Download - Index From Meat, Commerce and the City
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227
INDEX
abattoirs (Parisian system/public slaughter-
houses)butchers and, 10, 87, 1057, 108, 109,
1567, 206n17the City and, 103, 131, 139identities and, 667Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 1567Paris and, 667
proposed, 1057restrictions on, 195n37
abreuvoirs, 153Acland, James (Central Markets Association
Secretary), 141
Act or the Improvement o Smitheld, 140acts and bills or improvements to Smith-eld, 51, 65, 140,see alsospecifc acts
and billsAn act to prevent the cruel and improper
treatment o cattle (Martins Act), 116,198nn1314, 21
agricultural revolution, 166n29, 167n37air, 957, 104, 105, 132, see also miasma;
smellsAlbert, Prince, 1, 6, 148, 1501, 157aldermen, 3, 128, 157, 158, see alsoindi-
vidual aldermenAldersgate Road, 82
Aldersgate Street, 26, 87American system, 110Anderton, Mr (Court o Common Council
member), 1312Andover workhouse, 133Te Animal Estate (Ritvo), 197n5
Animal Rights (Kean), 197n5animal welare
abattoirs and, 106
associations or, 6, 7butchers and, 57, 68, 70, 71, 89, 11720,
122, 123, 132drovers and, 27, 69, 956, 11319, 121,
122, 125, 198n14, 200n54ood quality and, 110history and tradition and, 126human health and, 43, 199n40laws and, 114, 11516, 120, 198nn13
14light and, 198n33Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 76, 150, 153, 155
o-droves and, 26overviews, 12, 10, 14, 113126, 197n5Parliament and, 132, 133Perkins and, 73ring droves and, 289slaughterhouses and, 103, 193nn7, 11space and, 70, 84, 121Te imes on, 199n42tra c and, 89, 91, 92
annular belts, 93, 191n70anxiety, 5, 54, 151
An Appeal to the British Public o the Abuseso Smithfeld Market (Jacomb), 141
architects, 202n32, see alsoindividual
architectsarchitecture, 845, 105, 158, 188n29,
202n32arms (weapons), 172n74army, 172n76Arnott, Neil (inventor), 105, 156, 194n18Asser, James (butcher), 120Asser, Moses (inspector/slaughterman), 119
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Association or Promoting RationalHumanity, 121, 123
Bakewell, Robert (breeder), 18, 166n31,167n33
bankers, 28, 301, see also nancial transac-tions
bank ailures, 51Barbon, Nicolas, 178n32Barnet Market, 22, 34, 72, 172n77Barrett, Jeremiah (ounder), 69, 126Barron, Robert (druggist), 58, 90
Bartholomew Fair(Jonson & Counsell), 13,164n9
Bartholomews Fair, 63, 66, 128, 164n4,200n3
Bartram, Edward (butcher), 35, 85Bathurst, Lord, 62Battersea Bridge, 87Baugh, Daniel A., 176n8Bazalgette, Joseph, 107Bedord, Duke o, 52bee, reverence or, 3941, 176n1, 177n31bee bouillion, 179n48Bell, John (sculptor), 155Bentham, Jeremy, 81, 101, 171n67
Besant, Walter, 188n23Betjeman, John (poet), 160biases, 701, 72, 202n34Billingsgate, 14Bills o Mortality, 81A Bill to Prevent the Mischies that arise
rom driving Cattle (1774), 115Black, W., 146Blackburn, John (reverend), 69, 124Black Death, 11Blackriars Bridge, 81, 82, 91, 140, 187n18,
188n20, 202n34blacksmiths, 30, 172n68bladder blowers, 30
blood, 100, 103, 109Bloomsbury Square, 26Board o Agriculture, 167n33Board o rade, 62, 63, 183n43bones, 101, 103, 139Bonser, K. J., 171n63boot makers, 30Borrows, George (physician), 139
Boyle, Robert, 184n72Brantz, D., 193n7breeds and breeding o cattle, 18, 201,
166n31, 167n33, 189n35, 206n7, seealso attening o livestock
breeds and breeding o sheep, 169nn489Brewer, John, 43brewing, 91bricks, vitried, 153, 206nn23bridges, 188n29, 191n74, see alsospecifc
bridgesBriggs, Asa, 70
British Farmers Magazine, 82, 149British Food Puzzle, 46British Navy, 65, 172n76, 176n8, 177n23Broad Street, 194n27, 196n46brokers, see salesmenBrown, George (surgeon), 104Brunel, Isambard Kingdom (railway
builder), 190n62, 191n75Bude-Light, 60, 182n34Te Builder, 823, 1478buildings,see also architecture; Metropoli-
tan Buildings Act o 1844; rents andleases; slums
the City and, 127, 137, 139, 142,
203n51, 205n66res and, 13growth and, 823history and tradition and, 8iron and, 151, 155, 188n29Smitheld Central Markets and, 151,
159space and, 845St Bartholomews Hospital and, 144
buillion, bee, 179n48Bull Hanks, 1201bullock-driving/hunting, 120Bumpas, John (bookseller), 59, 126Bunning, James Bunston (architect)
background, 202n32improvements to Smitheld o, 135,
136, 1379, 138, 1401, 142, 143Markets Improvements Committee and,
147Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
plans, 1467, 153, 155, 1567ornamentation and, 155
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technologies and, 153testimony o, 144trades integration and, 1567
Burrell, Charles (salesman), 136Burrows, George (physician), 104Bushnan, J. Stevenson (physician), 100, 143butchers, see also slaughterhouses; individual
butchersabattoirs and, 10, 87, 1057, 108, 109,
1567, 206n17animal welare and, 57, 68, 70, 71, 89,
11720, 122, 123, 132
breeds o cattle and, 189n35nancial transactions and, 30, 86health o, 104improvements and, 67, 68, 69, 88, 132,
141, 142, 183n54light and, 96, 126location o markets and, 2, 3, 6, 52, 59,
63, 66, 734, 80, 85, 96, 142, 1489,186n15, 205n61
location o residences o, 205n67low end markets and, 44machinery and, 156Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 148, 149, 157, 158
as middlemen, 22, 25, 52, 174n86,174n87
middlemen and, 367moral character o, 104, 114, 123,
177n27, 206n17other markets and, 65, 73, 75, 76, 77overview, 1, 16, 18, 339
petitions o, 53, 94, 115, 135prices and, 38, 174n87, 181n15private interests o, 106, 108, 140, 144railways and, 93, 94regulation o, 14, 33, 104, 109, 144,
170n56, 181n15, 183n54, 192n2retail, 16, 36, 63, 176n4
riots, 13sanitation and, 100, 102, 103, 105,
10810, 111, 192n2slaughterhouses and, 106slaughtermen, distinguished rom, 176n5Smitheld Central Markets and, 160space and, 69, 84, 89, 136St Bartholomew and, 12
technology and, 149temperature and, 96tra c and, 62, 84, 912
wholesale, 16, 345, 36, 38, 63women, 176n6
Butchers Company, 144butchers guilds, 12, 16, 34, 66Butler (driver), 190n59buying advice, 423Byng, Frederick (MP), 1334, 202n34byproducts, 301, 856, see alsospecifc
byproducts
cabs, 90, 189n51cag-mag, 177n24Caledonian Cattle Market,see Metropolitan
Cattle Market (Islington)Caledonian Road, 155Caley, E. S. (agriculturalist), 136Camden own, 147canals, 23carcass butchers, 34,see also butchers,
wholesalecarcass sizes, 44Carlisle, Anthony (inventor), 75Carls, K., 188n22
