INDEX

Acheson, Dean G., 560, 576Adams, Alva, 609-10Adams, Claude M., 504Adams, Edward, photo of, 208(#23)Adams, Emory S., photo of, 208(#37)Adjutant General's Department, 445Adler, Julius Ochs, 300African Americans: character, regional

differences in, 500; criticisms of lead­ers and policies by black groups, 501;equal risks and equal rights, 499-500;segregation and army camps, 458-59,499-500; service with white troops,390, 500; Stilwell's attitude re troops,367; troops, quality of, 501; Union­town (Pa.), blacks in, 51, 104-5; WhiteHouse usher, 85

Ainsworth-Wood affair (1910-13), 165­66,183-84,444-45

Air Forces: advantages over ground intraining, 279; air "experts," problemof, 313-14; air superiority insufficientalone, 290-91; air-ground operations,training for, 480; base construction,problems re, 246-47; bombing strate­gies, 397; buildup, influence on groundforces of, 252; command parity withground, 298, 314-15, 595; FlyingTigers, 604; General Staffs attitude re,310, 340; independence, pressure for,314--15, 436; Leavenworth schools'attitudes re, 306; loss of speciallytrained men, 310, 340-41; manpowerdemobilization, problems re, 496-97;morale, importance of full mess tableto, 381, 592; overconfidence of, 620;postwar bases, plans for, 571; presssupport for, 281, 313-14; promotion,problems re, 313, 436, 498, 615; ser­vice troops, problems in South Pacificre, 379-80, 396, 592, 599; staff prob­lems of, 276, 314, 436, 614-15, 619;status within military establishmentof, 297-98, 436; strategic bombing,

insufficient alone, 615; U.S. Navy,competition with, 357, 611; volun­teers, advantages over ground forcesre, 461-62, 467; weaknesses of, 580

Airborne units, 465-68, 615Aircraft: engine manufacture, impact of

French surrender on, 331; GeneralStaff officers, flying by, 310-11;Hawaii, reinforcements for, 293; Japan­ese Zero, comparison with U.s. planes,379-80, 592; Philippines, reinforce­ments for, 292-93; public attitudes re,281; Roosevelt's desire for, 108-9,446,514; shortages of, 317; spare parts,shortage of, 598, 619

-bomber program Arnold's role in 437;controversy re, 340, 448, 611; M'ssup­port for, 312-13

Alaska: Aleutians, liberation of, 381-82;funds for defense of, 328, 485, 609;navy overall command desired by M,296,595; troop care, problems in, 395

Alexander, Sir Harold, 345, 590, 616, 619Alf, William L., photo of, 208(#21)Alibi Club, 346Allen, Henry T., photos of, 208(#20-21)Allen, Henry T., Jr., photo of, 208(#21)Alsop, Joseph W., 372-73, 567, 605, 606Aluminum, bauxite supply for, 519American-British Conversations (1941),

276,283-84Amherst College, 336-37, 558Ammunition, problems of supplying, 388-

90,446,475ANAKIM plan (Burma), 603Anderson, Clinton P., photo of, 432(#60)Andrews, Frank M., 276-77, 310-13, 565,

582Antitank guns, problems re, 261Antonov, Alexei I., 524Antwerp, Belgium, 393ANvIL Operation (1944), 540-41, 549;

British opposition to, 555-56, 590,613; success of, 387, 556, 612-13

629

I

I '

630 * MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

.. '

Anzio operation, 388, 393, 396, 467, 540ARCADIA Conference, 357-58, 594-95, 600Anny and Navy Journal, 591-92Army Specialized Training Program

(ASTP), 529Army War College, 306, 311Arnold, Henry H.: airmen's attitude toward,

438; Atlantic Conference, 287; atomicbomb development, knowledge of,423; Hopkins, relations with, 433; JCSmembership, M's efforts for, 298, 436;loyalty to M of, 314, 437; photos of,432(#43-45, 47-48, 52-53); role of,614-15; South Pacific mission for M,370,412; strategic views of, 437

Arnold, William R, 324Artillery: 75-mm, continued use of, 261;

changing requirements re, 388-90;quality of, 446; training for, 469

Atlantic City, N.J., 65, 163-64Atlantic Conference (1941), 285-87, 385Atomic bomb: development of, 421-23;

German heavy-water plant, operationsagainst, 467, 551; Japan, use against,404,423-25, 447; Manhattan Project,naming of, 421; military effectiveness,testing for, 496, 538; Oak Ridge, laborproblems at, 475; production facilities,problems re, 474

Attlee, Clement, 520Augusta,K~,43,58,62, 104, 107Augusta, U.S.S., 285-86Australia: Admiralty Islands bases, U.S.

cooperation re, 571; Hurley's missionto, 565-66; Japanese invasion, fear of,435-36; joint campaigns with, 509;officer training methods, 202-3, 299,304; Southwest Pacific, proposals forcommander of, 609; U.S. diplomaticrepresentatives in, 513

Automobiles purchased by M, 174,579Azores, need for bases in, 621

8-17 Flying Fortress bomber, 263-64,274,289,619-20

Baker, Newton D., 269, 532Bands, military, 502Barkley, Alben W., 582Baruch, Bernard M., 484, 609

Baseball, 49-50, 76, 86Bayer aspirin, 584Beauvais, France, 234Beaverbrook, Lord, 510Beer: attitude re, 27; production in France

for u.s. Army, 482, 578Beightler, Robert S., 578Belgium, civilian supply needs of, 393Bell, Elliott, 409Bell, J. Franklin: Ainsworth, struggle

with, 444; attitude toward M of, 89;Guard training, M proposed as head of,90-91; illness, influence on M'sjob of,181-82, 184-85, 186; Leavenworthschools, development of, 151; M asaide to, 178, 184-88; M'sacquaintancewith, 158-,.{j0; M's opinion of, 183-84;Philippine maneuvers of 1914 and,172-73; photo of, 208(#17); speeches,M seeks to reduce number given by,184; suggests M as instructor for Pa.N.G., 158

Bell, Mrs. J. Franklin, 184Bell for Adano, A, 455, 525Benes, Eduard,398Berlin, Germany, 325, 334Bermuda, 1942 trip to, 554Beukema, Herman, 572Bevin, Ernest, 558, 560-61Bidault, Georges, 325-26, 558, 560-61Bidwell, Bruce W., 340Blackbeard the pirate, 60-61Blair House, 527Bliss, A. W., 69, 72Blomberg, Werner von, 440-41Bloom, Sol, 527Boeing Airplane Company, 310Bohlen, Charles E., 559-60BOLERO plan (1944), 594, 603Bonesteel, Charles H., 532, 564, 578Bordeaux, Paul E. J., 205-8Borden, William A., 266Bowman, M. Herbert, 49, 56, 86Braddock (Edward) trail and grave (1755),

29-30 'Bradley, Omar N., 596, 600; British criti­

cism of, re Normandy, 528; corps com­mand, delay of, 578; Infantry School,role at, 542; Montgomery, problemswith, 391-92; North Africa, cleans up

Index * 631

rear areas in, 578; OCS, establishmentof, 462; photos of, 208(#33), 432(#52);Rhine River, crossing of, 400-401;Rhur River, crossing of, 346

Braham, W. G., photo of, 208(#21)Brazil: concern re defense of, 386; M's trip

to (1939),271--73Brett, George H., 609Brewster, Andre W., photo of, 208(#27)Briand, Aristide, 239Brooke, Sir Alan, 552-53; command expe­

rience compared to M, 590; M's opin­ion of, 430; Malta Conference, role in,541; OVERLORD, opinion of U.S. insis­tence on, 589; photos of, 432(#44, 47,56); Soviet criticism of, 342; Stilwell,asks relief of, 608

Brown, Allen T. (stepson), xiBrown, Clifton S. (stepson), xiBrown, MollyP. (stepdaughter; Mrs. James

J. Winn), xi, 28; photo of, 432(#60)Brown, Preston, 154Brown University, 337-38Brownsville, Pa., 46-47Bryan, William Jennings, 49BUCCANEER Operation (1944), 371-72Budget, Bureau of the, 107-8Bugge, Jens, 171Bulge, battle of the: German plans for,

392; M visits area prior to, 246, 345­46, 391-92, 539; Malmedy massacre,393; manpower shortage, impact on,382-83, 390; Montgomery's part in,345-46; Patton's relief movement in,548; Soviet assistance for, 591; supplydeliveries, effect on, 393-94; U.S.troops, quality of fighting by, 392-93,472,480

Bull, Harold R., 542-43, 550, 551, 577,578-79

Bullard, Robert L., 210-11Bullitt, William C., 333-34, 386,597,601Bundy, Charles W., 626Burghley, Lord and Lady, 554Burke, Edward R., 302Burress, Withers A., 249Bush, Vannevar, 596Butler, Smedley D., 594Byrnes, James F., 403, 423, 469,528,561

609-10; photo of, 432(#60)

Caffey, B. F., photo of, 208(#21)Cairo Conference (1943): Churchill's mil­

itary decisions after, 396; Churchill­Marshall discussions at, 552; locationsecrecy, lack of, 287; LSTs, dispositionof, 364; supreme allied commander,decision re, 343-44

Calbeck, J. H., photo of, 208(#21)California, University of, 557Camp Perry, Ohio, shooting matches at,

154Canada, troops in Italy, 411Capra, Frank,463-64,481Carnegie, Andrew, 106Carter, Marshall S., 6, 12, 16,561-62Carter, William H., 120Casablanca Conference (1943): invasion

currency debate, 616; secrecy of, 287;unconditional surrender idea at, 616;U.S. staffing at, 608, 613

Catlett family, 61Catron, Thorn, photo of, 208(#21)Cattelain, F., photo of, 208(#21)Chaffee, Adna R, 448CHAMPION Operation (1944), 374Chandler, Albert 8., 625Chang Hsueh-liang, 367Chaplains, 323-25Chavez, Dennis, 530Chennault, Claire L., 366, 372-73, 376,

567,604-5,609,615-16Chiang Kai-shek: British attitude toward,

364; M's protests to re mob violence,575; M's relations with, 607; photo of,432(#62); popularity of, 576

Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 367; M's rela­tions with, 607; photo of, 432(#62);Slim, attitude re, 364; U.S. troops forChina, pressure re, 604, 605; visitsmob violence victims, 575

Chicago, Illinois, 32, 33, 135-36Chicago Tribune, 579-80China: aircraft for, 604; British opinion of

war effort by, 615-16; British opposi­tion to U.S. supplies for, 368; conflictof U.S. leaders in, 567; corruption inNationalist government, 607; militaryleaders, quality of, 607; Roosevelt'sinterest in, 372; Tientsin assignmentof M (1924-27),119; troops, fighting

