in from the cold · 2019-11-18 · iv. in from the cold 2010–2020 foreword there is now...
TRANSCRIPT
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www.energyrating.gov.au
In From the ColdStrategies to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand
2010–2020
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C. Equipment Energy Efficiency Program : Achievements 2009/10
This document was prepared by Peter Brodribb (Expert Group), Rod King (Rod King Design Services) and Tony Fairclough (Thermatek) on behalf of Mark Ellis & Associates Pty Ltd for the E3Committee.
Published by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency on behalf of the Energy Efficiency Working Group of the Ministerial Council on Energy.
www.climatechange.gov.au
ISBN: 978-1-921299-99-5
© Commonwealth of Australia 2011
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the:
Commonwealth Copyright AdministrationAttorney-General’s Department3-5 National CircuitBARTON ACT 2600
Email: [email protected]
or posted at:
http://www.ag.gov.au
Disclaimer
While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the content, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication
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iii.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Acknowledgements
The E3 Committee would like to thank the
following participants from the commercial and
industrial refrigeration sectors and associated
industry bodies for their commitment and
contribution in time and effort in providing
advice through formal submissions, participation
in industry consultation meetings, provision of
industry data and general cooperation during the
development of the strategy:
— Foodstuffs (NZ) Ltd
— Franklins Supermarkets
— Green Cooling Association Inc
— Heatcraft Australia Pty Ltd
— Hoshizaki Lancer
— Institute of Refrigeration, Heating & Air
Conditioning Engineers of NZ (IRHACE)
— KAV Consulting
— Kingspan Insulated Panels Pty Ltd
— McAlpine Hussmann Ltd (NZ)
— Metcash Trading Ltd
— Minus 40 Pty Ltd
— Munters Pty Ltd
— Natural Refrigerants Support Group
— New Zealand Food & Grocery Council
— Oxford Cold Storage Company
— Progressive Enterprises Limited
— Refrigerated Transport Warehouse Association
— Refrigeration Air Conditioning Companies
Association (RACCA) NZ
— South Australia Department for Transport,
Energy & Infrastructure
— Skope Industries Ltd (NZ)
— Southern Hospitality Ltd (NZ)
— Swire Cold Storage
— Thermal Solutions Ltd (NZ)
— Thermo King Australasia
— Wellington Drive Technologies Ltd (NZ)
— Williams Refrigeration Australia
— Woolworths Ltd
— Ziehl-Abegg Australia Pty Ltd
— Advanced Refrigeration Technology Pty Ltd
— Airconditiong and Refrigeration Equipment
Manufacturers of Australia (AREMA)
— ALDI Stores
— Arneg NZ Ltd
— AUR - Foodworks
— Austral Refrigeration Pty Ltd
— Australian Hotels Association(ACT)
— Australian Institute of Refrigeration,
Airconditioning and Heating (AIRAH)
— Bitzer Australia Pty Ltd
— Carrier Transicold Australia
— Centre for Postharvest and Refrigeration
Research, Massey University (NZ)
— Climatemaster (NZ)
— Coca-Cola Amatil
— Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd
— Cowley Refrigeration Engineering (NZ)
— Ethnic Communities’ Council of NSW Inc
— Expanded Polystyrene Panel
Manufacturers Group
— Fan Manufacturers Association of Australia and
New Zealand
— Festive Ltd (NZ)
— Food Chain Intelligence
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iv. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Foreword
There is now increasing international recognition that
energy efficiency policies and programs are among
the fastest cost-effective means of achieving energy
savings and greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
In Australia and New Zealand, it is estimated
that energy savings opportunities available in the
non-domestic refrigeration sector through energy
efficiency improvements could deliver savings on
the electricity bills of Australian and New Zealand
end-users of more than AUD $9.7 billion and
NZD $1.8 billion, respectively, from the date of
implementation to 2030. Associated greenhouse gas
emission reductions for Australia and New Zealand
would amount to 5 million tonnes and 1.7 million
tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, respectively.
By any standards, these are tremendous benefits
capable of enhancing the sector’s competitiveness
in both countries, and also in assisting Australia
and New Zealand to honour their Kyoto Protocol
commitments.
In From the Cold has, therefore, been developed
by Australian and New Zealand Governments in
collaboration with the non-domestic refrigeration
industries of both countries, as a ten-year strategy
to capitalise on these opportunities. The strategy
is jointly funded by Australian and New Zealand
Governments as part of the Equipment Energy
Efficiency (E3) program of Australia’s National
Strategy on Energy Efficiency and as part of delivering
energy efficiency targets in New Zealand’s Energy
Efficiency and Conservation Strategy.
This strategy outlines a joint commitment to action
and signals a strong desire for the sector to set goals
and achieve measurable progress towards those
goals over the next ten years.
Initiatives to be implemented under the strategy
include setting minimum energy performance
standards for refrigeration equipment and voluntary
activities such as staged fitting of night blinds and
doors on refrigerated display cabinets, as well as
developing Codes of Practice and participating
in energy use benchmarking.
Potential benefits and outcomes of this strategy
for the sector include:
— developing a business culture in which energy
efficiency is viewed and treated as a tool for
delivering savings to improve company profits
and reduce prices of refrigerated products
— gaining a better understanding of energy use
within the sector in terms of how individual
companies or businesses are performing relative
to the sector (in average terms) and sector leaders.
— equipping sector participants to make wise
energy efficiency investment decisions that
prepare their businesses for rising energy prices
— sharing knowledge on proven energy efficiency
technologies and international best practice
in refrigeration
— sharing in the ’green credentials’ of the strategy.
It is worth noting that as the policy imperatives
for this Strategy may not be the same in form,
substance or magnitude in Australia and New
Zealand, it is anticipated that the broad policy
directions discussed in this Strategy may not
be prioritised or implemented in New Zealand
in their entirety, or simultaneously. However,
due consideration will be given to obligations
under the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (TTMRA) to ensure that the two
national markets continue to be aligned in terms
of commercial and industrial refrigeration
equipment for purposes of trade.
Any initiative requiring regulation or legislation
will be rigorously analysed for potential cost and
benefit implications on the sector as a whole,
including consumers, manufacturers and suppliers,
through public consultations and Regulation Impact
Statements (RIS). These processes are overseen
by designated agencies such as Australia’s Office of
Best Practice Regulation (OBPR) and the Regulatory
Impact Assessment Team of New Zealand Treasury.
Decisions to regulate are then made separately by
Australian Governments (through the Ministerial
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v.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Council on Energy or its successor) and the
New Zealand Cabinet.
On behalf of the Energy Efficiency Working
Group, I wish to acknowledge the support
and cooperation provided by industry in the
development of this strategy through their advice,
participation in workshops and provision of data
for benchmarking. We are very grateful for such
demonstrated commitment. Furthermore, I wish
to congratulate and thank those organisations who
have indicated their willingness to participate in
the implementation of the strategy through taking
advantage of opportunities to serve on working
groups and technical committees.
We look forward to working with you to achieve the
significant gains to be made in the energy efficiency
of non-domestic refrigeration and the benefits to
all stakeholders.
Thank you.
Alan Millis
Chair, Energy Efficiency Working Group
11 July 2011
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vi. In From the Cold 2010–2020
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vii.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Contents
Acknowledgements iii
Foreword iv
Executive Summary viii
Key Issues, Opportunities and Benefits 1
Background 5
Energy Savings and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Potential 8
Energy Efficiency Strategies and Policy Measures 10
Strategic approach to energy efficiency 10
New Zealand’s implementation of proposed measures 11
Recommendations to improve sub-sector efficiency 11
Supermarkets 11
Walk-in coolrooms 12
Process refrigeration and cold storage 13
Milk vats 14
Beverage cooling systems 15
Mobile refrigeration 15
Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines, Commercial Ice Makers and Ice Storage Bins 15
Refrigerant compressors 16
Fan motors 17
Good system design, installation and maintenance – Best practice in non-domestic refrigeration 17
Data collection 18
Strategy Implementation 19
References and Data Sources 22
Appendix A 23
Implementation Advisory Committee Terms of Reference 23
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viii. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Executive Summary
Collectively, non-domestic refrigeration equipment
in Australia and New Zealand employed in the cold
food chain and in industrial refrigeration, uses a
considerable amount of energy. Consequently small
inefficiencies in individual components, systems and
pieces of equipment can, on a Trans-Tasman scale,
aggregate to produce significant energy waste and
associated greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2008 non-domestic refrigeration in Australia
consumed approximately 13,400 GWh and was
responsible for greenhouse gas emissions of 13.7 Mt
CO2-e; equivalent to 4% of GHG emissions from all
fuel combustion in Australia’s energy sector. In New
Zealand, non-domestic refrigeration accounted for
an estimated 2,900 GWh of electricity in 2008,
equivalent to 7% of the total electricity demand in
New Zealand for that year, producing 1.7 Mt CO2-e
or 6% of GHG emissions from all fuel combustion
in the energy sector.