carriages, 92, 189n51Carter, J., 146Carthusain Monastery, 160cartoons, 60, 61carving, 42cast iron, 82, 155, 159catgut actories, 30Catholics, 51, 94cattle and livestock,see also bee, reverence
or; other specifc kinds o livestockgeographical sources o, 24numbers and weights, 88, 94, 136, 153,
167n37, 171n63, 174n93, 206n2Roman occupation and, 12
censuses, 186n4centralization, 45, 107, 144, 145, 150, 157,
203n48Central Markets Association, 103, 1401Chadwick, Edwin (sanitation reormer), 9,
1012, 133, 194n21, 194nn21, 27Challis, Tomas M. (salesman), 60, 80, 140,
202n34, 203n39
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Chambers, J. D., 166n29Chambers Edinburgh Journal, 117, 150Chambers Inormation or the People, 18chandlers, 16Charles I, 14Charles II, 1415, 25, 182n15Charterhouse (hospital), 66charters, 12, 14, 75, 81, 85, 88, 128, 203n48Cheapside, 12, 14, 202n32Cheap Street, 26Chicago, 158child welare, 113
cholera, 9, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 127,193n13, 194nn25, 27, 196n46, see alsodiseases
Christie, Tomas (businessman), 121, 122Christmastime, 38, 70, 141, 198n16, 206n1cities, 13, 4Citizen, 128City Lands Committees, 31, 70, 89, 181n14the City o London, see also Common
Council;specifc councils and committeesanimal welare and, 118butchers and, 34coordination with Crown, 1367Copenhagen Fields and, 1478
drainage and sewer improvements, 103drains and rivers and, 192n2drovers and, 115expenses and, 31, 88, 175n102nal responses, 135152history and tradition and, 204n59improvements and, 7, 13, 607, 712,
74, 82, 13745, 138, 187n18, 203n51Islington Cattle Market and Abattoir
Company, 147Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 157, 204n60, 205n66monopoly and, 11, 14, 52, 53Parliament and, 56, 144, 145, 158
Perkins Market and, 77private interests and, 16, 181n14public opinion and, 145relocation and, 77, 146revenues and, 37, 50, 63, 6970, 73, 82,
127, 135rights and regulation by, 1415, 75, 88,
91, 107, 128, 137, 142, 145, 146,
164n4, 170n56, 181n14, 183n62,204n56 (see also inspections)
rights and regulations and, 12, 31, 51,55, 62, 75
rivers and, 192n2sanitation and, 103, 109space and, 62, 87, 88, 127, 128, 139, 140St Bartholomews Fair and, 200n3tra c and, 66, 91, 183n62
walls and, 81City o London School in Cheapside,
202n32
civility, 178n39Clan, K., 193n7Clare market, 123Clark, Gregory, 46classes, social, 52, 68, 199n45, see alsospecifc
classesClay, William (woolen draper), 57, 912,
121Clerkenwell, 83, 101, 134Clerkenwell Street, 26Clerk o the Market, 27clipping o money, 1314clocks, 100clock tower, 156
Cloth Fair, 160cloth market (air), 11, 12clubs, mens social, 40Coal Exchange, 202n32coal gas, 192n83coal heaters, 194n18Cockaye, E., 175n98cockghts, 12Cock Lane, 100Cole, W. A., 168n37, 179n54Collins, 119Collins, John (salesman), 136Collins, William, 27, 118, 173n81Collins, William (salesman), 136
Combs, Alderman, 62Commissioners o Sewers, 31Commission o Inquiry o 1847(Chadwick),
102Common Council, 72, 94, 104, 115, 127,
1312, 146compressed air railways, 94conficts o interest, 52
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conusion, 13conservatives, 130consumers, 201, 31, 3348, 107, see also
demandconsumption o meat, 4, 44, 457, 180nn57,
61, see also demandcookbooks, 423Copeland, William aylor (MP), 130Copenhagen Fields, 1478, see also Isling-
ton; Metropolitan Cattle Market(Islington)
Copenhagen House, 148, 205n65
Corn Laws, 5, 7, 44, 51, 66, 127, 134Counsell, C., 164n7countryside, 4, 9Coup de Grce (MacLachlan), 197n5Court o Aldermen, 57, 116Court o Common Council, 66, 1312,
136, 137, 139Covent Garden, 52, 76, 82, 84Cow Cross Street, 100Cramp, John (butcher), 36, 93, 1034, 119,
120Cresswell, Major, 142crimes, 1314, 128, 164n11, 190n59,
199n50
cruelty,see animal welareCrystal Palace, 188n29, 200n1Cubitt, Lewis (architect), 191n75Cubitt, Tomas (engineer), 146Culley, George, 24curriers, 16
Dante, 90Darnton (bookseller), 125Darnton (Quaker), 124Darnton, William, 70, 117Darwin, Charles, 99Daughters o Rebecca, 24, 172n69Davis, John, 181n14
day and night, 956dead meat,see also Metropolitan Meat and
Poultry Marketarmers and, 168n43location o markets and, 108, 202n29market integration and, 1567Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 157
pigs as, 19, 174n92, 178n33prices and prots and, 28, 38, 85railways and, 7, 46, 106Smitheld Central Markets and, 159,
163n1spoilage and, 110statistics and, 179n56
Deane, P., 168n37, 179n54Deoe, Daniel, 165n22delicacies, 38demand,see also consumption o meat e
attening and, 201
improvements and, 65income and, 46industrialization and, 166n29market design and, 188n22overview, 44, 45Perkins Market and, 75
population growth and, 179n54price and, 37salesmen and, 37seasonality and, 38space and, 467, 83statistics, 46
Deptord Foreign Cattle Market, 7, 45,195n37
Devons, 19Dickens, Charles
animal welare and, 113butchers description, 36consumer descriptions, 35gaslight and, 126location o markets and, 147market descriptions, 2, 13, 95, 96on pigs, 1819sanitation descriptions, 104
diseases, 1, 97, 101, 102, 11011, 199n40,see alsospecifc diseases
Dishley ram, 18distillers, 100, 178n33
diversity, 127Dixon, Mr (resident), 11112Dodd, George (journalist/statistician), 45,
15, 30, 45, 923, 149, 180n57, 190n65,191n70
dogs, 121, 122, 199n50Domestic Cookery, 423Donald, Diana, 197n5
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donkeys, 199n50Douglas, Mary, 187n11drainage (sewer) systems
administration o, 107the City and, 103, 109, 127, 192n2the City proposals and, 139disease and, 102early, 13, 14improvements, 82, 103, 188n23Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 76, 153, 155rents and, 82
sanitation and, 109surveys, 10drays, 91, 92, 190n61drovers,see also o-droves
animal welare and, 27, 69, 956, 11319, 121, 122, 125, 198n14, 200n54
arms (weapons) and, 172n74costs o, 171n68, 172n70nancial transactions and, 234, 172n70,
175n100hackneys and, 189n51Hardy on, 23history o, 171n63light and, 956
Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 149
moral character o, 245, 114, 1245numbers o, 171n62overview, 20, 237
pay o, 172n70prices and, 21railways and, 94regulation o, 115, 181n14routes and stops o, 26, 656, 172nn76
7, 175n96Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 145space and, 88speed and, 93tra c and, 90
