including the 1997 international induction heat treating
TRANSCRIPT
Heat TreatingIncluding the 1997 International
Induction Heat Treating Symposium
Proceedings of the 17th Heat Treating Society Conference and Expositionand the 1st International Induction Heat Treating Symposium
15-18 September 1997, Indianapolis, Indiana
Edited byDavid L. Milam
Dale A. Poteet, Jr.George D. Pfaffmann
Valery RudnevAlfred MuehlbauerWalter B . Albert
ASt+ Heat Treating~/ societyAn Affiliate Society of ASM International
Copyright 1998 by
ASM International ® All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
First printing, March 1998
Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this Volume, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MER- CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are outside of ASM's control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recom- mended.
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Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.
Library of Congress Catalog-Card Number: 98-70212 ISBN: 0-87170-610-5
SAN: 204-7586
Editorial Project Manager
ASM International ® Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
Printed in the United States of America
Key Individuals Involved in Organizingthe Heat Treating Conference
1997 EVENT CO-ORGANIZERS
Dale A. Poteet, Jr.Innovative Metallurgical TechnologyVerona, WisconsinCo-Chairman, HTS Programming and EventsCommittee
David L. MilamThe Timken CompanyCanton, Ohio
HEAT TREATING SOCIETY'SPROGRAMMING AND EVENTS
COMMITTEEAll committee members may not be listed here ;
please refer to the technical program list, as well .
George E.Totten, FASM-ElectUnion Carbide CorporationTarrytown, New YorkCo-Chairman
Liu DaiBeijing Research Institute of Mechanical &
Electrical EngineeringBeijing, ChinaCo-Chairman, International ProgrammingSubcommittee
Jon L. Dossett, FASMMidland Metal Treating, Inc .Franklin, WisconsinCo-Vice Chairman
Charles H. FaulknerHoughton International Inc .Valley Forge, PennsylvaniaMember at Large
Kiyoshi FunataniNihon Parkerizing Co ., Ltd .Nagoya, Aichi, JapanMember at Large
III
David GuisbertQuality Associates of BuchananBuchanan, MichiganMember at Large
Luiz Roberto HirshheimerBRASIMET Commercio a Industria S .A .Sao Paulo, BrazilMember at Large
FranzT. HoffmannStiftung Institute fur WerkstofftechnikBremen, GermanyCo-Chairman International ProgrammingSubcommittee
Joseph lovineHTG AerobrazeCincinnati, OhioChairman, Sales & Marketing Subcommittee
Larry G. JonesChaparral SteelMidlothian, TexasMember at Large
Robert E. Luetje, FASMKolene CorporationDetroit, MichiganLiaison, Detroit Chapter Programming
Lemmy MeekishoOregon Graduate InstitutePortland, OregonChairman, International On-Line ProcessModelling Subcommittee
Eric J. Mittemeijer, FASMDelft University of TechnologyDelft, The NetherlandsCo-Chairman, International ProgrammingSubcommittee
David PaddleCastrol AspacKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMember at Large
Ronald A. WallisWyman-Gordon ForgingsHouston, TexasCo-Chairman, '98 Heat Treating Conference
Alexey SverdlinBradley UniversityPeoria, IllinoisMember at Large
TECHNICAL PROGRAM
Distortion
Sponsored by: Distortion Control Subcommitteeof ASM's Heat Treating Society
Harry W. WaltonThe Torrington CompanyRutherfordton, North CarolinaChairman, Distortion Control Subcommittee, andCo-Chairman, '98 Heat Treating Conference
Equipment
Sponsored by: Process Equipment TechnologiesSubcommittee of ASM's Heat Treating Society
Daniel H . HerringC. I . Hayes, Inc .Woodridge, IllinoisCo-Chairman, Process Equipment TechnologiesSubcommittee and Liaison, Immediate NeedsCommittee
Advanced Carburizing -Materials & EquipmentConsiderations of Prepared Atmospheres
George D. PfaffmannTOCCO, Inc .Madison Heights, MichiganCo-Chairman, Process Equipment TechnologiesSubcommittee
Dick BennettJanus Technology Group, Inc .Rockford, IllinoisGas vs. Electric Heating & Recuperation
Technology
iv
Ernie BishopMetal Treating, Inc .Cincinnati, OhioSalt Bath Technology
Kevin BrennanCan Eng Furnaces Ltd .Niagara Falls, CanadaProcess, Problems and Solutions Heat TreatingFasteners In Today's Mesh Belt Furnaces
George C. CarterVacuum Furnace Systems CorporationSouderton, PennsylvaniaHigh Pressure Gas Quenching
John A. CollinsSurface Combustion, Inc .Maumee, OhioLow Temperature Vacuum Heat TreatingSolving Applications Through InnovativeEquipment Design
Upgrading Atmosphere Furnaces : Materials,Controls, Burners/Heating Elements,Automation, NFPA Updates, etc .