MARSHALL INTERVIEWS632 "*

China (continued)ability of, 366; WilIkie, problemscaused by, 522; Yalta agreement re,403, 405. See also Marshall: ChinaMission

Chinese language, M's ability in, 102,118-19

Christian Science Monitor, 488Churchill, Mrs. Winston S., 463-64Churchill, Winston S.: ABDA Command,

opposition to, 595; and ARCADIA Con­ference, 357-·58; attitude toward M,520, 552, 581; British history, knowl­edge of, 552-54; British morale, role inmaintaining, 288; Dill's role in com­munication with M, 413-14, 622-23;eastern Mediterranean, desires opera­tions in, 321, 397, 590, 620; Italy,influence on operations in, 396, 540,549; language, mastery of, 325; mar­shal's rank for M, jokes re, 456; mili­tary advisers, conservatism of, 624;photos of, 432(#41, 44, 47, 56); pres­sure on commanders from, 540-41,593; second front, pressures from U.S.re, 580-81; SHAEF commander,appointment of, 344, 345, 401-2;Southeast Asia, unity of command in,357-58, 600--601; special units, inter­est in, 467-68; Stalin message (1942),anger re, 418; tactics for dealing with,552-54; "Why We Fight" films, inter­est in, 463-64; WWI casualties, influ­ence on WWIIstrategy, 588, 601-2

Citizens' Military Training Camps, 299Civil War: cavalry, Union army's use of,

465; criticisms of leaders afterwards,407; generals of, 348; leadership, qual­ity of, 473; Lincoln's struggle to main­tain army, 443; memories of in M'syouth,84

Clark, Grenville, 202-3, 299, 304Clark, Mark W.: ability as trainer, 465;

Army GHQ executive, 305-6; Japanese­American regiment, use of, 470; loy­alty of, 590; North Africa, politics of,584; lOth Mountain Division, use of,551; and TORCH Operation, 386

Clark (George Rogers) Expedition (1778­79),30-31

Clemenceau, Georges, 237-39Codes and cryptanalysis: Japanese inten­

tions, M's reading of, 420; loss of codesby 28th Division, 394; message han­dling, carelessness with, 409-11; peacefeelers, messages re, 425; PURPLEdecryption, leak to Dewey campaignre,409-11

Cohen, Benjamin V., 560Colby, Bainbridge, 247-48Coles, Elizabeth P., 34, 94; photo of,

208(#10)Collins, J. Lawton, 370, 449, 544Colmar, Germany, 556Columbia River, 474Columbia University, 336Combined Chiefs of Staff and Churchill,

321,621Command and General Staff School. See

Fort Leavenworth army schoolsConant, James B., 559Congress: air interests of, 252-53, 298,

340; appropriations, 293, 441, 484-·85, 512-13, 609; arms producaon,pressures to reduce, 245-46, 388-89;army budget reductions, 328-29, 515;army training procedures, criticismsof, 535; artillery types, pressures re,446; atomic bomb development,appropriations for, 421-22; chief ofstaff, discretionary funds for, 242, 600;Infantry rifle, controversy re, 447;lieutenant-generals bill, 347-49;maneuvers, funding for, 469; man­power, problems of, 390, 627; mobi­lization, pressures on M to speed, 297;munitions inquiry (1930s), 270; Per­shing and M prepare for hearings, 247;pressure on War Department foraction, 616; service-time extensionbill, 286-87, 302-3, 307-8; Sovietpolicies, effects on appropriations,441; Stimson protects M from requestsby, 621; testimony, methods of, 355;troop rotation and leave, influence on,494-95, 599; weapons, political pres­sure on army re, 262-63, 447; YaltaConference, later political reaction to,406-7

-relations with M: aids Pershing at hear-

Index '* 633

Ings, 199; atomic bomb appropriationsand secrecy, 421·-23; criticizes M forexcessive army training, 462; Darlanepisode explanation, 487,597; defendsEisenhower from political pressuresfrom, 346; five-star rank, M's opposi­tion to, 456; free cotton seeds anec­dote, 57; navy, problems re, 594;secrecy, difficulty in maintaining, 320;supplies for allies (Walsh amendment),263-64, 288, 317; testimony, M'seffectiveness at, 535, 592, 609-10;trust in M,331-32, 575, 582, 594, 600;weapons controversies, 447-48

Connally, Tom, 346-49, 528,625Connecticut Maneuver Campaign (1912),

159Conner, Fox, 199, 240, 243, 247; photos

of, 208(#23-24, 27)Connor, William D., 536-37Coolidge, Calvin, 109Craig, Malin, 252, 340, 346, 347, 489,

591; First Corps chief of staff (WWl),224; M's first meeting with, 145; sup­ports M for chief of staffs post, 312

Cub Scouts, visit with Secretary of StateM, 46-47; photo of, 432(#66)

Cunningham, Sir Andrew 8., 621; photoof,432(#56)

Czechoslovakia, U.S. advance into, 416­17

Dakar, Senegal, 386, 584Danville, Va., M's teaching in, 94Darlan,Jean,385-86,487,584,597Davies, John Paton, Jr., 366Davis, Chester R., 579Davis, Elmer, 485, 610Davis, George C., photo of, 208(#21)Davis, Robert C., photo of, 208(#27)Dawes, Charles G., 107-8, 250Deane, John R,339,623Debeney, Marie Eugene, 213, 231, 236Decorations, ribbons, and medals, 490-

92,498,500De Gaulle, Charles, 611; British attitude

re, 326; civil government arrange­ments, disruption of, 603, 616; influ-

ence on U.S. policy re France, 333; M'sattitude re, 394, 616; St. Pierre andMiquelon, seizure of, 509-10; TORCH,not informed of, 597, 601

Del Monte, Callf., training camp, 178-81De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean, 333Demobilization (WWII): officers, reduc-

tion and relief of, 454; plans, collapseof, 493-97, 537-38; point system fortroops, 494; troop demonstrations re,538

Democracy: citizen-soldiers, politicalpower of, 147; training for at schooland work, 44

Devers, Jacob L., 565, 627Dewey, Thomas E., 409-11De Witt, John 1.., 152, 588, 598Dickman, Joseph T., 228-29, 231Dill, Sir John G., 540; and ARCADIA Con­

ference, 357-58, 600; British prepara­tions for Casablanca, warns M re, 608;Christmas dinner at M's, 509-10;Churchill, relations with, 463-64,622-23; honorary degrees arranged byM for, 623; Middle East, reinforcementof, 518; photo of, 432(#47); relationswith M, 412-14, 551, 622-23; travelswith M, 554, 580; White SulphurSprings hospital stay of, 506

Disraeli, Benjamin, 552Dogs,41-42,44-45,52Donald, W. H., 607Donovan, William J., 299,300,483-85Douglas, Sir Sholto, 368, 605Douglas, William 0., 344-45Doyle, Arthur Conan, 67-68, 103, 165Draft: bill favored by M, 201, 305; leader-

ship in passing bill, 302; M opposed tosudden massive draft, 201, 204, 300,304, 481; National Guard, needed tostrengthen, 255; post-WWII need for,257

Drum, Hugh A.: China assignment, rejec­tion of, 605; First Army Report (WWI),250; WWI role of, 220-21, 224, 227,229

Duke, Basil, 58, 63, 107Dulles, Allen W., 338Dulles, John Foster, 9Dutch Guiana, 519

634 * MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

I:1'j

:1

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I

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Early, Jubal T., 84, 99-100Early, Stephen, 15, 593, 599Eden,AnthonY,326,616,621Education, public, value of, 44Edward VIII and Mrs. Simpson, Churchill

re,554Eisenhower, DWight D.: British, relations

with, 508, 584; Carthage debate(December 1943), 540; chief of staffsjob, reluctant to accept immediately(1945), 454; Churchill accepts at M'surging, 627; Churchill's pressure on,400-401, 541; Elbe River, halts Alliedadvance at, 399; governmental organi­zation, comment re, 562; invites M tosee quality of army, 473; M's earlyinterest in, 470, 611, 626; M's supportfor, 414, 540; Malta Conference, visitsM prior to, 550; and maneuvers of1941, 461; Montgomery, relationswith, 345, 391; Negro troops, use of,390, 500; Normandy, move of head­quarters to, 386-87, 540; North Africa,political problems in, 584; OVERLORD,JCS role in, 577; Patton, relationswith, 387-88; Philippines, duty withMacArthur in, 611; photos of, 432(#46,50, 52, 62); press, relations with, 488;promotion policy of, 498; relief of offi­cers by, 455; SHAEF commander,appointment as, 344; Soviets, rela­tions with, 508; staffs influence on,624; strategy re taking Berlin andPrague, 416-17; TORCH operation,386,582

Elizabeth II, 165Eltinge, LeRoy, 199Ely, Hanson E., 152Embick, Stanley D., 340,518,522,626Erickson, Hjalrnar,229; photo of, 208(#21)European Recovery Program. See Mar-

shall PlanEvatt, H. v., 435-36

Ferguson, Homer, 410Fish, Sidney, photo of, 208(#21)Fishing, 33, 63-64, 77, 145,548Fitzsimmons, Frank, 48

Flying, 310-11, 557Flying Tigers, 604. See also Chennault,

Claire L.Foch, Ferdinand, 219, 239-40, 450Fontainebleau, France, 232Football, 86,93, 109, 119-20,613Forrestal, James V., photo of, 432(#60)Fort Benning, Ga., 511-12. See also

Infantry SchoolFort Clark, Tex., 144-45Fort Defiance, Ohio, 32Fort Douglas, Utah, 177Fort Hollablrd, Md., 613Fort Knox, Ky., 364Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 159Fort Leavenworth army schools: airmen's

reluctance to attend, 311; attend, Mseeks permission to, 150; Cavalry vs.Infantry at, 151; competition level at,153, 160; complex orders and regula­tions, tendency for, 543; evaluation byM of, 161; German model for, 151,153; graduation necessary to attendWar College, 311; importance of train­ing for M, 160; Infantry and CavalrySchool, 152-53; preparation of M for,151, 156-57; reform of, 306, 605;School of the Line, name change of,152; social life at, 158; Staff College,competition for admission to, 153;study habits learned by Mat, 157, 160;success of Mat, 39; tactical problemsat, 151-52; training manuals, reformof, 306; WWI conduct, influence on,157-58, 160-61