Drovers Benevolent Association, 200n54droves, 170n62, 171n67Dunhill, Tomas, 1067
Earle, Peter, 54, 179n49Eastern Counties Railway, 191n71
east o England, 24economic considerations, 623economic growth, 166n29, 180n61economists, 180n61, see alsoindividual
economistsEdinburgh Review,60Edward III, 14Edward VI, 25, 177n271847 bill, 131eighteenth century, 15, 39, 82, 167nn32, 371850s and 60s, 128, 158, 206nn2, 16electricity, 156, 167n31
Te Elms, 164n10enclosures, 17, 166n29engrossers, 21, 22entrepreneurs, 54, 193n4Ernle, Lord, 179n54Erskine, Lord, 11516
Essay on the Principle o Population (Mal-thus), 5, 53
Essex, 16evangelicalism, 6, 81, 123, 134Te Experienced Butcher(Plumptre), 34, 38,
118exports, 168n38
actors,see salesmenacts versus opinions, 6771, 103, 184n72,
202n34Falkirk, 171n63Falsta s page, 12amilies, 124
Far om the Madding Crowd(Hardy), 23armers
agricultural revolution and, 166n29animal welare and, 122as butchers, 168n43Corn Laws and, 44as drovers, 171n62droves and, 172n68, 175n96
attening and, 168n39nancial transactions and, 30manure and, 153Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 149, 206n7opinions o, 3overview, 1721
prices and, 278
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regulation o, 173n86wages and, 43
Farmers Magazine, 334, 103, 110, 131,1512, 156, 165n24, 174n93
Farr, William (statistician), 9, 194n27,196n46
Farringdon Market, 72, 135, 187n18Farringdon Road, 83, 91, 94, 100, 187n18,
191n75Farringdon Without, 81ashions, 33, 43attening o livestock, 1921, 24, 25, 41, 45,
166n31, 168n39, 169nn479Felt(nightclub), 160Fenner (surgeon), 102, 121Fenner, John Ludd, 70, 119Field, Tomas (Assistant Collector),
175n102Fielding, Henry, 39nancial transactions, 1314, 234, 30, 86,
149, 156, 172n70, 175n100FitzStephen, William (chronicler), 13fayers, 181n15Flaying Acts, 183n54Fleet Market, 187n18, 192n2Fleet River, 83, 101, 187n9, 192n2
Fletcher, Joseph, 55, 56, 81, 178n39oot and mouth disease, 111ootballs, 196n61orage, 1718, 19, 20oreigners, 12, 623, 141oreign imports, see also Deptord Foreign
Cattle Market; international networksdemand and, 47, 134diseases and, 111armers and, 18ree trade and, 445, 88, 127growths in, 167n32, 179n56non-European, 191n69regulation and, 6, 165n16
space and, 136Whitechapel and, 184n79
orestalling, 21, 22, 28, 36, 76, 173n81Fortescue, Mr (registrar), 103ounders, 69oruteenth century, 99Fowler, Charles (architect), 76, 82Fowler, John, 69
France, 40, 41, 4950, 66, see also abattoirsFranklin, Benjamin, 160, 190n65Freeman, Sarah, 177n28reshness, 389, 110Fussell, G. E., 168n37
garbling, 14gas, 96, 167n31, 192n83gaslights, 96, 1256, 156Te Gate o Calais or O, the Roast Bee o Old
England(Hogarth), 40, 176n1gauge war, 191n75
General Market Building, 8Germany, 41germ theory, 194n25, 196n46Giblett, Joseph (salesman), 136Giblett, William (butcher), 35, 70, 734, 91,
967, 148Girdler, J. S., 22glanders, 111goats, 199n50Godson, George (butcher), 132Gordon, James Alexander (physician), 71,
104, 124Gordon, Robert, 53government intervention, 50
Grantham, Richard (reormer), 100, 103,106
Gray, George, 141graziers
animal welare and, 122butchers and, 181n15drovers and, 25expenses o, 174n87attening and, 168n39orestalling and, 21improvements and, 64opinions o, 3overview, 1921as salesmen, 174n86
grazing rights, 131, 172n68, 175n96Great Exhibition (1851), 130, 155, 200n1Great Fire, 182n15, 189n52Great Northern Railway, 94, 191nn71, 75Great North Road, 24Great Russell Street, 26Great Western Railway Company, 92, 94,
146, 191nn71, 75
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Greenhill Rents, 89, 108Grey, Earl, 51Grey, George (Home Secretary), 125, 141,
148Grey Mr, 143Grosvenor, Robert (reormer), 130growth,see population growthGrub-Street Opera (Fielding), 39, 175n1Guerrier, William (salesman), 90, 136guilds, butchers, 12, 16, 34, 66Gurney, Samuel (bill-broker), 65, 667,
11718, 1245
Gwynne, John (city planner), 82
hackneys, 90, 189n51Hakewell, James (architect), 106Haldane, A. R. B., 171n63Hamilton, Dr., 11011Handley, H., 185n97Hardy, Tomas, 23, 164n6Harnsey, 142Harris, Charles (surgeon), 104Harrison, Brian, 199n45Hart, William (passenger), 190n59Hartwell, R. M., 46Haslam, John (Te Mad Doctor), 75hay market, 11, 12, 26, 65Haywood, William (engineer), 187n18health,see public healthTe Health o the owns Commission o
184445 (Chadwick), 102Hebb, William (salesman), 123Henely, Lord, 130Henry VIII, 13Hicks, Richard (salesman), 734, 122, 128,
142Hickson, William (shoe warehouseman), 26,
30, 59, 118, 119hides and urs, 30, 38, 100, 183n54
High Holborn, 189n51history and tradition
animal welare and, 126bee and, 40buildings and, 8the City and, 140, 145, 204n59horse market and, 199n50improvements and, 645
Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 149, 152
reorm and, 15Smitheld and, 1117, 28Smitheld Central Markets and, 1589,
160Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 133space and, 128
walls and, 81Hobsbawm, E. J., 46, 180n57Hodges, James (own Clerk, City o Lon-
don), 115Hogarth, William, 12, 40, 176n1Holborn Hill, 137Holborn Viaduct, 187n18, 188n20Holland, 41hoos, 101Hopper, Charles (coal merchant), 91horse knackers, 30horse market, 11, 12, 65, 72, 100, 116,
199n50hospitals, 12, 66
Household Words (Dickens), 113, 147House o Commons, see also members o
Parliament (MPs); Parliament
the City proposal and, 143improvements and, 65, 6771, 72, 74lairage and, 25location o markets and, 63, 64, 141on property values, 63
public opinion and, 60slaughterhouses and, 67space and, 71
House o Lords, 75, 143, 144, 204n56, seealso Parliament
Huberman, Michael, 46Hume, Joseph (reormer), 144humors, 43Hungerord market, 123Hungry Forties, 5
identitiesabattoirs and, 667animal welare and, 113class, 199n45consumers o meat and, 4, 31, 33, 3947contemporary, 8
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cookbooks and, 42ood and, 177n29history and, 15imperialism and, 17international networks and, 141Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 149, 150, 155modernization and, 4, 15, 31, 33, 130
politics and, 52smells and sights and, 31spoilage and, 110urban workers and, 23
walls and, 81illegal activities, 212, 100, 167n32illegal markets, 12, 13, 14
Illustrated London News, 401, 151imperialism, 17implements, agricultural, 169n49imports,see oreign importsimprovement, human, 118, 123, 1379, 138improvements to Smitheld, see also Markets
