomas (Assistant Collector),

175n102Fielding, Henry, 39nancial transactions, 1314, 234, 30, 86,

149, 156, 172n70, 175n100FitzStephen, William (chronicler), 13fayers, 181n15Flaying Acts, 183n54Fleet Market, 187n18, 192n2Fleet River, 83, 101, 187n9, 192n2

Fletcher, Joseph, 55, 56, 81, 178n39oot and mouth disease, 111ootballs, 196n61orage, 1718, 19, 20oreigners, 12, 623, 141oreign imports, see also Deptord Foreign

Cattle Market; international networksdemand and, 47, 134diseases and, 111armers and, 18ree trade and, 445, 88, 127growths in, 167n32, 179n56non-European, 191n69regulation and, 6, 165n16

space and, 136Whitechapel and, 184n79

orestalling, 21, 22, 28, 36, 76, 173n81Fortescue, Mr (registrar), 103ounders, 69oruteenth century, 99Fowler, Charles (architect), 76, 82Fowler, John, 69

France, 40, 41, 4950, 66, see also abattoirsFranklin, Benjamin, 160, 190n65Freeman, Sarah, 177n28reshness, 389, 110Fussell, G. E., 168n37

garbling, 14gas, 96, 167n31, 192n83gaslights, 96, 1256, 156Te Gate o Calais or O, the Roast Bee o Old

England(Hogarth), 40, 176n1gauge war, 191n75

General Market Building, 8Germany, 41germ theory, 194n25, 196n46Giblett, Joseph (salesman), 136Giblett, William (butcher), 35, 70, 734, 91,

967, 148Girdler, J. S., 22glanders, 111goats, 199n50Godson, George (butcher), 132Gordon, James Alexander (physician), 71,

104, 124Gordon, Robert, 53government intervention, 50

Grantham, Richard (reormer), 100, 103,106

Gray, George, 141graziers

animal welare and, 122butchers and, 181n15drovers and, 25expenses o, 174n87attening and, 168n39orestalling and, 21improvements and, 64opinions o, 3overview, 1921as salesmen, 174n86

grazing rights, 131, 172n68, 175n96Great Exhibition (1851), 130, 155, 200n1Great Fire, 182n15, 189n52Great Northern Railway, 94, 191nn71, 75Great North Road, 24Great Russell Street, 26Great Western Railway Company, 92, 94,

146, 191nn71, 75


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Greenhill Rents, 89, 108Grey, Earl, 51Grey, George (Home Secretary), 125, 141,

148Grey Mr, 143Grosvenor, Robert (reormer), 130growth,see population growthGrub-Street Opera (Fielding), 39, 175n1Guerrier, William (salesman), 90, 136guilds, butchers, 12, 16, 34, 66Gurney, Samuel (bill-broker), 65, 667,

11718, 1245

Gwynne, John (city planner), 82

hackneys, 90, 189n51Hakewell, James (architect), 106Haldane, A. R. B., 171n63Hamilton, Dr., 11011Handley, H., 185n97Hardy, Tomas, 23, 164n6Harnsey, 142Harris, Charles (surgeon), 104Harrison, Brian, 199n45Hart, William (passenger), 190n59Hartwell, R. M., 46Haslam, John (Te Mad Doctor), 75hay market, 11, 12, 26, 65Haywood, William (engineer), 187n18health,see public healthTe Health o the owns Commission o

184445 (Chadwick), 102Hebb, William (salesman), 123Henely, Lord, 130Henry VIII, 13Hicks, Richard (salesman), 734, 122, 128,

142Hickson, William (shoe warehouseman), 26,

30, 59, 118, 119hides and urs, 30, 38, 100, 183n54

High Holborn, 189n51history and tradition

animal welare and, 126bee and, 40buildings and, 8the City and, 140, 145, 204n59horse market and, 199n50improvements and, 645

Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 149, 152

reorm and, 15Smitheld and, 1117, 28Smitheld Central Markets and, 1589,

160Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 133space and, 128

walls and, 81Hobsbawm, E. J., 46, 180n57Hodges, James (own Clerk, City o Lon-

don), 115Hogarth, William, 12, 40, 176n1Holborn Hill, 137Holborn Viaduct, 187n18, 188n20Holland, 41hoos, 101Hopper, Charles (coal merchant), 91horse knackers, 30horse market, 11, 12, 65, 72, 100, 116,

199n50hospitals, 12, 66

Household Words (Dickens), 113, 147House o Commons, see also members o

Parliament (MPs); Parliament

the City proposal and, 143improvements and, 65, 6771, 72, 74lairage and, 25location o markets and, 63, 64, 141on property values, 63

public opinion and, 60slaughterhouses and, 67space and, 71

House o Lords, 75, 143, 144, 204n56, seealso Parliament

Huberman, Michael, 46Hume, Joseph (reormer), 144humors, 43Hungerord market, 123Hungry Forties, 5

identitiesabattoirs and, 667animal welare and, 113class, 199n45consumers o meat and, 4, 31, 33, 3947contemporary, 8