Fort Logan H. Roots, Ark., 166Fort McKinley, P.l., 137, 175Fort Necessity, 29-30Fort Reno, Okla., 144-47, 149-50Fort Sill, Okla., 242, 451Foulois, Benjamin D., 163Fox, William J., 2-3France: aircraft sales by U.S. to, 5i4-15;

civilian supply needs of, 393; decora­tions, U.S, soldiers' efforts to get, 500;Free French, rearming of, 611; Indo­China, Roosevelt's attitude re, 567;labor strikes during M's visits as secre­tary of state, 560; leaders, M's acquain­tance with, 237 39, 333; M's attitude

Index tI 635

re, 191-92, 385-86; North Africancommanders, U.S. lack of influenceon, 584; partisans in, 465-66; Sovietattitude toward, 325; U.S. aversion topostwar responsibility for, 333

-army: Aerial Division, 234; "enprincipe," M's reaction to phrase,209-10; expectations re U.S. troops,238-39; morale in 1918, 212; Moroc­can Division, 200, 239; promotion,speed of, 228; relations with U.S.Army, 205-9; troop-moving efficiencyof,232

Franeo-Prussian War, 153, 155-56Fredendall, Lloyd R., 616Frederika, Queen of Greece, 621Freehoff, William F., photo of, 208(#33)French language, M's ability in, 214,236-

37Frick, Henry C., 69, 106Froisy, France, 233--34Frontier tradition, influence on army of,

30,260,280Fuller, J. F. C., 528, 542Fuqua, Stephen 0., 152, 210

Gadd,George,25,27-28,37,73Gardner, Fletcher, 126-27General Staff: air travel required by M,

310-11; airmen under-represented on,276-77, 310-13; congressional pres­sure to reduce, 201, 202-3; contin­gency plans, danger of later publication,624; demobilization effects on, 571;establishment of, 121; G-2, weak­nesses of, 439-41, 589, 597; opposi­tion to air forces by, 340; plans by, Mrefuses to prejudge, 622; politicalduties of, 449-50; presses M to opposepresident on mobilization, 304; quali­fications for membership on, 504;quality of, 505, 572; rotation of offi­cers on, reasons for, 200; secretary,role of, 504; strategic briefings for M,methods of, 352-55; U.S. Navy, officerexchanges sought with, 504; VMIalumni on, 626; woman added to,337-38; War Plans Division, personnel

of, 626; young officers on, M'sattempts to get, 504-5

Geneva, Pa., 46George VI, 520-21George, C. J. (aide), 6-7, 8, 11, 12, 16,

504Germany: air force, 298; artillery produc­

tion in, 517; Bavarian NationalRedoubt, possibility of, 398-99; bitter­ness in U.S. toward, 326; commandrelationship, quality of; 451; LatinAmerican influence of, 284-85; occu­pation of, 332; occupation zones in,322-23, 334; Ruhr, conquest of, 323;surrender to western Allies preferred,508; war preparations by, 288

-army: fighting qualities of, 479, 620-21;mass surrenders, U.S. handling of,323-25; oral divisional orders in, 543,prewar officer corps of, 440; 7th armyand Patton, 547, troops, characteris­tics of, 472; weakness on WesternFront of, 580

Gerow, Leonard T., 249, 614, 626Giraud, Henri, 584, 597, 601, 616Gisors, France, 232, 233Gist, Christopher, 29Godfrey, David E., 97-98Gondrecourt, France, 217Government, military. See School of Mili­

tary GovernmentGovernment routine, difficulty of chang-

ing, 166Grant, Ulysses S., 407, 621Grant, Walter S., 220-21Great Britain. See United KingdomGreat White Fleet, 21Griepenkerl, Otto F. W. T., 153, 154-55Griffith, H., photo of, 208(#21)Griswold, O. W., photo of, 208(#21)Groves, Leslie R., 421Guadalcanal, 352, 370, 380, 412, 523-24,

584,615

Hagan, John C., 7Hagood,Johnson, 173, 177,543Haig, Sir Douglas, 240Halifax, Lord, 510

636 -(:( MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

"W':: I

Halsey, William F., 365-·66, 376-78, 397,568,609

Halstead, Laurence, 174, 177Handy, Thomas T., 249,626Harbord, James G., 90, 112, 188Harding, Edwin F., 370--71; photos of,

208(#29, 33)Harding, Warren G., 107, 187, 248, 250Harriman, W. Averell, 335, 623Harrison, Ross G., 423, 425Harvard University, 336, 558Haskell, Helen, 56Hastings, Warren, trial of, 553-54Hawaiian Islands: aircraft reinforcements

for, 293; defense of, 274; navy overallcommand desired by M, 595

Heffner, William J. (aide), 8--10Heintzelman, Stuart, 537Henderson, D. L., photo of, 208(#21)Henderson, Leon, 445Herron, Charles D., 152,470Hershey, Louis B., 502Hess, Rudolf, 553-54Hill, John P., photo of, 208(#21)Hillman, Sidney, 445Hines, John L., photo of, 208(#18)Hiss, Alger, 405History: reading interests of M as child,

81; teaching in Uniontown schools of,30

Hobby, Oveta Culp, 363-64Hodges, Courtney H., 387Hodson, Fremont B., photo of, 208(#33)Hoffman, Paul G., 560Hollandia operations, 378HoImes, Charles B., photo of, 208(#21)Holmes, J. B., photo of, 208(#21)Homestead (Pa.) strike, 106Hoover, Herbert, 248Hopkins, Harry L., 431, 477-78; health

of, 581, M, relations with, 604; role of,332, 418, 433-34, 608; and Sovietlend-lease, 319, supreme comman­der's job, feels out M re, ,143-44; andTeheran Conference, 342; visits U.Kwith M, 580

Homer, Henry, 579Hossfeld, Henry, 130Houston, USS, 328, 515Howard, Roy, 575

Huebner, Clarence R., 543Hugo, Jean, 206, 209, 217Hull, Cordell, 521, 756Hull, John E., 243,338--39, 534, 625, 626Humphrey, C. B., 134Hurley, Patrick J., 513, 565-57Husted family, 74

Ice cream powder for army, 578Illinois National Guard, 256India, M's knowledge of, 553-54, 555Indian wars (U.S.), 31-33Indo-China, French return to, 567Industrial mobilization, 331, 444, 517-18Infantry divislons, time required to pre-

pare and transport, 591, 598-1st (WWl): Oantigny sector, fighting in,

236-37; casualties of, 233; French fly­ers, careful treatment of, 234; Frenchimpressions of, 190-91; German offen­sive of 1918, movements re, 232-34;German raid defeated by, 238; Meuse­Argonne concentration, 222-23; readi­ness of, 189-90, 260; Sedan affair,227-29; staff of, 152; training inFrance of, 192,232-33, 537; transfersof officers from, 193; trip to France of,189-93

-1st, 512; 2d, 233; 3d, 233, 511, 556;10th Mountain, 551, 594, 598; 27th,484, 530 31; 28th 394, 578; 42d,227-29,243; 90th, 613-14

Infantry Journal, 158Infantry regiments: 4th, 166; 30th, 129­

30, 144, 208(#13)Infantry School (Fort Benning, Ga.),

542-45,605Inspector General's Department, 458Isla de Negros (Philippine ship), 121-24,

131-32Ismay, Sir Hastings, 621, 623Italy, 411,482-83Iwo Jima, importance of, 428

Jackson, Andrew, 28Jackson, Stonewall (Thomas J.), influ­

ence on M of, 99

Index -(:( 637

•

Jahn, Gunnar, photo of, 432(#71)Japan: attitude of U.S., problems with

changes in, 326-27; defeat, U.S. plansfor, 369; invasion, U.S. plans for, 424;and Kwantung Army, 351; navy, effectsof broken codes on, 410-11; occupa­tion, struggle for control of, 244,377-78; peace feelers to Soviets, 425;pressures to end war with U.S., 420;Soviet Union, fighting in Manchuriaby, 351; troops, characteristics of, 472

-surrender: refusal of troops to, 428;unexpected suddenness of, 496, 538;U.S. nced to shock into, 423-25,447

Japanese Americans: fighting units of, needfor, 470-71; internment of, 509

Jeep, development of, 267, 449Joan of Arc, 214Joffre, Joseph J., 194, 237, 239Johnson, Hugh A., 270Johnson, Louis A., 312, 503, 621-22Johnson, Philip G., 310, 620Joint Army-Navy Board, 511Joint Chiefs of Staff: Air Forces member­

ship on, 298,314-15, 358, 431, 595,601; Leahy's role on, 431-33; politicaldiplomatic issues, consideration of,414-15,617

Jouatte, Mme, 217-18Juin,Alphonse,333,584,597,601Jumonville, defeat of, 33Jungle warfare, 266

Kaskaskia, seizure of (1778), 30-31Keehn, Roy D., 579-80Kennan, George F., 559--63Kilpatrick (army transport), 121King, Campbell, 152, 211; photo of,

208(#18)King, Ernest J., 337; atomic bomb cost,

shock re, 424; British assistance inPacific, opposition to, 376, 428; JCS,disapproves of Leahy's role on, 431­32, 624; photos of, 432(#41, 44, 47,52, 53, 55, 56); relations with M,434-35, 593; relations with secretaryof the navy, 622; Soviet help against

Japan, stand re, 404; TORCH, approvesof, 581; U.K. visit with M (July 1942),580-81

King,Mackenzie, photo of, 432(#47)Kinkaid, Thomas C., 378-79Kinney, George C., 245Kipling, Rudyard,96Knights of Columbus, 200Knox, Frank,521,622Knox, Philander C., 46, 85Knudsen, William S., 329, 445Korean War: air superiority not enough

in, 290-91; production, lead time for,293; troop preparation, time for, 442;weakness of U.S. position in, 327

Krock, Arthur, 527Krueger, Walter, 157, 579Kuegle, Albert S., photo of, 208(#27)Kuter, Laurence S., photo of, 432(#56)

Labor, army relations with, 445Lafollette, Philip F., 353Landing craft and LSTs, 364, 415, 611Lane, D. T., photo of, 208(#21)Language problems in negotiations, 210Language teaching, weaknesses in, 102Lanham, Charles T., 543Latin America, German threat to, 284­

85,584Lawyers, 561Leadership: action demanded of in demo­

cratic society, 622; danger of "dash­ing" action, 387-88; lessons of VMI re,116-18; personal follow-up, necessityof,450

League of Nations, 247Leahy, William D.: atomic bomb develop­

ment, knowledge of, 422, 424; Japaninvasion, attitude re, 568; JCS chair­man, M's role in arranging, 431-33,623-24; joke by M backfires, 336;Petain, attitude re, 385; photos of,432(#47, 53, 55-56); Soviet helpagainst Japan, attitude re, 404; Yalta,role at, 403

