IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

BY- K Tejpal Singh

Introduction Food is required for growth , repairing damaged

tissues and cells.It helps to fight pathogens that enter our body.India is very populous country and for our growing

population , we will soon need more than quarter of a billion tones of grains every year .

This can be done by farming on more land but India is already intensively cultivated as a result , we do not have any major scope for increasing the area of land under cultivation , therefore, it is necessary to increase our production efficiency for both crop and livestock.

CROP PRODUCTIONKHARIF CROPS RABI CROPS

They are grown in monsoon. They are grown in winter.

They grow in hot and wet season. They grow in cold and dry conditions.

They are sown during June- July. They are sown in October- November.

They are harvested during September-October

They are harvested during March- April

Examples:-Rice, Maize, Groundnut, Soya bean, Green Gram, Cotton, Black Gram.

Examples:-Wheat, Barley, Gram, Mustard, Linseed, Pea.

Improvement in Crop YieldsThe Major groups of activities for

improving crop yields can be classified as :-Crop Variety ImprovementCrop Production Improvement

Crop Production Management

Crop Variety Improvement

Hybridization: 1. Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. 2. It may be :

Inter-varietal Inter-Specific Inter-Generic

3. By introducing a gene that would provide the desired characteristics i.e. genetically modified crop

Crop Production Improvement

Nutrient ManagementNutrients are supplied to plants by air ,water

and soilSource Nutrients

Air Carbon, Oxygen

Water Hydrogen, Oxygen

Soil Macronutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium ,SulphurMicronutrients:Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine

MACRO- NUTRIENTS MICRO- NUTRIENTS

1. They are required in large quantities. 1. They are required in small quantities.

2. They take part in building plant body and 2They have no such functions.

different protoplasmic structures.

3They have no significant role in enzyme 3. They are involved in enzyme activity and

activity and electron transport. electron transport.

. Examples:- Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Examples:- Iron, Manganese, Boron,

potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur. Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine.

CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRIENTS

MANURE:- These are natural fertilizers which contain every nutrient required by the plant. It is prepared by the decomposition of animal and plant excreta. It includes farmyard manure (FYM), compost green manures, vermi-compost etc.

FYM includes the decomposed matter of cattle excreta, urine along with litter and left over matter such as roughage and fodder.

Compost refers to all the waste like vegetable peels, animal and plant excreta, sewage waste etc.

Green manuring refers growing, mulching by ploughing and green crops with soil to improve physical structure and soil fertility.

Vermi-composting refers to putting of organic waste in soil and develop earthworms to replenish soil with nutrients.

MANURE AND FERTILISERS

It enriches the soil with nutrients, and replenishes the general deficiency of nutrients in the soil.

It adds humus to the soil which restores the soil texture for better retention of water and for aeration of soil.

Its organic matter provides food for bacteria and fungi.

ADVANTAGES OF MANURE

They are not specific in its action.They are not easily portable.It is not useful when a particular nutrient is

required in the soil.

DISADVANTAGES OF MANURE

Fertilizers contain all the three critical elements which become deficient, viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are rich in a particular nutrient. It is an inorganic salt.

They are divided in four groups:- NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS:- It supplies the macro-

nutrient nitrogen. Ex:- Urea, Ammonium Sulphate etc. PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZERS:- It is a source of

phosphorus. Ex:- Single Superphosphate, Triple Superphosphate,Dicalcium phosphate etc.

POTASSIC FERTILIZERS:- It is a source of Potassium. Ex:- Potassium Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate.

COMPLEX FERTILIZERS:- It contains more than one nutrient. Ex:- Nitro phosphate, Urea ammonium phosphate etc.

FERTILIZERS

MANURE FERTILIZER 1. It is a natural substance obtained 1. It is an inorganic salt. from decomposition of animal and plant wastes.

2. It contains small amounts of 2.It is very rich in NPK. essential nutrients like NPK.

3. It adds humus to the soil. 3. It does not add humus to soil.

4. It is not specific in action and it 4. It is specific in action and solutes

doesn’t solute in water. easily in water.

5. It removes the general deficiency of 5. It provides nutrients to the soil

the soil. according to its need.

6.It is cheap and prepared in rural home. 6. It is costly and prepared in factories.

7. It is voluminous and bulky so it is not 7. It is compact concentrated so it is

easily portable, storable, applying to easy to store, transport or apply to

crop or handling. crop.

Sustainability means keeping an effort going continuously. This means to successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.