The growing importance of climate change on the
political agenda of economies all around the world
has highlighted the potential for energy efficiency
to deliver substantial reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions at a lower cost than most other options
(IEA 2007).
In from the Cold is a ten-year strategy, jointly
developed by Australian and New Zealand
Governments, with the key aim of improving the
energy efficiency of equipment throughout the
entire non-domestic refrigeration sector. The
strategy outlines initiatives and measures that
target businesses using refrigeration, such as
primary producers, refrigerated warehouses and
supermarkets, through to components used in
refrigeration systems and refrigerated equipment.
The objective of the strategy is to stimulate improved
energy performance and the uptake of more energy-
efficient non-domestic refrigeration products, systems
and services. The strategy provides a coordinated
approach that recommends a number of voluntary
and mandatory measures. The strategy is expected
to facilitate market transformation over a ten
year period and deliver increased energy efficiency
in systems, components and refrigerants; market
development, deployment of emerging technologies
and eradication of market barriers.
The strategy is a trans-Tasman initiative that
offers compelling benefits for governments and
enterprises across the cold food chain. The key
motivations for adopting a national program in
Australia and New Zealand for non-domestic
refrigeration sectors are as follows:
— the sector is large – approximately equivalent to
the combined total of all residential lighting and
domestic refrigeration in both countries, which
have already been targeted by energy efficiency
policy measures over recent years
— national energy efficiency programs are among
the most cost-effective means of delivering
substantial reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions with greater certainty
— to honour international commitments and targets
under the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
— the environmental footprint of the cold food
chain provides a key sustainability challenge
for global economies. There is compelling evidence
of substantial opportunities to reduce energy
consumption in the cold chain and non-domestic
refrigeration sectors in Australia and New Zealand,
providing large financial returns on investments
and savings in greenhouse gas emissions
— market transformation requires a proactive
strategic approach with policies designed to drive
change and assist in overcoming existing market
barriers, such as split incentives, and others that
prevent the optimal uptake of energy-efficient
technology and practices. The most efficient
outcome requires a range of targeted policies
designed to achieve specific aims (IEA 2008)
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ix.In From the Cold 2010–2020
— In from the Cold aims to reduce annual
electricity consumption in Australia and New
Zealand from non-domestic refrigeration by
14% (3,300 GWh) in 2020, and cut annual
greenhouse gas emissions by 2.5 Mt CO2-e
— it is estimated that the program could deliver
more than AUD $9.7 billion in savings on
the electricity bills of Australian end-users
from the date of implementation to 2030 and
NZD $1.8 billion to New Zealand end-users.
An outline of Key Issues, Opportunities and
Benefits in the strategy illustrates what can be
done and the measurable benefits for each key
non-domestic refrigeration segment.
The strategy employs sectoral and horizontal
measures targeting supermarket chains, refrigerated
warehouses, refrigeration equipment and key energy
using components.
Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)
and High Efficiency Performance Standards (HEPS)
designed to improve the performance of equipment
and components (e.g. fans and compressors) on the
market will be developed where their benefits can
be shown to outweigh any additional costs.
A review of the MEPS and HEPS levels for
refrigerated display cabinets will take place with
input from existing registration data and working
group input. In addition a review to expand the
program to cover other types of cabinets and
refrigerated service cabinets will be undertaken.
Supermarket industry participants will collaborate
with Government to undertake a benchmarking
exercise in which participants will share confidential
data with Government and benefit from a set of
performance metrics designed to enable comparisons
of energy intensity across a range of similar facilities.
Working in collaboration with industry, specific
energy efficiency training and education will be
facilitated by governments to up-skill service
providers in best practice refrigeration knowledge
and techniques. Where it can be shown that the
market is not delivering effective information
sharing about products and opportunities for
new investments, information programs will
be jointly developed to reduce this problem.
The performance of the In from the Cold program
will be assessed commencing in 2013 and on a three
yearly basis thereafter.
An Implementation Adviory Committee will be
established and convened as and when required
to assist with implementation.
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1. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Key Issues, Opportunities and BenefitsEq
uipm
ent/
A
pplia
nce/
Sect
orIs
sues
Wha
t can
be
done
How
will
it h
elp
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Th
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d/or
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vid
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2.In From the Cold 2010–2020
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ctor
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and
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tem
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e C
old
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rom
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epre
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ngs
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nd
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h
per
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m v
ersu
s B
AU
in
Au
stra
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and
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Zea
lan
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Ref
rige
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abin
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gula
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gram
for
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mer
cial
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rige
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play
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plem
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00
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AS
1731
) re
quir
es
imp
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rder
to
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e th
em m
ore
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ctiv
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plia
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m
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rove
eff
ecti
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ess
of
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and
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th
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f M
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ner
gy P
erfo
rman
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Sta
nd
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s (M
EP
S) a
nd
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h
Effi
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rman
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Sta
nd
ard
s (H
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d r
elat
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rod
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es
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exi
stin
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and
ard
s.
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itor
an
d e
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rce
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plia
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ease
th
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ke o
f m
ore
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cien
t eq
uip
men
t an
d
the
use
of
doo
rs, l
ids
and
n
igh
t-bl
ind
s.
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ove
wor
st p
erfo
rmin
g eq
uip
men
t fr
om t
he
mar
ket
and
intr
odu
ce r
egu
lato
ry
con
trol
for
rela
ted
pro
du
cts
that
are
not
cu
rren
tly
subj
ect
to M
EP
S or
HE
PS
.
En
ergy
sav
ings
wil
l gre
atly
d
epen
d o
n t
he
effi
cien
cy
leve
ls t
hat
are
set
, on
goin
g m
ain
ten
ance
of
per
form
ance
le
vels
an
d e
mer
gin
g te
chn
olog
y.
Mil
k va
ts a
nd
B
ever
age
cool
ing
syst
ems
Goo
d sy
stem
des
ign
, in
stal
lati
on, c
omm
issi
onin
g an
d m
ain
ten
ance
is c
omm
only
ov
erlo
oked
an
d in
hib
ited
d
ue
to a
lack
of
bes
t p
ract
ice
kn
owle
dge
an
d s
plit
in
cen
tive
s.
Dev
elop
Cod
es o
f P
ract
ice
for
ener
gy-e
ffici
ent
syst
ems
and
id
enti
fy p
rior
ity
pro
ject
s fo
r st
imu
lati
ng
bes
t p
ract
ice.
Iden
tify
op
por
tun
itie
s an
d m
arke
t in
cen
tive
s to
ov
erco
me
mar
ket
barr
iers
.
En
han
ce in
du
stry
kn
owle
dge
an
d u
pta
ke o
f en
ergy
effi
cien
t p
ract
ices
in t
hes
e ap
plic
atio
n
sect
ors.
Mil
k va
ts a
nd
beve
rage
coo
ler
syst
ems
hav
e sc
ope
to im
prov
e op
erat
ion
al p
erfo
rman
ce b
y m
ore
than
15%
. Hor
izon
tal
mea
sure
s w
ith
com
pres
sors
an
d fa
n m
otor
s w
ill p
rovi
de
add
itio
nal
effi
cien
cy b
enefi
ts
in t
hes
e se
ctor
s.