Lear, Ben: manpower mission to Europe,390-91, 532, 578; Yoo-hoo incidentand the press, 487

638 * MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

Leard, Emil W., photo of, 208(#33)Lee, John C. H., 533, 626-27Lee, Robert K, 99, 407Lehrbas, Lloyd A., 579Lend-lease, 318--19; influence on army of,

339; reverse lend-lease, role of, 446;Soviet behavior, use proposed toaffect, 574; testimony by M re, 574-75

Leviathan (army transport), 531Lexington, Va.: age of town, 34, 94; cadet

activities in, 96-97; changes since Mwas cadet, 98; Pershing's visit to, 99

Life magazine, 286,303,308,410,462Liggett, Hunter, 177, 508Lilysville, Ga., 489Lincoln, George A. 572,590Lindburgh, Charles A., 270Lindsey, Catharine, 28-29, 73Liston, Howard J., photo of, 208(#33)Ljubljana Gap, 549-50Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 299Lothian, Lord, 523Lovett, Robert A., 12, 563; photo of,

432(#65)Lualjadi, Eduardo, 136Luce, Clare Boothe, 353, 592Luce, Henry R, 575Luray, Va., land speculation in, 69-70Lutz, R H., photo of, 208(#21)

Maastricht, Netherlands, 538-39MacArthur, Arthur, 183MacArthur, Douglas, 327; ANvIL (1944),

opposition to, 556; atomic bomb devel­opment, knowledge of, 423; Australia,arrival in (1942), 244; Australians, rela­tions with, 509; capture by 1st Division(1918), 229; European theater, reluc­tant to accept officers from, 429; FarEast army forces, M proposes as com­mander of, 295; history, penchant forwriting for, 625; hostility to, denied byM, 243-45; Japan invasion, attitude re,569-70; Japan occupation, commandof, 377-78; Medal of Honor, 244-45,377; navy, attitude re, 365, 376-77,569; Philippines, evacuation of, 609;Philippines, reinforcements for, 291­92; political ambitions of, 608-9; repri­mand by M softened by staff, 605; and

Soviet attack in Manchuria (1945),351, 405-6; and St. Mihiel operation(1918), 221; staffs attitude re out­siders, 427; strategy, M approves of,365-66, 376, 428; supplies, shortagesof, 245; temperament of, 365-66, 608­9; visitors to theater, restrictions on427

MacNider, Hanford, 566Madison Barracks, N.Y., 162Malta Conference, 400-401,540-41,550Maneuver Division (Texas, 1911), 162, 166

169-70Manhattan Project, 421. See also Atomic

bombMap problems, Metz and Gettysburg,

153-54March, Peyton C., 112-13, 248, 268-69,

507Marshall, Elizabeth C. (first wife), xi; dat­

ing M at VMI, 91, 94, 102; death, 94;health, 94, 167; musical ability, 94;Philippine tour (1913-16), 171; photosof, 208(#10-11, 16)

Marshall, George C.: accent of, 101-2;brevity, interest in, 543-45; briefingsand press conferences, ability at, 354­56; civilian awards received, xiv; danc­ing, 36, 68 69, 96; European vacation(1910), 162, 165, 167-69,232; garden­ing, interest in, 23-25, 53, 57, 149-50,519-20; hand-eye coordination, weak­ness of, 40; honeymoon (1902), 94-95;honorary degrees, xiv, 336-38; horse­back riding, 107, 110-11, 142, 158,246-47; hunting, 29, 77, 145, 158, 596,599-600; interviewed by Pogue, 6-17;interviews for Pogue, weaknesses in,473-74; Jaeger underwear in WWI,189; liquor, drinking of, 111, 133, 138,142; memoirs of World War I, 10-11;memory for names, 474, 606; modestyof, 603; personalities, reluctance tocomment on, 425, 524-25; pho­tographs and papers, loss of, 65; plan­ning and execution, relation of, 527,556, 558, 562-63; plot alleged to makevice-president, 453-54; postwar criti­cisms, response to, 570; presidentialcandidate, support as, 344-45; publicspeaking, early problems With, 55;relaxation on air trips, 450--51; rulesand limits, tolerance of, 97, 115, 146;

Index fr: 639

servants of, 131, 146; subtlety neededin bureaucratic dealings, 262-63; swear­ing by, 548; temper, political necessityof holding, 450; Virginian, M's view ofself as, 250

-·anecdotes by:-childhood: ant trail, 61-62; Bli-gun

holdup and escape, 38; cockfightraid, escape from, 37-38; ferry sink­ing and nonpaying girls, 22; fightingwith bees, 56; fired as church organpumper, 54·-55; first look at theworld, 19-20; flower selling, middle­man's problems re, 25; geologicalsurvey and the bird, 34-36; militaryadventure (cow's attack), 77; pool­room and keeping your mouth shut,40; raising tomatoes for sale, 23-24;restaurant operating, 26

--VMl: strawberry shortcake silence, 97­98; Washington trip re army exam­ination permission, 85

-early career: Calapan track meet andshow, 127-29; crocodile-stream scare,141; Del Monte sporting set's train­ing, 178-81; grasshopper pate, 176­77; Isla de Negros and the typhoon,123; Soapsuds Row, painting of, 147,149-50; "Trip" (dog) remembers M,41-42

-WWl and interwar years: Brazilorphanage visit, 271-72; "DaddyLong-Legs" story encourages brevity,544-45; 1st Division defendedagainst Pershing, 197-98; 1st Divi­sion review (1917),194-96; Pershingat New Market battlefield, 84--85;telephone operator's job saved,i86-87; whiskey for Senator Moses,III

--WWlI: Admiral King kept waiting,435-36; army camp town, M's expe­rience with, 489; barber's briefing reLjubljana Gap, 550; chaplain andsurrendering Germans, 324-25;falling asleep during SWNCC meet­ing, 521; Mme Jouatte's Americanvisitors, 217-18; Yalta gifts and pur­chases, 506-7

--post-WWII: Amherst College speech,unprepared for, 336-37; Brown Uni­versity commencement, 338; buyingthe Packard with Chester Davis, 579;

Cub Scouts' visit re feeding Europe,46-47

-challenges, meeting of: Batangas maneu­ver supplies (1914), 173; Calapan trackmeet and show (1902), 127-29; criti­cizing citizens' camp training (1916),178-81; crocodile-stream scare (1902),141; defending 1st Division against Per­shing (1917), 197-98; FDR's desire foraircraft (1938), 108-9; ferryboat sink­ing and nonpaying girls (late 1880s),22; silence given at VMI (1901), 97-98;tank design controversy (1941), 289­90; training camps, supplies for (1917),184--86

-childhood and adolescence: athleticability of, 86, 109-10, 120; bicycle rid­ing, 45-46; card games, 22, 56; chickenraising, 57 58; Christmas, 79-80; cock­fighting, interest in, 24-25, 27, 36-37;defective arm, 86, 89, 109-10; diseasesand illnesses, 43, 110; education, pri­mary, 28-29, 39, 43-44, 76, 81-82;farming, knowledge of, 45; first memo­ries of, 19-20; Fourth of July, 80;friends, description of, 73-75; isolationfrom world, 46-48; Kodak camera, useof, 24; large feet of, 83; musical abilityof, 82, 105-6; nickname of, 72-73, 75;political interests and views, 52, 71;Ponderosa tomato, naming of, 23-24;root beer, making and selling, 27;spelling, ability in, 28-29, 73; swim­ming, 43. See also M: reading, books,and periodicals

-children, M and: baseball team in thePhilippines, 174; Brazil orphanage visit,271-72; Cub Scouts visit secretary ofstate, 46-47

--reading, books, and periodicals: Every­man's Library, 552, 554; G. A. Hentybooks, 555; histories, 81; newspapersread as chief of staff, 486; reading as achild, 54-55, 58, 67-68, 76, 83-84,103, 107, 110; reading at VMI, 95-96;reading on air trips, 451; Sir Nigelseries, 113, 165; westerns, 45; WWlI,reading on, 606

-career:--U.S. Army (1902-45): aide assign-

ments, reasons for, 177-78, 215,508; aide to Pershing, 239-40; aidesto M, 503-4; air forces, becomes

640 ~ MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

Marshall, George C. (continued)familiar with, 276, 310 13; assign­ments, xi-xiii; attacks red tape inFrance (1919), 531-32; commandexperience, lack of, 590; croix deguerre, 491; decision to have career,58, 89, 115; decorations listed,xiii-xiv; dengue fever (1903), 137;extemporaneous presentations, abil­ity at, 405--6; first battle experienceof, 200; flexibility, need for, 539;Governors Island political pressures(1917),181-82,184-86; hardest ser­vice, 144; Infantry Journal, associ­ate editor of, 158; Infantry School,535, 542-45; learning to workrapidly, 186; Leavenworth's impacton, 156-57; low profile, need for attimes, 166; offices in Washington,503; paperwork, early introductionto, 142-43; personal inspection,necessity of, 450-51, 512, 579; prais­ing efficiency in minor jobs, need for,187-88; promotion, delays in, 211,213, 215, 507-8; ranks held anddates, xi-xiii; sense of humor, needfor, 144; simplification of procedure,insists on, 542-45; spit-and-polish,role of, 251-52 .