Robert ConnellVAC AERO International, Inc .Oakville, Ontario, CanadaControl Systems for Vacuum Furnaces
Matthew J. FischerSurface Combustion, Inc .Maumee, OhioConsiderations of Prepared Atmospheres
Marc GlasserProcedyne Corp .New Brunswick, New JerseyFluidized Bed Technology
John GuptaAtmosphere Furnace Co .Wixom, MichiganAdvances in Integral Quench Furnaces
Dick HaimbaughInduction Heat Treating Corp .Crystal Lake, IllinoisInduction Equipment Choices Important to Heat
Treaters
Rick L. HoughtonC. I. Hayes, Inc .Cranston, Rhode IslandBatch vs. Continuous Furnace Designs andApplications
Craig A . KlinglerSeco/Warwick CorporationMeadville, PennsylvaniaPowder Metal Heat Treatment
Harry KurekInstitute of Gas TechnologyDes Plaines, IllinoisAdvanced Gas Fired Systems : Overview & Field
Experience
Jerry LindellTwin Disc., Inc .Racine, WisconsinGear Heat Treat for Distortion Control
Steve MausLindbergWatertown, WisconsinAdvances in Integral Quench Furnaces
Frank RagoneHolcroftLivonia, MichiganBusiness Issues & Justifying The Purchase
Melvin RenowdenAtmospheresAir Liquide Corp .Countryside, IllinoisNitrogen Based Atmospheres vs. Generated
Joseph P. SchuttertSerec CorporationProvidence, Rhode IslandCleaning and Drying of Ferrous & Non Ferrous
Parts, Before and After Heat Treating
Dick O. ThalackerPacific Industrial Furnace CompanyWixom, MichiganBusiness Issues & Justifying The Purchase
v
Doug WellingEast Ohio Gas Co .Chagrin Falls, OhioGas vs. Electric Heating & Recuperation
Technology
FerrousInternational Symposium on AcceleratedCooling/Direct Quenching of SteelsSponsored by: ASM International Primary Metals
& Processing (Ferrous) Industrial Sector &ASM Heat Treating Society
Riad AsfahaniU. S. Steel Technical CenterMonroeville, PennsylvaniaChairman, International Symposium onAccelerated Cooling/Direct Quenching of Steels
Rick L. BodnarBethlehem Steel CorporationBethlehem, Pennsylvania
Eric M. FochtNaval Surface Warfare CenterWest Bethesda, Maryland
Kiyoshi FunataniNihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd .Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Anthony HicklNorth Star Steel Co .Minneapolis, Minnesota
Geoff TitherReference Metals Co., Inc .Bridgeville, Pennsylvania
George E.Totten, FASM-ElectUnion Carbide CorporationTarrytown, New York
Alexander D. Wilson, FASMLukens Inc .Coatesville, Pennsylvania
Induction Heat Treating
1st International Induction Heat TreatingSymposiumSponsored by: Process Equipment TechnologiesSubcommittee of ASM's Heat Treating Society
George D. PfaffmannTOCCO, Inc .Madison Heights, MichiganCo-Chair
Walt AlbertInductoheat, Inc .Madison Heights, MichiganCo-Chair
Alfred MuehlbauerUniversitat HanoverHanover, GermanyCo-Chair
Egbert BaakeUniversitat HanoverHanover, Germany
James BehrendsenDelphi SanduskySandusky, Ohio
F. BezmenovVNIITVChSt. Petersburg, Russia
Lui DalBeijing Research Institute of Mechanical and
Electrical EngineeringBeijing, China
Wang DewenBeijing Research Institute of Mechanical and
Electrical EngineeringBeijing, China
William Dowling, Jr.Ford Motor CompanyDearborn, Michigan
Kiyoshi FunataniNihon Parkerizing Co. Ltd .Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
vi
Dale GrechGM PowertrainYpsilanti, Michigan
Stephan HockZF Industries Inc .Friedrichshafen AG, Germany
Ronald HoppeDelphi Saginaw Steering SystemsSaginaw, Michigan
Maurice A. H. HowesIIT Research InstituteChicago, Illinois
George Krauss, FASMColorado School of MinesGolden, Colorado
J.D. LaversUniversity of TorontoToronto, Canada
Tony C. LiuFultwin Enterprise Co. Ltd .Taichung, Taiwan
Sergio LupiUniversita degli StudiPadova, Italy
Pelle OlssonBrukens ABGothenburg, Sweden
Dale A. Poteet, Jr.Innovative Metallurgical TechnologyVerona, Wisconsin
Valery RudnevInductoheat Inc .Madison Heights, Michigan
Soren SegerbergThe Swedish Institute of ProductionMolndal, Sweden
Mark ShaponaFord Motor CompanyLivonia, Michigan
Satish S . UdpaIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa
Hiyoshi WatanabeFuji Electronics Industry Co.Osaka, Japan
Michael WiezbowskiChrysler Corporation,Auburn Hills, Michigan
Non-FerrousSponsored by: Non-Ferrous Subcommittee ofASM's Heat Treating Society
Trilochan S. BainsBoeing Commercial Airplane GroupSeattle, WashingtonCo-Vice Chairman and Chairman, NonferrousSubcommittee
Murat TiryakiogluWestern Kentucky UniversityBowling Green, Kentucky
ProcessesSponsored by: Process Subcommittee of ASM's
Heat Treating SocietyModeling Carburizing, Nitriding and Related
Diffusional Surface TreatmentsSponsored by: Atomic Transport Committee of
ASM's Materials Science Critical TechnologiesSector, and the Process Subcommittee ofASM's Heat Treating Society
Dan McCurdyMarathon Monitors, Inc .Cincinnati, OhioCo-Chairman, Process Subcommittee
Sandy J. MideaAGA Gas, Inc .Cleveland, OhioCo-Chairman, Process Subcommittee
vii
Douglas H . ClingnerConsultantPerrysburg, OhioHeat Treat Processes that Reduce Distortion
Jason CrawfordAGA Gas Inc .Cleveland, OhioSteel Transformations
Matthew J. FischerSurface Combustion, Inc .Maumee, OhioDiffusion Related ProcessesModeling Carburizing, Nitriding and Related
Diffusional Surface Treatments
John E . Morral, FASMUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, ConnecticutModeling Carburizing, Nitriding and Related
Diffusional Surface Treatments