Net
fin
anci
al b
enefi
ts t
o en
d-u
sers
, man
y of
wh
ich
ar
e sm
all t
o m
ediu
m s
ized
en
terp
rise
s.
1 S
ee te
chn
ical
dis
cuss
ion
pap
er, R
evie
w o
f Sta
nd
ard
AS
1731
:20
03
and
amen
dm
ents
pre
pare
d fo
r th
e D
epar
tmen
t of t
he E
nvi
ron
men
t, W
ater
, Her
itag
e an
d th
e A
rts,
Ju
ne
200
8.
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3. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Equi
pmen
t/
App
lianc
e/Se
ctor
Issu
esW
hat c
an b
e do
neH
ow w
ill it
hel
pP
oten
tial b
enefi
ts
Mob
ile
refr
iger
atio
nE
xist
ing
refr
iger
ated
tr
ansp
ort
roll
ing
stoc
k is
p
oorl
y in
sula
ted
an
d e
ner
gy
effi
cien
cy is
not
a k
ey p
rior
ity.
Spl
it in
cen
tive
s b
etw
een
ow
ner
s, t
ran
spor
t op
erat
ors
and
fac
ilit
y m
anag
ers.
Max
imu
m p
erm
itte
d t
ruck
w
idth
lim
its
the
thic
kn
ess
of in
sula
tion
.
Sta
nd
ard
to
ensu
re t
hat
n
ew r
efri
gera
ted
tra
nsp
ort
veh
icle
s ar
e in
sula
ted
an
d
des
ign
ed t
o a
min
imu
m le
vel.
Con
sid
er fe
asib
ilit
y of
in
crea
sin
g m
axim
um
p
erm
itte
d t
ruck
wid
th
to 2
.6 m
etre
s to
cat
er fo
r im
pro
ved
insu
lati
on.
Em
issi
on s
tan
dar
ds
for
refr
iger
atio
n t
ran
spor
t sy
stem
s si
mil
ar t
o th
e U
S E
PA T
ier
4 n
on-r
oad
en
gin
e st
and
ard
.
Red
uce
th
e am
oun
t of
fu
el
con
sum
ed d
uri
ng
pu
ll d
own
, tr
ansp
ort
and
un
load
ing.
Car
bon
red
uct
ion
s of
mor
e th
an 3
5% a
re a
vail
able
fro
m
impr
oved
the
rmal
insu
lati
on
of t
he r
efri
gera
ted
roll
ing
stoc
k,
toge
ther
wit
h m
ore
effi
cien
t re
frig
erat
ion
equ
ipm
ent.
Ref
rige
rate
d
Bev
erag
e V
end
ing
Mac
hin
es
Com
mer
cial
Ice
M
aker
s an
d I
ce
Sto
rage
Bin
s
Test
met
hod
s an
d m
inim
um
p
erfo
rman
ce le
vels
pu
blis
hed
in
20
08
hav
e n
ot b
een
im
plem
ente
d in
Au
stra
lia
or N
ew Z
eala
nd
.
Rev
iew
an
d im
plem
ent
pro
pos
ed m
easu
res
and
h
arm
onis
e ef
fici
ency
le
vels
in li
ne
wit
h le
adin
g ov
erse
as r
egim
es.
En
han
ce t
he p
erfo
rman
ce o
f n
ew R
efri
gera
ted
Bev
erag
e V
end
ing
Mac
hin
es, C
omm
erci
al
Ice
Mak
ers
and
Ice
Stor
age
Bin
s.
Init
ial p
red
icti
ons
esti
mat
e sa
vin
gs o
f 2
41
GW
h p
er
ann
um
by
the
end
of
the
stra
tegy
, mor
e st
rin
gen
t ef
fici
ency
leve
ls w
ill d
eliv
er
grea
ter
ben
efits
.
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4.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Equi
pmen
t/
App
lianc
e/Se
ctor
Issu
esW
hat c
an b
e do
neH
ow w
ill it
hel
pP
oten
tial b
enefi
ts
Ref
rige
ran
t C
omp
ress
ors
Com
pre
ssor
s ac
cou
nt
for
mor
e th
an 4
0%
of
elec
tric
ity
con
sum
ed in
non
-dom
esti
c re
frig
erat
ion
ap
plic
atio
ns.
Com
pre
ssor
s ar
e ge
ner
ally
p
urc
has
ed b
y co
ntr
acto
rs o
r eq
uip
men
t m
anu
fact
ure
rs
base
d o
n lo
wes
t ca
pita
l pri
ce,
rath
er t
han
by
end
use
rs.
Imp
rove
wor
st p
erfo
rmin
g p
rod
uct
s on
th
e m
arke
t by
se
ttin
g M
inim
um
En
ergy
P
erfo
rman
ce S
tan
dar
ds
(ME
PS)
.
Hig
h E
ffici
ency
Per
form
ance
S
tan
dar
ds
(HE
PS)
to
iden
tify
an
d e
nco
ura
ge t
he
use
of
hig
h
per
form
ance
pro
du
cts.
Imp
rove
th
e p
erfo
rman
ce
of c
omp
ress
ors
uti
lise
d in
n
on-d
omes
tic
refr
iger
atio
n
appl
icat
ion
s in
clu
din
g se
ctor
s w
hic
h m
igh
t n
ot o
ther
wis
e w
arra
nt
ind
ivid
ual
pol
icy
mea
sure
s.
Up
to
146
GW
h p
er a
nn
um
of
sav
ings
in A
ust
rali
a an
d
New
Zea
lan
d b
y th
e en
d
of t
he
10 y
ear
stra
tegy
, d
epen
din
g on
effi
cien
cy
leve
ls a
nd
tim
ing.
Th
e en
ergy
sa
vin
gs f
rom
com
pon
ents
su
ch a
s co
mp
ress
ors
and
fa
ns
are
acco
un
ted
for
in a
ppl
icat
ion
sec
tors
.
Pro
mot
es le
vel p
layi
ng
fiel
d fo
r co
ntr
acto
rs a
nd
eq
uip
men
t su
ppl
iers
.
Net
fin
anci
al b
enefi
ts t
o
end
-use
rs.
Fan
mot
ors
Fan
mot
ors
con
sum
e an
es
tim
ated
30
% o
f el
ectr
icit
y u
sed
in n
on-d
omes
tic
refr
iger
atio
n a
ppl
icat
ion
s.
Fan
mot
ors
are
com
mon
ly
purc
has
ed o
n lo
wes
t ca
pita
l pr
ice
rath
er t
han
life
cycl
e co
st.
Set
Min
imu
m E
ner
gy
Per
form
ance
Sta
nd
ard
s (M
EP
S) a
nd
Hig
h E
ffici
ency
P
erfo
rman
ce S
tan
dar
ds
(HE
PS)
.
Incr
ease
th
e u
pta
ke o
f m
ore
effi
cien
t fa
n m
otor
s in
new
equ
ipm
ent
and
wh
ere
feas
ible
wit
h r
epla
cem
ent
com
pon
ents
.
Mea
sure
s w
ith
fan
s ar
e es
tim
ated
to
del
iver
mor
e th
an 1
,00
0 G
Wh
per
an
nu
m
acro
ss n
on-d
omes
tic
refr
iger
atio
n a
ppl
icat
ion
s in
A
ust
rali
a an
d N
ew Z
eala
nd
by
th
e en
d o
f th
e st
rate
gy,
dep
end
ing
on e
ffici
ency
le
vels
an
d t
imin
g.
A s
ign
ifica
nt
por
tion
of
fan
mot
ors
hav
e p
oten
tial
to
imp
rove
op
erat
ing
effi
cien
cies
by
mor
e th
an
50%
an
d im
pro
vem
ents
wil
l p
rovi
de
a n
et fi
nan
cial
ben
efit
to e
nd
-use
rs.
Min
imis
e th
e ri
sk o
f d
um
pin
g in
effi
cien
t fa
n m
otor
s in
A
ust
rali
a an
d N
ew Z
eala
nd
.