Improvements Committee (MIC)acts and bills or, 51, 65, 140ambivalence toward, 117animal welare and, 121butchers and, 67, 88, 132, 141, 142,
183n54the City and, 13, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67,
712, 74, 128, 129, 132, 137145,138, 187n18, 203n51
City o London and, 7, 60culture o, 187nn14, 18drainage and, 82, 103, 188n23House o Commons and, 6771, 72, 74middle classes and, 127middlemen and, 62, 65, 67model o, 140, 141organizations and, 199n45overview, 6077railways and, 7, 188n20
sanitation and, 1012, 1031700s and 1800s, 812skins and, 183n54slaughterhouses and, 184n63space and, 829, 129streets and, 188n23tolls and, 136
incomes, 46
Incorporated Society or Improving theCondition o the Labor Classes, 130
In Curiosities o Food(Simmonds), 41individualism, 45, 6industrialization,see also mechanization
demand and, 166n29armers and, 17, 169n49ood markets and, 23Great Exhibition and, 200n1history o, 1516London and, 56Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 149Perkins and, 67, 767petitions and, 54politics and, 4950wages and, 43
inerior tra c, 199n50inspections, 14, 389, 104, 105, 109, 111,
120, 181n14, 183n54insurance, 171n65, 176n6integration, market, 1567interdependence, 87, 89international networks, 6, 17, 801, 141,
155, 157, 158, 159, see also oreignimports
invisible hand, 5, 16Ireland, 5, 18, 23, 93, 116, 159, 167n32,
168n41, 175n96, 179n54iron, 105, 188n29, 190n62, 202n32, 205n1,
see also cast iron; wrought ironIslington, 1, 2, 171n67, see also Metropolitan
Cattle Market; Perkins MarketIslington Bill o 1833, 73, 75, 142, 143, 144,
146, 201n17, 204n56Islington Cattle Market and Abattoir Com-
pany, 1312, 142, 147Isolated State, theory o, 191n70
Jacomb, George (butcher/salesman), 136,
141, 186n114James, King, 182n15Jay, John (builder), 191n74, 205n1Jemmett, Henry (land agent), 289, 30,
678, 71, 1089Jervis, Henry, 146Jewish people, 4, 94, 11920, 184n79jobbers, 22, 24, 367
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John Bull, 177n31Johnson, Samuel, 188n29Johnson, William (wine merchant), 136,
144, 203n51Jones, E. L., 166n29Jones, Horace (architect), 8, 158Jones, William (physician), 132Jonson, Ben, 13journals, agricultural, 170n62
Kean, Hilda, 197n5Kennard ( ironworker), 205n1
kicking bars, 155King, Gregory, 168n37, 168n38King James, 182n15Kings Cross, 106, 201n6Kings Cross Station, 191nn74, 75knackers yards, 100, 139Knight, Charles (publisher), 60, 168n37,
169n47, 179n54knights, 13, 81, 164n7Koch, Robert, 194n25
lairage, 25, 35, 139, 149, 156, 158, 172n78,201n17
Lancet, 130
land values, 23, 88, 95, 141, see also rents andleases
Lardner, Dionysius (economist), 93laws,see also Parliament; rights and regula-
tion;specifc actsanimal welare and, 114, 11516, 120,
198nn1314early years, 16, 165nn1516
Laycock, Richard (clergyman), 25, 172n78,173n81
Leadenhall, 65, 67, 103, 104, 105, 135lean stock, 1920Lewis, George Cornewall (Under Secretary
o State), 133
licences, 25, 104, 124, 145, 174n86, 181n14Liebig, Justus von (scientist), 43, 179n48light, 957, 104, 105, 192n83, 198n33Lindert, Peter H., 46linen cloth storage, 38literacy, 5Liverpool, Lord, 54Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 190n62
Lloyd, David (drover), 175n100local markets, 171n65location o markets,see also transportation
butchers and, 2, 3, 6, 52, 59, 63, 66,734, 85, 96, 142, 1489, 186n15,205n61
dead meat and, 202n29House o Commons and, 63, 64, 141Islington Market Bill and, 143Markets Improvements Committee and,
1456morality and, 124
oal and, 189n36press and, 1467private interests and, 87, 146prots and, 132proposed, 634, 87, 1467public opinion and, 144revenues and, 31rights and regulation and, 128royal commission and, 1345sanitation and, 80slaughterhouses and, 723, 96, 106,
193n7space and, 623
London, Chatham, and Dover Railway
(LCDR), 187n18London and Northwestern Railway, 191n71London Bridge, 26London Central Markets, 163n1Te London Central Markets Association
(London Market Protection Associa-tion), 13941
London Gazette, 139, 148London Labor and the London Poor(May-
hew), 193n4London Market Protection Association (Te
London Central Markets Association),13941
London Meat rades Association, 200n54
London Recollected: Its History, Lore andLegend(Tornbury), 164n7
London Saturday Journal, 45Lord Mayor o London, 157Lord Mayor o the City, 144Lords Day Observance Society (LDOS),
123, 199n45Low, John (salesman), 136
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lower classes,see working classesLucas (alderman), 124Lynch, Jordan Roche (Common Council
member), 104
Mackinnon (MP), 134MacLachlan, Ian, 193n7, 197n5Magna Carta, 165n16Maiden Lane, 155Malthus, Robert, 53Malthus, Tomas, 5, 7, 130manuacturing, 43, 51, 100, 156, 167n33
manure, 100, 149, 153maps, 80, 194n18, 205n61March o Intellect, 70, 73market days
butchers and, 183n54nancial transactions and, 30overview, 267
population growth and, 179n54proposed changes, 645regulation o tra c and, 71Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 1323statistics and, 70Sundays, 42, 1234, 125, 130, 150,
183n54tra c and, 135
market design, 834, 188n22market integration, 1567Markets Improvements Committee (MIC)
location o markets and, 140, 1456, 147overview, 10, 31, 181n14Parliament and, 142
plans o, 139response to petitions, 1357Smitheld Central Markets and, 158on tolls, 203n39
Martin, Henry (MP), 64
Martin, Richard (MP o Ireland), 116Martins Act (An act to prevent the cruel
ad improper treatment o cattle), 116,198nn1314, 21
Mary, Queen, 13Mayhew, H., 193n4McKendrick, Neil, 43McKinnon, William Alexander, 60
meat,see also bee, reverence or; mutton;pork; poultry
health and, 109110identity and, 31middle classes and, 42
preservation o, 72spoilage, 389, 69, 110
meat polishing, 389Meat rades Association, 200n54mechanization, 2, 6, 79, 149, see also indus-
trialization; railways; steam powerMedical imes and Gazette, 194n27
members o Parliament (MPs), 52, 64, 66,130, see alsoindividual membersMerritt, Charles (salesman)
animal welare and, 28, 116, 122on the City o cers, 57on market days, 124on number o salesmen, 174n90on removal, 86on Sabbath, 124on space, 84, 87, 92speed losses o, 93
Methodism, 123Metropolitan Board Works (MBW), 56,
107
Metropolitan Buildings Act o 1844, 103Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