9/22

Index 235

cookbooks and, 42ood and, 177n29history and, 15imperialism and, 17international networks and, 141Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 149, 150, 155modernization and, 4, 15, 31, 33, 130

politics and, 52smells and sights and, 31spoilage and, 110urban workers and, 23

walls and, 81illegal activities, 212, 100, 167n32illegal markets, 12, 13, 14

Illustrated London News, 401, 151imperialism, 17implements, agricultural, 169n49imports,see oreign importsimprovement, human, 118, 123, 1379, 138improvements to Smitheld, see also Markets

Improvements Committee (MIC)acts and bills or, 51, 65, 140ambivalence toward, 117animal welare and, 121butchers and, 67, 88, 132, 141, 142,

183n54the City and, 13, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67,

712, 74, 128, 129, 132, 137145,138, 187n18, 203n51

City o London and, 7, 60culture o, 187nn14, 18drainage and, 82, 103, 188n23House o Commons and, 6771, 72, 74middle classes and, 127middlemen and, 62, 65, 67model o, 140, 141organizations and, 199n45overview, 6077railways and, 7, 188n20

sanitation and, 1012, 1031700s and 1800s, 812skins and, 183n54slaughterhouses and, 184n63space and, 829, 129streets and, 188n23tolls and, 136

incomes, 46

Incorporated Society or Improving theCondition o the Labor Classes, 130

In Curiosities o Food(Simmonds), 41individualism, 45, 6industrialization,see also mechanization

demand and, 166n29armers and, 17, 169n49ood markets and, 23Great Exhibition and, 200n1history o, 1516London and, 56Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 149Perkins and, 67, 767petitions and, 54politics and, 4950wages and, 43

inerior tra c, 199n50inspections, 14, 389, 104, 105, 109, 111,

120, 181n14, 183n54insurance, 171n65, 176n6integration, market, 1567interdependence, 87, 89international networks, 6, 17, 801, 141,

155, 157, 158, 159, see also oreignimports

invisible hand, 5, 16Ireland, 5, 18, 23, 93, 116, 159, 167n32,

168n41, 175n96, 179n54iron, 105, 188n29, 190n62, 202n32, 205n1,

see also cast iron; wrought ironIslington, 1, 2, 171n67, see also Metropolitan

Cattle Market; Perkins MarketIslington Bill o 1833, 73, 75, 142, 143, 144,

146, 201n17, 204n56Islington Cattle Market and Abattoir Com-

pany, 1312, 142, 147Isolated State, theory o, 191n70

Jacomb, George (butcher/salesman), 136,

141, 186n114James, King, 182n15Jay, John (builder), 191n74, 205n1Jemmett, Henry (land agent), 289, 30,

678, 71, 1089Jervis, Henry, 146Jewish people, 4, 94, 11920, 184n79jobbers, 22, 24, 367


10/22


John Bull, 177n31Johnson, Samuel, 188n29Johnson, William (wine merchant), 136,

144, 203n51Jones, E. L., 166n29Jones, Horace (architect), 8, 158Jones, William (physician), 132Jonson, Ben, 13journals, agricultural, 170n62

Kean, Hilda, 197n5Kennard ( ironworker), 205n1

kicking bars, 155King, Gregory, 168n37, 168n38King James, 182n15Kings Cross, 106, 201n6Kings Cross Station, 191nn74, 75knackers yards, 100, 139Knight, Charles (publisher), 60, 168n37,

169n47, 179n54knights, 13, 81, 164n7Koch, Robert, 194n25

lairage, 25, 35, 139, 149, 156, 158, 172n78,201n17

Lancet, 130

land values, 23, 88, 95, 141, see also rents andleases

Lardner, Dionysius (economist), 93laws,see also Parliament; rights and regula-

tion;specifc actsanimal welare and, 114, 11516, 120,

198nn1314early years, 16, 165nn1516

Laycock, Richard (clergyman), 25, 172n78,173n81

Leadenhall, 65, 67, 103, 104, 105, 135lean stock, 1920Lewis, George Cornewall (Under Secretary

o State), 133

licences, 25, 104, 124, 145, 174n86, 181n14Liebig, Justus von (scientist), 43, 179n48light, 957, 104, 105, 192n83, 198n33Lindert, Peter H., 46linen cloth storage, 38literacy, 5Liverpool, Lord, 54Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 190n62

Lloyd, David (drover), 175n100local markets, 171n65location o markets,see also transportation

butchers and, 2, 3, 6, 52, 59, 63, 66,734, 85, 96, 142, 1489, 186n15,205n61

dead meat and, 202n29House o Commons and, 63, 64, 141Islington Market Bill and, 143Markets Improvements Committee and,

1456morality and, 124

oal and, 189n36press and, 1467private interests and, 87, 146prots and, 132proposed, 634, 87, 1467public opinion and, 144revenues and, 31rights and regulation and, 128royal commission and, 1345sanitation and, 80slaughterhouses and, 723, 96, 106,

193n7space and, 623

London, Chatham, and Dover Railway

(LCDR), 187n18London and Northwestern Railway, 191n71London Bridge, 26London Central Markets, 163n1Te London Central Markets Association