Richard D. Sisson, Jr., FASMWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MassachusettsModeling Carburizing, Nitriding and Related
Diffusional Surface Treatments
George E. Totten, FASM-ElectUnion Carbide CorporationTarrytown, NYQuenching and Cooling
Quality and TechnologySponsored by: Quality Subcommittee of ASM's
Heat Treating Society
Jerry O. WolfeThe Timken CompanyCanton, OhioChairman, Quality Subcommittee
Resource Management
Student Research in ProgressSponsored by : Resource Management
Subcommittee of ASM's Heat Treating Society
Alexey SverdlinBradley University
William D . Stofey
Peoria, IllinoisAmerican Ultra Specialties, Inc .Hudson, OhioChairman, Resource Management Subcommittee
PrefaceThe ASM Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition is the premier information exchange eventin our industry. It is presented to provide information on heat treating subjects that will provide answersto questions, and solutions to problems experienced by heat treaters and engineers . Beginning in1998, the event will be held on an annual basis in order to serve the societal responsibilities of theASM Heat Treating Affiliate Society in providing information exchange and networking for its members .
For the first time, in 1997 a separate International Induction Symposium was held within the HeatTreating Conference . In addition, the entire Heat Treating topical offering was part of "The CompleteMetals & Materials Experience" mega-event, which also included the ASM Materials SolutionsConference, the ASM & DVS United Thermal Spray Conference and Exposition, and the ASM/TMSMaterials Week Exposition. More than 8,500 people attended the entire offering .
These proceedings are a product of the 1997 Heat Treating Conference . Submission of manuscriptswas not a requirement for speaking at the Conference; consequently, there are some speakers whochose not to prepare a manuscript . Many of the speakers at the Conference graciously agreed toexpend the time and effort necessary to prepare these manuscripts . We wish to express our thanks tothese authors .
We wish to thank the Heat Treating Society Programming and Events Committee for organizing thesessions. This committee and its subcommittees, consisting of approximately one hundred people,worked together over several months to determine the session topics and find the speakers to respondto the needs of the heat treating industry. We also appreciate the contributions made to this Conferenceby the exhibitors because they, too, are valuable sources of information for attendees .
Finally, we thank you, the attendees, for coming to this event . You are the critical element of the event .We hope that this Conference was of help to you in your work. That's what it's all about : networking,learning, and sharing to improve the heat treating process . (Feel free to send email comments tomem-serv@ po.asm-intl .org ) .
For planning purposes, please note that the 1998 Annual Heat Treating Society Conference andExposition will be held 13-15 October 1998, at the Rosemont Convention Center in Rosemont, Illinois(Chicago) .
David L. Milam
Dale A. Poteet, Jr.The Timken Company
Innovative Metallurgical TechnologyCo-Chair
Co-Chair
ix
Table of ContentsDistortion
Residual Stress and Distortion
Thermal Residual Stress Relaxation and Distortion in Surface Enhanced Gas TurbineEngine Components
3
PS. Prevey, D.J. Hornbach, PW. Mason, Lambda Research, Cincinnati, Ohio
Development of Machining Procedures to Minimize Distortion During Manufacture
13
D.J. Hornbach, PS. Prevey, Lambda Research, Cincinnati, Ohio
New Quenching Technology for Distortion Control
Control of Distortion by Quenching in Fluidised Beds
19
R. W. Reynoldson, Quality Heat Treatment, Pty . Ltd., Bayswater North, Australia
Optimization of Single Part Quenching in Nozzle Fields
25
B. Gondesen, T Lubben, FT Hoffmann, P Mayr, Stiftung Institut fur Werkstofftechnik, Bremen,Germany
U. Heck, U. Fritsching, K. Baukhage, Stiftung Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik, Bremen, Germany
Hardening of Steel Parts Using Wave Technology
33
A. V Sverdlin, A.R. Ness, Bradley University, Peoria, IllinoisR.F. Ganiev, Interindustry Scientific and Engineering Wave Technology Center, Moscow, Russia
Equipment
Advanced Carburizing - Materials and Equipment
Continuous Vacuum Carburizing Furnace with 20 Bar High-Pressure Gas Quenching
43
F Preisser, P Heilmann, R. Seemann, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH, Erlensee, GermanyW.R. Zenker, ALD Vacuum Technologies, East Windsor, Connecticut
New Carburizing Techniques Using Fluidized Bed Furnaces
53
R. W Reynoldson, Quality Heat Treatment Pty. Ltd., Baywater North, Australia
Advanced Gas Fired Systems: Overview and Field Experience
The Experience at Dana Corporation, Spicer Transmission Division
61
J.E. Wright, Jr., Dana Corporation, Jonesboro, Arkansas
xi
Advances in Integral Quench Furnaces
Progress in the Application of High Pressure Gas Quenching
65W R. Zenker, ALD Vacuum Technologies, East Windsor, ConnecticutF Preisser, ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH, Erlensee, Germany
Atmosphere Control System to Achieve Consistent Carburizing in Batch Furnaces
69PM. Torok, Triadx Ltd., Indianapolis, IndianaM. Allen, Intool Inc., Houston, Texas
Business Issues and Justifying the Purchase
MSSR (Military Specification and Standards Reform) How Does it Affect Your Operation?