(Caledonian Cattle Market), 76Bunning and, 146, 202n32the City and, 157, 204n60, 205n66construction o, 205n1, 206n2, 207n19Deptord Foreign Cattle Market, 45nancial transactions and, 149, 156House o Lords and, 204n56images, 154international networks and, 155, 157lairage, 25livestock, numbers o, 153map o, 205n60
nuisances and, 7opening o, 6, 7, 148152, 157overview, 2
Metropolitan Meat and Poultry Market,163n1, 206n16
Metropolitan Railway, 945, 128, 159,187n18, 188n20, 190n62, 191n74
miasma, 97, 102, 104, 194n25
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238 Meat, Commerce and the City
Middle Ages, 1113, 212, 34, 81, 164n9,187n9, 195n29
middle classesbee and, 39, 42consumerism and, 41, 54, 178n38,
179n49improvements and, 127market days and, 35mutton and, 42, 178n40
pigs and, 178n33politics and, 51press and, 60
railways and, 191n74middlemen,see alsoindividual middlemen;specifc types o middlemen
animal welare and, 117, 1223butchers and, 367the City proposals and, 140ood quality and, 110images o, 1245improvements and, 62, 65, 67Islington and, 735lower class consumers and, 37opposition o, 135Perkins Market and, 746, 767
prices and, 212
regulation and, 53, 170n56religion and, 114rise o, 21, 1700s andon slaughterhouses, 68space and, 89, 136
milch cows, 25Mill, John Stuart, 523, 99Mills, James (engineer), 37, 53, 66, 68,
6970, 87, 118Milton, John, 80, 90Mingay, Gordon M., 21, 166n29, 168n39,
169n42modernization,see also industrialization;
Perkins Market; technologies
animal welare and, 113anxiety and, 6, 54health and, 99identities and, 4, 15, 31, 33, 130lights and, 96Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 155middlemen and, 21
MPs and, 133Peel and, 4950slaughterhouses and, 71, 106smells and sights and, 31Smitheld and, 151space and, 79, 82, 92specialization and centralization and, 157
Victorians and, 6monopolies
butchers and, 36, 74, 104the Citys, 11, 14, 52, 53government and, 50, 1078
King James and, 182n15licences and, 104middlemen and, 21, 36Mill on, 53Perkins Market and, 75, 77, 131
press on, 131Monthly Magazine, 73, 184n63Moral and Sanitary Aspect o the New Cen-
tral Cattle Market... (Bushnan), 143morality,see also reorm
animal welare and, 11314, 116, 1256,197n5
butchers and, 104, 114, 123, 177n27disease and, 101
immoral spaces, 1235sanitation and, 193n3
Morning Chronicle, 60Morpeth, Lord (reormer), 130mortality rates, 103Moseley, Andrew (architect), 105Mulhall, M. G., 44, 456, 167n37Munday, Stephen (salesman), 723mutton
prices o, 166n31, 169n48railways and, 44, 92, 110, 190n64regulation and, 181n15social classes and, 33, 35, 42, 178n40
mutual interests,see public interests
nationalism, 110, 149, 150, 158, 207n19national markets, 16, 801, 158, 159, 186n2,
190n52Nead, Lynda, 1256, 192n83Newgate
butchers and, 73the City proposals and, 139
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inspections and, 105market days o, 65odours, 103Parliament and, 158
plans or, 135, 137railways and, 92royal commission on, 135slaughterhouses and, 34, 67, 72, 94, 100tra c and, 13, 91
New River canal, 155New Road, 82, 189n51New Smitheld Metropolitan Meat Market
(Smitheld Central Markets), 158161newspapers,see pressNew Street, 137Nightingale, P., 164n7noise, 267, 30, 66, 69nomenclature, markets, 163n1Norolk, 16Norris, J. . (printer), 131north o England, 24nuisance value
improvements and, 82Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 150public opinion and, 143
slaughterhouses and, 100space and, 79
oalabattoirs and, 108cattle and, 35Dickens on, 36disease and, 103
pigs and, 178n33pricing and, 27relocation and, 189n36seasonality and, 38slaughterhouses and, 100
o-droves, 26, 121, 122
Oliver wist(Dickens), 2, 96omnibuses, 90, 189n51order, 84, 187n11, see also laws; rights and
regulationOrmsby-Gore, William (MP), 130O the roast Bee o Old England(Te Gate o
Calais) (Hogarth), 40, 176n1Otter, Chris, 96, 192n83, 196n49
Owen, David, 145, 204n59Owen, Richard (scientist), 134, 194n18Oxord Street, 82OXO, 179n48
Paddington Station, 201n6Padmore, Robert (ironmonger), 58, 126
paintings, 92pandemics, 101Parian Ware, 207n19Paris, 4, 5, see also abattoirsParis, George Von (surgeon), 13
Parisian system,see abattoirsParliament, see also House o Commons;House o Lords; royal commissions;
specifc legislationacts and petitions, 7, 62, 84, 131animal welare and, 115, 116the City and, 56, 77, 1434, 145, 158City o London and, 31early years, 16180040, 4978armers and, 17graziers and, 20improvements and, 51, 65, 67Malthus and, 5
press and, 60private interests and, 55, 59, 75public opinion and, 60, 142railways and, 94, 191n74rents and, 74repeal o Act o 1851 and, 205n66representation and, 51rights and regulation and, 53, 545, 56,
75, 84sanitation and, 104slaughterhouses and, 107Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 203n48spoilage and, 38
Parnell, Henry (MP), 66Pasteur, Louis, 194n25
pavement, 13, 89, 153, 155, 188n23Pearson, Charles (Citys solicitor), 6, 7, 74,
94, 95, 128, 136, 200n3Peel, Robert, 6, 7, 43, 44, 4950, 58, 88, 140
Penny Magazine, 43, 60pens, 28, 153
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240 Meat, Commerce and the City
Pepys, Samuel, 13, 189n52Perceval, Spencer, 64Perdy (driver), 190n59Perkins, Harold, 54Perkins, John, 67, 73, 757, 185n103Perkins Market, 6, 73, 757, 131, 142, 147,
201n17Perry, William (drover), 150Petty, Ann (widow), 13Petty, William (writer), 22
Picturing Animals in Britain (Donald), 197n5Pigots trade classication survey, 34
pigs,see also porkconsumption o, 45country markets and, 174n92droves and, 170n62attening o, 169n49market days and, 26numbers o, 1819, 28, 178n33shoeing o, 172n68tra c and, 173n82unimportance o, 202n33
Pittman, W. (observer), 84plays, 13, 164n9, 175n1pleuro-pneumonia, 111Plumptre, James (actor), 118
Pocklington, Joseph (banker), 59, 123, 136poems, 412, 11112polonics, 111, 196n62Poodle, 1334
poorer classes,see working classesPoor Law Amendment, 102
population growthbuildings and streets and, 82the City proposals and, 140consumption and, 43, 180n61demand and, 179n54economic growth and, 166n29labor and, 178n38market days and, 179n54
politics and, 51pork and, 178n33public health and, 5railways and, 186n2regulations and, 7sewer administration and, 107space and, 134statistics, 186n4
supply and, 130technology and, 18, 127tra c and, 44urban landscape and, 9