-chief of staff (1939-45): age issue, Msuggests he resign over, 477-78;appointment as, 312; around-the­world trip (1943), 591; atomic bomb,use on Japan of, 424-25; Australiaand New Zealand, acts as go-betweenfor, 435; biennial report (1941),535,594, 600; bridge over Rhine namedfor, 538; busy schedule of, 591; casu­alties, letters to parents of, 529-30;decorations, refusal of during war,335-36; directives, follow-up neces­sary for, 512; European aristocracy,acquaintance with, 585, 592; Euro­pean trip (1944), 246, 354; five-starrank, M's opposition to, 456; flying,importance of, 450-51; foreign pol­icy, M worries little re (1939-41),204; hardest function as chief ofstaff, 556; health of, 578; "I" used incables, 541; inspections, need fornumerous, 379-80; London trips(1942),434,437,580,584-85; majorgeneral's rank, promotion to, 312;

naval officers, relations with, 570,593; Negro troops, M's mistake re,458-59, 499; Netherlands Antilles,defense of, 519-20; promotion-reliefpolicies, enemies made by, 454; PXsystem, establishment of, 358-61;relief, desire for (1945),454; resigna­tion, threats of, 203, 300, 502-3,591; salary as, 218; status of chief ofstaff in War Department, 315-16;stepsons and the army, 497-98, 585;supreme allied commander, possibil­ity of appointment as, 341, 343-45,582-83, 592; VMI alumni secretary,warns not brag re grads, 249, 626;WWIl, most trying time of, 523

---China Mission (1945-47): ChangHsueh-llang, possible role of, 367;Chiang Kai-shek, relations with, 607;KMT-CCPquarrel re Japanese equip­ment, 367; language problems innegotiations, 210, 607; M's knowl­edge of Chinese language during,118; mob violence, M protests re,575

-Secretary of State (1947-49): atti­tudes re Europe, problem withchanges in Ll.S,, 326; bipartisanship,criticized for lack of, 527; flying,near-accident during, 557; MoscowForeign Ministers Conference (1947),342, 524, 561; NATO, rejects de Lat­tre for command in, 333; salary as,218; speeches at commencementsas, 336-38; visit to Mme Jouatte,218. See also Marshall Plan

-Secretary of Defense (1950-51):interservice squabbles, 311; Korea,visit to, 525; State Department, rela­tions With, 576; supply lead times,339; trained troops, time needed toproduce, 627; and defense cuts, 572

Marshall, George C., Sr. (father), xi, 21, 23,24; appearance of, 65; assassinationattempt on, 106; Augusta (Ky.) homeof, 62; character of, 67; Civil War, par­ticipation in, 58, 63; coke interests of,69; death of, 163; father of, 103-4; fra­ternal orders, membership in, 63;genealogy, interest in, 60-61, 86, 104;history lessons given by, 29-30; hunt­ing and fishing trips with M, 29, 63-64;land speculation in Virginia, failure of,

Index "* 641

69-70; M's school accomplishments,impatience re, 39; moves to Pennsylva­nia, 34, 63, 69; new things, interest in,27; photo of, 208(#10); political activi­ties of, 71, 89; Saturday entertaining inUniontown, 54; social acceptance inUniontown, 71; winter sledding by, 51

Marshall, John (chief justice), 60, 86Marshall, Katherine T. (second wife), xi,

28; aides, problems re lack of, 504; M'srelaxation, displeasure with interfer­ence with, 596-97, 599-600; Patton'soutrageousness, comment re, 545, 582;photos of, 208(#35), 432(#39, 49, 60,63, 70); secrets, M does not tell, 585;speech by, on training of soldiers,370-71, 371; visits Mme Jouatte inFrance, 218

Marshall, Laura B. (mother), xi; character. of, 37-38, 65, 67; cockfighting, opposi­

tion to, 24-25; dogs, fondness for, 52;family of, 59-60; father of, 103-4;home after husband's death, 65, 163­64; husband's experimenting, objec­tions to, 27; musical ability of, 82, 105;pays for M to go to VMI, 70; photo of,208(#10); radio set for, 164-65; Satur­day entertaining in Uniontown, 54;social acceptance in Uniontown,' 71

Marshall, Marie L. (sister), xi, 11, 28, 56,67,68-69,82,105; photos of, 208(#2­3,10)

Marshall, S. L. A., 3-4, 6Marshall, Stuart B. (brother), xi, 19, 39­

40, 58, 59-60, 76-77, 78-79, 82, 105;photos of, 208(#2, 10)

Marshall Plan: dissertation written about,614; European reaction expected to,558-59; farmers, reasons for oppositionto, 556-57; Harvard speech, 336,558-59; idea for, few consulted re, 559;Moscow and Europe visit, influence onM of, 561; passage of bill, M's role in,527, 556-59; Soviet rejection of, 559;women's groups, role in bill's passage,527

Martin, Edward, 578Martin, William McChesney, Jr., 201, 299­

300Masaryk, Jan, 398Massachusetts National Guard, 159, 170-·

71Materiel: educational orders for, 261;

quantity production of, 291, 293; stan­dards of manufacturing, demands forlowering of, 304

Mathews, William R, 582Maysville, Ky., 104McAndrew, James W., 231-32, 531-32McCarthy, Frank, 6-·7, 16, 248-49; duties

as secretary, General Staff, 505; fishingtrips with M, 548; visits president inplace of M, 620; Yalta Conference, giftsand purchases at, 506-7

McCarthy, Joseph, 393, 580, 589McCloy, John J., 244, 336-37, 570; Japan­

ese Americans, internment of, 509;MacArthur as Japan occupation com­mander, supporter of, 377-78; occupa­tion zones in Europe, designation of,322; segregation and Negro troops, rolere, 459, 499; Stimson, relations with,409-10

Mcflormiek, Robert R, 557, 580McCoy, Frank R, 189, 193,326-27McIntosh, James, 566McIntyre, Marvin H., 298, 595, 601McKeany, D., photo of, 208(#21)McKinley,William, 86McLain, Raymond S., 578, 614McNair, Lesley J.: M's roommate on boat to

France (1917),189; photo of, 432(#43);training, director of, 305-6, 465; wound­ing and death of, 307

McNamey, Joseph T., 627; photo of,432(#43)

Medical Corps, 457Mellett, Lowell,463,464,485Metropolitan Club, 444Meuse-Argonne (i9lS): battle of, 225-26;

concentration for, 155, 160, 221-24Meyer, Eugene, 587-88, 601Midway, battle of, 523-24Miles, Nelson, 100Military Training Camps Association, 304Miller, J. Clifford, 5Mitchell, W. A., photo of, 208(#21)Molly Maguires, 106Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 343, 441, 559Monongahela City, Pa., 59Monte Casino, bombing of, 397Monteiro, Pedro G6es, 271Montgomery, Sir Bernard L., 452; Eisen­

hower's move to Normandy, influenceon, 386-87; and EI Alamein offensive,594, 600; M's attitude re, 345-46, 369-

642 * MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

r:'

Montgomery, Sir Bernard L. (continued)70, 391; supreme commander in Europe,possibility of becoming, 400-402

Moore, H. T., photo of, 208(#21)Morale: air evacuation of wounded, impor­

tance of, 606; beer, production forarmy of, 482, 578; civilian inspectorsmonitor for M, 488; "coddling" of sol­diers, 481-82; combat leaders' ten­dency to ignore rear areas, 539, 577­78; decorations and ribbons, impor­tance of, 490-92; education, need for,462-64, 471, 481; foreign fighting,problems re, 443, 529-30, 625; "forgot­ten" troops, 353, 482-83, 592; going­home rumors, effects of, 471-72, 482;"little things," importance of, 577-78;monotony, effects of, 471; news cover­age, effects of, 313, 482; over-age offi­cers, dangers in removal of, 477-78;pilots, War Department concern for,438; PX, importance of establishing infighting zones, 360-61,482; replace­ments, importance of, 381, 592, 625;spit-and-polish, effects of, 460; studyof, 488; Thanksgiving turkey dinnersfor, 482; 30th Infantry field day andshow (1902), 127-29; wounded, newsof their units for, 498-99

Moran,Lord,588,602Moreno, Aristides, photo of, 208(#27)Morgan, Frederick E., 322, 588Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.: aircraft sales,

handling of, 514-15; army budget,influence on, 328-30; industrial mobi­lization, leadership in, 475; Roosevelt,relations with, 515-16

Morgenthau Plan for Germany, 395, 573Morrison,JohnR, 151-52,156-57, 160Moses, George H., 111Mott, John R., 362Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 368, 580, 584-

85,593,605,608,611Murphy, Frank, 297, 298Murphy, John B., 184, 186Murphy, Robert D., 576, 596Mustard gas, use in WWIof, 235

National Association of Manufacturers, 557National Defense Advisory Commission,

329,515-16

National Guard: Mas instructor with, 158­62, 170-71; officers, problems re, 255­56,454,578-79,607; political pressureson, 579; preparation for service, timeneeded for, 256-58; regulations, simpli­fication needed in, 162; training, prob­lems re, 255-56, 469; troops in WWII,371; weaknesses in, 255-57, 619. Seealso units by state

National Guard Bureau, 90National War College, and State Depart-

ment students, 562Negroes. See African AmericansNeidert, C. W., photo of, 208(#21)Nelson, Donald, 359, 445, 623, 624NEPTUNE Operation (1944), 551Netherlands Antilles, defense of, 519-20Neufchateau, France, 214New Mexico National Guard, 511, 530New Orleans Times-Picayune, 95New Zealand, 397, 435, 566, 609Newsome, Florence T., 337-38Nichols, Edward W., 95Nicholson, Leonard K.,91, 93-94, 95, 117Nimitz, Chester W., 365, 377, 609Nivelle, Robert, 237Norden bombsight, 514Norstand, Lauris, 439North African invasion (1942). See TORCH

OperationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, 333,

561Norway, heavy-water plant in, 467,551

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 483-85Officer Candidate School (OCS): estab­

lishment of, 299-300, 461; expansion,M's opposition to rapid, 481; impor­tance of, 309

Officers: age, problem of advancing, 477,534-35; elimination system, lack of,533-34; lieutenant generals bill, 347­49; relief from combat of, 533-34, 578;senior pilots, domination of air forcesby, 438; temporary, handling com­plaints from, 483; wives, secrets told to,585. See also National Guard

-commanders: control of, 241, 578; dar­ing, need for, 340, 540, 612; deteriora­tion of, without responsibility, 535;emphasis by HQ on his zone, desire for,

Index * 643

556, 564, 584; M's occasional angerwith, 243-44; maneuvers, importanceof, 460-61; motor transport trainingfor, 613; personal oversight, necessityof, 451; physical vigor, need for, 455,477; popularity, dangers of seeking,371; quality of (1945), 473; rear areas,problems re, 395-96, 532-33, 577;reassignment and relief, problems re,390-91, 452-53, 456; subordinates,methods used to eliminate unwanted,452-53; theater commanders, 478, 611;wives, influence of, 347

-commissions: battlefield, idea for, 309;civilian experts, handling of, 310; polit­ical pressures re, 182, 184-86; selec­tion, WWI experience re, 269

-noncommissioned: separation fromtroops, need for, 619; shortage of, 510,535

-promotions: alternative to relief, usedas, 578; combat area vs. rear area, dif­ferences in, 213, 489-90, 497-98;delays in, 490; ground vs. air, differ­ences in, 313, 436; joke re rapidity of,498, 615; Roosevelt's opposition toincreasing number of brigadier gener­als, 349, 490; senior colonels, accumu­lation of, 476-77, 533; temporary,authority to make, 610

-staff officers: commander's attitudes,danger of copying, 243-44, 248, 269,373, 605; conservatism of, 340, 612,622; harshness, danger of, 211, 241

-training: Plattsburg vs. OCS style, 202,481; enlisted ranks, time needed in,309; instructors, shortage of, 201-2,480; World War I, 190-91

