in the beginning - thirteenth world conference - the lives ... · in the beginning the primordial...
TRANSCRIPT
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In the BeginningThe Primordial Earth was UninhabitableThe Primordial Earth was Uninhabitable
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Primitive Anaerobic Life Evolved,and Photosynthesis was Inventedand Photosynthesis was Invented
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Cyanobacteria Became the Masters of the Earthand Altered it’s Biogeochemistry byand Altered it s Biogeochemistry by
Splitting Water to Generate Oxygen
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… And then the Eukaryotes Evolved, FollowingI i f B t i l C ll i t Oth C llInvasion of Bacterial Cells into Other Cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
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Primary Photosynthetic Endosymbionts GeneratedS d E d bi t b S b t I iSecondary Endosymbionts by Subsequent Invasions
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The Fossil Record
a ri
ftin
g
150
Diatomsri
ftin
g
Pang
ea
Haptophytes
Pann
otia
100
Dinoflagellates500
“species” (x 103)
Acritarchs
species (x 10 )
50“genera”
cysts of dinoflagellateAncestors?
Prasinophyte cystsPrasinophyte cysts
Sea level
+200m
0
P l i T J K CIntermittent anoxic deep ocean Deep ocean oxic
Calcite seas Aragonite seas Calcite seas-100m
400500 300 200 100 0 Mya
Paleozoic Tr J K CenoWiebe Kooistra,
SZN
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Secondary Photosynthetic Endosymbionts Further Alteredthe Earth by Sequestering CO2 via the Biological Pumpthe Earth by Sequestering CO2 via the Biological Pump
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Dover , UK
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Global PrimaryP d ti itProductivity
http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/environ/carbon/carbon.htm
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Microscopic Ocean Life is Essential for Life on pEarth
Sequesters CO2 and generates O2
Affects ocean chemistryy
Affects global biogeochemical cycles
Aff li d hAffects climate and weather
Is at the base of oceanic foodwebs
Affects distribution of human pathogens
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On average, each millilitre of sea water contains :
1 – 10 million prokaryotes (Bacteria & Archaea)p y ( )
10 – 100 million viruses10 100 million viruses
1 000 – 100 000 eukaryotes (protists)1,000 – 100,000 eukaryotes (protists)
Single celled organisms represent 98% of oceanic biomass !Single celled organisms represent 98% of oceanic biomass !
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H d M i E t W kHow do Marine Ecosystems Work and How will they be Affected by an How w th y ff ct y
Climate Change ?
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Flow Cytometry Reveals a New Class of Photosynthetic Bacteria
104
104
103 P icoe u caryote s
103 P icoe u caryote s
/ ce
ll)
Flagellates
hthyl
le»
hthyl
le»
loro
phyl
l /
Beads Coccoids
FL3-
Hei
gh10
2
Synechococcus
loro
ph
FL3-
Hei
gh10
2
Synechococcus
loro
ph
nce
(≈Ch
l
101
«C
h
101
«C
hFl
uore
scen
100 101 102 103 104
100 Proch lorococcus
100 101 102 103 104
100 Proch lorococcusRe
d F
Synechococcus« Taille »
10 10 10 10 10SSC-Height
« Taille »
10 10 10 10 10SSC-Height
Side Scatter (≈ Cell size)
Prochlorococcus
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Prochlorococcus is the Most Abundant Photosynthetic Microbe on the Planet
Dominant Functional Types:green – Prochlorococcusbl h ll llblue – other small cellsred – diatomsyellow – other large cells
Pennie Chisholm & Mick Follows, MIT
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EnvironmentalEnvironmentalDNA LibraryDNA LibraryConstructionConstructionConstruction Construction
and and ScreeningScreening
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The “SAR86” 130 kb Genome FragmentThe SAR86 130 kb Genome Fragment
Ed DeLong, MIT
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Proteorhodopsin Proteorhodopsin –– A New Family of RhodopsinsA New Family of Rhodopsins
Ed DeLong, MIT
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The 2003-2004 Sargasso Sea Study
MODIS-Aqua satellite image of ocean chlorophyll
during samplingg p g
Rusch et al. submitted PLoS BiologyCraig Venter et al.
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Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing f hof the Sargasso Sea
Craig Venter et al.
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New Proteorhodopsin Variants Identified byVariants Identified by Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Seaof the Sargasso Sea
Craig Venter et al.
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What Will Happen to our Oceans ?
Increased temperaturencr as t mp ratur
Melting of polar ice
l d lAltered circulation
Altered heat distribution
Altered mixing
S l l is sSealevel rises
Increased acidification
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How do Marine Ecosystems Work and How will they be Affected byand How will they be Affected by
Climate Change ?