working classes and, 178n38pork, 18, 160, 178n33porkmen, 34porters, 159ports, 25post o ces, 82potato crisis, 44, 1078poultry, 159, 163n1,see also Metropolitan
Meat and Poultry Marketpoverty, 101press,see also specifc publications
on animal welare, 113animal welare and, 1223on Byng, 134the City and, 127, 128, 145improvements and, 67location o markets and, 1467Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 149, 155middle-class interests and, 60middlemen and, 1245Parliament and, 60
on Perkins, 73public and, 131slaughterhouses and, 111on tra c, 91tra c and, 90
Price, Charles (MP), 62prices,see also prots
animal welare and, 121, 122butchers and, 181n15consumption and, 46orestalling and, 173n81improvements and, 62, 65lairage and, 25linkage o geographies and, 23
Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 149
middlemen and, 212, 24monopolies and, 53national markets and, 186n2oal and, 27Perkins Market and, 76railways and, 92, 93
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Index 241
regulation and, 170n56retail butchers and, 36salesmen and, 278setting o, 378space and, 84
Pritchard, Tomas (oil merchant), 901private interests, see also private property
rights; private versus public intereststhe City and, 31, 141, 143improvements and, 142industrialization and, 50Islington and, 74
Islington Bill o 1833 and, 73location o markets and, 87, 146nineteenth century, 1516railways and, 945, 191n74unrelated to meat, 91
private property rights, 59, 64, 116, 120,186n114, 203n48
private versus public interests,see alsomonopolies; private interests; private
property rights; public interestsabattoirs and, 74, 108butchers and, 74, 181n15Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 148, 1501, 1578
metropolitan governance and, 9, 181n14overview, 3, 16, 512Perkins Market and, 756, 77, 131
public health and, 1056royal commission and, 135sanitation and, 109slaughterhouses and, 107testimony and, 163n10
productivity, 18, 19, 44, 46, 166n29, 167n37prots,see also prices
cattle and, 356the City and, 73City o Smitheld and, 31attening sheep and, 169n48
reorm and, 51relocation and, 132spoilage and, 38time and, 190n65
weight and, 201property values, 63,see also rents and leasesprotectionism, 44Prothroe, Edward (MP), 130
publicans and public houses (bars), 52, 66,100, 124, 127, 153, 160, 199n50
public awareness and opinion, see also press;residents
abattoirs and, 111animal welare and, 114, 200n54associations and, 7the City and, 139the City proposals and, 1401, 1423idealism and, 71infuence o, 3location o markets and, 144
Parliament and, 51, 60, 142press and, 131
public health, see also air; diseases; light;noise; sanitation
air and, 97, 132animal welare and, 199n40butchers and, 108healthulness o Smitheld, 104industrialization and, 2meat and, 43, 105, 109110, 195n38Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 157overview, 99112
population growth and, 5private versus public slaughterhouses and,
1056sanitation and, 13, 99science and, 43slaughterhouses and, 73, 74testimony and, 69
Public Health Acts, 1045, 130, 195n37public interests, see also private versus public
interests; public healthearly years and, 16industrialization and, 50Islington Bill o 1833 and, 74
private versus, 512publicans and, 66slaughterhouses and, 71
Punch, 889, 111, 148
Quakers (Religious Society o Friends), 121,123
quo warranto, 14
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242 Meat, Commerce and the City
races, carriage, 190n59Rahere, 12railings, 28, 84, 155Te Railway Economy (Lardner), 93railways
canals and, 23consumption and, 46dead meat and, 106droves and, 175n961850s and 60s, 128growth o, 106, 186n2, 187n18, 191n74improvements and, 82, 188n20
international networks and, 6iron and, 82, 190n62location o markets and, 146location o slaughterhouses and, 106Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 153, 155, 156, 158mutton and, 92, 178n40, 190n64
population growth and, 80sea transport and, 190n63Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 136space and, 50, 83, 925, 96, 134streets and, 82, 83, 96St Sepulchre and, 80
tra c and, 92underground, 7
Rain Steam and Speed(urner), 92Ram Inn Yard, 108Ramsbotham, John (physician), 69
Rapid ransit An Aid to Food-Supply(Dodd), 92
Rappaport, Erika Diane, 125rats, 108Reach, Angus (journalist), 11, 15, 16, 80,
1023Rees, Henry, 186n2reorm,see also religion; individual reormers
background, 56, 9
drovers and, 25early years, 16economic, 589industrialization and, 50infuences on, 51Islington market and, 7Islington Market Bill and, 142
political, 4951, 547, 66
religion and, 199n45role o, 501slaughterhouses and, 701Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 142social and cultural, 5960space and, 50utilitarianism and, 70, 812
Reorm Act o 1832, 51regional markets, 166n25, 171n65regrators, 21, 22, 37regulation, see rights and regulation
religion, see also Sundays; specifc churchesand religions
animal welare and, 116, 117, 118, 121middlemen and, 114, 1234, 125
persecutions and, 13, 15, 94reorm and, 199n45
Victorian, 114Religious Society o Friends (Quakers), 121, 123rents and leases, 50, 64, 82, 889, 142,
181n14,see also property valuesresidents, 124, 142, 150restaurants, 160retail, 65
retail and wholesale butchersdivision o opinion and, 63retail butchers, 34, 35, 36
background, 176n4consumers and, 36Islington and, 74against removal, 186n114
wholesale versus, 36retail markets, 188n27revolution, European, 50Rhodes, Samuel (dairyman), 25, 173n78Ricardo, David, 116Rich, John (merchant), 12, 128, 164n4Richard II, 192n2
rights and regulation,see also charters;inspections; laws;specifc acts
animal welare and, 14, 115, 116, 117,121
butchers and, 14, 33, 104, 109, 144,170n56, 181n15, 183n54, 192n2
the City and, 75, 77, 88, 91, 107, 128,137, 142, 145, 146, 164n4, 170n56,
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Index 243
181n14, 183n62, 192n2, 204n56,205n66
City o London and, 12, 1415, 31, 75City walls and, 81armers and, 173n86oreign imports and, 6, 165n16location o markets and, 128market design and, 834markets and, 188n27Medieval, 14middlemen and, 22, 27, 53, 170n56Mill on, 523
overview, 6, 7Parliament and, 53, 545, 56, 75, 84prices and, 170n56railways and, 191n74salesmen and, 173n86slaughterhouses and, 14, 103, 104, 135,