Officers' Reserve Corps: senior officers,training for, 306-7; weaknesses of, 258

OHIO movement (1941), 286, 298, 303Okinawa, battle of, 423, 428Oklahoma (musical play), 554O'Laughlin, John C., 591-92, 599Ordnance Department: conservative atti-

tude of, 268; problems of, 261, 266, 304OVERLORD Operation (1944): bombing

preparation for, 397-98, 621; Britishcriticism of, 321, 528; JCS, role of, 577;Mas possible commander for, 322; prep­arations for, 590

Palmer, John MeA., 193-94, 251Panama, government of, 584Panama Canal, 284-85, 296Paris, France, 169,193,229-30Parish, J. C., photo of, 208(#21)Pasco, H. Merrill, 249Patch, Alexander M., 370Patterson, Frederick D., 501-2Patterson, Robert P., 202, 300, 315; photo

of,432(#60)Patton, George S., Jr.: advance through

France (1944),217; criticized inA Bellfor Adana, 455; Egypt, draws plans forU.S. troops to, 546, 581-82; leadershipability of, 547-48; outrageous state­ments, tendency to make, 546, 582,607; profanity of, 548; Rhine, crossingof, 400-401; supply limitations inFrance, 387; U.S. Navy, criticism of,581; vigor, despite age of, 477, 534;visits Mme Jouatte for M, 217-18; WarDepartment, encourages criticism of,547

Patton, Mrs. George S., Jr., 607Paul, King of Greece, 585Pawley, William, 604Pearl Harbor: Japanese codes and investi­

gation of, 409; mismanagement at, 332;patrol aircraft, shortage of, 317

Pendleton, C. P., photo of, 208(#21)Pennsylvania: bandits in, 34; labor prob­

lems in, 106; National Guard of, 49,158-62; Redstone Creek, 30, 31;Youghiogheny River, 63, 77. See alsoMarshall: childhood and adolescence;Uniontown

Pentagon Building, 503Pershing, John J.: character of, 111-12,

198-99, 240, 250; criticisms, willing­ness to take, 111-13, 198-99; FirstArmy Report, 250; and 1st Division,194-98; General Staff, young officersfor, 504; Governors Island, visit to, 188;influence on FDR, 476; intellectualacuteness, deterioration of, 591, 599;M's appointment as supreme comman­der in Europe, opposition to, 344, 583,591-92; M's travels with as aide, 109,187-88; Peyton March, attitude re,112-13, 269; photos of, 208(#23-27);post-WWIarmy reduction, response to,571-72; presidential candidacy, possi­bilityof, 251; promotion of M recom-

644 -{:;: MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

Pershing, John J. (continued)mended by, 507; Summerall, attitudere, 242; troop demobilization in France,criticism re, 382, 495; U.S. Army,impact on, 251; VMI, visit to, 84-85,248-49; YMCA, speech defending, 362

Petain, Henri P., 239-40, 385-86Peyton, Philip B., 91, 93-94, 117Philippine Islands: constabulary, M invited

to head, 202, 230; defense buildup in,291-94; grasshopper plague, 137,175-76; invasion (1944), political con­siderations re, 568-69; U.S. POW's in,530

-Insurrection of 1898-1902: army-civil­ian disagreements following, 139-40;published documents studied by M re,139-40, 171; U.S. public opinion,changes in, 326

-M's duty in (1902-3), 121-38; Calapan,arrival in, 124; cholera epidemic, 103,121, 125-27; Corregidor reservation,establishment of, 133-34; Malahi IslandPrison, 132-33; Mangarin, Mindoro,132,134-37,140-41,142,452;Manila,M's stay in, 121-22; Santa Mesa Garri­son, 132

-M's duty in (1913-16), 171-78, 508;Batangas maneuvers, 171-73,212; liv­ing conditions, changes in, 178; roadsystem, 178

Philippine Scouts, 291-92Pinho, Jack, photo of, 432(#51)Pitt, William, 552Pittsburgh, Pa., 47, 59Plattsburg movement, 182, 201-3, 299Poague, William T., 96Pogue, Forrest C., 579; army career 1-3;

Marshall Foundation, director of, 5-6;Marshall's Peace Prize ceremony,attends, 5, 7; photo of, 18; and SupremeCommand, 4-5; War Department histo­rian,3-5

Portal, Sir Charles F., 339, 429, 592-93,599, 601, 608; photos of, 432(#44, 47,56)

Potsdam Conference, 432-33Pound, Sir Dudley, 601, 608; photos of,

432(#44,47)Powder, James W. (aide), 506-7Preparedness: administration's need to go

slow re, 522; democratic system'sweakness re, 252-53, 441-42; effects

on Germany of, 290; opposition to,290,301-3; repetition of past mistakes,205; and Spanish-American War, 100­101, 191; underfunded army, effects of,510; and World War I, 190-92

Press: army newspapers, M's attitude re,486; army-navy squabbles and preju­dice, 428; columnists and the army,281, 283; commander relations, influ­ence on, 486; editorial opinion, M'sknowledge of, 486; first dealings with aschief of staff, 28; independent AirForce, pressure for, 314; influence onEisenhower's move to Normandy, 386­87, 540; influence on troops of, 472-73;M invites to Cub Scouts' visit, 47; man­power demobilization, effect on, 496;morale, influence on, 313, 353, 482­83, 592; Patton's relations with, 387;press conferences by M, 587; RedCross, reporters' views re, 200; secrecyand leaks, 286, 320; State Departmentplanning staff, reaction to, 563; treat­ment by army of, 487; Victory Program(1941), leak of, 320; war's end, assump­tions re, 388; weapons controversies,involvement in, 448. See also individ­ual publications and reporters by name

Pritchett, O. A., photo of, 208(#21)Prize fights, 48Public opinion: Balkan campaign, likely

reaction to, 612; command relations,influence on, 401-2; ground vs. airforces, attitudes re, 281; occupation,effects of lengthy, 326; Philippine rein­forcements, army fears pressure re,510; preparedness, M's caution re, 302;reaction to soldiers' lack of supplies,185; service-time extension bill (1941),328; soldiers' views published, effectsof, 307-.8; war's end, frequent assump­tions re, 625

Pyle, D. H. M., photo of, 208(#21)

Quartermaster General, 492Quebec (OCTAGON) Conference, 568-69Quekemeyer, John G., photos of, 208( #24,

27)Quezon, Manuel L., 294, 326, 609

Index * 645

Radio: messages, M's first (1911), 163,166; set installed for mother, 164-65

Ranger units, 467Rayburn, Sam, 594,600Red Cross: criticisms of, 199-200,362-63;

M's traveling for, 527Remagen Bridge (Germany), 401Reserve Officers' Training Corps, 501-2Rhodes, operation proposed for, 321, 621Ridgway, Matthew B., 272, 429, 465, 468Rifle, controversy over, 447Roberts,Frank,570Robyn, Alfred G., 82Rome, M's visits to, 167-68Roosevelt, Franklin D.: aircraft produc­

tion, interest in, 108--9,446, 476; andarmy budget, 328--30,517-18; attemptsto call M "George," 108--9; Balkans,interest in, 339, 590; Casablanca Con­ference, opposes large staff for, 608;caution re troops for "sideshows, " 545;China, interest in, 372, 604; Churchill,communications with, 413; congress­men's dislike of, 303, 331-32, 582-83;conspiracy to get U.S. into war, M re,522; dislikes having issues on record,373, 623; Embick, attitude toward,522; field commanders, contact with,401, 541, 605; influences on, 372, 450,590; Leahy's role as chief of staff to,431-32; leased bases, rejects army con­struetion program in, 522; M's relationswith, 109,203, 297,302,304,329-31,343-44, 349, 415, 449, 453, 515-17,551, 590, 620, 627; M's resignation forage, rejection of, 478; military gover­nors, deployment delayed, 454-55;mobilization, reluctance to press, 297­99, 301; navy, relations with, 259, 282,610-11; photos of, 432(#41, 44, 47, 55,56); physical appearance at Yalta, 402,406; political gestures, influence onmilitary policy of, 415, 590, 599; quar­antine of aggressors speech, 270; secre­tiveness of, 413; Stalin, message of 5April 1945 to, 417; supreme allied com­mander, decision re, 344; tactics fordealing with, 282, 418--19, 476, 516­17, 620; TORCH and 1942 election cam­paign, 593; unfavorable documents,handling of, 373; "Why We Fight" films,interest in, 463

Roosevelt, Theodore, 11,201,583-84

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 197, 228--29,236, 583

Root, Elihu, 561Root, Elihu, Jr., 299Roper, Elmo, 603Rostand, Maurice, 550ROUNDUP plan (1942), 580-81, 584, 587,

593, 597-98, 601-2Rumbough, J. W., photo of, 208(#21)Russell, Lillian, 36Russell Island, 370Ryder, Charles W., 323

St. Clair, Arthur, 31St. Mehiel operation (1918), 219-21St. Nazaire, France, 191-93St. Pierre and Miquelon, seizure of, 509-10Salvation Army, 199-200,361-63San Francisco, Calif., Min, 187-88Sanz, Padre Isidro, 122, 136-37Sayre, Francis B., 609School of Military Government, 452-55,

612School of the Line. See Fort Leavenworth

army schoolsSecrecy: atomic bomb production facility

locations, problems of, 474-75; diffi­culty in maintaining, 354, 409-11; offi­cers tell wives too much, 585; TORCHoperation and State Department, 576

Sedan, France, 227-29Seligman, Germain, 237Shannon, G. S., photo of, 208(#21)Sheppard, Morris, 347Sheridan, Philip, 155-56Sherman (army transport), 137-38Sherrill, Clarence 0., 174Sherwood, Robert E., 372Shipp, Scott, 99Shipping, shortages of, 412Shock, Jay R., photo of, 208(#21)Sibert, William L.: Del Monte training

camp, 178-80, 188; 1st Division staff,requests M for, 188; Pershing, troublewith, 195-97; relief of, 210-11

Silvester, Lindsay McD., 614Singleton, Mrs. Asa L., photo of, 208(#16)SLEDGEHAMMER plan (1942), 579-81, 584,

589,595Slim, William J., 364, 605Smith, Holland M., 370, 508

646 i:r MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

Smith, Truman, 440Smith, Walter 8.: Army Band, publicity for,

502; Baruch, relations with, 484; Eisen­hower, role under, 624, 627; jeep,development of, 267; Lear mission, dis­pleasure re, 533, 578; Malta Confer­ence, role in, 400, 541--42; morale inrear areas, tendency to ignore, 539;ass, relations with, 485; political dutieson General Staff of, 449-50; SHAEFbriefing procedures, M critical of, 354

