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Path: K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-Index.3d

Date: 2nd March 2010 Time: 12:55 User ID: muralir

IndexAAAS. see Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)Abiotic degradation, 265Absorptivity, ultraviolet

petroleum waxes, 254, 257rubber oils, 227

Accelerated rust tests, lubricating greases, 245Accepted reference value (ARV), defined, 301Accumulation processes, 266, 269Accumulation properties, 264–269Accuracy, in standard test method data quality assurance, 302Acidity

denatured fuel ethanol, 23Ed75-Ed85, 24M70-M85, 26

Acidity test, white mineral oils, 186Acid number

automotive engine oils, 219biodiesel fuel, 29, 57, 62diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 49

Additivesanti-icing, aviation fuels, 101, 103automotive engine oils, 214–215automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 9–10jet fuels, 97–103PDR, in aviation fuels, 102–103thermal stability improver, aviation fuels, 102

Adhesion, petroleum waxes, 257–258Ad Hoc Crude Oil Quality Task Force, 107Adsorption, 264AFNOR. see Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR)Air atomizing, 34Air compressor oils, 208Aircraft turbine engine lubricants, oxidation stability, 153Air pollution, requirements, petroleum solvents, 174Air reactivity, carbon, 132Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, 19, 21Alcohol control, biodiesel fuel, 57, 62Algae, tests with, 271, 272, 276Aliphatics, 175All-level sample, 136Alternative fuels program, fuel oxygenates, 18–19Aluminum soap greases, 230–232American civil jet fuels, 89–91American military jet fuels, 88–89Aniline point

base oils, 194hydrocarbon solvents, 180mixed, hydrocarbon solvents, 180rubber oils, 227white mineral oils, 185

Anodes, electrical resistivity, 132Anti-icing additives, in aviation fuels, 101, 103Antiknock Index, 4Antiknock rating, 4–5

aviation gasoline, 81, 83gasoline, 307

Antioxidants, in aviation fuels, 100, 103Antiwear/antioxidant additives, automotive engine oils, 214API GL-5, 205API gravity

crude oils, 107fuel oil, 71lubricating oils, 200white mineral oils, 187

Apparent viscosity, lubricating greases, 236Appearance

denatured fuel ethanol, 23MTBE, 27

Aquatic toxicity tests, acute methods, 271Aromatic hydrocarbons, poly-nuclear, 311–312Aromaticity, diesel fuel, 37Aromatic(s), 175–176

diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 46jet fuels, 309

ARV. see Accepted reference value (ARV)Ash content

aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 311biodiesel fuel, 57crude oils, 111diesel fuels, 36, 49fuel oils, 40, 66, 73

heavy, 313gas turbine fuel, 38manufactured carbon and graphite, 132nonaviation gas turbine fuel, 49petroleum coke, 130petroleum products and lubricants, 285pitch, 132sulfated

biodiesel fuel, 28–29, 60fuel, 57petroleum products and lubricants, 285

Asphaltenes, crude oils, 111, 112Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR), 1ASTM Biodiesel Task Force, history, 54–56ASTM C559, 126, 132ASTM C560, 127, 133ASTM C561, 126, 132ASTM C562, 128, 133ASTM C565, 127, 133ASTM C611, 128, 133ASTM C625, 128, 133ASTM C651, 127, 134ASTM C662, 133ASTM C695, 127, 133ASTM C709, 129ASTM C714, 130, 134ASTM C747, 128, 133ASTM C748, 127, 133ASTM C749, 127, 133, 134ASTM C769, 128, 134ASTM C781, 128, 134ASTM C783, 129, 134

316

Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.orgCopyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org

Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.orgCopyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org

MNL1-EB/May 2010

Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org

Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International www.astm.org



ASTM C808, 127, 134ASTM C816, 129, 135ASTM C838, 126, 132ASTM C886, 127, 133ASTM C1025, 135ASTM C1039, 126, 132ASTM C1075, 128ASTM C1179, 128, 135ASTM C2415, 126ASTM D02, 299, 302, 303ASTM D02:1347, 13, 31ASTM D5, 115, 116, 119ASTM D36, 115, 116, 119ASTM D56, 45, 51, 68, 72, 78, 104, 178, 179, 181ASTM D61, 129, 132ASTM D71, 126ASTM D74, 202ASTM D86, 14, 31, 36, 38, 42, 51, 61, 68, 78, 104, 168, 171,178, 179, 181, 186, 188, 307, 309–311, 313

ASTM D87, 254, 258ASTM D92, 178, 181, 186, 188, 193, 195, 200, 208, 227, 228,233, 254, 259

ASTM D93, 28, 31, 36, 38, 40, 45, 51, 58, 61, 62, 66, 78, 94,104, 178, 181, 186, 188, 193, 195, 200, 208, 227, 228, 254,259, 311–313

ASTM D94, 254ASTM D95, 40, 66, 73, 78, 156, 160, 163, 201, 208, 247, 254,312, 313

ASTM D96, 66ASTM D97, 38, 41, 43, 51, 67, 78, 109, 112, 119, 187, 188,193, 195, 199, 200, 208, 227, 228, 312, 313

ASTM D127, 254, 258ASTM D128, 247ASTM D129, 36, 40, 47, 51, 61, 66, 78, 107, 120, 208, 247,286, 289, 312

ASTM D130, 14, 28, 31, 36, 41, 51, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 78, 96,104, 168, 171, 180, 182, 205, 209, 307–309, 311, 313

ASTM D156, 68, 78, 97, 104, 178, 179, 182, 186, 188, 254,259, 309, 313

ASTM D187, 68, 77, 79ASTM D189, 29, 31, 51, 63, 110, 120, 195ASTM D216, 168, 171ASTM D217, 233, 235, 247, 248ASTM D235, 181ASTM D240, 47, 51, 79, 104ASTM D268, 182ASTM D287, 79, 107, 120, 187, 188, 200, 254, 255ASTM D322, 201, 209ASTM D323, 14, 84, 104, 110, 112, 114, 120, 171, 307, 313ASTM D324, 95ASTM D341, 109, 120, 199, 209ASTM D381, 8, 14, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 84, 104, 156, 162, 307–309ASTM D396, 17, 31, 38, 51, 55, 59, 65, 72, 74, 78, 154, 157,158, 159

ASTM D445, 28, 31, 36, 38, 40, 42, 51, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 72,79, 104, 109, 112, 115, 120, 181, 187, 188, 193, 198, 209,216, 222, 227, 228, 233, 254, 258, 309, 311–313

ASTM D447, 188ASTM D471, 247ASTM D473, 40, 66, 79, 112, 114, 120, 156, 160, 163, 311, 313ASTM D477, 186ASTM D482, 36, 38, 40, 51, 61, 66, 79, 120, 254, 285, 286,289, 311–313

ASTM D482-07, 195ASTM D483, 187, 188ASTM D524, 29, 31, 37, 38, 40, 61, 63, 66, 79, 110, 120, 311,313

ASTM D524-04, 195ASTM D525, 8, 14, 152, 153, 162, 307, 308, 313ASTM D565, 185, 188ASTM D566, 237, 238, 247, 248ASTM D567, 199ASTM D611, 104, 115, 178, 180, 182, 185, 188, 194, 195, 226,227, 233

ASTM D612, 254, 260ASTM D613, 29, 31, 36, 41, 51, 57, 58, 61, 63, 310, 311, 313ASTM D664, 29, 31, 57, 61, 63, 112, 114, 118, 120, 195, 219,222

ASTM D665, 14, 206, 207, 209ASTM D721, 254, 256, 259ASTM D808, 209, 247, 286, 288, 289ASTM D811, 209ASTM D841, 181ASTM D843, 181ASTM D847, 183ASTM D848, 178, 182ASTM D849, 178, 180, 182ASTM D850, 178, 179, 181ASTM D852, 181ASTM D853, 182ASTM D873, 8, 14, 84, 104, 152, 155, 159, 161, 162, 307, 308,313

ASTM D874, 29, 31, 57, 63, 209, 285, 286, 289ASTM D877, 186, 188ASTM D891, 31, 178, 181ASTM D892, 195, 206, 207, 209ASTM D893, 202, 209ASTM D909, 104ASTM D910, 81, 82–83, 86, 101, 103, 161ASTM D925, 227, 228ASTM D937, 254, 258ASTM D938, 254, 258ASTM D942, 153, 162, 237, 240, 241, 248ASTM D943, 153, 162, 191, 206, 207, 209ASTM D972, 227, 228, 248ASTM D974, 29, 31, 51, 63, 104, 208, 254ASTM D975, 17, 28, 31, 36, 39, 42, 51, 54–56, 58, 59, 63,154–155, 157, 158, 159, 292, 310

ASTM D976, 29, 31, 37, 42, 51, 61, 63, 115, 310ASTM D1015, 181ASTM D1016, 182ASTM D1018, 286, 288, 290ASTM D1025, 169, 172ASTM D1070, 170ASTM D1072, 165, 170ASTM D1078, 178, 179, 181ASTM D1089, 169, 172ASTM D1091, 209, 286, 289, 291ASTM D1092, 236, 248ASTM D1093, 183ASTM D1094, 85, 104, 156, 161, 162ASTM D1133, 178, 179, 182ASTM D1142, 165, 170ASTM D1148, 227, 228ASTM D1152, 31ASTM D1157, 172

INDEX 317



ASTM D1160, 30, 31, 57, 63, 79, 113, 120, 186, 188, 256, 259ASTM D1193, 31ASTM D1209, 178, 179, 182ASTM D1217, 181ASTM D1218, 115, 182, 188, 227, 228ASTM D1250, 79, 120, 182ASTM D1262, 248ASTM D1263, 240, 248ASTM D1264, 245, 248ASTM D1265, 166, 171, 172ASTM D1266, 8, 14, 25, 27, 29, 31, 47, 51, 63, 68, 74, 79, 84,

104, 168, 171, 182, 286, 289, 291ASTM D1267, 166, 171, 306, 313ASTM D1298, 14, 38, 41, 51, 67, 79, 95, 104, 107, 112, 119,

168, 171, 181, 187, 188, 195, 200, 222, 227, 228, 254, 259,307, 309, 311–313

ASTM D1310, 178ASTM D1317, 209, 247, 286, 289ASTM D1318, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D1319, 14, 37, 46, 51, 61, 104, 182, 306, 307, 309, 313ASTM D1321, 254, 258ASTM D1322, 76, 79, 94, 104, 115, 288, 309, 313ASTM D1343, 178, 180, 181ASTM D1353, 181ASTM D1364, 183ASTM D1368, 286, 289ASTM D1401, 161, 206, 207, 209ASTM D1402, 248ASTM D1403, 234, 235, 248ASTM D1404, 246, 248ASTM D1405, 79, 104ASTM D1465, 254, 260ASTM D1478, 236, 249ASTM D1492, 178, 180, 182, 192ASTM D1493, 181ASTM D1500, 191, 195, 200, 209, 227, 228, 254, 259ASTM D1548, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D1550, 169, 172ASTM D1552, 47, 51, 74, 79, 104, 107, 119, 129, 131, 286,

289, 291, 313ASTM D1555, 181ASTM D1613, 23, 24, 26, 31ASTM D1627, 313ASTM D1655, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 103, 156, 158, 308, 309ASTM D1657, 167, 171, 306ASTM D1660, 154ASTM D1685, 182ASTM D1688, 23, 25, 31ASTM D1720, 178, 180, 182ASTM D1740, 94, 104, 288ASTM D1741, 248ASTM D1742, 239, 249ASTM D1743, 244, 249ASTM D1744, 309, 313ASTM D1747, 227, 228ASTM D1796, 30, 31, 36, 38, 63, 156, 158, 160, 163ASTM D1826, 165, 170ASTM D1831, 235, 247, 249ASTM D1832, 254, 257, 260ASTM D1833, 254, 259ASTM D1834, 260ASTM D1835, 166, 167, 306ASTM D1836, 181