192n2, 195n37Smitheld Central Markets and, 159Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 146space and, 14, 75St Bartholomews Fair and, 12, 128,
164n4tra c and, 14, 71, 139, 189n51
weights and, 165n16, 181n15ring droves, 28, 84, 122riots, 13, 24Ritvo, Harriet, 178n37, 197n5rivers, 187n9, see alsospecifc riversroads,see also streets; tra c
location o populations and, 186n2Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 153, 155price and, 37railways and, 191n741700s and, 82tolls and, 24
Te Roast Bee o Old England (Fielding),
3940, 175n1Roman occupation and walls, 1, 7, 11, 12,
80, 187n10royal commissions, 1335, 143, 202n34Royal Humane Society, 202n32Royal Navy, 65RSPCA, 150, 199n45Ru ans Hall, 164n3
rural labourers, 5, 33, 53, 81, 99Russell, John (MP), 140, 141
Sabbath (Sundays), 42, 123, 124, 125, 150,183n54
saddlers, 30Saron Hill, 83sales
armers and, 168n43licences and, 173n86Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 156, 206n2
Perkins Market and, 771700s, 168n37space and, 89statistics, 45tolls and, 174n87
salesmen,see alsoindividual salesmenanimal welare and, 118background, 267nancial transactions and, 30history and tradition and, 159lairs and, 25monopolies o, 131numbers o, 174n90opinions on improvements, 645
prices and, 23, 28, 37public interest and, 52regulation o, 173n86retail butchers and, 36space and, 189n40
sand-lled boxes, 38Te Sanitar y Question, 103Sanitary Report o 1842 (Chadwick), 102sanitation, see also drainage (sewer) systems;
public healthadministration and, 107associations or, 7basics, 50centralization and, 1078
cholera and, 101, 194n27the City and, 127the City proposals, 139disease and, 99, 101drainage and, 13healthul aspects, 104improvements and, 103mechanization, 2
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244 Meat, Commerce and the City
Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)and, 76, 150, 153
morality and space and, 193n3poverty and, 1012regulation and, 14, 103reports on, 194n18rivers and, 192n2slaughterhouses and, 193n7
satires, 13, 113, 166n30sausages, 110, 111, 196n62SAVE (organization), 8, 160saveloys, 196n62
Scales, Michael (butcher), 69, 109, 198n14Schivelbusch, Wolgang, 192n83Schmeichen, J, 188n22science,see also technologies
agriculture and, 166n30breeding and, 167n33cholera and, 101, 194n27consumers and, 43attening and, 21ood and, 109110health and, 99, 205n70testimony and, 102truth and, 184n72
Scotland
breeding and, 19droves and, 171n63, 175n96attening and, 25land prices and, 23Smitheld Central Markets and, 159as supplier, 16, 17, 93, 168n41, 171n62
seasonality, 38, 42, 72sea transport, 190n63Sebo, Mr (butcher), 122secular humanism, 114sel-government, 150sentimentality, 617th century, 1415, 22, 171n68Shakespeare, William, 12, 25, 39
Shank, Tomas (Collector), 175n102Shank, William (Clerk o the Market), 136Shapin, Steven, 184n72Sharps Alley, 100Shaw, Gareth, 188n27sheep,see also mutton; wool
animal welare and, 119, 122consumption o, 44, 45
droves and, 23, 170n62attening o, 19, 169nn489fayers and, 181n15lairs and, 25non-Smitheld sales, 174n92numbers and weights o, 26, 28, 88, 136,
153, 167n37, 168n38, 174n93overview, 18slaughter o, 35
violin strings and, 193n10Shepherds Bush, 178n33Shillibeers omnibus, 189n51
shoemakers, 30shopping, 125Silva, Abraham, 119, 120Simmonds, Peter Lund, 39, 41sixteenth century, 12, 16, 177n27, 181n15,
202n32skins and urs, 30, 38, 100, 183n54slaughterhouses, see also abattoirs
animal welare and, 116, 118associated businesses o, 100awareness and, 80the City and, 103, 139disease and, 102, 192n2House o Commons and, 67
improvements and, 184n63inspections and, 105, 109location and, 723, 96, 106, 193n7Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 156, 157, 158Middle Ages and, 195n29Mills plan, 87morality and, 114odours and, 103
private versus public, 1058, 107,196n49
prots and, 36public, 206n17regulation and, 14, 103, 104, 135, 192n2,
195n37royal commission and, 135sanitation and, 105, 192n2, 193n7Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 145speed and, 96testimony on, 6670
slaughtermen, 176n5
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slaughter o animals, 34, 35, 176n5Slocombe, Tomas (drover), 121slums, 62, 63, 812, 100, 127, 187n18,
188n20smells, 69, 95, 99, 100, 1023, 108, 11112,
194n21Smith, Adam, 5, 15, 16, 37, 58Smith, Colin, 186n2Smitheld bargain, 164n6Smitheld Cattle Club, 18, 167n36Smitheld Central Markets, 78, 158161,
163n1,see also Central Markets Asso -
ciationSmitheld Marketbackground, 16early years, 1117illustrations o,29last day o, 151name origin, 12size o, 28
Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851background, 3, 8, 10, 1278, 144,
203n48the City and, 13552, 204n55
passage o, 1456, 204n56Perkins market and, 201n17
railways and, 94, 153, 155, 156, 158Sabbath and, 150select and royal commissions, 128135tolls and, 136tra c and, 203n34
Smitheld Pond, 164n10Smitheld system
background, 9bankers and byproducts, 301City o London and, 31criticisms o, 512early years, 1117armers, graziers and livestock, 1721market day, 267, 2830
middlemen, 216regional markets and, 166n25reputation o, 165nn22, 24salesmen, 278
Snow, John (physician), 194n27, 196n46soap boilers, 100, 103social behavior and environment, 192n3social stability, 45, 6, 44
Society or the Prevention o Cruelty toAnimals (SPCA), 116, 121, 123
Song in Favor o Smitheld, 11112sounds, 957, 175n98soup makers, 110Southall, 34, 172n77south o England, 24, 82space,see also improvements to Smitheld;
market designanimal welare and, 70, 84, 121Bunning on, 156business opportunities and, 6
cattle market and, 1516the City and, 87, 88, 127, 128, 139, 140demand and, 467health and, 104House o Commons and, 71improvements/relocation and, 623,
656, 839individualism and, 45iron and, 189n29
Johnson and, 13Laycocks lairs and, 173n81Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 76Parliament and, 132, 133
Pearson and, 7petitioners or, 136plans or, 137population growth and, 134private/public, 34railways and, 50, 83, 925, 96, 134rights and regulation and, 14, 75salesmen and, 189n40sanitation and, 193n3size o, 84, 879Smitheld Central Markets and, 158Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 132sound, light and air and, 957
testimony on, 6970tra c and, 79, 8992urban landscape and, 50, 7980, 839,
957women and cattle and, 1256