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5. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Background
The energy sector is the fastest growing contributor
to greenhouse gas emissions in Australia and New
Zealand, growing at an average of around 2% per annum
between 1990 and 2008 (CA 2009 and MED 2010a).
In Australia electricity generation accounted
for 37% of national greenhouse gas emissions in
2008. Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity
generation rose by 58% between 1990 and 2008
(DCC&EE, 2010), compared to a population
increase of only 27% (ABS 2010).
In New Zealand, the energy sector is the second
largest source of emissions after agriculture and
electricity generation makes up about a fifth of
these emissions (EECA 2010). In 2009, emissions
from electricity generation were 70% higher than
1990 levels (MED 2010b), compared to a population
increase of only 28% (SNZ 2009). Since 1995,
electricity used by non-domestic refrigeration has
increased from 3.8 PJ (3.2% of national electricity
use) to 9.6 PJ (7%) in 2008 showing a total increase
of 153% or 7.4% per annum (EECA 2010).
Improving the efficient use of energy is consistent
with public policy objectives of stimulating
economic development, maintaining energy
security and achieving environmental benefits.
For this reason, all Australian governments and
the New Zealand Government are committed to
measures which promote greater energy efficiency.
The non-domestic refrigeration sector spans a wide
range of technologies, and involves suppliers of
products and services ranging from small specialised
operations to large companies that provide multiple
products across Australia and New Zealand. End-users
are similarly diverse, including national supermarket
and fast-food chains, large processors and exporters
and distributors of foodstuff and dairy products,
refrigerated transport, fishing fleets, schools,
cafes and restaurants.
All of these participants in the commercial
refrigeration sector, sometimes also called the cold
food chain, are illustrated in Figure 1. However,
since this strategy also encompasses industrial
Figure 1. The Cold Food Chain, from primary producers to end-users
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6.In From the Cold 2010–2020
2 The strategy includes CO2 (R744) applications that may not operate with a true vapour compression cycle in all instances.
3 Excluding diesel-fuelled mobile refrigeration sources, which accounts for approximately 2% of sectoral greenhouse gas emissions, is currently beyond the jurisdiction of the Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) Committee.
applications, the sector is simply referred to as
‘non-domestic refrigeration’ in this document.
Non-domestic refrigeration technology is defined
as refrigerating systems and equipment that use
the Vapour Compression cycle2 with reciprocating,
scroll, rotary, screw and centrifugal compressors
driven by electric motors in applications to preserve,
process and store produce and beverages.
Application temperatures range from zero degrees
Celsius and below (freezers) to zero degrees Celsius and
above (refrigerators) but below ambient temperature,
and excluding applications that are intended for
human comfort and built environment climate
control (e.g. air conditioners).
In 2008 non-domestic refrigeration in Australia
consumed approximately 13,400 GWh and was
responsible for greenhouse gas emissions of 13.7 Mt
CO2-e, equivalent to 4% of emissions from all fuel
combustion in Australia’s energy sector3. In New
Zealand, non-domestic refrigeration consumed an
estimated 2,900 GWh in 2008, equivalent to 7% of
the total electricity demand in New Zealand for that
year, producing 1.7 Mt CO2-e or 6% of emissions
from all fuel combustion in the energy sector.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 provide one view of the
distribution of electricity consumption in the non-
domestic refrigeration sector in the two countries,
although the sector can be subdivided in many ways:
by application, by technology, by equipment category
or even by groupings with similar service providers.
In from the Cold was developed to identify
barriers that stop enterprises from choosing
efficient refrigeration equipment or using energy
more effectively, and ways to overcome these
barriers. Understanding these relationships and
how they overlap is a key factor in designing
Figure 2. Distribution of electricity consumption in non-domestic refrigeration, Australia,
2008 (Source: Draft Strategic Plan and Technical Report Volume 2, Strategies to increase
the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia & New Zealand, Oct 2009 –
refer section 7)
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7. In From the Cold 2010–2020
effective policies and determining their potential
impact. As in all sectors, no single policy measure
on its own will be completely successful in optimising
energy efficiency across non-domestic refrigeration
(IEA 2009).
This strategy provides a cohesive package of
policies acting on the different stakeholders to
increase energy efficiency, and to reduce energy
use and energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.
However, it recognises the importance of reducing
direct emissions of refrigerant gases and the inter-
relationships between energy-related emissions and
emissions of working gases.
Figure 3. Distribution of electricity consumption in non-domestic refrigeration, New Zealand,
2008 (Source: Draft Strategic Plan and Technical Report Volume 2, Strategies to increase
the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia & New Zealand, Oct 2009 –
refer section 7)
The Australian Government Department of Climate
Change and Energy Efficiency is liaising closely
with the Ozone and Synthetic Gas Team within
the Department of Sustainability, Environment,
Water, Population and Communities (formerly the
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage
and the Arts) and with New Zealand officials to
ensure the strategy is complementary to plans to
reduce direct emissions of refrigerant gases and
explore opportunities with natural refrigerants.
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8.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions potential
There is significant technical potential to reduce
energy-related greenhouse gas emissions from
non-domestic refrigeration. Fully implemented
in Australia and New Zealand, In from the
Cold is expected to reduce annual electricity
consumption from non-domestic refrigeration
by 14% (3,300 GWh) in 2020, and cut annual
greenhouse gas emissions by 2.5 Mt CO2-e.
Due to the long term effect of policy measures
which improve the efficiency of new equipment, the
projected impacts continue to grow long after 2020,
so that by 2030 the strategy will reduce electricity
consumption from non-domestic refrigeration by
27% (8,000 GWh), equivalent to 5 Mt CO2-e. Between
2010 and 2030, it is expected that greenhouse gas
emissions avoided from this scale of energy saving
will in aggregate total nearly 50 Mt CO2-e.
Figure 4. Estimated impact on electricity consumption in non-domestic refrigeration,
Australia and New Zealand (Source: Draft Strategic Plan and Technical Report Volume 2,
Strategies to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia
& New Zealand, Oct 2009 – refer section 7)
Despite forecast improvements to technology and
services, electricity consumption in the sector is
likely to continue rising, driven by demand for more
refrigerated food and beverages, which will increase
the total volume of refrigerated space. Against this
‘business as usual’ (BAU) scenario, In from the Cold
will come close to stabilising electricity consumption
from this sector, as shown in Figure 4.
The lowering greenhouse gas intensity of electricity
supplies in Australia and New Zealand means that
implementation of In from the Cold will cause an
absolute reduction in greenhouse emissions from
the sector, as shown in Figure 5.
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9. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Figure 5. Estimated impact on greenhouse gas emissions in non-domestic refrigeration,
Australia and New Zealand (Source: Draft Strategic Plan and Technical Report Volume 2,
Strategies to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia &
New Zealand, Oct 2009 – refer section 7)
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10.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Energy efficiency strategies and policy measures
Strategic approach to energy efficiency
In this strategy, there are a number of approaches
and policy measures considered for non-domestic
refrigeration that either apply horizontally across
the market sectors, or are aimed at specific sectors.
The key types of policy measures are described
in Table 1.
Approaches to energy efficiency need to consider
emerging trends, such as advances in equipment,
advances in components including the emergence
of alternative refrigerants, and new practices that
will play a significant role in improving energy
efficiency and reducing direct emissions over
the decade ahead.
Energy-efficient outcomes are also impacted by
social and behavioural changes. An example of
this is the emergence of businesses undertaking
energy efficiency retrofits where corporations are
driven by broader policy and business objectives
such as lower carbon footprints, customer demands
for sustainable changes, and improved property
values rather than simple cost reductions.
The following sections outline the energy efficiency
strategies and policy measures proposed for non-
domestic refrigeration equipment, components
and key application sectors.
Table 1. Description of types of policy measures that are considered in this strategy
Policy measures Description
Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)
Mandatory requirements designed to remove the worst performing products from the market by setting a performance threshold that products must meet to gain entry to the market.
High Efficiency Performance Standards (HEPS)
Identified performance levels used as a reference threshold for procurement, specification, labelling or incentives.
Benchmarks A set of performance metrics designed to enable comparison across a range of similar facilities or activities.