ASTM D1837, 166, 171ASTM D1838, 167, 171, 306, 313ASTM D1840, 94, 104, 115ASTM D1945, 165, 170ASTM D1947, 206, 209ASTM D1988, 170ASTM D2007, 189, 190, 226, 228ASTM D2008, 182, 190, 227, 228, 254, 257, 260ASTM D2015, 313ASTM D2068, 44, 51, 157, 158, 162ASTM D2069, 36, 154, 155ASTM D2070, 154, 162, 207ASTM D2112, 153, 162ASTM D2140, 190, 225, 228ASTM D2156, 76, 79ASTM D2157, 76, 79ASTM D2158, 167, 170, 171, 306, 313ASTM D2161, 79, 109, 119, 258ASTM D2163, 168, 169, 171, 306, 313ASTM D2226, 225, 226, 228ASTM D2240, 247ASTM D2265, 237, 238, 247, 249ASTM D2266, 242, 243, 249ASTM D2268, 182ASTM D2269, 187, 188ASTM D2270, 193, 195, 199, 209ASTM D2271, 209ASTM D2272, 153, 162, 192, 209ASTM D2274, 45, 51, 63, 75, 79, 153, 155, 311–313ASTM D2276, 7, 14, 97, 104, 157, 158, 159, 162ASTM D2308, 182ASTM D2318, 127, 131ASTM D2319, 129, 131ASTM D2320, 126ASTM D2359, 181ASTM D2360, 182ASTM D2384, 169, 172ASTM D2386, 68, 78, 79, 94, 104, 115, 309, 310, 313ASTM D2392, 104ASTM D2415, 131ASTM D2416, 126, 131ASTM D2420, 167, 171ASTM D2421, 171ASTM D2422, 209ASTM D2423, 254, 260ASTM D2425, 46, 51, 309, 311, 313ASTM D2426, 172ASTM D2427, 168, 169, 171ASTM D2497, 171ASTM D2500, 37, 43, 51, 57, 61, 63, 79, 181, 186, 188, 193,

195, 199, 209, 228, 254, 311–313ASTM D2501, 228ASTM D2503, 259ASTM D2504, 169, 171ASTM D2505, 169, 171ASTM D2509, 242, 249ASTM D2534, 254, 260ASTM D2547, 286, 289ASTM D2549, 189–191, 309ASTM D2569, 130ASTM D2593, 169, 172ASTM D2595, 237, 249ASTM D2596, 242, 243, 249

318 INDEX



ASTM D2597, 171ASTM D2598, 166, 167, 168, 171, 306, 313ASTM D2599, 286, 289ASTM D2602, 201, 209, 219, 222ASTM D2619, 207, 209ASTM D2622, 8, 14, 25, 27, 31, 36, 40, 47, 51, 61, 63, 66, 74,79, 84, 104, 107, 119, 192, 286, 289, 291, 295, 307, 308,313

ASTM D2624, 37, 96, 101, 104, 309, 310, 313ASTM D2638, 126, 130ASTM D2669, 254, 258ASTM D2670, 209ASTM D2699, 4, 14, 168, 171, 307, 313ASTM D2700, 4, 14, 83, 104, 168, 171, 307, 313ASTM D2709, 7, 14, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40, 44, 51, 57, 61, 63, 66,73, 79, 156, 158, 160, 163

ASTM D2710, 178, 180, 182, 192, 195ASTM D2711, 209ASTM D2712, 171ASTM D2713, 167, 170, 171ASTM D2764, 127ASTM D2770, 189ASTM D2774, 162ASTM D2782, 209ASTM D2783, 209ASTM D2784, 167, 169, 171, 172, 286, 289, 291, 306, 313ASTM D2785, 286, 289ASTM D2786, 189, 191ASTM D2880, 39, 51, 63, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 292ASTM D2885, 14, 307ASTM D2887, 42, 51, 78, 79, 104, 111, 119, 181, 186, 188,193, 195, 259, 311, 312, 314

ASTM D2892, 112, 113, 114, 119ASTM D2893, 209ASTM D2896, 114, 183, 202, 209, 219ASTM D2982, 201, 209ASTM D2983, 194, 209ASTM D3104, 129, 131ASTM D3116, 286, 289ASTM D3117, 29, 31, 43, 51, 63ASTM D3119, 209ASTM D3120, 8, 14, 25, 27, 29, 31, 47, 63, 178, 180, 182, 286,289, 291

ASTM D3182, 247ASTM D3193, 181ASTM D3227, 14, 68, 79, 96, 104, 286, 289, 291, 307–309,314

ASTM D3228, 111, 119, 286, 289, 290ASTM D3228-08, 191ASTM D3229, 286, 289ASTM D3230, 108, 119, 286, 290, 291ASTM D3231, 14, 25, 286, 289, 291ASTM D3234, 260ASTM D3235, 254, 256, 259ASTM D3236, 254, 258ASTM D3237, 7, 14, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D3238, 190, 225, 228ASTM D3239, 189, 191ASTM D3240, 97, 104, 157, 162ASTM D3241, 104, 154, 162, 309, 310, 314ASTM D3242, 29, 32, 63, 96, 309, 314ASTM D3244, 300, 302, 303ASTM D3245, 73

ASTM D3246, 169–171, 286, 289, 291ASTM D3257, 182ASTM D3278, 179ASTM D3279, 111, 119ASTM D3336, 237, 241, 249ASTM D3337, 237, 241, 249ASTM D3338, 95, 309, 310, 314ASTM D3339, 191ASTM D3340, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D3341, 7, 14, 100, 104, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D3343, 104ASTM D3344, 254, 260ASTM D3348, 7, 14, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D3427, 207ASTM D3428, 248ASTM D3431, 286, 289, 290ASTM D3461, 129, 131ASTM D3505, 32, 181ASTM D3521, 254ASTM D3522, 254ASTM D3524, 201ASTM D3525, 201ASTM D3527, 232, 237, 240, 241, 249ASTM D3539, 178, 179ASTM D3588, 165, 170ASTM D3605, 286, 289, 293ASTM D3606, 9, 14, 307ASTM D3699, 67, 76, 78, 154, 157, 159ASTM D3700, 166, 171ASTM D3701, 94, 104, 286, 288, 290ASTM D3703, 8, 14, 104ASTM D3704, 243, 249ASTM D3708, 254ASTM D3710, 6, 14ASTM D3734, 181ASTM D3735, 181ASTM D3797, 182ASTM D3798, 182ASTM D3828, 28, 32, 45, 51, 63, 72, 78, 79, 94, 104, 179, 181,309, 314

ASTM D3829, 201, 217ASTM D3831, 7, 14, 286, 289, 293, 296ASTM D3941, 45, 51ASTM D3944, 254, 258ASTM D3948, 104, 158, 162, 309, 314ASTM D3978, 272, 276, 277ASTM D4006, 108–109, 119ASTM D4007, 108, 119ASTM D4045, 8, 14, 27, 32, 178, 180, 182, 286, 289, 291ASTM D4047, 286, 289, 291ASTM D4048, 244, 249ASTM D4049, 248ASTM D4052, 14, 32, 51, 79, 94, 95, 105, 178, 181, 187, 188,195, 227, 228, 307, 309, 311, 312, 314

ASTM D4053, 9, 14ASTM D4054, 99, 105ASTM D4055, 202ASTM D4057, 11, 14, 32, 63, 105, 117, 119, 136, 150, 161,163, 178, 182, 284

ASTM D4072, 127, 131ASTM D4077, 181ASTM D4084, 165, 170ASTM D4170, 243, 249

INDEX 319



ASTM D4171, 101, 103ASTM D4172, 209ASTM D4176, 27, 32, 44, 97, 105, 157, 158, 162ASTM D4177, 11, 14, 30, 32, 63, 117, 120, 140, 143, 150, 161,

163, 182, 284ASTM D4289, 194, 232, 246, 249ASTM D4290, 232, 237, 240, 249ASTM D4291, 201ASTM D4292, 126, 130ASTM D4293, 209ASTM D4294, 8, 14, 29, 32, 47, 51, 63, 74, 79, 105, 107, 112,

114, 120, 192, 286, 289, 291, 295, 314ASTM D4296, 129ASTM D4304, 152ASTM D4305, 94, 105ASTM D4306, 11, 14, 30, 32, 105, 139, 150, 162, 163ASTM D4308, 37, 96, 105ASTM D4310, 153, 162, 206, 209ASTM D4312, 127, 131ASTM D4367, 182ASTM D4377, 109, 120, 156, 160, 163ASTM D4418, 51, 154, 159, 162, 163ASTM D4419, 254, 260ASTM D4422, 126, 130ASTM D4423, 172ASTM D4424, 172ASTM D4425, 240, 249ASTM D4485, 221, 222ASTM D4492, 182ASTM D4529, 95, 105, 309, 310, 314ASTM D4530, 29, 57, 63, 111, 112, 114, 120, 195ASTM D4539, 37, 43, 51, 61ASTM D4616, 129, 131ASTM D4625, 45, 51, 58, 154–155, 162ASTM D4628, 286, 289, 293ASTM D4629, 111, 120, 192, 195, 286, 289, 290ASTM D4636, 153, 162, 192ASTM D4683, 216, 222ASTM D4683-04, 193ASTM D4684, 193, 217, 218, 222ASTM D4693, 232, 237, 249ASTM D4715, 126, 131ASTM D4734, 181ASTM D4735, 182ASTM D4737, 29, 32, 42, 51, 58, 63, 310ASTM D4739, 202, 219, 222ASTM D4740, 76, 79, 118, 120, 162, 163ASTM D4741, 193ASTM D4742, 153, 162, 191ASTM D4746, 127ASTM D4756, 131ASTM D4805, 290ASTM D4806, 13, 16, 22, 23, 24, 31, 308ASTM D4807, 108, 120ASTM D4808, 287, 288ASTM D4809, 95, 105, 309, 310, 314ASTM D4810, 165, 170ASTM D4814, 3–10, 13, 26, 28, 31, 86, 87, 156, 159, 307ASTM D4815, 9, 14, 26, 32, 290, 307, 308, 314ASTM D4840, 117, 120ASTM D4860, 44, 51, 158, 162ASTM D4864, 171ASTM D4865, 63, 96, 105

ASTM D4868, 47, 51, 75ASTM D4870, 118, 120, 160, 163ASTM D4871, 191ASTM D4888, 165, 170ASTM D4892, 126ASTM D4893, 130ASTM D4927, 192, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D4928, 109, 112, 114, 120, 163ASTM D4929, 111, 112, 114, 120, 287–289ASTM D4930, 126ASTM D4931, 128ASTM D4950, 232, 237, 242, 243, 247, 249ASTM D4951, 30, 32, 57, 63, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D4952, 14, 79, 96, 105, 180, 182, 187, 188, 287, 289,

291, 307, 308, 314ASTM D4953, 14, 26, 28, 32, 105, 168, 171, 307, 314ASTM D4984, 165, 170ASTM D5001, 96, 100, 105, 309, 310, 314ASTM D5002, 107, 112, 114, 120ASTM D5003, 127ASTM D5004, 126, 130ASTM D5006, 101, 105ASTM D5018, 130ASTM D5056, 127, 130, 287, 289, 293ASTM D5059, 7, 14, 25, 27, 32, 100, 105, 287, 293,

295, 296ASTM D5060, 182ASTM D5119, 221, 222ASTM D5133, 217, 222ASTM D5134, 113, 114, 120ASTM D5136, 181ASTM D5159, 289ASTM D5182, 209ASTM D5184, 287, 289, 293, 295ASTM D5185, 110, 120, 202, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D5186, 46, 51, 309, 311, 314ASTM D5187, 126ASTM D5188, 14ASTM D5190, 5, 14, 26, 32, 84, 105, 168, 171, 307ASTM D5191, 5, 14, 26, 32, 84, 105, 110, 120, 168, 171, 307,