(London Market Protection Associa-tion), 13941

London Gazette, 139, 148London Labor and the London Poor(May-

hew), 193n4London Market Protection Association (Te

London Central Markets Association),13941

London Meat rades Association, 200n54

London Recollected: Its History, Lore andLegend(Tornbury), 164n7

London Saturday Journal, 45Lord Mayor o London, 157Lord Mayor o the City, 144Lords Day Observance Society (LDOS),

123, 199n45Low, John (salesman), 136


11/22

Index 237

lower classes,see working classesLucas (alderman), 124Lynch, Jordan Roche (Common Council

member), 104

Mackinnon (MP), 134MacLachlan, Ian, 193n7, 197n5Magna Carta, 165n16Maiden Lane, 155Malthus, Robert, 53Malthus, Tomas, 5, 7, 130manuacturing, 43, 51, 100, 156, 167n33

manure, 100, 149, 153maps, 80, 194n18, 205n61March o Intellect, 70, 73market days

butchers and, 183n54nancial transactions and, 30overview, 267

population growth and, 179n54proposed changes, 645regulation o tra c and, 71Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 1323statistics and, 70Sundays, 42, 1234, 125, 130, 150,

183n54tra c and, 135

market design, 834, 188n22market integration, 1567Markets Improvements Committee (MIC)

location o markets and, 140, 1456, 147overview, 10, 31, 181n14Parliament and, 142

plans o, 139response to petitions, 1357Smitheld Central Markets and, 158on tolls, 203n39

Martin, Henry (MP), 64

Martin, Richard (MP o Ireland), 116Martins Act (An act to prevent the cruel

ad improper treatment o cattle), 116,198nn1314, 21

Mary, Queen, 13Mayhew, H., 193n4McKendrick, Neil, 43McKinnon, William Alexander, 60

meat,see also bee, reverence or; mutton;pork; poultry

health and, 109110identity and, 31middle classes and, 42

preservation o, 72spoilage, 389, 69, 110

meat polishing, 389Meat rades Association, 200n54mechanization, 2, 6, 79, 149, see also indus-

trialization; railways; steam powerMedical imes and Gazette, 194n27

members o Parliament (MPs), 52, 64, 66,130, see alsoindividual membersMerritt, Charles (salesman)

animal welare and, 28, 116, 122on the City o cers, 57on market days, 124on number o salesmen, 174n90on removal, 86on Sabbath, 124on space, 84, 87, 92speed losses o, 93

Methodism, 123Metropolitan Board Works (MBW), 56,

107

Metropolitan Buildings Act o 1844, 103Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

(Caledonian Cattle Market), 76Bunning and, 146, 202n32the City and, 157, 204n60, 205n66construction o, 205n1, 206n2, 207n19Deptord Foreign Cattle Market, 45nancial transactions and, 149, 156House o Lords and, 204n56images, 154international networks and, 155, 157lairage, 25livestock, numbers o, 153map o, 205n60

nuisances and, 7opening o, 6, 7, 148152, 157overview, 2

Metropolitan Meat and Poultry Market,163n1, 206n16

Metropolitan Railway, 945, 128, 159,187n18, 188n20, 190n62, 191n74

miasma, 97, 102, 104, 194n25


12/22


Middle Ages, 1113, 212, 34, 81, 164n9,187n9, 195n29

middle classesbee and, 39, 42consumerism and, 41, 54, 178n38,

179n49improvements and, 127market days and, 35mutton and, 42, 178n40

pigs and, 178n33politics and, 51press and, 60

railways and, 191n74middlemen,see alsoindividual middlemen;specifc types o middlemen

animal welare and, 117, 1223butchers and, 367the City proposals and, 140ood quality and, 110images o, 1245improvements and, 62, 65, 67Islington and, 735lower class consumers and, 37opposition o, 135Perkins Market and, 746, 767

prices and, 212

regulation and, 53, 170n56religion and, 114rise o, 21, 1700s andon slaughterhouses, 68space and, 89, 136

milch cows, 25Mill, John Stuart, 523, 99Mills, James (engineer), 37, 53, 66, 68,

6970, 87, 118Milton, John, 80, 90Mingay, Gordon M., 21, 166n29, 168n39,

169n42modernization,see also industrialization;

Perkins Market; technologies

animal welare and, 113anxiety and, 6, 54health and, 99identities and, 4, 15, 31, 33, 130lights and, 96Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 155middlemen and, 21

MPs and, 133Peel and, 4950slaughterhouses and, 71, 106smells and sights and, 31Smitheld and, 151space and, 79, 82, 92specialization and centralization and, 157

Victorians and, 6monopolies

butchers and, 36, 74, 104the Citys, 11, 14, 52, 53government and, 50, 1078

King James and, 182n15licences and, 104middlemen and, 21, 36Mill on, 53Perkins Market and, 75, 77, 131

press on, 131Monthly Magazine, 73, 184n63Moral and Sanitary Aspect o the New Cen-

tral Cattle Market... (Bushnan), 143morality,see also reorm

animal welare and, 11314, 116, 1256,197n5

butchers and, 104, 114, 123, 177n27disease and, 101

immoral spaces, 1235sanitation and, 193n3

Morning Chronicle, 60Morpeth, Lord (reormer), 130mortality rates, 103Moseley, Andrew (architect), 105Mulhall, M. G., 44, 456, 167n37Munday, Stephen (salesman), 723mutton

prices o, 166n31, 169n48railways and, 44, 92, 110, 190n64regulation and, 181n15social classes and, 33, 35, 42, 178n40

mutual interests,see public interests

nationalism, 110, 149, 150, 158, 207n19national markets, 16, 801, 158, 159, 186n2,