Information programs Encompassing a variety of methods for the provision of information to different stakeholder groups, including online facilities.
Industry training Specific energy efficiency training or education modules for service providers, typically within existing training processes.
Market-based incentives Including measures designed to encourage new investment and draw attention to energy efficiency opportunities.
Electricity sub-metering Electricity sub-meters measure and record the electricity usage of individual plants and services such as refrigeration, air-conditioning, lighting and general power.
Best practice guidelines and processes
Guidelines and processes that identify best practice, share knowledge and improve behaviour in relation to system design, installation and maintenance.
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11. In From the Cold 2010–2020
New Zealand’s implementation of proposed measures
The strategy was largely prepared based on
Australian research and industry consultation,
which means further detailed investigation and
consultation is required in New Zealand before
policy measures outlined in the strategy can be
regarded as definite proposals.
New Zealand’s commitment to the E3 program
extends to MEPS and labelling of appliances only.
However, many of these initiatives are of interest to
New Zealand and could be incorporated in related
programs within EECA or developed by other
government agencies. Therefore, strategies outside
the scope of New Zealand’s current commitments
under the joint E3 program are possible, given
further detailed investigation, and approval
from Ministers and Cabinet.
Refrigerated cabinets, refrigerated beverage vending
machines, ice makers and storage, refrigerant
compressors and fan motors are on the E3 work
program that has been ratified by the New Zealand
Cabinet. As such, New Zealand will participate fully
in these parts of the strategy.
Recommendations to improve sub-sector efficiency
The following sections outline the energy efficiency
measures considered for non-domestic refrigeration
equipment, components and key application sectors.
Supermarkets
The supermarket industry is the largest single
end-user of electricity for non-domestic
refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand,
using one third of the total electricity used in
refrigeration. In the best case ‘business as usual’
(BAU) forecast, electricity use for this sector
will remain at this level for the next decade.
The development of a few demonstration ‘green’
stores incorporating energy-efficient technologies
and natural refrigerants indicates that the industry
is keen to display its environmental credentials
to customers. Many significant improvements are
being made by individual companies, but raising
the awareness of energy use and the economic
benefits of energy efficiency, and sharing best
practices across the whole sector, are areas that
can be addressed in addition to the individual
measures already identified in this strategy.
The key measures and challenges proposed
for supermarkets are as follows:
a) a commitment to work collaboratively with
government in establishing the use of aggregate
electricity intensity benchmarks by region,
and/or climate zone, based on total electricity
consumption per unit of trading floor area to
stimulate further investments in energy efficiency
b) for benchmarks to be effective, they must compare
‘like for like’ and take into account factors that
might prove to be significant such as the climatic
conditions, store sizes, amount of refrigerated and
frozen display cases, opening hours, air locks and
air conditioning (stand-alone or part of shopping
centre). The benchmark targets, types and review
periods will be set based on an extensive review
of industry data and further consultation with
the supermarket industry
c) transitioning from less efficient ‘open’ display
cabinets for refrigerated and frozen foods at
the end of their life, or sooner, to cabinets with
doors and lids or ‘open’ display cabinets with
similar efficiency levels to acceptably efficient
‘closed’ cases. Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs) to be measured include the length of
refrigerated display cabinets (closed/open/night-
blinds) and the length of horizontal and vertical
freezers (closed/open/night-blinds).
d) investigate the opportunities for sub-metering
as a means of measuring the electricity
consumption and performance of refrigeration
systems in new and refurbished supermarkets,
to raise awareness of energy use and spend
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12.In From the Cold 2010–2020
e) promote sharing of proven best practice
initiatives and knowledge to stimulate wider
industry investment in energy efficiency.
It is proposed that these measures will be driven
by collaboration between the supermarket industry
and Government. Should collaboration prove
difficult these benchmarks and KPIs could be
adopted as regulations. Requirements for regular
reporting and verification are to be included
in any agreement with industry or regulation.
Where practical, and with industry support,
New Zealand’s alignment with Australia on
this initiative will be explored over the term
of the strategy.
Walk-in coolrooms
More than 70,000 walk-in coolrooms (WICs)
are currently used throughout the cold food chain
in Australia and New Zealand, for refrigerated and
frozen storage. The majority are small (up to 100
m2 floor area and up to 4 m in height) and built
on-site to fit an internal space. Uses range from
catering, hospitality and food retailing (groceries
and liquor) to primary producers (fruit and flowers)
through to processed food storage such as meat,
dairy and bakery dough. Many older constructions
provide very poor energy performance and while
some companies have realised the benefits of
efficient practices and modest investment in
thermal improvements, a number of market
barriers prevent widely spread energy-efficient
outcomes across the broad range of micro, small
and medium enterprises across the community
that use and rely on walk-in coolrooms.
Catering and hospitality applications account
for around 60% of coolrooms and 50% of the
total electricity consumption in this sub-sector.
The industry consists of many small to medium
enterprises (contractors and end-users) driven
by short term financial objectives that act as
a market barrier to energy-efficient outcomes.
Practices commonly encountered in industry
that contribute to poor efficiency include
refrigeration systems that are oversized for the
application; poorly controlled heated surfaces to
prevent condensation or ice build up and a lack
of maintenance that can lead to poor seals, poor
airflow and poor heat exchange performance.
The key measures that should be further investigated
for walk-in coolrooms for refrigerated and frozen
storage are:
a) regulated minimum thermal insulation ratings
for walls, ceilings and floors depending on
storage temperature category
b) specified requirements for doors to minimise
infiltration
c) requirements to ensure all WICs are properly
sealed to ensure air-tightness and moisture
resistance
d) specified requirements for glazing of all
transparent areas in medium temperature
WICs and low temperature WICs
e) assessment of the merits of a Code of Practice
for WICs and the effectiveness of self-regulated
industry compliance
f) the development of the above performance
standards could be harmonised with the
regulatory requirement for WICs that are
implemented in the United States.
These measures represent a combination of potential
tools to address design, installation and maintenance
issues that will improve the efficiency within this
sub-sector. Fan motor and refrigerant compressor
efficiency standards will also complement future
energy savings from coolrooms.
While performance standards for ‘rooms’
(as opposed to equipment) are currently beyond
the scope of New Zealand’s participation in the
E3, there may be opportunities to align with
Australia on this initiative through alternative
business programs within EECA, and in other
government agencies responsible for insulated
building structures. Participation will be explored
throughout the course of the strategy.
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13. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Process refrigeration and cold storage
Process refrigeration and cold storage is responsible
for 31% of the total electricity use in Australia for
non-domestic refrigeration, and 29% in New Zealand.
Process refrigeration includes large chilling and
freezing applications for meat, dairy products and
ice-making as well as industrial applications such
as manufacturing and cooling of plastics, rubber,
pharmaceuticals and mechanical engineering and
mining. Cold storage is essential for the production,
handling and storage of many food products
consumed locally and exported. The majority
of refrigeration systems in these sub-sectors
use ammonia (R717) as the refrigerant.
Benchmarking and Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs) are already used by major facility operators
in this part of the cold food chain in Australia
and New Zealand. To date the benchmarking has
been confined within corporations and is unlikely
to extend to smaller participants. Benchmarks
enable and encourage operators to compare key
characteristics of best practice and to become open
to new methods, ideas, processes, and practices to
improve performance. Measuring major plant and
equipment performance is an essential process for
any modern day facility operator, particularly in
the current tough economic climate.
A recent industry forum in Australia unanimously
agreed that effective benchmarks must compare ‘like
for like’ and that factors such as size, application, blast
freezing, type of produce and climate zones need
to be taken into account, and that the information
should be made public so that knowledge can be
shared. These types of measures can help identify
specific problem areas, assist in building business
cases and be used in specifications for designers
and installers of facilities.