Spa Field, 64specialization, 1567speed, 2, 934, 95, 96, 127, 155
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246 Meat, Commerce and the City
spoilage, 389, 69, 967, 110Spottiswoode, Andrew (Queens printer),
107standard o living, 46, 180n61starch manuactories, 178n33Statistical Society o London, 55statues, 187n18St Bartholomew, Te Church o, 160St Bartholomews Fair, 12, 13, 63, 66, 128,
164n4, 200n3St Bartholomews Hospital, 62, 63, 104,
111, 144
St Bartholomews Priory, 12St Brides Whar, 91steamboats, 175n96steam power, 50, 76, 128, 149,see also
railwaysStevenson, George (railway builder),
190n62, 191n75Stimpson, John (salesman), 76St John Street, 26, 81, 82St Martin-le-Grand, 82Stockton and Darlington Railway, 190n62store cattle, 1920Stow, John (chronicler), 13, 164n7
straw market, 26, 65streets, 11, 80, 823, 187n18, 188n23,seealso roads; tra c;specifc streets
street vendors, 193n4Strong, Roy, 177n28Strype, John (chronicler), 13St Sepulchre parish, 74, 80, 142Stubbing, Benjamin (butcher), 36, 41, 74,
84, 88, 108, 120, 176n4Sublime Society o Beesteaks, 40, 177n31suburbs, 149sugar reneries, 36, 100, 176n14Sundays, 42, 1234, 125, 130w, 150,
183n54supply o ood, 4, 5, 6, 1516, 44Survey o London (Stow), 164n7surveyors, 202n32Sweeney odd(lm), 184n79Swi, Johnathan, 99
tallow, 16, 30, 38, 100, 166n31taris, 5, 7, 44, 45, 88, 1078
aylor, Henry Lowman (Committee Chair-man), 135, 136, 137, 158, 205n1
aylor, W., 146technologies, 15, 18, 19, 38, 127, 149, 153,
156, see also industrialization; PerkinsMarket;specifc technologies
telegraphy, 50, 156temperance movement, 199n45Tames Embankment project, 107Tames River, 192n2, 194n27Tames unnel, 190n62, 202n32theatre, 13, 164n9, 175n1
Teatrical Journal, 134Teobalds Road, 26Tirsk, Joan, 21, 168n39, 168n41Tornbury, W., 164n7Tnen, Johannn Heinrich von (economist),
191n70ime is money, 92, 190n65Te imes (newspaper)
on animal welare, 199n42the City and, 60, 128on Perkins Market, 76on private versus public interests, 1578on tra c, 90
tolls
amounts and payers o, 171n68, 174n87the City and, 14, 15, 31, 50, 58, 63, 139,
142, 143, 181n14, 203n39costs o, 171n68drovers and, 24, 25improvements and, 64, 67, 136, 137,
139, 142jobbers and, 37removal and, 135salesmen and, 27, 58Smitheld Market Removal Act o 1851
and, 145statistics and, 44, 45, 69testimony on, 6970
tra c and, 137topsmen, 24ownsend, Charles (agriculturalist), 17owns Improvement Clauses Act o 1847,
104tra c,see also transportation
abattoirs and, 108animal welare and, 119
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Index 247
cartoon, 61the City and, 66, 137, 139, 141, 142,
183n62disease and, 196n63graziers and, 20improvements and, 82, 84, 85Islington and, 147market days and, 135Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 149, 153, 155, 202n34Pepys on, 189n52
population growth and, 44
regulation o, 14, 71, 139, 189n51roads and, 23rural labourers and, 81salesmen and, 62seasonality o, 198n161700s, 82, 182n37slaughterhouses and, 87Smitheld Central Markets and, 15960space and, 79, 8992staggering o, 115Stubbings on, 74
women and, 125, 126transportation, 4, 6, 1617, 37, 38, 801,
132, see also railways; rivers; roads;
tra crench, Colonel (MP), 66revithick, Robert (railway builder), 190n62tripe boilers, 100, 103ull, Jethro (inventor), 17tunnels, 190n62, 202n32urner, Michael, 167n37urner, William, 92turnips, 1718, 19urnmill Street, 26, 100urnpike Act o 1663, 171n68turnpike system, 190n52twelh century, 12twentieth and twenty-rst centuries, 80,
103, 159160typhus, 102, 103yrell, Mr (solicitor), 204n60
unionization, 51unsold animals, 27urban landscape
place, position and problems, 801
redesigning, 813Smitheld and, 72space and, 50, 7980, 839, 957tra c and, 8992
utilitarianism, 6, 66, 70, 812, 114
vegetarians, 119, 160ventilation, 105, 156, 197n63Verney, Harry (royal commissioner), 134,
201n22Victoria, Queen, 133, 187n18Victorians, 6
Victoria Street, 136, 137, 139victuallers/victualling, 27, 172n76, 176n8violin strings, 100, 193n10, 196n61Te Vital City (Otter), 196n49Te Voice o Humanity, 73, 117
Waithman, Robert (alderman), 67waking cattle, 120, 121
Wakley, Tomas (surgeon), 130Walbrook River, 187n9Wales, 16, 19, 93, 159, 168n38, 168n41,
171n62, 175n96Walks Trough London, 96
Wallace, William (Scottish patriot), 13
walls, 81, 82, 84, 187nn1011Walpole, Horace, 147, 182n37Warmington, John (salesman), 57, 68, 86,
878, 89, 120, 122, 126Warre, Tomas (slaughterman), 109, 118,
119waste
location o market and, 80water troughs, 153, 155Weekly Returns (Farr), 194n27
weights, see also attening o livestockcattle averages, 167n37the City and, 14consumption estimates and, 44, 45
estimating, 34, 37, 149, 177n19, 180n57orage and, 1718Metropolitan Cattle Market (Islington)
and, 149oal and, 27Perkins Market and, 767
prot and, 201, 190n65regulation and, 165n16, 181n15
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248 Meat, Commerce and the City
scholarly estimates, 180n61slaughter rates and, 46transportation and, 93
Westbrook, Richard, 201n17the West End, 125
Westminster, City o, 81, 82west o England, 24, 26Whewell, William (evangelical), 99, 134Whigs, 51, 127, 130, 134Whitechapel, 34, 69, 71, 103, 104, 105,
1089, 184n79Whitlaw, Charles (agriculturalist), 11011,
196n61, 199n40wholesale, 21, 34, 65
location o market and, 80railways and, 94
wie selling, 164n6Wiggersta, W. (banker), 136Wild, M. ., 188n27wild animals, 197n6
Wilkinson, William Ascot (upholsterer), 58William and Mary, 15William III, 181n14Wilson, Daniel (reverend), 68, 124Wilson, John (contractor), 205n1
witches, 13witnesses, selection o, 6970, 128women, 10, 42, 113, 114, 1256, 164n6,
168n43, 176n6Wood, Matthew (hop merchant), 67, 134
wool, 17, 38, 168n38, 169n48woolmen, 16working classes, 35, 36, 37
the City proposals and, 139consumption, 46demand and, 44diet o, 176n11disease and, 111industrialization and, 149organizations and, 130
population growth and, 178n38railways and, 94
St Bartholomews Fair and, 200n3tra c and, 90wages and, 43women o, 125
Te Working Mans Friend and FamilyInstructor, 121
Te Worshipul Company o Butchers, 160Wrangham, Sergeant (select committee
member), 144Wren, Christopher, 82wrought iron, 82, 155Wynter, Andrew (physician), 79, 126
Yelling, Y. A., 166n29
yellow ever, 199n40Yorke, Sir (MP), 66Youatt, William (veterinarian), 19, 172n70Young, Arthur (armer), 18, 166n30,
171n68