190n52Nead, Lynda, 1256, 192n83Newgate

butchers and, 73the City proposals and, 139


13/22

Index 239

inspections and, 105market days o, 65odours, 103Parliament and, 158

plans or, 135, 137railways and, 92royal commission on, 135slaughterhouses and, 34, 67, 72, 94, 100tra c and, 13, 91

New River canal, 155New Road, 82, 189n51New Smitheld Metropolitan Meat Market

(Smitheld Central Markets), 158161newspapers,see pressNew Street, 137Nightingale, P., 164n7noise, 267, 30, 66, 69nomenclature, markets, 163n1Norolk, 16Norris, J. . (printer), 131north o England, 24nuisance value

improvements and, 82Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 150public opinion and, 143

slaughterhouses and, 100space and, 79

oalabattoirs and, 108cattle and, 35Dickens on, 36disease and, 103

pigs and, 178n33pricing and, 27relocation and, 189n36seasonality and, 38slaughterhouses and, 100

o-droves, 26, 121, 122

Oliver wist(Dickens), 2, 96omnibuses, 90, 189n51order, 84, 187n11, see also laws; rights and

regulationOrmsby-Gore, William (MP), 130O the roast Bee o Old England(Te Gate o

Calais) (Hogarth), 40, 176n1Otter, Chris, 96, 192n83, 196n49

Owen, David, 145, 204n59Owen, Richard (scientist), 134, 194n18Oxord Street, 82OXO, 179n48

Paddington Station, 201n6Padmore, Robert (ironmonger), 58, 126

paintings, 92pandemics, 101Parian Ware, 207n19Paris, 4, 5, see also abattoirsParis, George Von (surgeon), 13

Parisian system,see abattoirsParliament, see also House o Commons;House o Lords; royal commissions;

specifc legislationacts and petitions, 7, 62, 84, 131animal welare and, 115, 116the City and, 56, 77, 1434, 145, 158City o London and, 31early years, 16180040, 4978armers and, 17graziers and, 20improvements and, 51, 65, 67Malthus and, 5

press and, 60private interests and, 55, 59, 75public opinion and, 60, 142railways and, 94, 191n74rents and, 74repeal o Act o 1851 and, 205n66representation and, 51rights and regulation and, 53, 545, 56,

75, 84sanitation and, 104slaughterhouses and, 107Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 203n48spoilage and, 38

Parnell, Henry (MP), 66Pasteur, Louis, 194n25

pavement, 13, 89, 153, 155, 188n23Pearson, Charles (Citys solicitor), 6, 7, 74,

94, 95, 128, 136, 200n3Peel, Robert, 6, 7, 43, 44, 4950, 58, 88, 140

Penny Magazine, 43, 60pens, 28, 153


14/22


Pepys, Samuel, 13, 189n52Perceval, Spencer, 64Perdy (driver), 190n59Perkins, Harold, 54Perkins, John, 67, 73, 757, 185n103Perkins Market, 6, 73, 757, 131, 142, 147,

201n17Perry, William (drover), 150Petty, Ann (widow), 13Petty, William (writer), 22

Picturing Animals in Britain (Donald), 197n5Pigots trade classication survey, 34

pigs,see also porkconsumption o, 45country markets and, 174n92droves and, 170n62attening o, 169n49market days and, 26numbers o, 1819, 28, 178n33shoeing o, 172n68tra c and, 173n82unimportance o, 202n33

Pittman, W. (observer), 84plays, 13, 164n9, 175n1pleuro-pneumonia, 111Plumptre, James (actor), 118

Pocklington, Joseph (banker), 59, 123, 136poems, 412, 11112polonics, 111, 196n62Poodle, 1334

poorer classes,see working classesPoor Law Amendment, 102

population growthbuildings and streets and, 82the City proposals and, 140consumption and, 43, 180n61demand and, 179n54economic growth and, 166n29labor and, 178n38market days and, 179n54

politics and, 51pork and, 178n33public health and, 5railways and, 186n2regulations and, 7sewer administration and, 107space and, 134statistics, 186n4

supply and, 130technology and, 18, 127tra c and, 44urban landscape and, 9

working classes and, 178n38pork, 18, 160, 178n33porkmen, 34porters, 159ports, 25post o ces, 82potato crisis, 44, 1078poultry, 159, 163n1,see also Metropolitan

Meat and Poultry Marketpoverty, 101press,see also specifc publications

on animal welare, 113animal welare and, 1223on Byng, 134the City and, 127, 128, 145improvements and, 67location o markets and, 1467Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 149, 155middle-class interests and, 60middlemen and, 1245Parliament and, 60

on Perkins, 73public and, 131slaughterhouses and, 111on tra c, 91tra c and, 90

Price, Charles (MP), 62prices,see also prots

animal welare and, 121, 122butchers and, 181n15consumption and, 46orestalling and, 173n81improvements and, 62, 65lairage and, 25linkage o geographies and, 23

Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 149

middlemen and, 212, 24monopolies and, 53national markets and, 186n2oal and, 27Perkins Market and, 76railways and, 92, 93


15/22

Index 241

regulation and, 170n56retail butchers and, 36salesmen and, 278setting o, 378space and, 84

Pritchard, Tomas (oil merchant), 901private interests, see also private property

rights; private versus public intereststhe City and, 31, 141, 143improvements and, 142industrialization and, 50Islington and, 74

Islington Bill o 1833 and, 73location o markets and, 87, 146nineteenth century, 1516railways and, 945, 191n74unrelated to meat, 91

private property rights, 59, 64, 116, 120,186n114, 203n48

private versus public interests,see alsomonopolies; private interests; private

property rights; public interestsabattoirs and, 74, 108butchers and, 74, 181n15Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 148, 1501, 1578

metropolitan governance and, 9, 181n14overview, 3, 16, 512Perkins Market and, 756, 77, 131

public health and, 1056royal commission and, 135sanitation and, 109slaughterhouses and, 107testimony and, 163n10

productivity, 18, 19, 44, 46, 166n29, 167n37prots,see also prices

cattle and, 356the City and, 73City o Smitheld and, 31attening sheep and, 169n48

reorm and, 51relocation and, 132spoilage and, 38time and, 190n65

weight and, 201property values, 63,see also rents and leasesprotectionism, 44Prothroe, Edward (MP), 130

publicans and public houses (bars), 52, 66,100, 124, 127, 153, 160, 199n50

public awareness and opinion, see also press;residents

abattoirs and, 111animal welare and, 114, 200n54associations and, 7the City and, 139the City proposals and, 1401, 1423idealism and, 71infuence o, 3location o markets and, 144

Parliament and, 51, 60, 142press and, 131

public health, see also air; diseases; light;noise; sanitation

air and, 97, 132animal welare and, 199n40butchers and, 108healthulness o Smitheld, 104industrialization and, 2meat and, 43, 105, 109110, 195n38Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 157overview, 99112

population growth and, 5private versus public slaughterhouses and,

1056sanitation and, 13, 99science and, 43slaughterhouses and, 73, 74testimony and, 69

Public Health Acts, 1045, 130, 195n37public interests, see also private versus public

interests; public healthearly years and, 16industrialization and, 50Islington Bill o 1833 and, 74

private versus, 512publicans and, 66slaughterhouses and, 71

Punch, 889, 111, 148

Quakers (Religious Society o Friends), 121,123

quo warranto, 14


16/22


races, carriage, 190n59Rahere, 12railings, 28, 84, 155Te Railway Economy (Lardner), 93railways

canals and, 23consumption and, 46dead meat and, 106droves and, 175n961850s and 60s, 128growth o, 106, 186n2, 187n18, 191n74improvements and, 82, 188n20

international networks and, 6iron and, 82, 190n62location o markets and, 146location o slaughterhouses and, 106Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 153, 155, 156, 158mutton and, 92, 178n40, 190n64

population growth and, 80sea transport and, 190n63Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 136space and, 50, 83, 925, 96, 134streets and, 82, 83, 96St Sepulchre and, 80

tra c and, 92underground, 7

Rain Steam and Speed(urner), 92Ram Inn Yard, 108Ramsbotham, John (physician), 69

Rapid ransit An Aid to Food-Supply(Dodd), 92

Rappaport, Erika Diane, 125rats, 108Reach, Angus (journalist), 11, 15, 16, 80,

1023Rees, Henry, 186n2reorm,see also religion; individual reormers

background, 56, 9

drovers and, 25early years, 16economic, 589industrialization and, 50infuences on, 51Islington market and, 7Islington Market Bill and, 142

political, 4951, 547, 66

religion and, 199n45role o, 501slaughterhouses and, 701Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 142social and cultural, 5960space and, 50utilitarianism and, 70, 812

Reorm Act o 1832, 51regional markets, 166n25, 171n65regrators, 21, 22, 37regulation, see rights and regulation

religion, see also Sundays; specifc churchesand religions

animal welare and, 116, 117, 118, 121middlemen and, 114, 1234, 125

persecutions and, 13, 15, 94reorm and, 199n45

Victorian, 114Religious Society o Friends (Quakers), 121, 123rents and leases, 50, 64, 82, 889, 142,

