imperialism what might the snake represent? why would it have a human head? who is it coiling...
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Imperialism
What might the snake represent?
Why would it have a human head?
Who is it coiling around?
What does it mean?
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Gangs
• Think of at least three reasons why some gangs may try to expand through increase in membership or broadening their area of influence– Discuss, quietly, with your neighbor
• Is this morally right or wrong to do?
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Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating
weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
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Imperialism--Defined
1) Takeover of a country by a stronger nation looking to dominate political, economic, or social life of the people
2) Strong influence by one country over another for purposes of gaining greater political, economic, or social power over another
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A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa
Why Imperialism…
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Reasons for Imperialsim
Empire• E- Economic
• M- Money
• P- Political
• I- Ideological
• R- Religious
• E- Exploratory
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Economic/Money
• Making money
• Controlling trade
• New markets
• Raw materials
• Cheap labor
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Political• Nationalism and militarism
–Nation’s desire to gain power–Expand territory–Boost national pride
• idea that the people of each nation possessed a unique character that should not only be celebrated within that nation, but recognized and respected by other nations as well became popular
–Distract own population• Many revolutions in 1848
–Use its new weapons
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Nationalism
Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily
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Ideological
• Promote “superior values”
• “Civilize” primitive people-a belief in the superiority of the
white race produced the idea that
whites had a responsibility to
civilize non-whites
-Social Darwinism
principle of natural selection
explained the need for stronger countries
to dominate weaker ones.
Handwritten cover of Origin of the Species by C. Darwin
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“The White Man’s Burden”
Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another's profit
And work another's gain.
By Rudyard Kipling
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The “White Man’s Burden” appeared in children’s books and
even in advertisements of the time period.
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Religious
• Spread religion (usually Christianity)
• Spread moral values
• Protect missionaries
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Exploratory
• Explore uncharted (unknown) territory
• Investigate new cultures
• Conduct scientific research using new technology– Improvements in communication and transportation
The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa
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What’s the motive?
• I wonder what we would find if we just kept sailing?
• Everyone needs the word of Christ.
• The gold is practically laying on the top soil.
• They need us, those heathens.
• We can’t let the French beat us there.
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Example of Imperialism
• Provide three motives of imperialism together with three examples that you create to demonstrate understanding:– Motive:– Example:
• Motive: Religious• Example: A British Christian missionary attempts
to convert a Chinese Buddhist woman to Catholicism
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What might the “snake” represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What do you think it means?
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What is imperialism?
• In 2005, Ms. Haggerman was accused of “being an imperialist” by upset Chinese factory workers for putting the following conditions on the factories that sold our company’s products
– No Child Labor (Under 16)
– No Slave Labor
– No Dangerous working conditions
– No excessively long work hours (no more than 10 per day)
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What is Imperialism?
• In a paragraph, answer whether you believe that Ms. Haggerman was acting as an “imperialist.” – Be sure to define imperialist– What did Ms. Haggerman do to make (or not make
her) an imperialist?
• Which, if any, of the conditions insisted on by Ms. Haggerman do you believe should be imposed on Chinese factories as a condition for selling to U.S. companies?
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Other strong nations emerged in the mid-1800s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.
German Unification
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Direct vs. Indirect RuleEuropean nations chose one of two different
paths when it came to colonial rule:
Indirect rule: colonies were given a degree of internal autonomy
Example: Nigeria
Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer
Example: Senegal
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The Scramble for Africa Begins
King Leopold II of Belgium
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Imperialism in Africa
• King Leopold (Belgium)– First European country to claim part of
Africa
• Establish brutal, slave-like country in Congo
• Led to other European countries grabbing territory in Africa
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Exploratory
• David Livingstone
• Mapping the “Dark Continent”
David Livingstone
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Henry Morton Stanley in 1869
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
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Invented in 1885
British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897
The gun could fire 500 rounds per minute. Gave Europeans an advantage over native populations
The Maxim Gun—New technology
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Steamboat Stanley on the Congo River
The International African Association
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The Berlin Conference
Established a set of agreed-upon rules regarding the competition among the great powers for colonies in Africa
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Berlin Conference
• Participants: –12 European countries + U.S.