Our food production is divided into five revolutions:- Green revolution :- Bumper production of food grains.Blue Revolution :- Enhanced fish production.White revolution :- Increased milk productionYellow revolution:- Increased oil productionGolden revolution:- Increased pulse production.

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Sustainable agriculture can be achieved by:- 1. Mixed farming 2.Inter-cropping 3.Crop rotation 4.Crop selection 5. Varietal improvement

Achieves the integration of natural biological cycles and controls.

Protects and renews soil fertility and the natural resource base.

Optimizes the management and use of farm resources.

Reduces the use of non-renewable resources and purchased production inputs.

Provides an adequate and dependable form of income.Promotes opportunity in family farming and farm

communities.

ADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

In these farming there is not a single use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides ,so, there is no toxicity due to pollution of crop plants, soil, water or air. In these farming biofertilizers, biopesticides and manure are used. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing organisms like bacteria and blue green algae and mineral solubilizing bacteria. Biopesticides kill the weeds, insects and pests.

Examples:- azardirachtin (Morgosa or neem), pyrethrum (chrysanthemum), thurioside (bacterium- Bacillus thurigiensis)

ORGANIC FARMING

It does not cause pollution of any component of our environment.

Farm wastes are recycled. The foods obtained from organic farming are free from pesticides and toxic chemicals.

It maintains soil health. It keeps insect pests and weeds under check.

ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FARMING

The process of supplying water to crop plant through human efforts by means of canals, wells, reservoirs, tube- wells, etc. is known as irrigation.

IRRIGATION

It provides them two essential nutrients:- hydrogen and oxygen important for growth of growth of plant.

It provides sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds because plants don’t grow in dry soil.

It helps to increase aerial branches (tillers) In crop plants to get a good yield.

It helps in absorption of nutrient elements by the crop plants from the soil.

Irrigation by rivers gives silt to soil enhancing soil fertility and crop yield.

In desert area it helps to reduce the salinity of the soil.Irrigation by dams helps to control floods, generate

hydro- electric power and improve the navigability of the rivers.

ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION

It is the practice growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land. It minimizes the risk and insure against the crop failure due to abnormal weather conditions.

SOME COMBINATIONS:-

1. Maize + Urad Bean2. Groundnut + Sunflower 3.Cotton + Moong Bean4.Barley + Chick Pea 5. Wheat + Mustard 6. Wheat + Chick Pea

MIXED CROPPING

It is the practice of growing two or more simultaneously in a same field in definite row patterns with the objective of increasing productivity per unit area.

INTER CROPPING

MIXED CROPPING INTER CROPPING

1. It minimizes the risk of crop failure. 1.It increases productivity per unit area.

2. Seeds of two crops are mixed before 2.Seeds of two crops are not mixed.

sowing. 3. It involves no set patterns of row of crops. 3. It involves set patterns as

per needed of the crops.4. There is a difficulty of fertilizer 4. In intercropping fertilizer

can be placed application to individual crops. as per need of the crops.

5. Spraying for pest control to individual 5. Pesticides can be easily applied to

crop is difficult. individual crop.

6. Harvesting and threshing of crops 6. Both crops can be easily harvested and

separately not possible. threshed separately.

7. Marketing and consumption of only 7. Product of each crop can be marketed

mixed produce is possible. and consumed separately.

The growing of two crops alternatively is called crop rotation.

CROP ROTATION

It controls pests and weeds . Pathogens can only survive for a short time.

It reduces the needs of fertilizers.Several crops maybe grown in succession with only one soil preparation(ploughing).

The soil may be utilized more completely.

ADVANTAGES OF CROP ROTATION

Crop Production Management

PESTS

Weeds: Undesirable plants growing along with the main crop.Weedicides: Chemicals used to kill weeds.

Animal husbandry Animal husbandry Is the scientific management

of animal livestock. It Includes various aspects such as feeding, breeding and disease control. Animal-based farming includes cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish farming. As the population increases and as living standards increase, the demand for milk, eggs and meat Is also going up. Also, the growing awareness of the need for humane treatment of livestock has brought In new limitations in livestock farming. Thus, livestock production also needs to be Improved.

Cattle and Poultry Farming

Cattle farmingCattle husbandry is done for two

purposes-milk and draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling. Irrigation and carting. Indian cattle belong to two different species, Bos indicus, cows, and Bos bubalis, buffaloes. Milk-producing females are called milch animals (dairy animals), while the ones used for farm labour are called draught animals.