314ASTM D5194, 183ASTM D5234, 171ASTM D5236, 113ASTM D5273, 171ASTM D5274, 172ASTM D5291, 115, 120, 192, 287–290ASTM D5292, 46, 51ASTM D5293, 193, 217, 219, 222ASTM D5302, 220, 222ASTM D5303, 171ASTM D5304, 45, 51, 76, 79, 155, 162ASTM D5305, 168, 171, 306, 314ASTM D5306, 207ASTM D5307, 112, 120ASTM D5384, 287–289ASTM D5386, 178, 179, 182ASTM D5399, 182ASTM D5430, 32ASTM D5438, 249ASTM D5441, 27, 32ASTM D5442, 254, 259ASTM D5443, 314

320 INDEX



ASTM D5452, 63, 105, 157, 158, 159, 162, 309, 314ASTM D5453, 8, 14, 29, 32, 36, 47, 51, 57, 60, 61, 63, 79, 105,178, 180, 183, 287, 289, 291, 306–308, 311, 314

ASTM D5454, 165, 170ASTM D5481, 193ASTM D5482, 5, 15ASTM D5483, 191, 212, 219, 222, 241ASTM D5500, 12, 15ASTM D5501, 23, 32ASTM D5502, 126, 131ASTM D5504, 165, 170ASTM D5533, 222ASTM D5534, 209ASTM D5580, 9, 15, 32, 307, 314ASTM D5598, 12, 15ASTM D5599, 9, 15ASTM D5600, 128, 130, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D5621, 207ASTM D5622, 287, 289, 290ASTM D5623, 178, 180, 183ASTM D5706, 244, 249ASTM D5707, 244, 249ASTM D5708, 110, 112, 114, 120, 287, 289, 295ASTM D5709, 129ASTM D5762, 111, 112, 114, 120, 192, 287, 289, 290ASTM D5769, 9, 15ASTM D5771, 43, 51, 181ASTM D5772, 43, 51, 181ASTM D5773, 29, 32, 43, 51, 63, 115, 181ASTM D5776, 178, 180, 182, 192ASTM D5797, 13, 16, 25, 26, 31ASTM D5798, 13, 16, 21–22, 23, 24, 31ASTM D5799, 172ASTM D5800-08, 193ASTM D5808, 183ASTM D5842, 11, 15, 30, 117, 120, 139, 150ASTM D5844, 222ASTM D5845, 9, 15ASTM D5853, 109, 112, 114, 120ASTM D5854, 11, 15, 31, 32, 117, 121, 138, 150ASTM D5863, 110, 112, 121, 287, 289, 293ASTM D5864, 194, 267, 277ASTM D5901, 79, 105, 309, 310, 314ASTM D5917, 182ASTM D5949, 43, 51, 79ASTM D5950, 43, 51, 79, 193, 228ASTM D5969, 245, 249ASTM D5972, 79, 94, 105, 309, 310, 314ASTM D5983, 13, 17, 27, 31ASTM D5985, 43, 51, 79, 193ASTM D5986, 9, 15ASTM D6006, 194, 209, 277ASTM D6045, 97, 178, 179, 182ASTM D6046, 207, 209ASTM D6069, 183ASTM D6074, 190ASTM D6078, 46, 51ASTM D6079, 37, 46, 52, 61, 312ASTM D6080, 207ASTM D6081, 277ASTM D6097, 311ASTM D6120, 129, 132ASTM D6138, 249

ASTM D6139, 267, 277ASTM D6158, 207ASTM D6159, 171ASTM D6184, 239, 240, 249ASTM D6185, 247, 249ASTM D6201, 12, 15ASTM D6202, 222ASTM D6212, 180ASTM D6217, 44, 52, 63, 159, 162ASTM D6227, 85, 86, 103, 156ASTM D6228, 165ASTM D6229, 182ASTM D6293, 9, 15ASTM D6296, 9, 15ASTM D6299, 303ASTM D6300, 63, 299, 300, 302, 303ASTM D6304, 97, 105, 160, 163, 178, 311, 314ASTM D6313, 180ASTM D6334, 8, 15, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D6352, 193ASTM D6353, 129ASTM D6354, 129ASTM D6371, 37, 61ASTM D6374, 130ASTM D6376, 128, 130ASTM D6377, 110, 112, 114, 121ASTM D6378, 5, 15ASTM D6379, 105, 309, 314ASTM D6384, 277ASTM D6417, 193ASTM D6421, 12, 15ASTM D6422, 308ASTM D6423, 23, 24, 32ASTM D6424, 85ASTM D6426, 44, 52, 158, 162ASTM D6428, 52, 180ASTM D6443, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D6444, 287, 289, 295ASTM D6445, 8, 15, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D6446, 105ASTM D6447, 8, 15ASTM D6448, 78ASTM D6450, 28, 32, 63, 181ASTM D6468, 44, 154, 162, 311, 314ASTM D6469, 15, 63, 73, 79, 97, 105, 155, 159, 160, 162ASTM D6470, 108, 112, 114, 121, 287, 290, 291ASTM D6481, 287, 289, 295ASTM D6547, 209ASTM D6550, 9, 15, 32ASTM D6557, 222ASTM D6558, 128, 132ASTM D6559, 128, 132ASTM D6560, 111, 112, 115, 121, 161, 163ASTM D6584, 30, 32, 56, 57, 63ASTM D6595, 287, 289ASTM D6615, 103ASTM D6616, 193ASTM D6628, 170ASTM D6667, 167, 168, 171, 287, 289, 291ASTM D6708, 303ASTM D6728, 157, 163, 287, 289ASTM D6729, 9, 15ASTM D6730, 9, 15, 307

INDEX 321



ASTM D6731, 277ASTM D6732, 287, 289, 293–294, 296ASTM D6733, 9, 15ASTM D6744, 130, 132ASTM D6745, 130, 132ASTM D6748, 155, 162ASTM D6751, 17, 28, 31, 50, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 65, 79, 153,

159, 160ASTM D6791, 127, 130ASTM D6792, 297, 303ASTM D6811, 154, 162ASTM D6812, 85ASTM D6813, 209ASTM D6822, 107, 121, 150ASTM D6824, 158, 163ASTM D6837, 221, 222ASTM D6849, 171ASTM D6890, 29, 32, 63, 310, 311, 314ASTM D6891, 222ASTM D6897, 166, 171ASTM D6920, 8, 15, 287, 289, 291ASTM D6969, 129ASTM D6970, 129ASTM D6973, 207ASTM D6974, 155, 159, 163ASTM D6984, 220, 222ASTM D6985, 159ASTM D7039, 8, 15, 63, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D7040, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D7041, 287, 290, 291ASTM D7059, 111, 121ASTM D7060, 161, 163ASTM D7061, 161, 163ASTM D7096, 6, 15ASTM D7111, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D7112, 118, 121, 161, 163ASTM D7153, 94ASTM D7154, 94ASTM D7157, 118, 121, 161, 163ASTM D7169, 112, 113, 115, 121ASTM D7170, 310, 311, 314ASTM D7171, 287, 288, 290ASTM D7212, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D7219, 130, 135ASTM D7220, 287, 289, 291, 295ASTM D7224, 158ASTM D7260, 287, 289, 295ASTM D7261, 158, 163ASTM D7280, 127, 131ASTM D7301, 130, 135ASTM D7303, 248, 249, 287, 289, 295ASTM D7318, 23, 32, 287, 290, 292ASTM D7319, 23, 25, 27, 32, 287, 290, 292ASTM D7320, 220, 222ASTM D7321, 159, 163ASTM D7328, 23, 25, 27, 32, 288, 290, 292ASTM D7342, 246, 249ASTM D7343, 288, 289, 295ASTM D7344, 6, 15, 178, 179, 181ASTM D7345, 6, 15, 178, 179, 181ASTM D7371, 61ASTM D7375, 178ASTM D7451, 157, 161, 163

ASTM D7454, 126, 130ASTM D7455, 284, 288ASTM D7462, 153, 162ASTM D7463, 155, 159, 163ASTM D7464, 155, 159, 162, 163ASTM D7467, 17, 28, 31, 54, 60, 154ASTM D7482, 288, 289ASTM D7501, 29, 32, 159, 163ASTM D7525, 153, 162ASTM D7545, 153, 162ASTM D54443, 307ASTM D02.CS92, 303ASTM D02.CS94, 300ASTM D02.G.7, 233ASTM E203, 22, 25, 27, 32, 183ASTM E456, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303ASTM E659, 181ASTM E691, 303ASTM E724, 274, 277ASTM E729, 269, 273, 275, 277ASTM E857, 277ASTM E895, 265, 277ASTM E896, 265, 277ASTM E1022, 269, 277ASTM E1023, 269, 277ASTM E1064, 28, 32, 178, 183ASTM E1147, 264, 277ASTM E1148, 264, 277ASTM E1191, 277ASTM E1192, 274, 277ASTM E1193, 277ASTM E1194, 264, 277ASTM E1195, 264, 277ASTM E1218, 272, 276, 277ASTM E1241, 275, 277ASTM E1242, 269, 277ASTM E1279, 268, 277ASTM E1295, 274, 277ASTM E1367, 273, 277ASTM E1415, 272, 277ASTM E1439, 277ASTM E1440, 274, 277ASTM E1463, 273, 278ASTM E1498, 272, 278ASTM E1562, 274, 278ASTM E1563, 274, 278ASTM E1598, 273, 278ASTM E1611, 274, 278ASTM E1625, 268, 278ASTM E1676, 269, 278ASTM E1688, 269, 278ASTM E1706, 274, 278ASTM E1720, 267, 278ASTM E1798, 268, 278ASTM E1841, 273, 278ASTM E1847, 269ASTM E1913, 272, 278ASTM E1963, 273, 278ASTM E2170, 278ASTM International, described, 1ASTM PS121, 56ASTM STP 512A, 205ATF specifications, history, 206

322 INDEX



Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), in petroleumproducts and lubricants, 292–293

Atomic fluorescene spectrometry, in petroleum products andlubricants, 294

Atomizingair, 34pressure, 34

ATSM STP 1468, 110Automatic sampler, 144Automatic sampling, 143–147. see also Sampling, automaticAutomatic sampling system, 144Automatic transmission fluids, 205Automotive engine oils, 200–202, 210–222

additives, 214–215ASTM test methods, 222Bench test methods, 215–216chemical tests, 219–221evolution, 210–211functions, 211, 214–215future issues, 221–222high-temperature, high-load conditions, 211–212oxidation stability, 153performance tests, 220physical tests, 216–219properties, 200–201Scanning Brookfield Technique, 217service types

city driving, 212comparison, 212–214effects of, 211–214freeway driving, 211short-trip driving, 212

standard tests, future directions, 222test methods, development, 221used, examination, 201–202

Automotive (motor) gasoline, use in aircraft, 86–87Automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 3–15

additives, 9–10antiknock rating, 4–5ASTM specifications, 13–15composition, 10–11contamination, 7density, 8–9deposit control additive requirements, 12distillation, 5–6driveability index, 6gasoline-oxygenate blends, 12–15. see also Gasoline–

oxygenate blendsgrades, 4gum and stability, 8hydrocarbon composition, 9lead content, 7manganese content, 7oxygenated fuel programs, 11–12oxygenate(s), 9performance, 6–7phosphorus content, 7properties, 7–10reformulated, 11–12relative density, 8–9renewable fuel standard, 12rust and corrosion, 9sampling procedures, 11

silver corrosion, 9sulfur content, 7–8, 11U.S. legal requirements, 10–12vapor-liquid ratio, 6vapor pressure, 5volatility, 5–7, 11workmanship, 7

Aviation fuels, 80–105, 308additives, 97–103additive test, 103anti-icing additives, 101, 103antioxidants, 100, 103ASTM/IP test methods, 104–105ASTM specifications, 103automotive gasoline, 86–87biocides, 102, 103color dyes, 100, 103conductivity improver additive, 101, 103corrosion inhibitors, 100–101, 103fuel system icing inhibitors, 101, 103gasoline, 80–87. see also Aviation gasolinehistorical development, 80ignition control additive, 103leak detector, 101–102, 103lubricity improvers, 100–101, 103metal deactivator, 100, 103nonspecification additives, 102oxidation stability, 152PDR additive, 102–103sampling, 97static dissipator additive, 101, 103synthetic, 308TEL, 100thermal stability improver additive, 102turbine, 87–97. see also Jet fuels