–No African countries• Results:• 1) No arms sales to Africa• 2) No claims of colonies without
control• 3) Free trade along major rivers
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By 1914, only two African nations
remained independent
European Control of Africa
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Egypt
The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened
• The Suez Canal
• Shares in the canal held by France, Egypt
• Britain buys out Egypt’s interest
• Egyptian financial crisis
• 1882 uprisings
• British invade and occupy Egypt for 72 years.
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Cecil Rhodes
• British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources
• Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa
• Founder of the De Beers Consolidated mines (think diamonds)
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This 1892 cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.
“The Rhodes Colossus”
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A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa
• European quest to control natural resources– Copper, rubber and tin
• Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent– Africans used to be
subsistence farmers and now forced to grow cash crops, like peanuts
The port of Zanzibar around 1900
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Improvements in Transportation and Communication
•Laid thousands of roads and telegraph lines.
•Allowed Europeans to exploit resources and control the people better
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South Africa
• The Dutch first arrived on the Cape of Good Hope in the late 17th century.
• Europeans soon began to settle on the Cape, taking land and forcing the natives out.
Jan van Riebeeck landing on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
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The Great Trek, 1835–1843
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In 1867, diamonds were discovered in South Africa; in 1886, gold was discovered.
Diamond mining in South Africa
Diamonds and Gold
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British troops landing on the Cape
• Dutch and British troops fought for control of the Cape
• The British prevailed
The Boer War, 1899–1902
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Scramble for Africa: Britain
• Colonies: – Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, Union of South Africa,
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
• Goal #1)– Protect sea route to India: Suez Canal
• Goal #2) – Secure minerals in Southern Africa– Diamonds and Gold
• Greatest Challenges #1: Resistance by Muslims in Sudan
• Greatest Challenge #2: War with Afrikaners
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Scramble for Africa: France
• Colonies: Algeria, Morocco, French West Africa, Madagascar
• Goal: Control trade from coast to coast
• Greatest Challenge: Defeat of Samori Toure Muslim empire in Western Africa
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Imperialism in Africa
• Why couldn’t the African’s get rid of the Europeans?
• African Disadvantages
–Variety of cultures and tribal organization
–Ethnic strife (conflict between tribes)
–Low level of technology
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Ethiopian Independence
• Emperor Menelik II (Ethiopia) resisted European countries
• Defeated Italy in 1896 (Battle of Adowa)
• Played one European country off another
• Symbol of African resistance to imperialism
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Map Exercise
• Label the following countries and mark it with the number of the country that controlled it– Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ivory Coast,
Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Liberia, Union of South Africa, Madagascar, German East Africa, British East Africa, Belgian Congo, Egypt, Nigeria, Northern/Southern Rhodesia, Italian Somaliland, Kamerun (Cameroon),
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SummarySummary• European Imperialism in Africa begins in the
late 1700’s/early 1800’s.• Europeans used to be interested solely in the
slave trade, now wanted African colonies for raw materials (gold, rubber, tin, diamonds) for use in the new factories developed in the Industrial Revolution and for income via taxes.
• In the Berlin Conference Europe divided Africa and agree to help each other fight African resistance. England = S and W Africa, French = Central Africa
• Most African colonies governed by direct rule. British were the only ones to use indirect rule
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SummarySummary• Africans could not fight off Europeans because:
– Variety of cultures and tribal organization– Ethnic strife (conflict between tribes) – Low level of technology– Europeans were united against them
• Advantages of colonization:– Reduced tribal warfare– Raised life expectancy (medicine and agriculture)– Introduced modern technology
• Disadvantages of colonization:– Destroyed traditional way of life– No political power / treated harshly
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Diary Entry by African Villager
• Write a ½-1 page diary entry from the perspective of an African villager who sees the French and British come into his/her town. Create two scenes that clearly demonstrate at least two motives of imperialism
• The entry can begin– “We continue to see our way of life change, ever since the
British and the French came to our town. The British seem to be interested only in …
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China was a closed society
prior to the 1700’s.