With over 10 million m3 of cold storage facilities
in Australia alone there are significant energy
saving opportunities, greenhouse gas reductions
and financial gains available for those who invest
in efficiency. The key recommendations for these
sub-sectors are:
a) Government and industry organisations form
a working group to investigate the development
of an online benchmarking tool for cold storage
facilities to measure and compare energy use and
to provide best practice information to the cold
storage industry. Participants to include cold
storage facility operators and processors with
private cold storage facilities
b) appropriate benchmark targets and key
performance indicators be set in consultation
with industry, aiming for a date not later than the
beginning of 2012, based on the data on individual
sites collected through this tool, and other
sources such as international benchmarks
c) Governments should further investigate
how such benchmarks and key performance
indicators should be applied in order to be most
effective, including through collaboration with
industry or through regulation.
Process refrigeration has not been directly
targeted in this strategy because in many instances,
rising energy prices and other policy measures
will drive these facilities to seek their own solutions.
This class of equipment has strong commercial
drivers for energy efficiency with fewer market
barriers than in other sectors. Best practice in
non-domestic refrigeration initiatives and efficiency
improvements to fans and compressors will further
support the efficiency of process refrigeration.
Refrigerated cabinets
Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDCs) manufactured
in, or imported into, Australia and New Zealand since
1 October 2004 have been regulated with MEPS and
high efficiency energy consumption levels, as defined
by Australian Standard AS 1731.14:2003. However,
a number of related types are not covered by the
current standards, either through overly specific
dimensional requirements or through lack of
MEPS levels.
Improvements need to be made to the current
regulations in order to clarify the requirements
and to provide more transparency to suppliers
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14.In From the Cold 2010–2020
and regulators in order to facilitate compliance.
Prior to the introduction of MEPS for RDCs in
2004, it was signalled that after five years the
specified efficiency levels should become more
onerous. Therefore, a reduction in the permitted
energy consumption is now overdue.
The key elements of recommended changes that
should be investigated include:
a) replace AS 1731 Part 1 to Part 13 with a locally
adapted version of the international standard
EN ISO 23953 that has had Australian and New
Zealand input and adopt the ISO classification
system for refrigerated display cabinets with
both self-contained and remote condenser units
b) extend the scope of MEPS to cover all types
of non-domestic refrigerated cabinets used to
display and store foodstuffs and beverages.
The energy performance of refrigerated service
cabinets (RSCs) should be determined according
to electricity consumption per unit refrigerated
volume, with energy performance tested to a local
version of EN ISO 23953 with suitable variations
c) for cabinets that are built on site or in very
low volume, introduce an alternative ‘deemed
to comply’ allowance comprising minimum
efficiency specifications for key technology
components
d) increase the stringency of MEPS and HEPS levels
for RDCs to reflect the improving performance
of products in the current market and in line
with overseas programs, where appropriate. The
performance of those cabinets that do not have
doors or lids fitted (open displays) should be
aligned with closed cabinets. Performance levels
for Refrigerated Storage/Service Cabinets (RSCs)
should be harmonised with international levels
as appropriate
e) require all new open display cabinets (i.e. those
not fitted with doors or lids) to have night blinds
f) additional reporting requirements to include both
the display area and refrigerated volume to enable
comparison in refrigeration energy intensity.
The Governments will work through the standards
development processes with reference to technical
working groups, in order to determine classification
of types, relevant test methods and energy
efficiency levels.
This work is on the E3 work program that has been
ratified by New Zealand Cabinet. As such, New Zealand
will participate in this part of the strategy.
Milk vats
Up to 30% of the electricity consumed in a dairy
is used for milk cooling, with some dairies using
four times the energy used by others to process
the same amount of milk. While some companies
and farmers have already implemented efficiency
improvements such as pre-chillers, heat recovery
systems, and maintaining their plant effectively,
there are further energy efficiency benefits to be
gained. Designing and operating an efficient milk
cooling system can reduce energy demand and
costs considerably. Combined with a scheme to
raise awareness by communicating knowledge,
benchmarking and improved maintenance
practices, savings of up to 20% of all electricity
consumed by a typical dairy farm could be made.
Contributing to the energy efficiency of milk
vats are the proposed measures for compressors
and fan motors in this strategy. However, other
activities that could make a significant contribution
and require further investigation include:
a) mechanisms to develop and distribute well
targeted information, including industry best
practice and benchmarks
b) work with Government and industry stakeholders
to consider incentives for the adoption of best
practice and investment in equipment that is
focused on energy efficiency opportunities.
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15. In From the Cold 2010–2020
In New Zealand this may be considered an area for
special attention, given that milk vats are estimated
to account for 10% of New Zealand’s non-domestic
refrigeration electricity consumption.
Beverage cooling systems
Beverage cooling systems consume around 3% of the
total electricity used in non-domestic refrigeration
in Australia and New Zealand. Beverage cooling
systems are used to supply chilled beverages for
consumption in all types of hospitality venues
including pubs, clubs, bars, hotels, large restaurants
and large entertainment venues such as sports and
event stadiums. Beverage cooling systems reviewed
include ‘beer cooling’ systems that decant beer from
beer kegs, typically chilled by glycol cooling systems
and ‘post-mix’ equipment that dispenses soft drinks,
mixed beverages and wine chilled typically with
ice bank cooling systems.
Since most of the potential savings will be achieved
through horizontal measures for compressors and
fan motors in this strategy, and consideration of
measures for pumps in the Equipment Energy
Efficiency Committee (E3) Industrial Equipment
Strategy, no additional measures are proposed at
this stage. It is anticipated that representatives from
the hotel and liquor industry will be involved in the
technical working group for walk-in coolrooms.
Mobile refrigeration
Energy reductions of more than 35% are available
from improved thermal insulation of refrigerated
rolling stock, together with more efficient
refrigeration equipment. The key measures
proposed for the mobile refrigeration sector are
to further investigate with relevant Government
agencies and industry, the following:
a) the design and use of materials to increase
insulation capacity of refrigerated transport
rolling stock to enhance benefits such as reduced
fuel use, greater quality control of products and
reduced risk of product spoilage
b) the feasibility of increasing the maximum
permitted width of trucks to 2.6 m to allow space
for adequate insulation materials when standard
pallets are used
c) ensuring that new refrigerated transport
products are insulated to a minimum level
equivalent to those in leading sustainable
economies. Investigate mechanisms such
as regulation to achieve this
d) specific incentives to encourage the use of
practices that increase the energy efficiency
of the refrigerated transport rolling stock
and development and promotion of targeted
information on best practice for this sector
e) the feasibility of putting in place emission
standards for refrigeration transport systems
similar to the US EPA Tier 4 non-road engine
standards and the CARB in-use program
without the onerous administration.
The emissions from refrigerated transport are
around 1% of total emissions in Australia and
New Zealand. Though is significant, the options
available are complex. Therefore, the timing and
extent of this investigation will be decided in the
second three-year period of the program.
Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines, Commercial Ice Makers and Ice Storage Bins
Test methods and minimum performance levels
for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines,
Commercial Ice Makers and Ice Storage were
published in 2008. However, these sub-sectors
have not yet been subject to energy efficiency
requirements in Australia or New Zealand.
Considerable numbers of these products are
imported and operated in both countries, with the
majority of brands manufactured in countries that
have efficiency measures in place. It is recommended
that the current overseas regimes be reviewed,
and a cost benefit analysis conducted to determine
if any improvements in energy efficiency would
occur by the introduction of Minimum Efficiency
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16.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Performance Standards for these products, with
a view to updating the Australian New Zealand
standards in line with overseas levels.
This work is on the E3 work program that has
been ratified by the New Zealand Cabinet. As such,
New Zealand will participate in this part of the strategy.
Refrigerant compressors
Compressors are an essential component used
in all forms of vapour compression refrigeration
technologies, accounting for more than 40% of the
total energy used in the non-domestic refrigeration
sector. Improving the performance of all compressors
utilised in non-domestic refrigeration will be an
effective way to maximise savings across this whole
sector, covering some applications which might
not otherwise warrant individual policy measures.
The primary objective of the compressor strategy
is to migrate from less efficient technology to more
efficient technology and enhance the efficiency
levels of all types of compressors.