Aviation gasoline, 80–87antiknock properties, 81, 81–83characteristics and requirements, 81–85composition and manufacture, 80current specifications, 81density, 84energy, 84freezing point, 84international specification grades, 81specifications, 80–81storage stability, 84sulfur content, 84unleaded, 85volatility, 83–84water reaction, 84–85

Aviation turbine fuels, 87–97. see also Jet fuels

BBall bearings

lubricating greases, 236–237at elevated temperatures, 241

small, lubricating greases, 241–242Ball Rust Test, automotive engine oils, 220Base number, automotive engine oils, 219Base oils, 189–195

aniline point, 194ASTM/IP lubricant test methods, 195ASTM tests, 190

INDEX 323



biological properties, 194–195characterization methods, 190–195composition, 189evaporative loss/volatility characteristics, 192–193international standards, 195miscellaneous properties, 195nitrogen compounds in, 192olefins, 192oxidation, 191–192pour point and rheology, 193–194refining, 189–190rubber compatibility, 194solvency, 194spectrometric identification, 190–191sulfur compounds, 192

Beaker sampling, 140–141Bench test methods, automotive engine oils, 215–216Benzene, 176Bias(es)

defined, 301relative, in standard test method data quality assurance,

302in standard test method data quality assurance,

300–302Biocides, aviation fuels, 102, 103Biodegradation, 265–266Biodiesel fuel, 28–30, 53–64

alternative, 50ASTM specifications, 63–64blend specifications, 59–60characteristics, 60defined, 55described, 55in heating fuels, 65standards, 57–59sulfated ash, 60, 63

Biodiesel reaction, 55–56Biofilms, 159Biological properties, base oils, 194–195Block penetration, lubricating greases, 235Boiling point distribution

crude oils, 111–112petroleum waxes, 254, 256

Boring sample, 136Bottle sampling, 140–141Bottom sample, 136Brinelling, false, 243British military fuels, 87–88Bromine index, hydrocarbon solvents, 180Bulk density, manufactured carbon and graphite, 132Burner fuel, 65–79

lubricating oil as, 68Burning equipment, 69–71

domestic heating oil burners, 69–70kerosine burners, 69residual oil, 70–71

Burning oils, long-time, burning test for, 77Burn quality, kerosine, 68Butadiene, 169Butane, 165–166

commercial, 166Butane/commerical propane mixtures, 166Butylene concentrates, 169

CCalcining, 124Calcium content

biodiesel fuel, 30, 57, 62diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 49–50

Calcium soap greases, 231, 232Capacity table, 147Carbon

artificial, manufacturing methods, 125cathode, materials, 132described, 123electrode, linear thermal expansion, 132graphitization process, 125manufactured

materials, 132–135methods, 125

test methods, 125–135Carbon anodes, 124Carbon artifacts, 124Carbon hydrogen nitrogen (C-H-N), in petroleum products

and lubricants, 285, 288Carbonizable substance, petroleum waxes, 254, 257Carbon residue

biodiesel fuel, 29, 57, 60, 61crude oils, 110–111, 112diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 48–49fuel oil, 73–74Ramsbottom. see Ramsbottom carbon residue

Cathode carbon, materials, 132CEN (European Committee for Standardization), 1Centrifuge test, lubricating greases, 240Cetane index, 310–311

diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 42diesel fuel, 37

Cetane number, 310–311biodiesel fuel, 29, 57, 60, 61diesel fuels, 36, 41–42nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 41–42

Characterization factor, crude oils, 109Chemical analysis, manufactured carbon and graphite,

133Chemical properties, petroleum waxes, 255–257Chemical tests, automotive engine oils, 219–221Chloride, ionic

ED75-ED85, 25M70-M85, 27

Chloride ion content, denatured fuel ethanol, 23Chlorine, in petroleum products and lubricants, 288Chromatography, ion, in petroleum products and lubricants,

296–297City driving, automotive engine oils effects on, 212Clean Air Act, 290Clean Fleets Program, 18–19Cleanliness

ASTM/IP standards, 162–163diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 44liquid fuels, 151–163. see also Liquid fuelsmiscellaneous properties, 161

Clearance sample, 136Cloud point

aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,312

biodiesel fuel, 29, 57, 61

324 INDEX



diesel fuels, 37, 43fuel oil, 73lubricating oils, 199nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 43rubber oils, 227–228white mineral oils, 185–186

Coke, petroleum. see Petroleum cokeCoking value, pitch, 131Cold-cranking simulator, automotive engine oils, 219Cold filter plugging point, diesel and nonaviation gas turbinefuels, 43

Cold soak filterability, biodiesel fuel, 29, 57Color

hydrocarbon solvents, 179kerosine, 68, 78lubricating oils, 200petroleum waxes, 254, 255rubber oils, 227Saybolt, 68white mineral oils, 186

Color dyes, in aviation fuels, 100Combustion characteristics, diesel and nonaviation gasturbine fuels, 41–42

Combustion processdiesel, 33–35nonaviation gas turbine, 34–35

Combustion quality, jet fuels, 94Combustion values, heat of, conversion factors, 47Commercial butane, 166Commercial propane, 166Commercial propane/butane mixtures, 166Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, 1Compatibility

ASTM/IP standards, 163crude oils, 118elastomer, lubricating greases, 246–247lubricating greases, 247with system materials, jet fuels, 96

Complex mixture toxicity, “difficult materials,” 270Complex soap greases, 231, 232Composite spot sample, 136Composition

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 10–11gasoline, 306–307jet fuels, 309liquefied petroleum gases, 168, 306

Comprehensive assay, crude oils, 112–116Compressive strength, manufactured carbon and graphite,133

Conductivitydiesel fuel, 37electrical, jet fuels, 96jet fuels, 310

Conductivity improver additive, in aviation fuels, 101,101–102

Cone penetration, lubricating greases, 233–234Consistency, lubricating greases, 233Consistency stability, lubricating greases, 235Contamination

ASTM/IP standards, 162–163automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 7jet fuels, 96–97lubricating greases, 246

microbial, fuel oil, 76test methods, 155–159

Copper contentdenatured fuel ethanol, 23Ed75-Ed85, 25

Copper corrosionbiodiesel fuel, 29, 57diesel fuel, 36fuel oil, 41fuel oils, 66kerosine, 68liquefied petroleum gases, 167, 306lubricating greases, 244MTBE, 28

CO2 reactivity, carbon, 132Core sample, 137Core sampling, 142–143

manufactured carbon and graphite, 134Corrosion

copper. see Copper corrosionfuel oil, 75jet fuels, 96kerosine, 78lubricating greases, 244–246metal, gasoline-oxygenate blends, 13rust and, 9silver, 9

Corrosion inhibitors, in aviation fuels, 100–101, 103Crude oils, 106–121, 164

API gravity, 107ash content, 111asphaltenes, 111, 112ASTM/UOP standards, 119–121boiling point distribution, 111–112carbon residue, 110–111, 112characterization factor, 109

future needs in, 118–119compatibility, 118composition, 106comprehensive assay, 112–116distillate fuel oil, 116economics, 106fluidity, 109as fuel, 117–118gas, 113H2S in, 119inspection assays, 106–112kerosine, 116methanol content, 111, 112naphtha fractions, 113, 116organic halides, 111pour point, 109referee test methods, 116–117residua, 116salt content, 108, 112sample collection, 119sampling, 117, 119sediment content, 108–109, 112sulfur content, 107–108, 112total acid number, 110, 112total nitrogen content, 111, 112trace elements, 109–110, 112vacuum gas oil fractions, 116

INDEX 325



vapor pressure, 110, 112viscosity, 109water content, 108–109, 112

Crude petroleum, sampling, 139Cycloparaffins, 175

DDefoamers, automotive engine oils, 215Denaturant(s), denatured fuel ethanol, 22Density

aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 312automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 8–9aviation gasoline, 84biodiesel fuel, 62bulk, manufactured carbon and graphite, 132carbon, 131fuel oil, 41, 67, 71fuel oxygenates, 30gasoline, 307gas turbine fuel, 38jet fuels, 95liquefied petroleum gases, 167, 306petroleum coke, 130petroleum waxes, 254, 255relative. see Relative densitystatic measurement, 149white mineral oils, 187

Deposit control additive requirements, automotivespark-ignition engine fuel, 12

DERD 2452, 88DERD 2454, 88DERD 2486, 88DERD 2494, 87DERD 2498, 88Desorption, 264Detergents, automotive engine oils, 214Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN), 1Diamond, structure of, 123, 124Dielectric breakdown voltage, white mineral oils, 186Diesel engines, 33

alternative fuels, 50ash content, 49ASTM standards, 51–52carbon residue, 48–49characteristics and specifications, 35–40combustion process, 33–35marine, 33–52

standards, 51–52properties and tests, 40–50range, 34total sulfur, 47–48

Diesel fuel oils, 310–311cetane index and number, 310–311requirements, 36–37

Diesel fuel(s)red-dyed, 48specifications, 37–39

Diesel knock, 34“Difficult materials”

characteristics, 270complex mixture toxicity, 270low solubility, 270

Diffusivity, thermal, manufactured carbon and graphite, 134

Dilution ratio in nitrocellulose solutions, hydrocarbonsolvents, 180

DIN 51.5681, 193DIN 51802, 245DIN. see Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN)Diolefins, 168–169Dipper sample, 137Dispersants, automotive engine oils, 214Dissociation constant, 264Dissolved water, 137Distillate fuel oils

crude oils, 116oxidation stability, 153

Distillate heating fuels, transportation of, 68–69Distillate products, sampling, 140Distillation

aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 312automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 5–6fuel oil, 74–75gas turbine fuel, 38hydrocarbon solvents, 179kerosine, 78

Distillation profile, jet fuels, 309–310Distillation range, white mineral oils, 186Distillation temperature

biodiesel fuel, 61diesel fuel, 36fuel oils, 40, 66kerosine, 68

Doctor test, kerosine, 78Domestic heating oil, 67–68

performance evaluation, 76Domestic heating oil burners, 69–70Drain sample, 137Driveability index, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 6Dropping point, lubricating greases, 238Dye(s), color, in aviation fuels, 100

EEI. see Energy Institute (EI)Elasticity, moduli of, manufactured carbon and graphite,

133–134Elastomer compatibility, lubricating greases, 246–247Elastomer(s), gasoline-oxygenate blends and, 13Electrical conductivity, jet fuels, 96Electrical resistivity, manufactured carbon and graphite, 132Electrode carbon, linear thermal expansion, 132elete 4834, STM D381, 313EMCOR Grease Test, 245Emissions, jet fuels, 94–95Emulsion, sample, 137EN 14 112, 153–154EN 14110, 57, 64EN 14112, 32, 57, 61, 64EN 14538, 30, 32, 57, 64Energy, specific

aviation gasoline, 84jet fuels, 310

Energy Institute (EI), 1Engine fuel, automotive spark-ignition, 3–15. see also

Automotive spark-ignition engine fuelEngine oils, automotive. see also Automotive engine oils

automotive, 200–202, 210–222

326 INDEX



gas, 204industrial and railway, 203marine diesel, 202

EN 116-IP 309, 44Entrained water, 137Environment, fuel use effects on, 65–67Environmental characteristics. see also Environmentaltesting methods

abiotic degradation, 265accumulation processes, 266, 269adsorption/desorption, 264biodegradation, 265–266chemical structure, 263dissociation constant, 264exposures, 269general contamination, 263Henry’s Law constant, 264octano/water partition coefficient, 263–264persistence and accumulation properties, 264–269physical properties, 263–264PMNs, 261product registration, 261–263regulated discharge, 263standardized tests, 269toxicological properties, 269transformation processes, 264–265uses, 261–263vapor pressure, 264volatility, 270water solubility, 264