75D.E. Bell, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
Advanced Radiant Tubes : Payback Calculations of Furnace Retrofits
79P Wurm, Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IllinoisS. Sikirica, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
Cost Justification in the Selection of Heat Resistant Alloys
83J. Wilson, Rolled Alloys Inc ., Temperance, Michigan
Cleaning and Drying of Ferrous and Non Ferrous Parts,Before and After Heat Treating
Principles of AirlessTM Solvent Degreasing 91D.J. Gray, J.P. Schuttert, SEREC Corporation, Providence, Rhode Island
Considerations of Prepared Atmospheres
Principles and Use of Dissociated Ammonia
97R.G. O'Neill, D. H. Herring, C. I. Hayes, Inc., Cranston, Rhode Island
Principles and Use of Endothermic Atmosphere 107S.N. Banerjee, Aichelin-Stahl Inc., Lee's Summit, Missouri
Control Systems for Vacuum Furnaces
Supervisory Control Systems for Vacuum Furnaces 111M. F. Marshall, VAC AERO International, Inc ., Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Supervisory and Process Control to Enhance Batch Vacuum Processing
113S. G. Kowalski, Kowalski Heat Treating Co . Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
xii
Fluidized Bed Technology
Brite HeatTreating in a Fluidized Bed
117M. Glasser, Procedyne Corp., New Brunswick, New Jersey
HeatTreating in Fluidized Bed Furnaces in CuttingTool Manufacturing
121L. Multak, Regal-Beloit Corporation, South Beloit, Illinois
Gas vs. Electric Heating and Recuperation Technology
Gas-Fired Ion Nitriding Furnace Lowers Utility Costs for Commercial Heat Treaters
125J. Greene, Ippen International, Inc ., Rockford, IllinoisG. Legge, Ispen International, Inc., Bensalem, PennsylvaniaD. Welling, East Ohio Gas, Cleveland, Ohio
Gear Heat Treat for Distortion Control
Techniques for Distortion Control During Vacuum Oil Quenching of High StrengthSteel Aircraft Components
133C. Filice, J.E. Pritchard, VAC AERO International Inc., Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Distortion Control in Gear Heat Treating 139M. Tristano, Lindberg Heat Treating Co ., Racine, Wisconsin
High Pressure Gas Quenching
Flexibility and Enhanced Performance with High Pressure Gas Quenching
143S. G. Kowalski, Kowalski Heat Treating Co ., Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
Induction Equipment Choices Important to Heat Treaters
Controls for Induction Heat Treating Systems A - Z
147FR. Specht, Ajax Magnethermic Corp ., Warren, Ohio
A Comparison of Radio Frequency Power Supplies
155R.L. Cook, Inductoheat, Inc ., Madison Heights, Michigan
Low Temperature Vacuum Heat Treating
Oxide Free Processing Below 1200°F in Atmosphere and Vacuum Tempering Furnaces
161W.J. Titus, Holcroft Inc ., Livonia, Michigan
Low Temperature Vacuum Heat Treating
173D.H. Herring, C.I. Hayes, Inc., Cranston, Rhode Island
XIra
Nitrogen Based Atmospheres vs. Generated Atmospheres
On-Site Gas Production Service Provides Efficient Delivery of High-Purity Nitrogen
183M. Renowden, Air Liquide America Corp ., Countryside, Illinois
A Trouble -Shooting Guide for Furnace Atmospheres Used in MetalProcessing Applications
187M.S. Stanescu, J. J. Dwyer, Jr., T Philips, BOC Gases, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Powder Metal Heat Treatment
High Temperature Sintering Applications Using Vacuum Technology201D.H. Herring, C.I. Hayes, Inc ., Cranston, Rhode Island
Key Considerations in the Heat Treatment of Ferrous P/M Materials
211D.H. Herring, PT Hansen, C. I. Hayes, Inc., Cranston, Rhode Island
Process, Problems and Solutions Heat Treating Fasteners inToday's Mesh Belt Furnaces
Reduction of Hydrogen Embrittlement in High Strength and Precision Fasteners
221R. Rink, ALD Aichelin GmbH, Korntal, Germany
Solving Applications Through Innovative Equipment Design
Quench Tank Agitation Design for Heavy Gauge Loads
225N. Bogh, Despatch Industries, Minneapolis, Minnesota
xiv
Non-Ferrous
Aluminum Heat Treating
Fabrication and Heat Treatment of Aluminum Automotive Components
231D. B. Rogers, Amcast Automotive, Wapakoneta, OhioB.G. Koepke, Despatch Industries, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Treatable Cast Aluminum Alloy
237C. Huitron, S. Valtierra, JF. Mojica, S.A. de C. V, Monterrey, MexicoE. Valdez, Instituto Tecnologico de Saltillo, Saltillo, MexicoR. Colas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
Determination of Continuous Cooling Precipitation Diagrams by Means ofThermal Analysis 243
J.P. Vazquez, J. L. Cavazos, R. Colas, UniversidadAutonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
Aluminum Quenching with Polymer Quenchants : An Overview
247G.E. Totten, G.M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New YorkC. E. Bates, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Panel Discussion : Challenges in the Heat Treatment of Aluminum Castings