Proposed recommendations for implementation are:
a) Minimum Energy Performance Standards
(MEPS) and High Efficiency Performance
Standards (HEPS) should be introduced for
refrigerant compressors used in non-domestic
refrigeration applications with displacements
between 1.4 and 836 m3/h
b) MEPS and HEPS levels should be established
on the calculated coefficient of performance
(COP) based on input power and the refrigerating
capacity of the compressor at specific rating
points utilising selected, commonly used,
refrigerants
c) MEPS and HEPS levels should be in accordance
with accepted compressor rating standards such
as the International Standard EN12900.
It is proposed that the rating conditions outlined in
Table 2 for COP determination be used.
This work is on the E3 work program that has
been ratified by the New Zealand Cabinet. As such,
New Zealand will participate in this part of the strategy.
Table 2. Rating Conditions
Application (Tem-perature range)
Refrigerant(Depending on
application)
Evaporating0C
(Depending on application)
Condensing0C
Ambient0C
Suction vapour
0C
Sub cooling
K
Medium temperature
or
Low temperature
R134a
or
R404A
or
R717
-5, -10, -25, - 35
+ 45 + 32 + 20 0
Note: Rating on CO2 (R744) should be considered as it is a rapidly emerging refrigerant in certain applications.
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17. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Fan motors
Fan motors are used throughout most refrigeration
applications, consuming an estimated 30% of
electricity used in non-domestic refrigeration
equipment. There is considerable potential to reduce
energy consumption and lifecycle costs through
increasing the uptake of more efficient fan motors as
replacements, where possible, in existing equipment,
and when installed in all new equipment. There are
good prospects that policy measures encouraging
more efficient fan motors will grow this technology
sector and bring about cost reductions of high
efficiency fan motors. In these circumstances,
MEPS can be an effective tool for raising the
efficiency level of the lowest performing units.
It is, therefore, recommended that:
a) efficiency performance policy measures should
be adopted for all single-phase and three-phase
electric motors supplied into the Australian and
New Zealand markets that drive air moving fan
blades or impellors intended for incorporation
into, and incorporated into, non-domestic
refrigeration equipment, including combined
fan and motor assemblies
b) electric motors for driving fan blades or impellors
that are supplied as separate components; with
output ratings of 5 Watts and above should be
investigated for MEPS and HEPS
c) combined fan/impellor motor assemblies
supplied as complete units with input ratings
of 15 Watts and above should be investigated
for MEPS and HEPS.
The efficiency levels, form of percentage efficiencies,
and motor efficiency grades are to be developed
by Government and industry working groups.
The Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee (E3)
Industrial Equipment Strategy has similar plans
to harmonise with International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) and International Standards
Organisation (ISO) standards, and fan motors
and combined fan/motor assemblies used in
non-domestic refrigeration and industrial
applications should be reviewed by the same
working group.
Consideration needs to be given to the appropriate
measurement method(s) and to the extension of
MEPS to fan assemblies once the international
efficiency standard for these products (ISO 12759)
has been finalised.
MEPS are to apply to fan motors used in non-
domestic refrigeration in Australia and New
Zealand at the earliest opportunity that allows for
reasonable adjustment by suppliers, customers and
equipment manufacturers. It is considered likely
that this might be towards the end of 2012.
This work is on the E3 work program that has been
ratified by the New Zealand Cabinet. As such, New
Zealand will participate in this part of the strategy.
Good system design, installation and maintenance – Best practice in non-domestic refrigeration
The correct design, installation and maintenance
of refrigeration systems can significantly improve
energy performance and this has a major impact on
the quantity of energy consumed throughout the life
of that system. However, even a refrigeration system
built with efficient components, but which is poorly
designed or not regularly maintained can lose up to
15% of its efficiency or more, in certain applications.
A lack of awareness and information often acts
as a barrier to the uptake of energy-efficient
behaviours, equipment and components in the
refrigeration sector. There is demand for a range
of content including examples of best practice
system design and maintenance, financial benefits
of investment in energy efficiency and specification
guidelines. A system approach can be taken with
many areas of the non-domestic refrigeration sector.
It is recommended that a working group be
called together by DCCEE, drawing on members
from industry, universities and Government
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18.In From the Cold 2010–2020
(including the Department of Sustainability,
Environment, Water, Population and Communities:
Ozone and Synthetic Gas Team, together with
New Zealand officials from the Energy Efficiency
and Conservation Authority, and the Ministry for
the Environment) to identify the priority projects
for stimulating good design, system selection,
installation, commissioning and maintenance
in non-domestic refrigeration.
This group, provisionally called the Best Practice
in Refrigeration (BPR) Working Group, will explore
synergies with the Australian HVAC High Efficiency
System Strategy (HVAC HESS) and the Australian
Cool Efficiency Program, and existing professional
and training/professional development organisations
and initiatives in Australia and New Zealand. It will
produce recommendations within 12 to 18 months
that include further options for implementating
this strategy.
The BPR working group may also identify
further specific information needs and consider
commissioning a number of studies to assist
with the communication of the benefits of
energy-efficient initiatives.
Data collection
The collection and analysis of data will be required
throughout the implementation of measures contained
within this strategy. The data will be used to finalise
specific policy measures as well as to monitor and
verify implementation and compliance, and evaluate
the impacts of the strategy actions. Recommendations
for data collection activities include:
a) detailed information on non-domestic
refrigeration markets and use in New Zealand
b) electricity consumption in supermarkets and
cold storage facilities to establish and monitor
benchmarks by type of facility
c) the gathering of other data as necessary to support
the development, implementation and monitoring
of specific policy measures within the strategy.
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19. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Strategy implementation
In from the Cold proposes initiatives to increase
the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration
in Australia and New Zealand. These will be further
developed and implemented with the Department
of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE)
as the lead agency, under the guidance of the
E3 Committee and in consultation with the
Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism,
working in partnership with Australian and New
Zealand industry groups. The Energy Efficiency
and Conservation Authority (EECA) will coordinate
input from the New Zealand Government and
industries, as New Zealand’s representatives
on the E3 Committee.
The Department of Climate Change and Energy
Efficiency will be assisted, in this work, by an
Implementation Advisory Committee and subsidiary
working groups. It is important to note that the
Committee and its working groups will have advisory
capacity only, as opposed to executive capacity.
The Implementation Advisory Committee will be
a joint Australian and New Zealand Committee,
with multiple functions in providing advice
through the strategy program manager to the
E3 Committee: scoping standards and research
projects, developing appropriate test methods,
and proposing energy performance levels, as well
as providing general guidance and implementation
advice. The Committee’s proposed terms of
reference is attached in Appendix A.
When convened, the Committee will be provided
with clear and specific mandates and time lines
within which to complete tasks. Representatives of
the Committee will be nominated by key stakeholders
including government and industry bodies. Ad hoc
working groups made up of specialist technical
experts from industry and related fields, will
be appointed from time to time to advise the
Committee on specific issues or topics.
Where regulation is proposed as an outcome of the
Committee’s advice, this will not replace normal
approval processes through E3 and other higher
committees under which this work-program exists.
Processes required to develop the test methods and
recommended efficiency levels, and policy research
will be needed to determine the market coverage
and market impact for ministerial approval. These
activities will occur as part of, and to underpin
Regulation Impact Statements (RISs) to ascertain
the net worth or cost to the economy, prior to
obtaining approval to regulate, and subsequently
the writing of regulations or legislation.
The Standards Australia public consultation and
consensus process, where required, will be used
to ensure that the metrics and efficiency levels
are acceptable to key industry stakeholders and
government alike, and that they provide a net benefit
to both countries. Once standards are published
they may be called up as required in regulation
and legislation by national and state governments.
Initiatives that are not directly related to standards
development, such as refrigeration best practice
that require stakeholder input will be coordinated
alongside the delivery of existing industrial energy
programs such as the Australian Government’s
Energy Efficiency Opportunities program and the
Energy Efficiency Exchange (EEX) information
website. The establishment of a ‘Best Practice in
Refrigeration Working Group’ is contemplated to
facilitate the development of codes of practice and
other applicable initiatives and will involve leadership
from key industry bodies and participation from
technical specialists and industry practitioners
from across the non-domestic refrigeration sector.