181n14,see also property valuesresidents, 124, 142, 150restaurants, 160retail, 65

retail and wholesale butchersdivision o opinion and, 63retail butchers, 34, 35, 36

background, 176n4consumers and, 36Islington and, 74against removal, 186n114

wholesale versus, 36retail markets, 188n27revolution, European, 50Rhodes, Samuel (dairyman), 25, 173n78Ricardo, David, 116Rich, John (merchant), 12, 128, 164n4Richard II, 192n2

rights and regulation,see also charters;inspections; laws;specifc acts

animal welare and, 14, 115, 116, 117,121

butchers and, 14, 33, 104, 109, 144,170n56, 181n15, 183n54, 192n2

the City and, 75, 77, 88, 91, 107, 128,137, 142, 145, 146, 164n4, 170n56,


17/22

Index 243

181n14, 183n62, 192n2, 204n56,205n66

City o London and, 12, 1415, 31, 75City walls and, 81armers and, 173n86oreign imports and, 6, 165n16location o markets and, 128market design and, 834markets and, 188n27Medieval, 14middlemen and, 22, 27, 53, 170n56Mill on, 523

overview, 6, 7Parliament and, 53, 545, 56, 75, 84prices and, 170n56railways and, 191n74salesmen and, 173n86slaughterhouses and, 14, 103, 104, 135,

192n2, 195n37Smitheld Central Markets and, 159Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 146space and, 14, 75St Bartholomews Fair and, 12, 128,

164n4tra c and, 14, 71, 139, 189n51

weights and, 165n16, 181n15ring droves, 28, 84, 122riots, 13, 24Ritvo, Harriet, 178n37, 197n5rivers, 187n9, see alsospecifc riversroads,see also streets; tra c

location o populations and, 186n2Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 153, 155price and, 37railways and, 191n741700s and, 82tolls and, 24

Te Roast Bee o Old England (Fielding),

3940, 175n1Roman occupation and walls, 1, 7, 11, 12,

80, 187n10royal commissions, 1335, 143, 202n34Royal Humane Society, 202n32Royal Navy, 65RSPCA, 150, 199n45Ru ans Hall, 164n3

rural labourers, 5, 33, 53, 81, 99Russell, John (MP), 140, 141

Sabbath (Sundays), 42, 123, 124, 125, 150,183n54

saddlers, 30Saron Hill, 83sales

armers and, 168n43licences and, 173n86Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 156, 206n2

Perkins Market and, 771700s, 168n37space and, 89statistics, 45tolls and, 174n87

salesmen,see alsoindividual salesmenanimal welare and, 118background, 267nancial transactions and, 30history and tradition and, 159lairs and, 25monopolies o, 131numbers o, 174n90opinions on improvements, 645

prices and, 23, 28, 37public interest and, 52regulation o, 173n86retail butchers and, 36space and, 189n40

sand-lled boxes, 38Te Sanitar y Question, 103Sanitary Report o 1842 (Chadwick), 102sanitation, see also drainage (sewer) systems;

public healthadministration and, 107associations or, 7basics, 50centralization and, 1078

cholera and, 101, 194n27the City and, 127the City proposals, 139disease and, 99, 101drainage and, 13healthul aspects, 104improvements and, 103mechanization, 2


18/22


Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 76, 150, 153

morality and space and, 193n3poverty and, 1012regulation and, 14, 103reports on, 194n18rivers and, 192n2slaughterhouses and, 193n7

satires, 13, 113, 166n30sausages, 110, 111, 196n62SAVE (organization), 8, 160saveloys, 196n62

Scales, Michael (butcher), 69, 109, 198n14Schivelbusch, Wolgang, 192n83Schmeichen, J, 188n22science,see also technologies

agriculture and, 166n30breeding and, 167n33cholera and, 101, 194n27consumers and, 43attening and, 21ood and, 109110health and, 99, 205n70testimony and, 102truth and, 184n72

Scotland

breeding and, 19droves and, 171n63, 175n96attening and, 25land prices and, 23Smitheld Central Markets and, 159as supplier, 16, 17, 93, 168n41, 171n62

seasonality, 38, 42, 72sea transport, 190n63Sebo, Mr (butcher), 122secular humanism, 114sel-government, 150sentimentality, 617th century, 1415, 22, 171n68Shakespeare, William, 12, 25, 39

Shank, Tomas (Collector), 175n102Shank, William (Clerk o the Market), 136Shapin, Steven, 184n72Sharps Alley, 100Shaw, Gareth, 188n27sheep,see also mutton; wool

animal welare and, 119, 122consumption o, 44, 45

droves and, 23, 170n62attening o, 19, 169nn489fayers and, 181n15lairs and, 25non-Smitheld sales, 174n92numbers and weights o, 26, 28, 88, 136,

153, 167n37, 168n38, 174n93overview, 18slaughter o, 35

violin strings and, 193n10Shepherds Bush, 178n33Shillibeers omnibus, 189n51

shoemakers, 30shopping, 125Silva, Abraham, 119, 120Simmonds, Peter Lund, 39, 41sixteenth century, 12, 16, 177n27, 181n15,

202n32skins and urs, 30, 38, 100, 183n54slaughterhouses, see also abattoirs

animal welare and, 116, 118associated businesses o, 100awareness and, 80the City and, 103, 139disease and, 102, 192n2House o Commons and, 67

improvements and, 184n63inspections and, 105, 109location and, 723, 96, 106, 193n7Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 156, 157, 158Middle Ages and, 195n29Mills plan, 87morality and, 114odours and, 103

private versus public, 1058, 107,196n49

prots and, 36public, 206n17regulation and, 14, 103, 104, 135, 192n2,

195n37royal commission and, 135sanitation and, 105, 192n2, 193n7Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 145speed and, 96testimony on, 6670

slaughtermen, 176n5


19/22

Index 245

slaughter o animals, 34, 35, 176n5Slocombe, Tomas (drover), 121slums, 62, 63, 812, 100, 127, 187n18,