257D. Irani, P Olson, Hitchcock Industries, Inc., Minneapolis, MinnesotaS. Shivkumar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MassachusettsM. Tiryakioglu, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
Distortion and Residual Stresses
The Interactive Effects of Sr Modification and Heat Treatment on the MechanicalProperties of Cast Aluminum Alloys
265S. Shivkumar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
Quench Distortion in Simple Shaped Aluminum Castings
271M. Tiryakioglu, C. D. Major, R. Crowe, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky
Processes
Modeling Carburizing, Nitriding and Related Diffusional SurfaceTreatments Process Control
Monitoring Carburization in Rotary Retort Furnaces
289C.A. Stickels, ERIM, Ann Arbor, Michigan
On Line Diffusion Calculation and Process Control
297T Guler, Thermovac Pty., Ltd., Queensland, Australia
A Discussion of Unique Applications Using CARB-CALC Modeling Software
303R.L. Houghton, C. I. Hayes, Inc., Cranston, Rhode Island
xv
Modeling Carburizing, Nitriding and Related Diffusional SurfaceTreatments Microstructure and Properties
Finite Element Simulations of the Carburizing "Corner Effect"
307B. Dupen, Wix Division of Dana Corp ., Gastonia, North CarolinaJ. E. Morral, University of Connecticut, Storrs, ConnecticutC. C. Law, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, Connecticut
Simulation of Carburization in Secondary Hardening Steels
313C.J. Kuehmann, QuesTek Innovations, Evanston, IllinoisJ.R Wise, G.B. Olson, Northwestern University, Evanston, IllinoisC. E. Campbell, National Institute of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Modeling the Kinetics of Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of Iron
321M.A.J. Somers, E.J. Mittemeijer, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Elastic Layered-Model of Gas/Plasma Nitrided Fe-Cr System byAcoustic Spectro Microscopy
331T Aizawa, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapaH. Kuwabara, Institute of Applied Science, Kyoto, Japan
Quenching and CoolingNew Methods and Modeling
Heat Transfer of Turbine Disks in a Liquid Quench : Part I - Experimental Setup
341R. Bass, D. Leonard, Techxperts Inc ., Tolland, Connecticut•
Allen, J. C. Bennett Jr., M. Cross, J. Morral University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut•
Brown, Computer-Aided Structural Analysis, Tolland, Connecticut
Predicting Hardness Distribution after Heat Treating Processes of Steels by FiniteElement Simulation Combined with the SAE Standard J406 347
G. S. Sanchez-Sarmiento, Universidad de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Vega, Sudosilo SA, Cordoba, Argentina•
Barragan, LEMIT, Bunos Aires, Argentia
A Numerical Validation of Lumped Capacitance Analysis for Deriving Heat TransferCoefficient Using Quenching Probe 355
•
Chen, L. Meekisho, M. Becker, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology,Portland, Oregon
G.E. Totten, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New York
xvi
Quenching and CoolingSteel Quenching Methods
Single Part Heat Treating of Rings in the Production Line
363J.G. Wuenning, WS Inc., Elyria, Ohio
Control of Quenching Systems in the Heat Treatment of Gear Products
369D.A. Guisbert, Quality Associates of Buchanan, Buchanan, Michigan
Applications of Polymer Quenchants for High Hardenability, Crack-Sensitive Steels
373S. W Han, S.H. Kang, Kum Won Industrial Co. Ltd., Chungnam, KoreaG.E. Totten, G.M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New York
Quenching and CoolingQuench Systems
Heat Transfer Control in Water Quenching by Fluid Vibration with Vapor Condensation
381M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, A. Shirayori, S. Fuchizawa, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya,
Tochigi, Japan
Computational Simulations of Quench Tank Flow Patterns
389W W Bower, A .B. Cain, TD. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, St . Louis, Missouri
Maintaining a Clean Quench System
395B. Paddock, Paddock Enterprises, Bloomington, Illinois
Quenching and CoolingQuenching -General Subjects
Investigation of Agitation Chamber Design for Off-Line Cooling Curve Analysis399D.A. Guisbert, Quality Associates of Buchanan, Buchanan, MichiganD.L. Moore, Instruments and Technology Inc., Naperville, Illinois
Limitations of the Use of Grossman Quench Severity Factors
411G.E. Totten, G .M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New YorkC. E. Bates, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AlabamaS. W Han, S.H. Kang, Kum Won Industrial Co. Ltd., Ahsan, Korea
Proposal to Monitor Agitation of Production Quench Tanks
423H.M. Tensi, Technical University of Munich, Munich, GermanyG.E. Totten, G .M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New York