Other working groups may be needed for development
of benchmark levels, training and education, and
advice on policy development through product
profiles and RIS assessments. Recommendations
from working groups will be judged on technical
merit to achieve sustainable energy-efficient
outcomes with a strong emphasis on public safety.
Key industry stakeholders and government will
need to agree on the structure and benchmark targets
or key performance indicators to be measured to
achieve ongoing efficiency improvements.
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20.In From the Cold 2010–2020
Project timing is prioritised according to the potential for, and certainty of, energy reduction outcomes.
The following table outlines the proposed projects to be covered in the first and second three-year periods for
Australia, with New Zealand priorities highlighted. The final work plan will be resolved through consultation
with key industry representatives. The performance of the 10-year strategy will be measured and reviewed every
three years from 2013 onwards. It is anticipated that strategy progress will be communicated in future industry
forums, public consultation, industry magazines and electronic media on government websites and via email.
Table 3. Project Workplan
Project 20101st Triennium 2nd Triennium
(2014, 2015, 2016)2011 2012 2013
Strategy
Completion of Strategic Plan
Inform industry stakeholders
Industry sector group forums
Establish administrative framework
Standards Committee operating
Working groups established
Detailed Action Plan for 2011
Standards development
Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDCs) *
Refrigerated Storage Cabinets (RSCs) *
Fan Motors *
Compressors *
Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines *
Ice Makers and Ice Storage Bins *
Walk-in Coolrooms
MEPS Projects
Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDCs) *
Refrigerated Storage Cabinets (RSCs) *
Fan Motors *
Compressors *
Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines*
Ice Makers and Ice Storage Bins *
Regulatory Impact Statements *
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21. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Project 20101st Triennium 2nd Triennium
(2014, 2015, 2016)2011 2012 2013
Good Practice Projects
Walk-in Coolrooms
Process refrigeration and cold storage
Best Practice in Refrigeration working group
Milk vats
Beverage cooling
Mobile refrigeration
Information sharing
Cold Storage industry on-line benchmarking tool and best practice portal
Working Groups/ Technical Committees
Supermarkets
Cold Storage operators
Data collection
New Zealand *
Supermarkets
Cold Storage facilities
RDC/RSC performance and test data
Monitoring and evaluation
Measure and evaluate performance of In from the Cold
Compliance surveys
Targeted MEPS compliance surveys
* Denotes high priority for New Zealand.
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22.In From the Cold 2010–2020
References and Data Sources
Refer to previous publications Draft Strategic Plan and Technical Volumes 1 and 2, In from the Cold,
Strategies to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand,
published October 2009 for further detail, comprehensive product profiles by application sector and
analysis. Section 7 of the Draft Strategic Plan provides an explanation of the modelling undertaken to
estimate total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions including the assumptions and factors.
ABS 2010 3101.0, Australian Demographic Statistics, Australian Bureau of Statistics, June 2010.
CA 2009 National Strategy on Energy Efficiency, Council of Australian Governments (COAG), July 2009.
DCC&EE 2010 Australian National Greenhouse Accounts, Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, May 2010.
EECA 2010 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority, Energy End-Use Database, 2010.
IEA 2009 Gadgets and Gigawatts - Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2007.
IEA 2008 Energy Technology Perspectives – Scenarios and Strategies to 2050, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2008.
IEA 2007 World Energy Outlook 2007, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2007.
MED 2010a New Zealand Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Ministry of Economic Development, 2010.
MED 2010b New Zealand Energy Data File, Ministry of Economic Development, 2010.
SNZ 2009 Historical population estimates tables, Statistics New Zealand, 2009.
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23. In From the Cold 2010–2020
Appendix A
Implementation Advisory Committee Terms of Reference
1. PRIME FUNCTION
The prime function of this committee shall be
to advise on implementation issues pertaining
to the strategy, particularly, in relation to the
development of standards for determining the
energy efficiency of refrigeration equipment
designed for application in the non-domestic
sector, including the identification of performance
thresholds that may be referenced in Australia
for the purpose of regulation or voluntary
implementation.
The Committee shall also provide technical input
and advice for the development and creation
of standards in the field of energy efficiency
testing and rating of non-domestic refrigerated
equipment and refrigeration components.
The Committee will be required to provide advice
on implementation of the non mandatory aspects
of the strategy.
2. SCOPE
The general scope of work for this Committee
will cover energy efficiency improvements of
non-domestic refrigeration components and non-
domestic refrigeration equipment in line with
the strategy to increase the energy efficiency
of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia and
New Zealand.
This includes formulation of test protocols to
measure the energy efficiency of non-domestic
refrigeration components and non-domestic
refrigeration equipment in line with the strategy
to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic
refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand.
It also includes advising on the development
and creation of international standards and
international best practice relating to energy
efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration.
3. LIFETIME
The Committee shall be constituted as and
when required by the Department of Climate
Change and Energy Efficiency for specific tasks.
Where Australia’s participation in work on
International Standards (eg. ISO TC86 SC 7)
is required, the Department will, subject to the
availability of funding, from time to time provide
partial support for a designated expert from
Australia to attend.
4. INCLUSIONS
(a) Included:
(i) Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDCs)
(ii) Refrigerated Storage/Service
Cabinets (RSCs)
(iii) Walk-in Coolrooms (WICS)
(iv) Refrigeration Compressors
(v) Fan Motors
(vi) Industrial Storage Facilities
(vii) Refrigerated Beverage Vending
Machines
(viii) Ice Makers and Ice Storage Bins.
5. LIAISONS
To liaise as required at appropriate stages with:
(a) Technical Committee(s) of Standards
Australia and Standards New Zealand
(b) DCCEE and EECA
(c) Industrial Energy Efficiency work program
(d) International Standards committees
especially ISO TC 86 SC 7.
6. STRUCTURE & REPRESENTATION
Participants shall be selected to reflect the broad
scope of the In from the Cold strategy including:
• Refrigerated Warehouse & Transport
Association of Australia Ltd
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24.In From the Cold 2010–2020
• Australian Institute of Refrigeration
Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH)
• Australian National Retail Association
• Australian Food & Grocery Council
• Australian Refrigeration Council (ARC)
• NZ Cold Storage Association
• Institute of Refrigeration, Heating &
Air Conditioning Engineers (IRHACE)
• TAFE/Technical colleges
• Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Authority (EECA)
• Test Laboratories
• Australian Industry Group (AIG)
• Department of Climate Change and Energy
Efficiency (DCCEE).
7. DUTIES
To participate in the development of biennial
action plans to guide and drive strategy
implementation
To act as a “sounding board” for DCCEE where
ideas and issues can be first canvassed and
tested prior to broader stakeholder consultations
To consider and propose appropriate test protocols
to measure the energy efficiency of non-domestic
refrigeration components and non-domestic
refrigeration equipment in line with the strategy
to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic
refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand
To propose for consideration by DCCEE
methods, including performance standards for
improving the energy efficiency of non-domestic
refrigeration components and non-domestic
refrigeration equipment; in line with the strategy
to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic
refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand
To review existing published energy test protocols
and performance standards for non-domestic
refrigerated equipment
To participate in working groups to provide
technical input into refrigeration equipment and
component performance levels and test protocols.
In carrying out such tasks, the Committee shall:
• review draft materials presented by
DCCEE, other government agencies
and their representatives
• review relevant international standards,
norms and guidelines and provide a rationale
in such cases where a determination is made
not to align with international standards,
norms or guidelines
• take into consideration existing standards
in Australia and New Zealand.
8. DELIVERABLES
• Provision of technical advice and input
into draft MEPS for consideration
• Provision of strategic advice in relation
to implementation issues
• Assist in determining valuable practical
research, data collection and other
investigative projects that will benefit
industry, including scoping such projects
• Attendance and participation in
Committee meetings.
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25. In From the Cold 2010–2020
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In From the Cold. Strategies to increase the energy efficiency of non-domestic refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand. 2010–2020
www.energyrating.gov.au
A joint initiative of Australian, State and Territory and New Zealand Governments