Europeans forced it
open
China
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China
• China considered all foreign countries inferior to them
• Trade with China was a privilege, not a right.
• Merchants could only visit one Chinese city, Guangzhou (GWONG-JOH).
• Traders had to follow specific laws or they were not allowed to trade.
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China’s Conditions for Trade with Europe and others
• Strict Conditions on trade– Foreigners cannot learn Chinese– Foreigners must leave China after trading season– No foreign warships– No foreign women– No more than 8 male servants/no maids– Foreigners cannot leave home too often
• How did these rules control foreign influence?
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Opium War: “Just Say Yes to Drugs”
• China had little interest in trading with Europe/U.S.– Europeans accepted Chinese rules- making lots
of money from tea/silk trade– But, they couldn’t find anything the Chinese
would buy from them.
• BUT, Europe finally found something China wanted: OpiumOpium
• Millions of Chinese become addicted
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The Power of Opium
• By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium into China
• Within a generation, opium addiction in China became widespread
• Opium was illegal, but so addictive people ignored the penalties
Mandarin with Opium Pipe
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The East India Company’s opium factory stacking room
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China and Britain Clash over Opium
Chinese unloading opium from a British ship
In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou (Canton) stop. The British refused, and war ensued.
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Letter to Queen Victoria
• Assume you are Lin Zexu, a high Government official in the Chinese Government.
• Write a letter to Queen Victoria (Queen of Britain) detailing why Britain should stop selling opium to China
• Write a quick response from Queen Victoria
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Actual Letter from Lin Zexu
• “By what right do they (British merchants) use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your country, then even less should you let it harm other nations.”
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Opium War: “Just Say Yes to Drugs”
• Opium trade was threat to China
–Harmed people and drained treasury
• Chinese begin campaign against Opium in 1839
–Chinese soldiers sent into British warehouses to confiscate Opium
• Britain was insulted by searches and insists on chance to sell opium
• Britain fights China (1839-1842) in Opium War and easily defeats China
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The British navy attacks
The Opium War: 1839–1842
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Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
• Treaty between Britain and China that ends Opium War
• Agreed to:– Extraterritoriality
• Foreigners tried under their home country’s laws
– Gave British right to trade in 5 ports (treaty ports)– Britain gained island of Hong Kong and cash for
destroyed Opium (Hong Kong returned in 1997)
• Changed pattern of European trade with Asia = unequal treat system– West laid out rules for trade now
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The Treaty of Nanjing
Britain gained
• Control of Hong Kong
• The right to trade in five major cities
• Extraterritoriality• The legalization
of opium in ChinaThe signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
aboard the British ship Cornwallis
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Treaty Ports
How treaties opened up China to foreign trade
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U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• Turmoil in China• “Spheres of
influence”• “Open Door” policy
formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either
The Open Door Policy
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Catholic cathedral in Shanghai
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American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing
The Boxer Rebellion, 1899
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Signing of the Boxer Protocol
• China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol
• Required to pay damages to Europeans
• Forced to allow foreign soldiers to live in Beijing
The Boxer Protocol
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Nationalism increased in
China as groups fought to not
only rid China of foreigners, but to end centuries of imperial rule.
Chinese Nationalism
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Japan had closed its doors to the world in the 1600s
Japan
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•In the mid-1800s, the U.S. opened Japan to
trade;
•Soon, it too became a strong
industrialized nation.
Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry
The “Opening” of Japan
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The Meiji Restoration
• Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown by imperial forces
• Emperor Mutsuhito ruled 1867–1912
• Modernization
Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito
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Japanese battleship Shikishima
Japanese Modernization
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Japanese Industrialization
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A Japanese print depicting Japan's naval victory
in the Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War
• 1904–1905• Japan and
Russia fought for control of Manchuria
• Japan won easily; Russia was humiliated
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Axis rally in Tokyo, 1937
Japanese Empire-Building, 1929–1939
•Fascist Government
•Wanted to secure resources
•Conquered Manchuria in 1931
•Invaded China in 1937
•Brutal regime
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Women at work on a power loom mill
The United States
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The Monroe Doctrine• Part of President
Monroe’s 1823 Message to Congress
• Warned European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere affairs or overthrow independent republics there
• Promised the U.S. wouldn’t interfere with European affairs or colonies
Political cartoon titled “Keep Off!”
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Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii
• Independent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean
• Became a republic in 1894
• Annexed by the United States in 1898
Hawaii
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The United States gained control of
Spanish colonies in the Pacific and the Caribbean, most notably Cuba and the Philippines.
The wreck of the Maine
The Spanish-American War
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A native district of Manila burning
The Philippines • Filipino rebels fought alongside U.S. soldiers against the Spanish
• U.S. fails to grant the Philippines independence after the war
• U.S.-Filipino fighting breaks out in 1899 and continues for years
• Philippines didn’t gain independence until 1946
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The Panama CanalConstruction of the canal’s Miraflores Lock
• De Lesseps obtains canal rights from Colombia
• U.S. buys rights in 1903
• U.S. backs Panamanian independence
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• Panama as U.S. protectorate
• Canal completed in 1914
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Imperialism in India
• Vasco da Gama in 1498
• Set up a post in Calicut
• The spice trade made large profits
Vasco da Gama and the ruler of Calicut
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Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe
The British East India Company
• Sir Thomas Roe meets with Mughal Emperor Jahangir
• The British East India Company gains a monopoly on trade with India
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Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900s
Cash Crops in India
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The Battle of Plassey, 1757
Robert Clive
• Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta, imprisons British East India Company workers
• Nabob supported by the French
• British troops win a major victory at Plassey
• Victory drives the French from India, giving Britain a monopoly on trade
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Improvements in India’s Infrastructure
In India, the British built:
• The world’s third largest railroad system
• Telephone and telegraph lines
• Dams, bridges, and canals
Done to solidify English control of the region
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The Sepoy Rebellion• Sepoys: Indian
soldiers who served under British commanders
• 1857: Sepoys refused to use ammunition greased with pork/beef fat
• Full-scale rebellion broke out
• After quashing the rebellion, the British took control of India
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“The Jewel in the Crown”
In this 1897 map of the world, British possessions are outlined in red and shaded pink.
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Saigon harbor, circa 1887
The French Imperial System in Indochina
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French Indochina
“French Indochina” encompassed a number of self-governing regions in Southeast Asia, including modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
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British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824
Burma
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The Legacy of Imperialism
• World War I
• Economic Consequences
• Third-World Nationalism
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World War I
British troops on the front line, Somme area, 1916
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Economic Consequences
Tea workers on a plantation in Assam, India, circa 1950
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Third-World Nationalism
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The Legacy of Imperialism
Mozambican war refugees, 1978
Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin
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Legacy of Imperialism• Although many colonies benefited from the improvements
imperialism brought in infrastructure, schooling, and health care, political instability and economies lacking in diversity continue to plague many former colonies.
• Many nations in Africa have experienced (and continue to experience) civil war resulting in large part from the artificial boundaries that remained after they had won their independence from former European powers.
• Most colonies had little experience with self-rule; when independence came, political instability often followed. When stability was achieved, many times it came because a dictator had seized control of the country.
• Imperialism more or less created the “Third World,” and many of the problems that these countries experience today stem from the legacy of imperialism.
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Your Turn
• What obligations, if any, does the industrialized world owe to the nations which it dominated and exploited for so long?