Investigation of the Mechanism of Polymer Quenchant Mediation of Heat TransferDuring Quenching by ESR Spectroscopy 433
D. McLleod, Jr., Briarcliffe Manor, New YorkG.E. Totten, G .M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New York
xvii
Thermal/Oxidative Stability and Polymer Dragout Behavior of Polymer Quenchants443G.E. Totten, G.M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New YorkL.M. Jarvis, Tenaxol Inc ., Milwaukee, WisconsinS.H. Kang, S. W. Han, Kum Won Industrial Co . Ltd., Ahsan, Korea
Performance and Computer Simulation of Large H13 Dies in Vacuum Heat Treatment
449I. ElKatatny, P Jaques, A . Blicblau, Y Morsi, D. Doyle, Swinburne University of Technology,
Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
Four Years Experience Using an Inconel Probe to Test the Cooling Characteristicsof Production Quench Oil 457
R.A. Wallis, S. Owens, Wyman-Gordon Forgings, Houston, TexasR.I. San Pedro, Stress Engineering Services, Houston, Texas
Experimental Research of the Cooling Characteristics of Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed
467J. Zhou, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HawaiiR. Zhou, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
Diffusion Related ProcessesShafts
Infrared Gas Analysis and Control Used in the Continuous Heat Treatmentof Powder Metal Parts
473M.J. Fischer, N. W. Levine, Surface Combustion, Inc., Maumee, Ohio
Diffusion Related ProcessesUnique
The Effect of Hardenability, Size and Geometry on Steel Carburizing
477A. Habib, Smith Tool, Ponca City, Oklahoma
Steel TransformationsHeat Treatment of Steels
Tempering of Case Hardened Components
489G. Fett, Dana Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana
Microstructure of Austempered High Silicon Alloy Steels
499Y Wang, D. Zhang, Y. Shan, Y Li,, Institute of Metal Research, Shenyang,
People's Republic of China
Student Research in Progress
The Correlation Between Hardness and Strength for Cast Iron 507N. Lyssenko, A . V Sverdlin, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois
Student Research in Progress Poster Session
Influence of Melt State on High Resistant Ferrous Powder
513B.A. Baum, G. V. Tjagunov, E.E. Barishev, T.K. Kostina, L . G. Savina, Ural State
Technical University, Ekaterinburg, RussiaA. V Sverdlin, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois
Influence of Melt Preparing Technology on Structure and Propertiesof Superalloy Powders 517
B.A. Baum, G. V Tjagunov, E.E. Barishev, T.K. Kostina, I. V Vandisheva 0. V Savin,,Ural State Technical University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
A . V Sverdlin, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois
1997 International Induction Heat Treating Symposium
Session 1 : Application and Technology
Induction Heat Treatment Process Under Inert Gas Atmosphere
525D. Bartknecht, Inductionserwarmung Fritz Dusselforf GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
Adjustable Single Shot Hardening Inductor
529P Nowak, K.-H. Muller, EMA Elektro Maschinen Schultz GmbH, Hirschhorn, Germany
Session 2 : Mathematical Modeling I
Simulation of Residual Stresses/Distortion and Structural Change in the Course ofStationary and Scanning Induction Hardening Processes for Steel Rings and Cylinders
541F Ikuta, Neturen Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, JapanT Inoue, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Advanced Computation Software for Everyday Use in Modern Induction Heat Treating
551V Rudnev, Inductoheat, Inc ., Madison Heights, MichiganV Demidovich, St. Petersburg El. Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
TORO II Simulations of Induction Heating in Ferromagnetic Materials
557D.R. Adkins, D.K. Gartling, J.B. Kelley, PM. Kahle, Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, New Mexico
xix
Session 3 : Innovations in Systems and Materials
Innovative Induction Heat Treating Technologies : Process/Design Features, Control,Quality Assurance and Monitoring 567
W.B. Albert, R . Cook, T Boussie, J. LaMonte, Inductoheat, Inc ., Madison Heights, Michigan
Effects of Induction Hardening and Prior Cold Work on a Microalloyed MediumCarbon Steel 575
J. L. Cunningham, American Axle and Manufacturing, Rochester Hills, MichiganD.J. Medlin, G . Krauss, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
Session 4: Mathematical Modeling II
Numerical Simulation of Induction Heating and Quenching
587M. Swierkosz, O. Greim, J.-E Joyeux, Calcom SA, Lausanne, SwitzerlandM. Rappaz, A. Jacot, J. Rappaz, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, SwitzerlandD. Mari, Amysa-Yverdon SA, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
Optimization of Process Parameters for Induction Heat Treating by Means ofNumerical Simulation
595A. Schopfel, K. Storzel, Fraunhofer-Institut fur Betriebsfestigkeit LBF, Darmstadt, Germany