188n20smells, 69, 95, 99, 100, 1023, 108, 11112,

194n21Smith, Adam, 5, 15, 16, 37, 58Smith, Colin, 186n2Smitheld bargain, 164n6Smitheld Cattle Club, 18, 167n36Smitheld Central Markets, 78, 158161,

163n1,see also Central Markets Asso -

ciationSmitheld Marketbackground, 16early years, 1117illustrations o,29last day o, 151name origin, 12size o, 28

Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851background, 3, 8, 10, 1278, 144,

203n48the City and, 13552, 204n55

passage o, 1456, 204n56Perkins market and, 201n17

railways and, 94, 153, 155, 156, 158Sabbath and, 150select and royal commissions, 128135tolls and, 136tra c and, 203n34

Smitheld Pond, 164n10Smitheld system

background, 9bankers and byproducts, 301City o London and, 31criticisms o, 512early years, 1117armers, graziers and livestock, 1721market day, 267, 2830

middlemen, 216regional markets and, 166n25reputation o, 165nn22, 24salesmen, 278

Snow, John (physician), 194n27, 196n46soap boilers, 100, 103social behavior and environment, 192n3social stability, 45, 6, 44

Society or the Prevention o Cruelty toAnimals (SPCA), 116, 121, 123

Song in Favor o Smitheld, 11112sounds, 957, 175n98soup makers, 110Southall, 34, 172n77south o England, 24, 82space,see also improvements to Smitheld;

market designanimal welare and, 70, 84, 121Bunning on, 156business opportunities and, 6

cattle market and, 1516the City and, 87, 88, 127, 128, 139, 140demand and, 467health and, 104House o Commons and, 71improvements/relocation and, 623,

656, 839individualism and, 45iron and, 189n29

Johnson and, 13Laycocks lairs and, 173n81Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 76Parliament and, 132, 133

Pearson and, 7petitioners or, 136plans or, 137population growth and, 134private/public, 34railways and, 50, 83, 925, 96, 134rights and regulation and, 14, 75salesmen and, 189n40sanitation and, 193n3size o, 84, 879Smitheld Central Markets and, 158Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 132sound, light and air and, 957

testimony on, 6970tra c and, 79, 8992urban landscape and, 50, 7980, 839,

957women and cattle and, 1256

Spa Field, 64specialization, 1567speed, 2, 934, 95, 96, 127, 155


20/22


spoilage, 389, 69, 967, 110Spottiswoode, Andrew (Queens printer),

107standard o living, 46, 180n61starch manuactories, 178n33Statistical Society o London, 55statues, 187n18St Bartholomew, Te Church o, 160St Bartholomews Fair, 12, 13, 63, 66, 128,

164n4, 200n3St Bartholomews Hospital, 62, 63, 104,

111, 144

St Bartholomews Priory, 12St Brides Whar, 91steamboats, 175n96steam power, 50, 76, 128, 149,see also

railwaysStevenson, George (railway builder),

190n62, 191n75Stimpson, John (salesman), 76St John Street, 26, 81, 82St Martin-le-Grand, 82Stockton and Darlington Railway, 190n62store cattle, 1920Stow, John (chronicler), 13, 164n7

straw market, 26, 65streets, 11, 80, 823, 187n18, 188n23,seealso roads; tra c;specifc streets

street vendors, 193n4Strong, Roy, 177n28Strype, John (chronicler), 13St Sepulchre parish, 74, 80, 142Stubbing, Benjamin (butcher), 36, 41, 74,

84, 88, 108, 120, 176n4Sublime Society o Beesteaks, 40, 177n31suburbs, 149sugar reneries, 36, 100, 176n14Sundays, 42, 1234, 125, 130w, 150,

183n54supply o ood, 4, 5, 6, 1516, 44Survey o London (Stow), 164n7surveyors, 202n32Sweeney odd(lm), 184n79Swi, Johnathan, 99

tallow, 16, 30, 38, 100, 166n31taris, 5, 7, 44, 45, 88, 1078

aylor, Henry Lowman (Committee Chair-man), 135, 136, 137, 158, 205n1

aylor, W., 146technologies, 15, 18, 19, 38, 127, 149, 153,

156, see also industrialization; PerkinsMarket;specifc technologies

telegraphy, 50, 156temperance movement, 199n45Tames Embankment project, 107Tames River, 192n2, 194n27Tames unnel, 190n62, 202n32theatre, 13, 164n9, 175n1

Teatrical Journal, 134Teobalds Road, 26Tirsk, Joan, 21, 168n39, 168n41Tornbury, W., 164n7Tnen, Johannn Heinrich von (economist),