Environmental testing methods, 261–281. see alsoEnvironmental characteristics

“difficult materials”, 270standardized toxicity procedures, 271–276

EPA 830.2210, 265EPA 830.2310, 265EPA 830.5270, 265EPA 830.7370, 264, 280EPA 830.7550, 264, 280EPA 830.7560, 280EPA 830.7570, 264, 280EPA 830.7840, 264, 280EPA 830.7860, 264, 280EPA 830.7950, 264, 280EPA 835.2110, 265, 280EPA 835.2130, 265, 280EPA 835.2210, 281EPA 835.2310, 281EPA 835.3100, 281EPA 835.3110, 266, 267, 281EPA 835.3120, 268, 281EPA 835.3170, 268, 281EPA 835.3180, 281EPA 835.3200, 268, 281EPA 835.3210, 268, 281EPA 835.3300, 268, 281EPA 835.3400, 281EPA 835.5045, 268, 281EPA 835.5270, 281EPA 850.1010, 273, 281EPA 850.1020, 281EPA 850.1025, 281EPA 850.1035, 273, 281

EPA 850.1045, 281EPA 850.1055, 274, 281EPA 850.1075, 275, 281EPA 850.1085, 281EPA 850.1300, 274, 281EPA 850.1350, 274, 281EPA 850.1400, 275, 281EPA 850.1500, 281EPA 850.1710, 269, 281EPA 850.1730, 269, 281EPA 850.1735, 274, 281EPA 850.1740, 273, 281EPA 850.1790, 274, 281EPA 850.2100, 281EPA 850.2200, 281EPA 850.2300, 281EPA 850.4100, 273, 281EPA 850.4150, 273, 281EPA 850.4200, 273, 281EPA 850.4225, 273, 281EPA 850.4230, 273, 281EPA 850.4250, 281EPA 850.4300, 281EPA 850.4400, 272, 281EPA 850.5400, 272, 276, 281EPA 850.6200, 273, 281EPA 850.6800, 281EPS I/RM/9, 278EPS I/RM/10, 278EPS I/RM/11, 278EPS I/RM/12, 278EPS I/RM/13, 278EPS I/RM/14, 278EPS I/RM/21, 278EPS I/RM/22, 278EPS I/RM/24, 278EPS I/RM/25, 278EPS I/RM/26, 278EPS I/RM/27, 278EPS I/RM/28, 278EPS I/RM/30, 278EPS I/RM/32, 278EPS I/RM/33, 278EPS I/RM/34, 278EPS I/RM/35, 278EPS I/RM/37, 278Ethane, 165Ethanol, 16

fuel, 21–25. see also Fuel ethanolEther(s)

gasoline, 308petroleum, 176

Ethylene, 168–169EU14538, 30European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 1Evaporation loss

lubricating greases, 238lubricating oils, test method, 238rubber oils, 227

Evaporation rate, hydrocarbon solvents, 179Evaporative loss/volatility characteristics, base oils,192–193

Exposures, 269

INDEX 327



Extreme pressure and wear, lubricating greases, 242Extreme pressure Timken method, 242

FFalse brinelling, 243Fast sample loop, 144Fat(s), fatty acid chains in, 58Fatty acid chains, in fats and oils, 58Federal tax incentives, fuel oxygenates, 21Fire point

fuel oil, 71–72lubricating oils, 200white mineral oils, 186

Fischer-Tropsch technology, 303–304Fish, tests with

acute methods, 275, 276chronic methods, 275, 276

Flash point, 254, 255biodiesel fuel, 28, 57, 61diesel fuels, 36, 45fuel oils, 40, 66, 71–72gas turbine fuel, 38hydrocarbon solvents, 179kerosine, 68, 78lubricating oils, 200nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 45rubber oils, 227white mineral oils, 186

Flexural strength, using four-point loading, manufacturedcarbon and graphite, 134

Floating roof adjustment, 147Floating roof sample, 137Flow properties, lubricating greases, 236Flow proportional sample, 137, 144Flow test, low-temperature, diesel and nonaviation gas

turbine fuels, 43Fluidity, crude oils, 109Fluorescence, white mineral oils, 186Food grade wax, criteria, 256–257Four-ball test, lubricating greases, 242–243Four-point bending, modulus of rupture in, manufactured

carbon and graphite, 135Free glycerin, biodiesel fuel, 29–30, 57, 62Free water, 137Freeway driving, automotive engine oils effects on, 211Freezing point

aviation gasoline, 84jet fuels, 310kerosine, 68, 78

Fretting wear, lubricating greases, 243Friction and wear, manufactured carbon and graphite, 134Fuel ethanol, 21–22

denatured, 22–23for blending with gasoline, 22–23

Ed75-Ed85, 23–25Fuel methanol, M70-M85, 25–27Fuel oil(s)

API and specific gravity or density, 71ash content, 73ASTM/IP standards, 78–79ASTM specifications, 78burner, 65–79carbon residue, 73–74

classification and specifications, 71cloud point, 73corrosion, 75described, 65diesel, 310–311distillate, 74–75

crude oils, 116oxidation stability, 153

distillate heating fuels, transportation of, 68–69domestic heating oils, 67–68environmental effects, 65–67flash and fire point, 71–72heat content, 75heating, 65–79heavy, 69, 312–313

sampling, 139kerosine, 67laboratory tests, 71–76lighting, 65–79microbial contamination, 76nitrogen, 75pour point, 72–73properties and tests, 40–50. see also Diesel engines; Gas

turbine(s), nonaviationrequirements, 40–41, 66–67residual, 69sediment content, 73stability, 75–76sulfur content, 74viscosity, 72water content, 73

Fuel oxygenates, 16–32ASTM specifications, 31–32biodiesel fuel, 28–30density, 30EN test methods, 32ethanol, 21–22. see also Fuel ethanolfederal tax incentives, 21government regulations, 17–21

Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, 19, 21alternative fuels program, 18–19Clean Fleets Program, 18–19Internal Revenue Service, 10, 21reformulated gasoline, 17renewable fuels standard, 17–18

methanol, 25–27MTBE, 27–28programs, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 11–12relative density, 30sampling procedures, 30–31state biofuel mandates, 8

Fuel(s)automotive spark–ignition. see also Automotive

spark–ignition engine fuelaviation, 80–105, 308. see also Aviation fuelsaviation turbine, 87–97aviation turbine. see also Jet fuelsbiodiesel, 28–30burner, 65–79crude oils as, 117–118diesel

red-dyed, 48specifications, 37–39

328 INDEX



engine, automotive spark-ignition, 3–15gaseous, 164–172. see also Gaseous fuelsheating

biodiesel allowance in, 65–79distillate, 68–69

jet, 87–97. see also Jet fuelsfor land, 33–52

ASTM standards, 51–52liquid. see Liquid fuels

liquid, synthetic. see also Synthetic liquid fuelssynthetic, 304–314

residual, compatibility, 160–161Fuel(s). see also specific typesFuel system icing inhibitors, in aviation fuels, 101,103

Functional properties, petroleum waxes, 257

GGage tape and bob, 147Gas-cooled nuclear reactors, high-temperature, manufacturedcarbon and graphite, 134

Gas engine oils, 204Gaseous fuels, 164–172

ASTM specifications, 170test methods, 170

Gas(es)crude oils, 113liquefied refinery, 164natural, 164, 168

primary uses, 165petroleum, liquefied, 165–168, 306–308. see also Liquefiedpetroleum gases

refinery, liquefied, 164Gasoline, 306–308

antiknock rating, 307automotive, use in aircraft, 86–87aviation, 80–87. see also Aviation gasolinecomposition, 306–307defined, 3density, 307ethers, 308oxidation stability, 152oxygenates, 308reformulated, 4

fuel oxygenates, 17sampling, 140stability, 308sulfur content, 308volatility, 307water tolerance, 308

Gasoline-oxygenate blendsautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 12–15compatibility with plastics and elastomers, 13defined, 3, 16metal corrosion, 13sampling, 12test methods, 13, 22water tolerance, 13

Gas-turbine lubricants, 203–204Gas turbine(s)

ash content, 49carbon residue, 48–49nonaviation, 33

ASTM standards, 51–52combustion process, 34–35properties and tests, 40–50specifications, 39–40

total sulfur, 48Gear oils, 204–205Gelation, automotive engine oils, 217Gelation Index, 217Glycerin

free, biodiesel fuel, 29–30, 57, 62total, biodiesel fuel, 30, 57, 62

Grab sample, 137Grain stability, petroleum coke, 130Graphite

artificial, manufacturing methods, 125crystal structure of, 124described, 123graphitization process, 125impervious, pipe and threading, 133isotropic and near-isotropic nuclear, standard

specification for, 135manufactured, materials, 132–135nuclear, suitable for components subjected to low

neutron irradiation dose, 135pyrolytic, manufacturing methods, 125test methods, 125–135

Graphite furnace, in petroleum products and lubricants,293–294

Graphitization process, 125Gravity, white mineral oils, 187Grease(s)

described, 229lubricating, 229–250. see also Lubricating greasesorgano-clay, 231, 232soap. see specific types

Grease sample, 137Gum content

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 8solvent washed, MTBE, 27–28solvent washed and unwashed

Ed75-Ed85, 24M70-M85, 26

Gum inhibitors, in aviation fuels, 100

HHalide(s), organic, crude oils, 111Hardness, petroleum waxes, 254, 255Heat, specific, jet fuels, 95Heat content

diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 46–47fuel oil, 75

Heating fuelsbiodiesel allowance in, 65–79distillate, transportation of, 68–69

Heating oil burners, domestic, 69–70Heating oil(s), domestic, 67–68, 76Heat of combustion, jet fuels, 95Heat of combustion values, conversion factors, 47Heat resistance, lubricating greases, 237Heavy fuel oils, 69, 312–313

sampling, 139Heavy fuel(s), compatibility of, test methods, 160–161Helium, 169

INDEX 329



Henry’s Law constant, 264Heptane, 176Hexane, 176Hi-flash solvent naphtha, 178Highly refined oils, oxidation stability, 153High-temperature

high-load conditions, automotive engine oils effects on,211–212

high shear rate viscosity, automotive engine oils, 216High-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors, manufactured

carbon and graphite, 134High-temperature stability, jet fuels, 95H2S, in crude oils, 119HTFT product slate, 305Hydraulic oils, 206–207

oxidation stability, 153Hydride generation, in petroleum products and lubricants,

294Hydrocarbon composition, automotive spark-ignition engine

fuel, 9Hydrocarbon custody transfer transaction, 136Hydrocarbon(s)

aliphatics, 175aromatics, 175–176

poly-nuclear, 311–312poly-nuclear aromatic, 311–312

cycloparaffins, 175Ed75-Ed85, 24light, 164–172


M70-M85, 26naphthenes, 175olefins, 176paraffinic, 311types, 175–176

Hydrocarbon solvents. see also Petroleum solventsaniline point, 180ASTM specifications/test methods, 181Bromine index, 180color, 179commercial, 176–178dilution ratio in nitrocellulose solutions, 180distillation, 179evaporation rate, 179flash point, 179Kauri butanol value, 179–180mixed aniline point, 180sampling, 178specific gravity, 178–179sulfur content, 180test methods, 178–181types, 176–178viscosity of nitrocellulose solutions, 180

Hydrogen, in petroleum products and lubricants, 288Hydrolysis, 265

IIgnition characteristics, diesel and nonaviation gas turbine

fuels, 41–42Ignition control additive, in aviation fuels, 103Inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry,

in petroleum products and lubricants, 294–295

Ink oils, 178Inorganic species, in petroleum products and lubricants,

283–298analytical methods in determination of, 283–284future prospects, 297–298quality assurance of results, 297sample preparation in determination of, 284–295