Modeling Induction Heating Processes for Numerical Simulation 601M. Enokizono, T Todaka, Oita University, Oita, Japan
Session 5 : Innovations In Power Supply Design I
Design of a High Power, Very High Bifrequency Inverter for Contour InductionHardening Applications
611E. J. Dede, J. V. Gonzalez, V Esteve, J. Jordan, G.H. -EL/N International S.A ., Valencia, Spain
Solid State Power Supplies for Modern Induction Metal Heat Treating
615D.L. Loveless, Inductoheat, Inc ., Madison Heights, Michigan
Session 6: Application and Processes I
Induction Hard-Facing for Restoration and Hardening Details of Machinesand Mechanisms
623V V Vologdin, FREAL -Ltd ., St. Petersburg, RussiaV.M. Ganiuchenko, Electrotechnical University, St . Petersburg, Russia
Residual Internal Stresses After Induction Hardening and Grinding
629J. Grum, D. Ferlan, University of Ljubjana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Session 7: Quenching, Processing and Materials
Induction Carburizing
643S.M. Gugel, Sanova-PolyTech Inc ., Brooklyn, New York
Advanced Steels for Modern Induction Through and Surface Hardening
651K.Z. Shepelyakovskii, "TECHMASH," Moscow, RussiaF Bezmenov, VNIITVCh, St. Petersburg, Russia
Session 8: Innovations In Power Supply Design li
Latest Developments of Voltage-Fed Resonant High-Frequency Inverter with Load ResonantFrequency Tracking Scheme for Induction Heating 657
M. Kurokawa, M. Nakaoka, B. Guo, Yamaguchi National University, Yamaguchi, JapanA. Okuno, Shinko Electric Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
Power Supplies for Induction Heat Treating with Special Method of Energy Control
665TS. Todorov, N. D. Madgarov, E. P. Tsonkov, D. T. Alexiev, P T Ivanov Technical University,
Gabrovo, Bulgaria
Session 9: Process and Equipment Innovations
Determination of Austenitic Transformation During Fast Heat Treatment
671C. Durban, D. Durand, P Chevre, ENSAM, Talence, France
Innovations in Induction Heat Treating Techniques for Control of Distortion andImproving Dimensional Results
677G.D. Pfaffmann, TOCCO, Inc., Madison Heights, Michigan
Advanced Design of Induction Heat Treating Coils
687R. S. Ruffini, R. T Ruffini, Fluxtrol Manufacturing, Inc ., Auburn Hills, MichiganVS. Nemkov, Centre for Induction Technology, Auburn Hills, Michigan
Session 10: Innovations In Power Supply Design III
Past, Present, and Future in Transistorised Inverters for Induction Heating Applications
699E.J. Dede, V Esteve, J. V Gonzalez, J. Jordan, GH-ELIN International S.A ., Valencia, Spain
Future Trends in Solid State Induction Heating Power Supplies On-Board Diagnostics
705T Gupta, TOCCO, Inc., Boaz, Alabama
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Session 11 : Equipment Design Developments
Latest Technology in Flux Field Concentrators
711J. Stambaugh, Alpha 1 Induction Service Center, Columbus, OhioT Learman, LearTech, Ferrysberg, Michigan
Optimization Techniques Applied to the Design of Continuous Induction Hardeningand Tempering Lines 719
M. Battistetti, F Dughiero, S . Lupi, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Session 12: Process Control Developments
Novel Process of Quality Control During Inductive Hardening Process
727H. Matthes, AEG Elotherm GmbH, Remscheid, Germany
Fundamentals of Specifying Induction Power Supplies for Wire and Rod Heating735D.J. Williams, G .J. Traverse, Welduction Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan
Session 13: Innovations In Power Supply Design IV
Electromagnetic Induction-Based Fluid Heating Appliance Using New Phase-ShiftedPWM Load Resonant Inverter 747
M. Yamamoto, M. Nakaoka, B. Guo, T Iseki, A . Chibani, L . Gamage, YamaguchiNational University, Yamaguchi, Japan
Session 14: Materials and Processes Considerations
Input and Output Control of Steel Intended for Surface Hardening
763J. Grum, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Reduction of Electromagnetic Stray-Fields in the Surrounding of Industrial InductionHeating Installations by Optimized Design
769E. Baake, G. Nauvertat, University of Hanover, Hanover, Germany
Intrinsic Material Properties After Short Time Austenitization
777J. Rollmann, B . Kaiser, K.H. Kloos, C. Berger, University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Session 15 : Mathematical Modeling III
Computer Simulation-an Effective Creative Tool for Development of InductionHeat Treating Processes
785VS. Nemkov, Centre for Induction Technology, Auburn Hills, MichiganV Bukanin, A. Zenkov, D. Koutchmassov, Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Math Modeling Techniques Applied to Induction Heat Treating
793R.A. Akers, R.H. McKelvey, L. Wang, TOCCO, Inc., Boaz, Alabama
Seaaion 16: Innovaaiona in Inducaion Heaa Taeaaing
Deaigning Poweaaaain Comaonenaa ao Oaaimize Inducaion Heaa Taeaamena Pefoamance801E. Peaaaon, GM Poweaaaain, Uaailanai, Michigan