Long-term time series at specific sites
Punctual assessments on a planetary scalePunctual assessments on a planetary scale
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HOT and BATS BHOT
BERMI
-H
MUDA
WAIIA -
BHAW BA
TSS
Established 1988 Slide courtesy Dave Karl
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The Oceans are AcidifyingSea surface pCO2 and pH at Station ALOHA
380 Sea pCO2 based on DIC & TAlk
pCO2
340
360
380Wet air pCO2 based on MLO data
li
it)C
O2(
t)
300
320 pCO2
H(t
tl
8 12
8.14pHpH
8.10
8.12
8.06
8.08
pH based on DIC & TAlkpH based on direct measurement
89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05
Bermuda Atlantic Time Series, http://www.seafriends.org
Hawaii Ocean Time series, Dave Karl, UHawaii
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Lowered pH Could Affect Calcified Organisms
Coralline algae(h // h l )(http://tidechase.blogspot.com)
Radiolarians(http://www.astrographics.com)
Corals
Pteropods(http://noaa.gov)
Coccolithophores(http://users.uoa.gr)
(http://www.aboututila.com)
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Biological SensorsBiological Sensors
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Biological SensorsBiological Sensors
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Biological SensorsBiological Sensors
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How do Marine Ecosystems Work and How will they be Affected byand How will they be Affected by
Climate Change ?
Long-term time series at specific sites
Punctual assessments on a planetary scalePunctual assessments on a planetary scale
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( i lli f178 Total Samples (Open ocean, estuaries, upwelling, reefs, warm seep, mangrove, fresh water, biofilms, and sediments)
www sorcerer2expedition orgwww.sorcerer2expedition.orgDiscovery Chanel Movie Cracking the Ocean Code
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The International ScientificThe International Scientific Consortium
+ 12 disciplines represented+ 50 laboratoires & institutes+ 100 scientists directly involved+ 100 scientists directly involved
Eric KarsentiCo-director of Tara Oceans
Etienne BourgoisCo-director of Tara Oceans
Director of research at EMBL & CNRS Managing director agnès B.
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Ecosystem Sampling and Analysis
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Organism IdentificationOrganism Identification
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High Throughput GenomicsHigh-Throughput Genomics
PPt
PtCPtC
PtC PtC Mos
qcop
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TpC
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PtC4
6Pt
C55 PtC
26Tp
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ity
ity
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PtC18PtC56PtC43PtC33
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PtC11
PtC42PtC41PtC5
PtC44
PtC20
PtC72
PtC10PtC30
PtC38
PtC15
PtC49PtC7C
21C
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tC75
PtC62 1731
M T
AtR
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RE2
Evelk
nieve
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Retrofit
Endovir1 -1
SIRE-1
Opie-2Tpv2-6
Copia
RIRE1Sto-4
Ta1-3Panzee
Tnt1-94Tto1
Ty1Ty4
Tca2
GOS 205GOS 313
Fragilariopsis EST
TpC16TpC24
TpC25TpC18
PtC59PtC60
PtC39PtC35PtC31PtC67PtC13PtCP
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Diatom
Protista
III
IIIIV
V
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PtC7
0Pt
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PtC
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And
y
PtC19PtC66PtC50
TpC21TpC17TpC12
PtC18PtC56PtC43PtC33
PtC8
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PtC52
PtC11
PtC42PtC41PtC5
PtC44
PtC20
PtC72
PtC10PtC30
PtC38
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21C
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PtC62 1731
M T
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Endovir1 -1
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Copia
RIRE1Sto-4
Ta1-3Panzee
Tnt1-94Tto1
Ty1Ty4
Tca2
GOS 205GOS 313
Fragilariopsis EST
TpC16TpC24
TpC25TpC18
PtC59PtC60
PtC39PtC35PtC31PtC67PtC13PtCP
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Diatom
Protista
III
IIIIV
V
VI
cent
iden
ti
cent
iden
ti
tC51
PtC32
PtC45
PtC17
PtC34
Cer13Cer7Cer8Cer9
Pao
BEL
Kamikaze
PatDIRS-1
Rire2
Cinful
Ulysses
Cer1Skipper
BlastopiaTpC9
TpC1
TpC11
Rire3Peabody
Tma1 -1
Tomato
SushiSkip
py
Mag
gy41
2
mdg
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t24g
23Athila4
-1Ty
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Micr
opiaGyp
syYoyoZAM17.6297
TomIdefix
Tv1
0.1
BELDIRS
GYPSY
tC51
PtC32
PtC45
PtC17
PtC34
Cer13Cer7Cer8Cer9
Pao
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Perc
Perc
50 50Pelagibacter ubique (SAR11) genome sequence
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Assessing the Functional Biodiversity of Pl kt d i th T O s E ditiPlankton during the Tara-Oceans Expedition
nkEcosystems
BioB
anB
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Tara-OceansUndertake a comprehensive study of global planktonic biodiversity
Relate biodiversity to the physics and biogeochemistry of the oceansg y
Combine cutting-edge methods in molecular cell biology, microscopy and oceanographygy py g p y
Improve models of the consequences of climate change
Raise worldwide public awareness about the critical roleof microscopic ocean life for the global wellbeing of the planet
http://oceans.taraexpeditions.org