Smuts, Jan C., 621Snyder, Howard McC, 458Scissons, battle of, 219Sornervell, Brehon B.: Alaska, returning

troops from, 381-<32; atomic bombdevelopment, role in, 421; Hopkins,relations with, 433; M's relations with,445, 626; passed-over officers, accumu­lation in service forces of, 533--34; pho­tos of, 432(#43, 53)

Soong, T. V., 372Southeast Asia Command, 368Soviet Union: aircraft from U.s. for, 514;

allied pressure for help by, 404; corn­rnand relationship, quality of, 451-52;contribution to war, 245, 415, 508;cooperation with, sought by M, 593;decoration for Mfrom, 335; defeat, pos­sibilityof, 574, 580, 589; France, atti­tude re, 325; Germans fear to surrenderto, 508; Japan, entry into war against,341; 351, 404-6, 427; Korea, reactionto M's visit to, 525; lend-lease suppliesfor, 318·-19; occupation money printedby, 394; offensive of January 1945,delay in, 591, 599; postwar strength of,575; strategy used against U.S. (1950$),442; suspicions of U.S. and U.K., 508;troops, characteristics of, 473; U.S.Army views change re, 589, 598; U.S.attitude toward, 327-··28; U.S. efforts tocooperate With, 415

Spaarz, Carl: atomic bomb development,knowledge of, 423; General Staff, quali­fications for, 311, 314; managementexperience gained by, 437--.38; strategicbombing, attitude re, 615

Spain, worry about re TORCH, 596, 601,612

Spanish-American War: lessons of, 100;Pennsylvania National Guard's returnfrom 49; preparedness for lacking,

100-101 press attacks on military fol­lowing, 100, Stotsenburg's regiment inPhilippines, 371; U.s. isolation prior to,47-48

Stalin, Joseph, 341-43, 404, 41i-18;photo of, 432(#56)

Standing Liaison Committee, 521Stanton, J. W. R., photo of, 208(#21)Stark, Harold R., 283, 288, 589-90, 598;

photo of, 432(#41)Stars and Stripes (army newspaper), 486-­

87State Department, 327; code intercepts,

receives from army, 411; militaryattaches, uses of, 439-40; Policy Plan­ning Staff, creation of, 561---63; stu­dents attend National War College, 562;weaknesses in, 561-63, 576; Yalta Con­ference briefing materials by, 405

State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee,521

Stayer, Morrison C., photo of, 208(#33)Steele, Matthew F., 583Stettinius, Edward R, Jr., 329, 405, 562Stilwell, Joseph W.: Chinese troops, fight-

ing ability of, 366; command problemsof, 375, 567; criticisms of Chiang,effects of, 373, 605; difficulty of work­ing with, 605-6; fighting ability of, 373,605, 608; Infantry School, instructorat, 542; Negro troops, attitude re, 367;photo of, 208(#33); relief of, 608; Roo­sevelt, poor impression made on, 608;staff in China, 24J-44; tactlessness of,605, 608; troop training ability of, 605

Stilwell, Mrs Joseph W., 605Stimson, Henry L.: Army Specialized

Training Program, interest in, 529;atomic bomb development, role in,421; criticisms of, 522·-23; defendsHerman Beukema from army, 572;Langres AEF school, attends, 231; M'sfirst meeting with, 230; M's opinion of,202, 621; memo writing talent of, 620;Morgenthau Plan, opposition to, 395,573; OCS, opposes M re, 299; organizer,weakness as, 561; Patton, support for,545, 547; Plattsburg movement, sup­port for, 202, 300; relations with M,315-16; Roosevelt, relations with, 590,620; Soviets, fears they renege onpromised offensive, 591, 598-99; speak­ing voice of, 521, 620

Index -t< 647

Stotsenburg, John M, 371Strategic Service Committee, 595-96, 602Stuart, Eliza (aunt), 59-60, 81Stuart, John Leighton, 607Summerall, Charles E, 228-29, 242-43,

566Sun Li-jen, 364, 605Surles, Alexander D., 486Sutherland, Richard K., 245, 569

Taft, Robert A, 557Taft, William Howard, 182, 184, 186Tanks: Brttlsh-American design contro-

versy, 263-64, 289-90, 448-49; opposi­tion to construction of, 587; trainingwith, M's concern re, 589; U.S. tanks forBritish forces in Egypt, 545, 582

TARZA}/ Operation (1944), 375Taylor, Charles H., 2-3Taylor, Maxwell D., 466, 468Teheran Conference, 322 ,341-42,405, 415Tenadores (army transport), 189-92Tennessee Valley Authority, 475Texas mapping expedition (1905), 144-45Thomas, Elbert D., 348Thompson, Andrew, 20, 21, 23, 26, 36, 38,

44-46Thompson, J. V, 20, 44-46, 66Time magazine, 473,575Togerson, Fred, photo of, 208(#21)TORCH Operation (1942): command of re­

jected by M, 583, 596, 602; diplomacyre, 386, 487--88, 597; elections in U$.,influence on planning for, 593, 599;planning for, 576, 581, 596, 602, 614;political importance of, 581, 594;preparations by U.S. Army for, 582;risks of, 596, 601, 612; timing of 14-15

Totalo, Nicholas .1., photo of, 432(#59)Truman, Harry S.: M's resignation as chief

of staff delayed by, 454; photo of,432(#60); relations with M, 308, 331,433

Truscott, Lucian K, Jr., 333-34Tunesia, M's visit to, 32.3Tuskeegee University, 501-2Tydings, Millard E., 299Typhoons, 123, 137--38

Unconditional surrender formula, 243,419 ..20,615

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. SeeSoviet Union

Uniontown, Pa: age of 34, 71, 94; attrac­tiveness of, 28-26; barbershop societyin, 51; baseball in, 49···50; blacks in, 51,104-5; butcher shop in, 28, 75;changes since M's childhood, 41-42,65-66; circuses and fairs in, 42-43;Coal Lick Run, 2()..·22, 26; Gilmore'sHill, 75; hanging (execution) in, 42; his­torical importance of area, 29 34; ice­making plant in, 54; idleness, attitudestoward, 51-52; Kramer's store, 76;long-distance telephone service arrivesin, 42; M sees little of after 1897 sum­mer, 58-··59; M's 1939 visit to, 27-·28,62, 65-66; Marshal! family home in,19-···22, 53-54, 56, 61; National Guard,failure to support, 49; National Road inand around, 20, 28, 41, 59; old familiesof, 71; political activity in, 49, 52, "11;population of, 46, 65; railroads in, 26,38-41; Saint Peter's Episcopal Church,54···-55, 72, 81; Saturday watermelonfeasts in, 54; schools, 81··-82; streetlights in, 59; streetcars in, 38, 44, 52;streets, paving of, 44; White Swan Inn,27-28, 34, 74-75; winter sledding in,50-51

United Kingdom: BUCCA,'iEER Operation,opposition to, 372; Casablanca Confer­ence, staff preparations for, 608; casu­alties, influence on policy of, 437, 588,602; chiefs of staff, Churchill's influ­ence on, .321,593,614; China, impor­tance of in \V\VII, .372; China,opposition to US supplies for, 368;code breaking, effects of U.S. revela­tions on, 410; command relationship,quality of, 452; contribution in \\'\\11of, 245; cross-Channel operation,reluctance re, 588; Dunkirk evacua­tion, 523; Intelligence Service of, 441;Middle East, reinforcements for, 518­19; Navy senior commanders, reliefmethod re, 5.3.3; pessimism re warshown at Atlantic Conference, 288;political considerations in planning of,567; preparedness, 288, 572; press,influence of, 487-··138; warehousing,problems of, 583, 597

648 * MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

United Kingdom (continued)-army: early disagreemens with, 216;

Italian campaign, problems in, 589,598; maneuvers attended by M (1910),165; special units, Churchill's supportfor, 467-68; theoretical preparation ofofficers, 161; troops, characteristics of,472

·-United States, relations with: balance ofpower between, 589, 592, 597, 619;destroyers-bases agreement, 522; Euro­pean strategy, disagreements re, 540­41, 589--90; language difficulties, 210;large U.S. ground army, opposition to,281; M's battlefield experience, doubtsre, 590, 598; Pacific, desire for role in,427-28; Pacific, opposition to US.commitment to, 581; second front, crit­icism of U.S plans for early, 580, 593,598, 602, 614; shipping, pressure onUS. re shortage of, 412; supplies fromU.S., 289, 317-18, 445, 545, 582;supreme command, concessions re,401-2; U.S ground forces, doubts re,quality of, 587, 592, 598, 619; U.S. sus­picions of, 339, 592-93, 598-99;weapon design controversies, 263-64,289-90,448-49,620

United Services Organization (USa), 488­89

United States: democracy, mobilizationproblems in, 420, 441; German andItalian paws in, 508-9; military costsincreased by strategy of, 443; militarydecline after war, tradition of, 571-72;press in a democracy, 487

United States Armed Forces Institute, 493,538

United States Army: appropriations, 328­30, 594; Army Band, improvement of,502; battlefield promotions, M's insis­tence on, 491; beach organization,importance of, 583; British pessimism,reactions to, 288-90; British suspicionsre, 592-93, 608; combat readiness of(1940), 202--3; conservatism re newideas, 262...{i6; chief of staffs role, post­\VWlI change in, 535; chief of staffsspecial fund, 242; democratic society,problems of, 303; historical program of,498-99; inspectors, importance of,458; intelligence, weaknesses in, 439-·41,589, 597; military governors, train-

ing of, 452, 454-55; mobilization, effecton Regular Army of, 286--287; navy,division of command responsibilitvwith, 296; ninety-division plan, prob­lems re, 539-40; opposition to largearmy, 279-82, 587, 625, 627; parades,M's opposition to prewar, 443; personalinspections, necessity of, 242; politicalcriticisms of, 393; politics and troopdisposition, 381-82; postwar reduc­tions in, 252-53, 571-72; PX system,establishment of, 358-61; rapid expan­sion, mistake in, 258--59; regimentalsystem, failure of, 625; reorganizationafter WWIl of, 445, 626; service forces,accumulation of relieved officers in,533- 34; strategy and politics, prob­lems re, 415-16; supply organizationand control, simplification of, 542-43;supply problems in '/1/\\11,510-11, 583;textbooks and manuals, 203

··--casualties: letters to parents of, 529--30;paperwork problems re, 207; reportsfor Roosevelt re, 416, 529-30

-medical problems of: administrativeleadership, problems re, 457··-58; airevacuation of wounded, 459-60;malaria, 380, 395-96, 592, 599; trenchfoot, 395