Technology and Eauiamena foa Haadening of Geaaa 811F V Bezmenov, VNIITVCh, Sa. Peaeaabuag, RuaaiaKZ. Sheaelyakovaky, NPO "Tekhmaah", Moacow, Ruaaia
Seaaion 17: Paoceaa Conaaol Technology Imaaovemenaa
Auaomaaic Veaificaaion of Inducaion Haadening Uaing Eddy Cuaaena and PaevenaiveMulai-FaeauencyTeaaing 817
B. Buachua, ibg NDT Syaaema Coaa., Faamingaon Hilla, Michigan
Exaeaience faom Teaaing wiah Senaoaa and IR -Techniaue foa Moniaoaing aheInducaion Heaaing Paoceaa 827
H. Kaiaaoffeaaen, The Swediah Inaaiauae of Paoducaion Engineeaing Reaeaach, Molndal, Sweden
Inaeaacaive Moniaoaing and Conaaol of Inducaion Heaa Taeaa Paoceaaea835G.M. Gaaiglio, Inaea-Powea Coaa ., Imlay Ciay, Michigan
Seaaion 18: Maahemaaical Modeling IV
Inducaea-B : A Finiae Elemena Heaa Taanafea- Phaae Taanafoamaaion Model of InducaionHeaa Taeaaing of Saeela Senaiaive ao Chemical Comaoaiaion 841
G.S. Sanchez-Saamienao, Univeaaidad de Buenoa Aiaea, Buenoa Aiaea, AagenainaJ. Vega, SUDOSILO SA, Coadoba, AagenainaA. Gaaaon, Univeaaidad Nacional de Roaaaio, Roaaaio, Aagenaina
Numeaical and Exaeaimenaal Saudy of an Inducaion Heaaea foa Haadening ofTaaveling Caane Wheela 849
PA. Kaaamanaki, A. Kauaaeva, A . Dimiaaova, Technical Univeaaiay, Sofia, BulgaaiaM. Dimiaaov, Inaaiauae of Meaal Science, Sofia, Bulgaaia
Seaaion 19 : Maahemaaical Modeling V
Coualed Phenomena and Modeling of Maaeaial Paoaeaaiea in Quench HaadeningFollowing Inducaive Heaaing of ahe Suaface 855
•
Duaand, C. Duaban, F Giaoa, ENSAM, Talence, Faance
Meahoda and Toola foa All -Round Oaaimizaaion of Taanaveaae-Flux Inducaion Heaaeaa865A. Muehlbauea, A. Ruhnke, Univeaaiay of Hanovea, Hanovea, GeamanyV Demidoviach, A . Nikanoaov, Elecaaoaechnical Univeaaiay of Sa . Peaeaabuag, Sa. Peaeaabuag, RuaaiaS. Luai, F Dughieao, Univeaaiay of Padova, Padova, Iaaly
Numeaical Simulaaion of Conainuoua Inducaion Baa End Heaaing foa Foaging oa Haadening871•
Ludake, D. Schulze, Technical Univeaaiay of llmenau, llmenau, Geamany•
Wohlfahaa, Inducal Gollingen GmbH, Gollingen, Geamany
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Session 20: Process Technology Advancements
The Influence of Tempering and Sprface Conditions on the Fatigue Behavior ofSurface Induction Hardened Parts
879PK. Braisch, Institut fur Werkstoffkunde, Darmstadt, GermanyG.D. Pfaffmann, TOCCO Inc ., Madison Heights, Michigan
Multi Frequency Induction Hardening of Gears to Replace Carburizing -Methodology of Development
887B. Criqui, Renault DR, Rueil-Malmaison, FranceS. Plano, Centro Ricerche FIAT, Orbassano, ItalyF Ruckstuhl, PSA MXT, Montbelliard, FranceB. Ottosson, Volvo, Goteborg, SwedenO. Longeot, C. Delaleau, ENSAM, Talence, FranceG. Bonzano, SAET, Leini-Torino, ItalyC. Pichard, Ascometal-CREAS, Amneville, France
Prediction of the Hardness Decrease Occurring During Non-Isothermal Tempering
895T Reti, L. Horvath, Bank Donat Polytechnic, Budapest, HungaryG.D. Pfaffmann, TOCCO Inc., Madison Heights, Michigan
Poster Session
Improvement of Scale Reduction in Induction Heaters for Forging
907A. Muehlbauer, R. Boergerding, R. Drewek, K.-U. Joern, University of Hanover,
Hanover, Germany
Technology and Equipment for Induction Annealing of Rolling Surface ofRailroad Wheels
915VV Vologdin, S. S. Nemkov, FREAL-Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia
The Electrical and Magnetic Field (EMF) Surrounding Induction Heaters and Workcoilsand Ways of Reducing Operator Exposure
917T Learman, LearTech, Inc., Ferrysburg, Michigan
How Induction Tempering Works
923G.D. Pfaffmann, TOCCO, Inc., Madison Heights, Michigan
Systems for Automatic Control of Induction Heating Devices with ContinuousSeries Action
927PA. Karamanski, A . Krusteva, S. Denchev, A . Dimitrova, Technical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
CELINE: Compact Electromagnetic Induction Equipment - High Flux InductionHeating for Metallurgical Semi-Products
933J. Uring, Celes, Lautenbach, France
Induction Skull Melting of Glasses, Oxides, Salts and Similar Materials
939J. Uring, Celes, Lautenbach, France
Induction Heating Applications in Railway Transport
943V.N. Ivanov, VG. Shevchenko, VI. Chervinsky, VV Vologdin, VNIITVCh, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Computer Simulaton and Optimization of Local Induction Heating of Flat Metal
947N. Kandev, Hydro-Quebec (LTEE), Shawinigan, Quebec, CanadaVS. Nemkov, Center for Induction Technology, Auburn Hills, Michigan
Bath Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Polymer Quenchant-Related Problemsfor Induction Heat Treating 951
G.E. Totten, G .M. Webster, Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, New YorkR.R. Blackwood, L.M. Jarvis, Tenaxol, Inc ., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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