Inspection assays, crude oils, 106–112Inspection data, jet fuels, 97Institute of Petroleum, 1Intermediate conditions, defined, 299Intermediate container, 138Internal Revenue Service, 10, 21International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1International standard specifications, jet fuels, 92–93Invertebrates, tests with

acute methods, 273–273, 276chronic methods, 274–275, 276

Ion chromatography, in petroleum products and lubricants,296–297

Ionic chlorideED75-ED85, 25M70-M85, 27

IP 1, 79IP 2, 103, 188, 195IP 4, 79, 195, 286IP 10, 68, 79IP 11, 78IP 12, 79, 104IP 13, 31, 195IP 14, 31, 79, 195IP 15, 78, 188, 195, 199, 200, 208, 228IP 16, 94, 104IP 17, 104, 254IP 19, 208IP 23, 201, 209IP 30, 96, 105, 287IP 34, 78, 94, 104, 181, 186, 188, 195, 200, 208, 227, 228, 254IP 35, 208IP 36, 181, 186, 188, 195, 200, 208, 227, 254IP 40, 8, 14, 152, 162IP 50, 248IP 53, 79, 160, 163IP 54, 78IP 55, 254, 258IP 57, 78, 94, 104IP 61, 78, 208, 286IP 63, 79IP 69, 84, 104IP 71, 31, 72, 104, 187, 188, 195, 209, 228, 254, 258IP 73, 199IP 74, 78, 160, 163, 201, 208IP 76, 254, 258IP 79, 206, 209IP 84, 32IP 101, 171IP 107, 8, 14, 31, 84, 104, 182, 286IP 110, 208IP 111, 208IP 114, 208IP 117, 208IP 118, 209, 286IP 119, 104

330 INDEX



IP 120, 208IP 123, 78, 104, 168, 171, 181, 188IP 131, 8, 31, 84, 104, 157, 162, 163IP 132, 238, 248IP 133, 254, 258IP 135, 14, 206, 209IP 136, 254IP 138, 14, 84, 104, 152, 162IP 139, 31, 104, 209IP 142, 153, 162, 248IP 143, 163IP 146, 195, 206, 209IP 148, 208IP 149, 286IP 154, 14, 31, 84, 96, 104, 168, 171, 182, 205, 209IP 156, 14, 104, 182IP 157, 209IP 158, 254, 256, 259IP 160, 14, 79, 95, 104, 168, 171, 181, 188, 195, 200, 228, 254IP 163, 31, 202, 208, 286IP 166, 209IP 170, 104IP 175, 209IP 176, 209IP 177, 195IP 179, 254, 258IP 183, 248IP 185, 254, 259IP 191, 168, 171IP 192, 79, 200IP 194, 169, 172IP 196, 195, 228, 254, 258IP 200, 79, 182IP 215, 248IP 216, 7, 14, 104, 162IP 219, 79, 186, 188, 195, 199, 209, 254IP 220, 245IP 224, 104IP 225, 104IP 226, 195, 199, 209IP 228, 7, 14, 105, 286IP 232, 205IP 234, 205IP 236, 4, 14, 83, 104, 168, 171IP 237, 4, 14, 168, 171IP 239, 249IP 243, 286IP 248, 286IP 264, 169, 171IP 270, 104IP 274, 96, 104IP 276, 202, 209IP 289, 85, 104IP 299, 195IP 303, 94, 104IP 308, 286IP 310, 248IP 323, 95, 104, 154, 162IP 336, 105, 286IP 338, 94, 104, 286IP 342, 14, 96, 104, 286IP 354, 96IP 356, 160, 163

IP 360, 14IP 365, 14, 95, 105, 188, 195, 228IP 373, 286IP 375, 160, 163IP 378, 155, 162IP 379, 195, 286IP 381, 95, 105IP 386, 163IP 388, 153, 162IP 394, 84, 105IP 406, 195IP 407, 287IP 413, 286IP 415, 159, 162IP 422, 94, 105IP 423, 105, 158, 162IP 424, 105IP 428, 286IP 434, 105IP 435, 94, 105IP 438, 105IP 447, 84, 104IP 528, 94IP 529, 94IP 531, 287IP 532, 287IP 540, 104IP 16591, 286Irradiation results, reporting, manufactured carbon andgraphite, 133

ISO. see International Organization for Standardization(ISO)

ISO 2083, 286ISO 3012, 286ISO 3448, 198, 199ISO 3830, 286ISO 3987, 286ISO 4259, 300, 302, 303ISO 4260, 286ISO 4265, 286ISO 5275, 287ISO 6245, 286ISO 6341, 273, 278ISO 6743-9, 248ISO 7346-1, 275, 279ISO 7346-2, 275, 279ISO 7346-3, 275, 279ISO 7827, 267, 279ISO 8192, 279ISO 8217, 36, 38ISO 8691, 286ISO 8692, 272, 276, 279ISO 8754, 286ISO 9408, 267, 279ISO 9439, 267, 279ISO 9887, 268, 279ISO 9888, 268, 279ISO 10229, 275, 279ISO 10253, 272, 276, 279ISO 10478, 287ISO 10634, 279ISO 10706, 274, 279ISO 10707, 267, 279

INDEX 331



ISO 10708, 267, 279ISO 11266, 279ISO 11268-1, 273, 279ISO 11268-2, 275, 279ISO 11268-3, 275, 279ISO 11269-1, 279ISO 11269-2, 279ISO 11733, 268, 279ISO 11734, 268, 279ISO 12890, 275, 279ISO 13737, 235ISO 14236, 279ISO 14239, 268ISO 14442, 279ISO 14593, 268, 279ISO 14669, 274, 279ISO 15522, 280ISO 16221, 280Isokinetic sampling, 144ISO TC28 WG2, 300ISO/TR 15462, 280Isotropic graphite, standard specification for, 135ISO VG 2, 198ISO VG 1500, 198

JJapanese Industrial Standards (JIS), 1Jet A-1, synthetic jet fuel for commercial use as, 308–309Jet fuels, 87–97

American civil, 89–91American military, 88–89aromatics, 309British military, 87–88bulk properties, 93combustion quality, 94compatibility with system materials, 96composition, 93, 309conductivity, 310contaminants, 96–97corrosion, 96density, 95distillation profile, 309–310electrical conductivity, 96emissions, 94–95freezing point, 310high temperature stability, 95inspection data, 97international standard specifications, 92–93low temperature properties, 94lubricity, 96, 310manufacture, 92–93miscellaneous properties, 97for nonconventional aircraft, 93nonconventional sources of, 93requirements, 90Russian, 91semisynthetic

analysis, 309commercial aviation turbine fuel, 308

separating properties, 97specification requirements, 93–97specific energy, 310specific heat, 95

storage stability, 95synthetic

analysis, 309commercial use as jet A-1, 308–309

thermal stability, 310trace properties, 95volatility, 93–94water retention, 97

JIS. see Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)

KKauri butanol value, hydrocarbon solvents, 179–180Kerosene, 178Kerosine, 65–66

burner selection, 76burning characteristics, 76–77burning test for long-time burning oils, 77color, 78crude oils, 116defined, 65laboratory tests, 78performance evaluation, 76requirements, 68standard burning tests, 77

Kerosine burners, 69Kinematic viscosity

biodiesel fuel, 57diesel fuel, 36fuel oils, 40, 66gas turbine fuel, 38kerosine, 68

LLacquer diluent, 176Land, fuels for, 33–52Lead content

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 7diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 49–50Ed75-Ed85, 25M70-M85, 27in petroleum products and lubricants, 293

Leak detector, in aviation fuels, 101–102, 103Legal requirements, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel,

10–12Light hydrocarbons, 164–172


Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, percent fill of, 168Liquefied petroleum gases, 165–168, 306–308

composition, 168, 306copper corrosion, 167, 306density, 167, 306gasoline, 306–308odorization, 168relative density, 167residue, 167sampling, 166sulfur content, 167, 306vapor pressure, 166volatility, 166–167, 306water content, 167

Liquefied refinery gas, 164Liquid fuels

332 INDEX



natural gas, 164sediment content, 160stability and cleanliness, methods for assessing, 151–163synthetic, 304–314. see also Synthetic liquid fuelswater content, 160

Lithium soap greases, 231, 232Lower sample, 138Low shear rate viscosity, automotive engine oils, 216–217Low-temperature flow test, diesel and nonaviation gasturbine fuels, 43

Low-temperature penetration, lubricating greases, 235Low-temperature torque, lubricating greases, 236–237Low-temperature viscometry, automotive engine oils, 217LTFT product slate, 305Lubricant additive compounds, performance properties,283–284

Lubricant base oils, 189–195. see also Base oilsLubricant(s)

aircraft turbine engine, oxidation stability, 153functions, 229gas-turbine, 203–204inorganic species in, 283–298

Lubricating greases, 229–250accelerated rust tests, 245aluminum soap greases, 230–232apparent viscosity, 236ASTM/IP standards, 248–249ball bearings, 236–237

at elevated temperatures, 241block penetration, 235calcium soap greases, 231, 232characteristics, 230–232chemical analysis, 247–248classification and specifications, 232–233compatibility, 247complex soap greases, 231, 232composition, 229–230cone penetration, 233–234consistency, 233consistency stability, 235contamination, 246copper corrosion, 244corrosion, 244–246described, 229discontinued standards, 248dropping point, 238elastomer compatibility, 246–247evaporation loss, 238extreme pressure and wear, 242flow properties, 236four-ball test, 242–243fretting wear, 243heat resistance, 237international standards, 248–251leakage from wheel bearings, 240lithium soap greases, 231, 232low-temperature penetration, 235low-temperature torque, 236–237NLGI consistency numbers, 235oil separation, 239organo-clay greases, 231, 232oscillating motion, 243–244oscillating wear tests, 244

oxidation stability, 153, 240–244PDSC oxidation test, 241polyurea, 231, 232prolonged worked penetration, 235raw materials, 230roll stability, 235–236rust prevention, 244–245selection, 230in small bearings, 241–242sodium soap greases, 231, 232test methods, 233–240Timken method, 242undisturbed penetration, 235unworked penetration, 234water effects, 245water spray-off, 246water washout, 245wear preventive characteristics, 243wheel bearing grease life, 242worked penetration, 234

Lubricating oils, 196–208air compressor, 208API gravity, 200ASTM/IP standards, 208–209automatic transmission fluids, 205automotive engine, 200–202as burner fuel, 69cloud point, 199color, 200composition, 198evaporation loss, test method, 238flash and fire points, 200function, 197gas engine, 204gas-turbine, 203–204gear, 204–205general properties, 198–200hydraulic, 206–207industrial and railway engine, 203machine tool tableway, 208manufacture, 198marine diesel engine, 202pour point, 199–200quality assessment, 197–198refrigerator compressor, 208relative density, 200significance of tests, 198specifications and procedures, 201specific gravity, 200steam cylinder, 208steam-turbine, 205–206viscosity, 198–199viscosity index, 199wear metals, 285

Lubricityaromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 312aviation fuels, 103in aviation fuels, 100–101biodiesel fuel, 62diesel fuels, 37, 45–46jet fuels, 96, 310nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 45–46

Luminosity, M70-M85, 26

INDEX 333



MMachine tool tableway lubricating oils, 208Magnesium content, biodiesel fuel, 30, 57, 62Manganese content

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 7petroleum products and lubricants, 293

Manual sampling, 136–143Marine custody transfer, sampling, 140Marine diesel engine oils, 202Marine diesel engines, 33–52

ASTM standards, 51–52Melting point, petroleum waxes, 255Mercaptan sulfur, kerosine, 68, 78Mercury, in petroleum products and lubricants, 288Mesophase, pitch, 131Metal corrosion, gasoline-oxygenate blends, 13Metal deactivator, in aviation fuels, 100, 103Metal(s)

petroleum coke, 130–131in petroleum products and lubricants, 292wear, in lubricating oils, 285

Methanol, fuel, 25–27Methanol content

crude oils, 111, 112M70-M85, 25MTBE, 28

Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), 16blending with gasoline, 27–28

Microbial contaminationfuel oil, 76test methods, 159–160

Middle sample, 138Middle spot sample, 138MIL-DTL-25524, 88MIL-DTL-38219, 88MIL-DTL-81383, 94MIL-DTL-83133, 88, 89, 102MIL-DTL-83133E, 288MIL-DTL-16884K, 288MIL-DTL-5624U, 288MIL-F-7914, 88MIL-F-5624B, 88MIL-F-1688-J, 292MIL-J-25656, 88MIL-L-2105D, 205MIL-PRF-7808, 203MIL-PRF-23699, 203MIL-PRF-25017, 101MIL-T-5616, 88Mineral oils

oxidation stability, 153white, 184–188. see also White mineral oils

Mineral spirits, 176–177Minimum pipeline velocity, 144Mini-rotary viscometer, automotive engine oils, 217–219Modulus of rupture in four-point bending, manufactured

carbon and graphite, 135Moisture, manufactured carbon and graphite, 133Molecular weight, petroleum waxes, 254, 256Motion, oscillating, lubricating greases, 243–244MPMS 2, 150MPMS 3, 150MPMS 7, 150