191n70ime is money, 92, 190n65Te imes (newspaper)

on animal welare, 199n42the City and, 60, 128on Perkins Market, 76on private versus public interests, 1578on tra c, 90

tolls

amounts and payers o, 171n68, 174n87the City and, 14, 15, 31, 50, 58, 63, 139,

142, 143, 181n14, 203n39costs o, 171n68drovers and, 24, 25improvements and, 64, 67, 136, 137,

139, 142jobbers and, 37removal and, 135salesmen and, 27, 58Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851

and, 145statistics and, 44, 45, 69testimony on, 6970

tra c and, 137topsmen, 24ownsend, Charles (agriculturalist), 17owns Improvement Clauses Act o 1847,

104tra c,see also transportation

abattoirs and, 108animal welare and, 119


21/22

Index 247

cartoon, 61the City and, 66, 137, 139, 141, 142,

183n62disease and, 196n63graziers and, 20improvements and, 82, 84, 85Islington and, 147market days and, 135Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 149, 153, 155, 202n34Pepys on, 189n52

population growth and, 44

regulation o, 14, 71, 139, 189n51roads and, 23rural labourers and, 81salesmen and, 62seasonality o, 198n161700s, 82, 182n37slaughterhouses and, 87Smitheld Central Markets and, 15960space and, 79, 8992staggering o, 115Stubbings on, 74

women and, 125, 126transportation, 4, 6, 1617, 37, 38, 801,

132, see also railways; rivers; roads;

tra crench, Colonel (MP), 66revithick, Robert (railway builder), 190n62tripe boilers, 100, 103ull, Jethro (inventor), 17tunnels, 190n62, 202n32urner, Michael, 167n37urner, William, 92turnips, 1718, 19urnmill Street, 26, 100urnpike Act o 1663, 171n68turnpike system, 190n52twelh century, 12twentieth and twenty-rst centuries, 80,

103, 159160typhus, 102, 103yrell, Mr (solicitor), 204n60

unionization, 51unsold animals, 27urban landscape

place, position and problems, 801

redesigning, 813Smitheld and, 72space and, 50, 7980, 839, 957tra c and, 8992

utilitarianism, 6, 66, 70, 812, 114

vegetarians, 119, 160ventilation, 105, 156, 197n63Verney, Harry (royal commissioner), 134,

201n22Victoria, Queen, 133, 187n18Victorians, 6

Victoria Street, 136, 137, 139victuallers/victualling, 27, 172n76, 176n8violin strings, 100, 193n10, 196n61Te Vital City (Otter), 196n49Te Voice o Humanity, 73, 117

Waithman, Robert (alderman), 67waking cattle, 120, 121

Wakley, Tomas (surgeon), 130Walbrook River, 187n9Wales, 16, 19, 93, 159, 168n38, 168n41,

171n62, 175n96Walks Trough London, 96

Wallace, William (Scottish patriot), 13

walls, 81, 82, 84, 187nn1011Walpole, Horace, 147, 182n37Warmington, John (salesman), 57, 68, 86,

878, 89, 120, 122, 126Warre, Tomas (slaughterman), 109, 118,

119waste

location o market and, 80water troughs, 153, 155Weekly Returns (Farr), 194n27

weights, see also attening o livestockcattle averages, 167n37the City and, 14consumption estimates and, 44, 45

estimating, 34, 37, 149, 177n19, 180n57orage and, 1718Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)

and, 149oal and, 27Perkins Market and, 767

prot and, 201, 190n65regulation and, 165n16, 181n15


22/22


scholarly estimates, 180n61slaughter rates and, 46transportation and, 93

Westbrook, Richard, 201n17the West End, 125

Westminster, City o, 81, 82west o England, 24, 26Whewell, William (evangelical), 99, 134Whigs, 51, 127, 130, 134Whitechapel, 34, 69, 71, 103, 104, 105,

1089, 184n79Whitlaw, Charles (agriculturalist), 11011,

196n61, 199n40wholesale, 21, 34, 65

location o market and, 80railways and, 94

wie selling, 164n6Wiggersta, W. (banker), 136Wild, M. ., 188n27wild animals, 197n6

Wilkinson, William Ascot (upholsterer), 58William and Mary, 15William III, 181n14Wilson, Daniel (reverend), 68, 124Wilson, John (contractor), 205n1

witches, 13witnesses, selection o, 6970, 128women, 10, 42, 113, 114, 1256, 164n6,

168n43, 176n6Wood, Matthew (hop merchant), 67, 134

wool, 17, 38, 168n38, 169n48woolmen, 16working classes, 35, 36, 37

the City proposals and, 139consumption, 46demand and, 44diet o, 176n11disease and, 111industrialization and, 149organizations and, 130

population growth and, 178n38railways and, 94

St Bartholomews Fair and, 200n3tra c and, 90wages and, 43women o, 125

Te Working Mans Friend and FamilyInstructor, 121

Te Worshipul Company o Butchers, 160Wrangham, Sergeant (select committee

member), 144Wren, Christopher, 82wrought iron, 82, 155Wynter, Andrew (physician), 79, 126

Yelling, Y. A., 166n29

yellow ever, 199n40Yorke, Sir (MP), 66Youatt, William (veterinarian), 19, 172n70Young, Arthur (armer), 18, 166n30,

171n68

index from meat, commerce and the city

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