Milk production depends, to some extent, on the duration of the lactation period, meaning the period of milk production after the birth of a calf. So, milk production can be increased by increasing the lactation period. Exotic or foreign breeds (for example, Jersey, Brown Swiss) are selected for long lactation periods, while local breeds (for example. Red Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent resistance to diseases. The two can be cross bred to get animals with both the desired qualities

Poultry farming Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for

egg production and chicken meat. Therefore, improved poultry breeds are developed and farmed to produce layers for eggs and broilers for meat.

The cross-breeding programmers between Indian (indigenous, for example, Aseel) and foreign (exotic, for example, Leghorn) breeds for variety improvement are focused on to develop new varieties for the following desirable traits—

(i) number and quality of chicks; (ii) dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production; (iii ) summer adaptation capacity/ tolerance to high temperature; (iv) low maintenance requirements; (v) reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.

The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types: (a) maintenance requirement, which is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life, and (b) milk producing requirement, which is the type of food required during the lactation period. Animal feed includes:(a) roughage, which is largely fibre, and (b) concentrates, which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of proteins and other nutrients. Cattle need balanced rations containing all nutrients in proportionate amounts. Besides such nutritious food material, certain feed additives containing micronutrients promote the health and milk output of dairy animals.

Poultry farming

Egg and broiler production The ration (daily food requirement) for

broilers is protein rich with adequate fat. The level of vitamins A and K is kept high in the poultry feeds.

Poultry fowl suffer from a number of diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites, as well as from nutritional deficiencies. These necessitate proper cleaning, sanitation, and spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals. Appropriate vaccination can prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases and reduce loss of poultry during an outbreak of disease.

EGG AND BROILER PRODUCTION Broilers are sent to market for meat

purposes. For good production of poultry birds, good

management practices are important. These Include maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing and poultry feed, as well as prevention and control of diseases and pests.

The housing, nutritional and environmental requirements of broilers are somewhat different from those of egg layers.

Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin-rich supplementary feed for good growth rate and better feed efficiency. Care is taken to avoid mortality and to maintain feathering and carcass

Production of fish

Fish productionFish is a cheap source of animal protein for our food. Fish production includes the finned true fish as well as shellfish such as prawns and molluscs. There are two ways of obtaining fish. One is from natural resources, which is called capture fishing. The other way is by fish farming, which is called culture fishery. The water source of the fish can be either seawaters or fresh water, such as in rivers and ponds. Fishing can thus be done both by capture and culture of fish in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

MARINE FISHERIES India's marine fishery resources include

7500 km of coastline and the deep seas beyond it. Popular marine fish varieties Include pompret, mackerel, tuna, sardines, and Bombay duck. Marine fish are caught using many kinds of fishing nets from fishing boats. Yields are increased by locating large schools of fish in the open sea using satellites and echo-sounders.

Some marine fish of high economic value are also farmed in seawater. This Includes finned fishes like mullets, bhetki, and pearl spots, shellfish such as prawns ,mussels and oysters as well as seaweed. Oysters are also cultivated for the pearls they make.

INLAND FISHERIESFresh water resources include canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Brackish water resources, where seawater and fresh water mix together, such as estuaries and lagoons are also important fish reservoirs. While capture fishing is also done in such inland water bodies, the yield is not high. Most fish production from these resources Is through aquaculture.

composite fish culture

Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with a rice crop, so that fish are grown in the water in the paddy field. More Intensive fish farming can be done in composite fish culture systems. Both local and Imported fish species are used in such systems

One problem with composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild. It can be mixed with that of other species as well. So, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good-quality seed. To overcome this problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed In desired quantities

Bee-keeping

Bee-keepingHoney is widely used and therefore bee keeping for making honey has become an agricultural enterprise. Since bee-keeping needs low investments, farmers use it as an additional income generating activity. In addition to honey, the beehives are a source of wax which is used in various medicinal preparations.

The local varieties of bees used for commercial honey production are Apis cerana indica, commonly known as the Indian bee, A. dorsata, the rock bee and A. florae, the little bee. An Italian bee variety, A. mettifera, has also been brought in to increase yield of honey. This is the variety commonly used for commercial honey production.

The Italian bees have high honey collection capacity. They sting somewhat less. They stay in a given beehive for long periods, and breed very well. For commercial honey production, bee farms or apiaries are established

The value or quality of honey depends upon the pasturage, or the flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection. In addition to adequate quantity of pasturage, the kind of flowers available will determine the taste of the honey.

Thank you by- K. Tejpal Singh