MPMS 8.1, 150MPMS 8.2, 150MPMS 8.3, 150MPMS 8.4, 150MPMS 9, 150MPMS 10, 150MPMS 12, 150MTBE. see Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE)Multiple tank composite sample, 138

NNaphtha fractions, crude oils, 113, 116Naphtha(s)

hi-flash solvent, 178VM&P, 176

Naphthenes, 175Natural gas, 164, 168

primary uses, 165Natural gas liquids (NGLs), 164Natural rubber, 224Near-isotropic graphite, standard specification for, 135NFT 60-171, 248NGLs. see Natural gas liquids (NGLs)Nitrocellulose solutions

dilution ratio in, 180viscosity of, 180

Nitrogen compounds, in base oils, 192Nitrogen content

crude oils, 111, 112fuel oil, 76petroleum products and lubricants, 290

NLGI consistency numbers, lubricating greases, 235Nonaquatic toxicity tests, chronic methods, 276–277Nuclear graphite, suitable for components subjected to low

neutron irradiation dose, 135Nuclear reactors, gas-cooled, high-temperature, 134

OOctano/water partition coefficient, 263–264Odor

petroleum solvents, 174petroleum waxes, 254, 256white mineral oils, 186

Odorization, liquefied petroleum gases, 168OECD 101, 280OECD 102, 280OECD 103, 280OECD 104, 264, 280OECD 105, 264, 280OECD 106, 264, 280OECD 107, 264, 280OECD 111, 265, 280OECD 112, 264, 280OECD 117, 264, 280OECD 121, 264, 280OECD 201, 272, 276, 280OECD 202, 273, 280OECD 203, 275, 280OECD 204, 275, 280OECD 205, 280OECD 206, 280OECD 207, 273, 280OECD 208, 280

334 INDEX



OECD 209, 280OECD 210, 275, 280OECD 211, 280OECD 212, 280OECD 215, 280OECD 218, 280OECD 219, 280OECD 221, 280OECD 301, 266, 280OECD 302, 280OECD 303, 280OECD 304, 280OECD 305, 269, 280OECD 306, 267, 280OECD 307, 280OECD 308, 280OECD 309, 280OECD 310, 280OECD 311, 280OECD 301A, 267OECD 302A, 268OECD 303A, 268OECD 304A, 268OECD 301B, 267OECD 302B, 268OECD 301C, 267OECD 302C, 267OECD 301D, 267OECD 310E, 267OECD 301F, 267Official sample, 138Oil content, petroleum waxes, 254, 256Oil-extended rubber, 224–225Oil(s). see also Heating fuel(s); Heating oils; specific types,e.g., Fuel oil(s)

air compressor, 208automotive engine, oxidation stability, 153burning, long-time, 77crude, 106–121. see also Crude oilsengine. see Engine oilsfatty acid chains in, 58gas engine, 204gear, 204–205highly refined, oxidation stability, 153hydraulic, 6–207

oxidation stability, 153ink, 178lubricating, 197–209. see also Lubricating oilsmachine tool tableway lubricating, 208marine diesel engine, 202mineral

oxidation stability, 153white, 184–188. see also White mineral oils

petroleum, for rubber, 224–228. see also Rubber oilsrefrigerator compressor, 208rubber, 224–226. see also Rubber oilssteam cylinder, 208steam-turbine, 205–206

oxidation stability, 153used, analysis, 283

Oil separation, lubricating greases, 239Olefins, 168–169, 176

in base oils, 192

OPL 68/251, 101OPL 25017, 101Organic halides, crude oils, 111, 112Organo-clay greases, 231, 232Oscillating motion, lubricating greases, 243–244Oscillating wear tests, lubricating greases, 244Outlet sample, 138Oxidation, base oils, 191–192Oxidation induction time, automotive engine oils, 219Oxidation mass loss, manufactured carbon and graphite, 135Oxidation stability

biodiesel fuel, 30, 62diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 45lubricating greases, 240–244test methods, 152–154

Oxygen, in petroleum products and lubricants, 290Oxygenated fuel programs, automotive spark-ignition enginefuel, 11–12

Oxygenate(s)automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 9defined, 3, 16fuel, 16–32. see also Fuel oxygenatesgasoline, 308

PParaffinic hydrocarbons, 311PDR additive, in aviation fuels, 102–103PDSC oxidation test, lubricating greases, 241Penetration

block, lubricating greases, 235cone, lubricating greases, 233–234low-temperature, lubricating greases, 235undisturbed, lubricating greases, 235unworked, lubricating greases, 234worked

lubricating greases, 234prolonged, 235

Performance, volatility and, automotive spark-ignition enginefuel, 6–7

Performance properties, lubricant additive compounds,283–284

Performance testsautomotive engine oils, 220passenger car engine oil, 210–222

Peroxide content, petroleum waxes, 254, 257Peroxide value, white mineral oils, 186Persistence properties, 264–269Petrolatums. see Petroleum waxesPetroleum, crude, sampling, 139Petroleum coke, 123–124

materials, 130test methods, 125–135

Petroleum ether, 176Petroleum gases, liquefied, 165–168, 306–308. see alsoLiquefied petroleum gases

Petroleum oils, for rubber, 224–228. see also Rubber oilsPetroleum products, inorganic species in, 283–298Petroleum quantities, static measurement, 147–148Petroleum solvents, 173–183. see also Hydrocarbon solvents

air pollution requirements, 174ASTM specifications/test methods, 181described, 173general uses, 173

INDEX 335



odor, 174purity, 174relative density, 178–179requirements, 173solvency, 173specific gravity, 174toxicity, 174volatility, 173–174

Petroleum waxes, 252–260applications, 253blocking properties, 254, 257chemical properties, 255–257

test methods, 259–260definitions, 253food grade, 256–257functional properties, 257

test methods, 260manufacture, 252–253melting point, 255moisture barrier properties, 258physical properties, 255

test methods, 258–259quality criteria, 253–255slip properties, 257substrates, 254, 257test methods, 258–260

pHedenatured fuel ethanol, 23Ed75-Ed85, 24

Phosphorus contentautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 7biodiesel fuel, 30, 57, 62Ed75-Ed85, 25M70-M85, 27petroleum products and lubricants, 290–291

Photolysis, 265Photooxidation, 265Physical properties

environmental characteristics, 263–264petroleum waxes, 255, 258–259

Pipeline, 144Pipeline drag reducer (PDR) additive, in aviation fuels,

102–103Pipeline streams, sampling, 141–142Pitch, 123–124

materials, 131test methods, 125–135

Plants, tests with, nonaquatic, 272–273, 277Plastics, gasoline-oxygenate blends and, 13PMNs. see Premanufacturing/marketing notifications (PMNs)Poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 311–312Polyurea, 231, 232Porosity, manufactured carbon and graphite, 132Potassium content

biodiesel fuel, 62diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 49–50

Pour pointbase oils, 193–194crude oils, 109diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 43fuel oils, 41, 67, 72–73gas turbine fuel, 38heavy fuel oils, 312–313

lubricating oils, 199–200rubber oils, 227–228white mineral oils, 187

Pour point depressants, automotive engine oils, 215Powered mixer, 144Precision

defined, 299in standard test method data quality assurance,

299–300Premanufacturing/marketing notifications (PMNs), 261Pressure, extreme, lubricating greases, 242Pressure atomizing, 34Prevaporizing, 34–35Primary manual sample container, 138Primary sample receiver/container, 144Probe, 144Process oils, specialty applications, 228Product registration, 261–263Profile testing, 144Prolonged worked penetration, lubricating greases, 235Propane, 165

commercial, 166butane mixture with, 166

special duty, 166Propylene concentrates, 169Purity

denatured fuel ethanol, 23MTBE, 27petroleum solvents, 174

Pyrolytic graphite, manufacturing methods, 125

QQuinoline insolubles, pitch, 131

RRamsbottom carbon residue

biodiesel fuel, 61diesel fuel, 37fuel oils, 40, 66gas turbine fuel, 38

Rangeability, 144“Raw materials,” 164Red-dyed diesel fuel, 48Reduced pressure distillation, biodiesel fuel, 30, 62Referee test methods, crude oils, 116–117Reference gage height, 147Reference gage point, 147Refinery gas, liquefied, 164Reformulated gasoline, 4

fuel oxygenates, government regulations, 17Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel, 11–12Refractive index

rubber oils, 227white mineral oils, 187

Refrigerator compressor oils, 208Relative bias, in standard test method data quality assurance,

302Relative density

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 8–9fuel oxygenates, 30hydrocarbon solvents, 178–179liquefied petroleum gases, 167lubricating oils, 200

336 INDEX



Renewable fuels standardautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 12fuel oxygenates, 17–18

Repeatability conditions, defined, 299Reporting irradiation results, manufactured carbon andgraphite, 133

Representative sample, 138, 144Reproducibility conditions, defined, 299Research Octane Number (RON), 4–5Residual fuel oils, 69Residual fuel(s), compatibility, test methods, 160–161Residual oil burning equipment, 70–71Residue

carbon. see Carbon residuecrude oils, 116liquefied petroleum gases, 167unsulfonated, white mineral oils, 187

Resistivity, electrical, manufactured carbon and graphite,132

Rheology, base oils, 193–194Rockwell hardness, manufactured carbon and graphite, 133Roller bearings, tapered, lubricating greases, 237Roll stability, lubricating greases, 235–236RON. see Research Octane Number (RON)RR: D02-1125, 98RR: D02-1137, 99RR: D02-1572, 94RR:D02-1007, 299Rubber

base oil compatibility, 194natural, 224oil-extended, 224–225synthetic, 224

Rubber oils, 224–228ASTM/IP standards, 228carbon-type analysis, 225classification, 226composition, 225history, 224–225importance of composition to compounders, 225–226molecular-type analysis, 225physical properties, 226–227process oils, specialty applications, 228

Running sample, 138Russian jet fuels, 91Rust, corrosion and, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 9Rust prevention, lubricating greases, 244–245Rust tests, accelerated, lubricating greases, 245

SSalt content, crude oils, 108, 112Salt(s), in petroleum products and lubricants, 291Sample conditioning, 144Sample controller, 144Sample extractor, 144Sample grab, 144Sample handling and mixing, 144Sample proving, 144Sample(s). see also specific types

boring, 136bottom, 136clearance, 136composite spot, 150

core, 137defined, 137dipper, 137drain, 137floating roof, 137flow proportional, 137, 144grab, 137grease, 137lower, 138middle, 138middle spot, 138multiple tank composite, 138obtaining, 140official, 138outlet, 138representative, 138, 144running, 138surface, 138tank composite, 138tank-side, 138tap, 138time proportional, 144top, 138types, 136–138, 144upper, 138

Sampling, 136–150applicability, 137ASTM/API/ISO standards, 150ASTM/IP standards, 163automatic, 143–147

definitions, 144design considerations, 146extractors, 145frequency, 145isokinetic, 144minimum velocities, 145probe location, 144sample frequency in large-volume pipelineoperations, 145–146

systems, 145bottle or beaker, 140–141core, 142–143

manufactured carbon and graphite, 135crude oils, 117, 119defined, 138hydrocarbon solvents, 178liquefied petroleum gases, 166manual, 136–143

containers, 138–139core, 142–143crude petroleum and heavy fuel oils, 139definitions, 136–138gasoline and distillate products, 140marine custody transfer, 140obtaining samples, 140pipeline streams, 141–142probe location, 142procedures, 140

procedures, 137, 140automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 11

stability, 161–163static measurement, 147–149, 149. see also Static

measurement

INDEX 337



SANS. see South African National Standards (SANS)Sasol synthetic products, 304–314Sasol synthetic products. see also Synthetic liquid fuelsSaybolt color, kerosine, 68Scanning Brookfield Technique, automotive engine oils, 217Scleroscope hardness, manufactured carbon and graphite,