-DId Army (pre-1939): anti-intellectual­ism in, 150-54; caution in trainingrequired, 535; isolated and scatterednature of, 146--47, 432. 510; pinch­penny traditions of, 512-13; servicechiefs, power of, 444--45

---personnel and troops: attaches, use of,439--40; camps, conditions near, 489;citizen-soldier aspects of, 251; Egypt,troops for, 545; elite units, controversyre, 467-68; fighting quality of, 471-73,479-80, 587, 598; Japanese-Americanunits, 47().···71; OHIO movement, 286,298, .303; pay and allowances of, 146-···47; service-time extension bill, 286-S7;transfer to Pacific, plans re, 493-97;volunteers, disadvantages of groundforces re, 461...{i2, 467

-training: Desert Training Center, 462;frontier experience, influence on, 30,260, 28Q.....81, 472-73; ground forces,259, 279··-80, 461--62, 469, 479-80,588-89; ground-air operations, 480;importance of, 390, 468-69, 539-40;

Index u 649

instructor shortage for, 299-300; Iirni­rations in pre-Wwll period on, 252;location of camps for, 458-,59; maneu­vers (1940'-41), 460--61; manuals,reform of, J06; spit-and-polish, needfor, 460; theory, excess of, 161; JdArmy maneuvers HQ move, 588, 598;time required for, 442, 468--69,480-81,591,627; U.K., problems in, 588; weakpoints in, 465, 481

United States Marine Corps: criticisms ofarmy training methods, 461; 5th Regi­ment in France (1917), 194; 1st Divi­sion, 380, 395--96, 457; Guadalcanal,3 iO, 523; publicity received in \\lVv1,233; volunteers, advantages over armyre, 461, 467

United States Military Academy, 89,,-90, 151United States Navy: army air forces, atti­

tude toward, 297-98, 357, 498; armyproblems, failure to understand, 511;British Pacific role, opposition to, 3i6,428; Bureau of Yards and Docks, role of,580, 589, 593-94, 598, 600; chief ofnaval operations' offices, 435; fleet-in­being, advantages of, 432; intelligence,opposition to combined service, 595;MncArthur, relations with, 3Tl ; navalair compared to army air, 611; officers,retirement of, 4Tl ; Pacific centered­ness of, 589, 594; Patton, relationswith, 581; relations with the army, 281,296, 432, 610; second front, oppositionto early, 580, 587, 593; shipping, hoard­ing by commanders of, 412; and staffofficer exchange with army, 504; andtraining with army, 265; training,advantages over army in, 161,259-60,280, 461--{'2; unity of command idea,reactions to, 595; volunteers, advan­tages over army re, 461, 467

Universal military training, 441--42

Van Fleet, James A" 5i8Vandenberg, Arthur, 474, 52i-28, 55iVandenberg, Hoyt S., 314, 437-38Versailles Treaty, 247Victory Program (1941), 579 ..,130Vinson, Fred M., photo of, 432( #60)Virginia Military Institute: allowance of M

while at, 70; arrival of Mat, 91; Board

of Visitors of, 116; breakfast roll call,skipping of, 117; "catacombs" at, 119;changes since M's day, 96, 102; chapel,staying awake in, 92; Civil War, influ­ence of, 84, 96, 99, 115, 120; classstanding of.M at, 39, 76, 95; decision byM to attend, 40, 89; discipline andresponsibility learned at, 97, 117-18,119-20, 142; First Captain, duties of,97, 117-18; First Class privates, slack­ness of, 118; First Sergeant, duties of,119; food at, 97-98, 115-,,16; footballplayed by Mat, 86; graduates in higharmy ranks (\VWII), 248--49, 626; haz­ing of M as Yankee at, 101-2; M's role asFirst Captain, 55; Marshall, number ofcadets named, 93; Nashville Exposi­tion, corps trip to, 91; New Market bat­tle, M's interest in, 58, 84, 249; NewMarket ceremony, 92; Pershing's visitto, 99, 248--49; photos relating to Mat,208(#5-9), 432(#68); Rats, hazing of,92,115; roommates, importance of, 97;"running the block" by M, 91; social lifeof M, 70, 102; success by Mat, 40;teaching at, 102, 116; vacations, 58-59,117

Vlshinsky, Andrei, 441, 571Vladivostok, U,S.s.R., 524-25

Wadsworth, James W., 302, 442Wagner, Arthur, 152Walker, Frederick, 1i4, 177Wallace, William A., photo of, 208(#21)Walsh amendment re supplies (1940), 263

64,288-89,317,620Walters, Vernon, 12War Department: cabinet meetings, lack of

procedure re, 623; chief of staffs officesin, 434-35, 503; civilian "experts,"problems re, 31J-14, 450; civiliandress until Pearl Harbor, 435, 444;colonies, return to European powers of,567; couriers, rapid dispatch of, 56i;criticism, sensitivity to, 535-36; diplo­matic conferences, preparations for,608, 612; Middle East, reinforcementby UK opposed, 519; note taking atmeetings, problems re, 62.1; organiza­tion, post-WWI changes in, 248; over­seas commands, role in selecting officers

650 i:: MARSHALL INTERVIEWS

War Department (continued)for, 578; planning process in, .189-90,591; politically important persons,treatment of, 449; press relations sec­tion of, 486; senior officers, reluctanceto discipline, 578. See also GeneralStaff

War Production Board, .129Ward, Orlando, 617Washington, Booker T., 501Washington, George, 29,3.1,548Washington, D.C, M's first visit to, 85Washington Conference (June 1942), 545---

46Washington and Lee University, 93, 99Watson, Edwin M., 406, 409, 620\Vavell, Sir Archibald P., 246, .156--57, 595Wayne, Anthony, .11-33Wedemeyer, Albert C., 288, 592·-93, 598,

602,626Welles, Sumner, 521, 576, 604Weygand, Maxirne, 2:37, .185\Vhite House visits, 107, 108, 433Whitney, Courtney, 406, 609Whitney, W. C., 21""Vhy We Fight" film series, 46.1-65, 481Wickersham, Cornelius \Y, 452, 525, 612Wightman, John R., 72, 81Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands,

519-20Williams, Ezekiel J, 174Willkie, Wendell L, 372,521-22Willoughby, Charles A, 609Wilson, Billings, photo of, 208(#21)Wilson, Sir Henry Maitland, 412-·13, 540Wilson, Woodrow, 240, 247Wiman, Charles D, photo of, 208(#21)Wingate, Orde, 606Wisconsin, University of, 336, 558Women: commanders' wives, influence of,

347, 534; Muslim, soldiers warnedagainst talking to, 577; mothers of sol­diers, influence of, 529--30; organiza­tions of, role in Marshall Plan passage,527; Soapsuds Row (Fort Reno), 147;wives of officers, secrets told to, 585

Women's Army Corps, 36.1-··64Wood, Erskine, 548Wood, Leonard, 18.1-84, 201, 251, 444Woodring, Harry 1-1., .112, 514, 621--22;

photo of, 208(#37)World War I: artillery bombardments,

effects of, 235; Austrian troops in

France, 227-28; bitterness of opinionsprior to, 167; British fleet, pressure forearly commitment of, 387--88; corn­rnanders, inexperience of, 221-2.1;commissions, political pressure for,182; communications from front, diffl­culties of, 224; control of U.S. troops,conflicts re, 2.12-33; demobilization ofUS. troops in France, problems re,382, 494-95, 531-32, 536-37; FirstArmy Report, 250; first U.S. troopskilled, 205--8; French medals for USsoldiers, 238-39; German infantry'sfirst experience with aircraft, 480; Ger­man offensive of 1918, 231-32; Ger­many, Ll.S. occupation forces for, 243;Langre AEF staff school, 230-.12; Leav­enworth schools, influence of, 15+-55,16().-.{}1; Mesnil-St. Firmin wine cellar,234-·-35; Mont Sec region, 211·-12; mus­tard gas attack, effects of, 2.15; Negrotroops, leadership of, 500-501; redtape, M's attack on, 539; Services ofSupply, M's inspection of, 53()-32; sub­marine scare going to France (1917),192; supreme commander, appoint­ment of, 246; transportation problemsin, 243; victory parades fcllowing, 246­47. See also Meuse-Argonne: St. Mihiel

--General Headquarters, AEF: attitude ofM re, 211, 216, 537; inexperience of,194; numbers needed to run, 19.1;workin, M's introduction to, 199

-lessons of: combat leaders' neglect ofrear areas, 390-91; commanders, con­trol needed of, 241; decorations andmedals, speedier handling of, 490-91;evacuation of troops, problems re, 494­95, 531-32, 536-37; incisiveness inpresentations, need for 545; officerreliefs, difficulties of, 391; politics,effect of too many officers in uniform inWashington, 444: postwar reductions inarmy, 571-72; PX establishment in for­ward areas of, 361, 577; recreation forsoldiers overseas, 537; Stars andStripes, problems with, 487; troop han­dling, 241; weeding of officers in US,need for, 455

World War II: airborne units, U.S. fails touse appropriately, 465-66; Allies, mosttrying time for, 423-24; Arnhem airdrop, 529; Atlantic and Pacific, balance

Index 1:: 651

between, 353; Carthage debate (Decem­ber 1943), 540; casualties, dealing withfamilies of, 529--30; civilian production,pressures to return to, 390; Colmarpocket, 556; command, Allied unity of,356"-57, 594-95; diplomatic atmos­phere of, 335; 1st Army advances, 217;gasoline, shortage in France of, 387;German air successes, influence onCongress of, 298; Germans' problemsin Normandy, 281; inspectors, instruc­tions to, 381; manpower, shortage of,390; Mediterranean, commitment to,518-··19,612-1.1; mobilization, benefitsof earlier, 332; Pacific, critical periodin, 523-··-24; pressure from War Depart­ment on commanders, 370; psycholog­ical warfare in, 483; second front, 580.589, 614; service and supply troops,problems re, 379, 396; strategic bomb­ing insufficient alone, 615; supplyproblems in, 333, 370; supreme corn­mander, appointment of, 246: trans-

portation times, influence on strategy,584; troop demobilization, problems re,382; Tunesia, U.S. troops under Britishin, 616; victory in Europe, all-out effortfor, 399

Yalta Conference: housing and entertain­ment at, 402; M's role at, 405; politicalreaction later to, 403; servants at,506--7; Stalin's bodyguards at, 403

Yank (army rnagazlne), 486Young Men's Christian Association (y}'lCA),

199-200,361-63Young, Richard N., 536Yugoslavia, partisans in, 397

Zero (Japanese pursuit plane), 379, 438,592