133Sediment content

ASTM/IP standards, 163biodiesel fuel, 30, 57crude oils, 108–109, 112diesel fuel, 36fuel oils, 66, 73gas turbine fuel, 38static measurement, 149test methods, 160

Sediment toxicity tests, 276Sediment water, 144Semisynthetic jet fuels

analysis, 309commercial aviation turbine fuel, 308

Separating properties, jet fuels, 97Short-trip driving, automotive engine oils effects on, 212Silver corrosion, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 9Site precision, defined, 300Slip stream, 144Smoke point, white mineral oils, 187Smoke Point Test, 77Soap greases. see specific typesSodium content

biodiesel fuel, 62diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 49–50petroleum products and lubricants, 293

Sodium/potassium combined content, biodiesel fuel, 30Sodium soap greases, 231, 232Solid paraffin test, white mineral oils, 188Solubility, “difficult materials,” 270Solvency

base oils, 194petroleum solvents, 173

Solvent extractables, petroleum waxes, 254, 256Solvent(s)

hydrocarbon, 173–183. see also Hydrocarbon solventspetroleum, 173–183. see also Petroleum solvents

Solvent washed gum, denatured fuel ethanol, 23Sonic velocity Young’s modulus, manufactured carbon and

graphite, 134South African National Standards (SANS), 305Spark-ignition engine fuel

automotive, 3–15. see also Automotive spark-ignitionengine fuel

Spark ignition fuel, oxidation stability, 153Special duty propane, 166Specific energy

aviation gasoline, 84jet fuels, 310

Specific gravityfuel oil, 71hydrocarbon solvents, 178–179lubricating oils, 200manufactured carbon and graphite, 132petroleum solvents, 174rubber oils, 227

Specific heat, jet fuels, 95Specific metal analysis, in petroleum products and

lubricants, 296Spectrometry

atomic emission, 294–295atomic fluorescence, in petroleum products and

lubricants, 294x-ray fluorescence, in petroleum products and

lubricants, 295–296Spectroscopy, atomic absorption, in petroleum products and

lubricants, 292–293Spirits, “ 176, “textile

mineral, 176–177Spot sample, 138Stability

aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,311–312

ASTM/IP standards, 162automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 8consistency, lubricating greases, 235defined, 151diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 44–45fuel oil, 75–76gasoline, 308grain, petroleum coke, 130high-temperature, jet fuels, 95liquid fuels, methods for assessing, 151–162miscellaneous properties, 161oxidation

lubricating greases, 240–244test methods, 152–154

roll, lubricating greases, 235–236storage. see Storage stabilitytest methods, 152–154thermal

diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 44jet fuels, 310test methods, 154–155

Stability sampling, 161–163Standardized toxicity procedures, in environmental

testingacute methods, 271–276algae, 271, 272, 276aquatic toxicity tests, 271chronic methods, 276–277fish, 275, 276invertebrates, 273–273, 276nonaquatic toxicity tests, 276–277subchronic methods, 276–277

Standard test method data quality assurance, 299–303accuracy, 302ASTM standards, 303bias, 300–302in determining conformance with product quality

specification, 303metrics, 299–302monitoring, 302–303precision, 299–300relative bias, 302

Stand pipes, 138State biofuel mandates, fuel oxygenates, 8Static bleed tests, lubricating greases, 239–240Static dissipator additive, in aviation fuels, 101, 103

338 INDEX



Static measurementabbreviations, 147ASTM/API/ISO standards, 150calculation of petroleum quantities, 147–148definitions, 147density determination, 149sampling, 147–149sediment determination, 149tank calibration, 148tank gaging, 148temperature determination, 148–149water determination, 149

Static mixer, 144Steam cylinder oils, 208Steam-turbine oils, 205–206

oxidation stability, 153Storage stability

aviation gasoline, 84diesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 45jet fuels, 95

Stream conditioning, 144Sulfate content, denatured fuel ethanol, 23Sulfated ash

biodiesel fuel, 28–29, 57, 60petroleum products and lubricants, 285

Sulfur, mercaptan, kerosine, 68, 78Sulfur compounds

impact on base oil chemistry, 192white mineral oils, 187

Sulfur content, 169aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 311automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 7–8, 11aviation gasoline, 84biodiesel fuel, 29, 57, 60, 61crude oils, 107–108, 112diesel fuels, 36, 47–48Ed75-Ed85, 25fuel oils, 40, 66, 74gasoline, 308hydrocarbon solvents, 180kerosine, 68, 78liquefied petroleum gases, 167, 306manufactured carbon and graphite, 135M70-M85, 27MTBE, 27petroleum coke, 131petroleum products and lubricants, 291–292total, nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 47–48

Surface sample, 138Synthetic aviation fuels, 308Synthetic jet fuels

analysis, 309commercial use as Jet A-1, 308–309

Synthetic liquid fuels, 304–314. see also specific types, e.g.,Aviation fuels

analysis, 304–313ASTM standards/methods, 313–314aviation fuels, 308cetane index and number, 310–311diesel fuel oil, 310–311Fischer-Tropsch technology, 303–304heavy fuel oils, 312–313HTFT product slate, 305

liquid petroleum gas, 306LTFT product slate, 305paraffinic hydrocarbons, 311poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 311–312

Synthetic rubber, 224System materials, compatibility with, jet fuels, 96

TTank calibration, static measurement, 148Tank capacity table, 148Tank composite sample, 138Tank gaging, static measurement, 148Tank increments, 147Tank-side sample, 138Tank strapping, 147Tapered roller bearings, lubricating greases, 237Tap sample, 138Taste, white mineral oils, 186TEL. see Tetraethyl lead (TEL)Temperature

determination, static measurement, 148–149distillation. see Distillation temperaturegas turbine fuel, 38jet fuels, 94, 95

Tensile properties, manufactured carbon and graphite, 133Tensile stress-strain, manufactured carbon and graphite,134

Terrestrial toxicity tests, 276Test methods. see specific types and indicationsTest specimen, 138Tetraethyl lead (TEL), aviation fuels, 100, 103“Textile” spirits, 176Thermal conductivity, carbon, 132Thermal diffusivity, by thermal pulse, manufactured carbonand graphite, 134

Thermal pulse, thermal diffusivity by, manufactured carbonand graphite, 134

Thermal stabilitydiesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 44jet fuels, 310test methods, 154–155

Thermal stability improver additive, in aviation fuels, 102Time proportional sample, 144Timken method, extreme pressure, 242Toluene, 177Toluene insolubles, pitch, 131Top sample, 138Torque, low-temperature, lubricating greases, 236–237Total acid number, crude oils, 110, 112Total glycerin content, biodiesel fuel, 30, 57, 62Total nitrogen content, crude oils, 111, 112Total sulfur content, diesel and nonaviation gas turbinefuels, 47–48

Toxicity, “ 270, complex mixture, “difficult materialspetroleum solvents, 174

Toxicity tests, environmental. see specific typesToxicological properties, environmental characteristics, 269Trace elements, crude oils, 109–110, 112Trace properties, jet fuels, 95Transformation processes, 264–265Transmission fluids, automatic, 205Transparency, white mineral oils, 186True value, defined, 302

INDEX 339



Tube and thief sample, 138Turbine combustors, trace metals entering, 50Turbine(s), gas. see Gas turbine(s)

UUltraviolet absorption tests, white mineral oils, 187Ultraviolet absorptivity

petroleum waxes, 254, 257rubber oils, 227

Undisturbed penetration, lubricating greases, 235Uniform petroleum product, 138Unleaded aviation gasoline, 85Unsulfonated residue, white mineral oils, 187Unworked penetration, lubricating greases, 234UOP 163, 112, 114, 121UOP 375, 114, 121UOP 389, 63UOP 391, 30UOP 391-91, 64Upper sample, 138Used oils, analysis, 283USP 31, 188USP 31-NF 26, 186, 187

VVacuum gas oil fractions, crude oils, 116Value(s)

coking, pitch, 131combustion, heat of, 47heat of combustion, conversion factors, 47Kauri butanol, 179–180peroxide, white mineral oils, 186true, defined, 302

Vanadiumdiesel and nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 49–50petroleum products and lubricants, 293

Vaporizing, 34–35Vapor-liquid ratio, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 6Vapor pressure, 264

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 5crude oils, 110, 112Ed75-Ed85, 24liquefied petroleum gases, 166M70-M85, 26MTBE, 28

Velocity, minimum pipeline, 144Viscometer(s), mini-rotary, automotive engine oils, 217–219Viscometry, low-temperature, automotive engine oils, 217Viscosity

apparent, lubricating greases, 236aromatic and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 312biodiesel fuel, 28, 57, 61crude oils, 109diesel fuels, 36, 42–43fuel oils, 40, 66, 72gas turbine fuel, 38heavy fuel oils, 312high-temperature, high shear rate, 216kerosine, 68kinematic. see Kinematic viscositylow shear rate, automotive engine oils, 216–217lubricating oils, 198–199nitrocellulose solutions, 180

nonaviation gas turbine fuels, 42–43petroleum waxes, 254, 255white mineral oils, 187

Viscosity index, lubricating oils, 199Viscosity index improvers, automotive engine oils, 215VM&P naphtha, 176Volatile matter, petroleum coke, 131Volatility, “ 270, “difficult materials

automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 5–7, 11aviation gasoline, 83–84gasoline, 307jet fuels, 93–94liquefied petroleum gases, 166–167, 306performance and, automotive spark-ignition engine fuel,

6–7petroleum solvents, 173–174

Volatility/distillation, diesel and nonaviation gas turbinefuels, 42

WWater

dissolved, 137entrained, 137free, 137sediment, 144

Water contentASTM/IP standards, 163biodiesel fuel, 30, 57crude oils, 108–109, 112denatured fuel ethanol, 22diesel fuel, 36Ed75-Ed85, 25fuel oils, 40, 66, 73gas turbine fuel, 38liquefied petroleum gases, 167methyl-tertiary-butyl ether, 28M70-M85, 27static measurement, 149test methods, 160

Water effects, lubricating greases, 245Water reaction, aviation gasoline, 84–85Water retention, jet fuels, 96Water solubility, 264Water spray-off, lubricating greases, 246Water tolerance

gasoline, 308gasoline-oxygenate blends, 13

Water washout, lubricating greases, 245Wax(es)

defined, 252petroleum, 252–260. see also Petroleum waxes

Wax precipitation point, white mineral oils, 187–188Wear

extreme, lubricating greases, 242friction and, manufactured carbon and graphite, 134lubricating greases, preventive characteristics, 243

Wear metals, in lubricating oils, 285Wear tests, oscillating, lubricating greases, 244Wheel bearing grease life, lubricating greases, 242Wheel bearing(s), leakage from, lubricating greases, 240White mineral oils, 184–188

acidity test, 186aniline point, 185

340 INDEX



API gravity, 187ASTM/IP standards, 188cloud point, 185–186color, 186density, 187described, 184dielectric breakdown voltage, 186distillation range, 186flash and fire points, 186fluorescence, 186gravity, 187manufacture, 184odor, 186peroxide value, 186pharmaceutical grades, 185pour point, 187purity guardianship, 184quality assessment, 4–188readily carbonizable substances, 185refractive index, 187smoke point, 187solid paraffin test, 188

sulfur compounds, 187taste, 186transparency, 186ultraviolet absorption tests, 187unsulfonated residue, 187viscosity, 187wax precipitation point, 187–188

Worked penetrationlubricating greases, 234prolonged, lubricating greases, 235

Workmanship requirements, 152automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, 7

Worms, tests with, nonaquatic, 277

XX-ray fluorescence spectrometry, petroleum products andlubricants, 295–296

Xylenes, 177–178

YYoung’s modulus, sonic velocity, manufactured carbon andgraphite, 134

INDEX 341

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