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The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling (1899)

TAKE up the White Man's burden -- Send forth the best ye breed --Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild --Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.Take up the White Man's burden -- In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride;By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain,To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

It is the act of increasing one’s territory through force, coercion, or mutual agreement.

Europeans embarked on an imperial and expansionist journey in the 19th Century with Great Britain leading the way.

What is expansionism?

The The British British Empire Empire 19001900

Reasons for European ExpansionEconomic:Economic:

1. High tariffs against each other reduced trade between industrial nations

2. Countries were forced to look overseas for new markets

3. Investment opportunities in Western Europe slowed so Countries looked overseas to invest their capital

4. Investments in Asia and Africa grow and prove to be beneficial to European economies

Reasons for European ExpansionPolitical:Political:

1. Social Darwinism: nations compete politically, economically, and militarily as it is part of nature with only the strong surviving;

2. Anglo-Saxonism: a belief in the superiority of white, English-speaking, educated Christians over “lesser” peoples; [White Man’s Burden]

3. Manifest Destiny: a belief that expansion throughout the world was both justified and inevitable (a US doctrine that can be applied to Europe as well)

Reasons for European ExpansionMilitary:Military:

1. Bases are needed throughout the world to protect economic and political interests overseas

2. Bases ensure military superiority and intimidate the “lesser” peoples

3. Bases ensure military alliances in specific areas of the world

…and “What would happen to democracydemocracy if there was no frontier to vent steam and

offer fresh starts?”

America Needs a New Frontier

“For nearly three hundred years the dominant act in American life has been expansion. With the settlement of the Pacific coast and the occupation of free

lands, this movement has come to a check... the demands for a vigorous foreign policy, for an inter-oceanic

canal, for a revival of our policy upon the seas, and for the extension of

American influence to the outlying islands and adjoining countries, are indications

that the movement will continue.”

With these words, Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner laid the foundation for a modern historical study of the

American West and presented a “Frontier ThesisFrontier Thesis” in 1893 that influenced imperialistic thinking in the

US.

Frederick Jackson Turner:

Turner's 1893 thesis "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" is important to the birth of U.S. imperialism. In it Turner points out

the end of the American frontier in the West and calls for new frontier abroad. He laid the groundwork for a new kind of

U.S. foreign policy—one that led the United Stated into Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

during the Spanish-American War.

Reasons for American Expansion

1. The American frontierAmerican frontier (the West) is settled and the US has nowhere else to expand except across the Pacific Ocean and into Latin and South Americas

2. We had a tradition of expansion - Manifest Destiny. Rev. Josiah Strong, author of Our Country, claimed Americans were a special, God-favored Anglo Saxon race who were representatives of the ‘purest Christianity, the highest civilization.” Americans had “instinct or genius for colonizing” and had a destiny to “lift up” other civilizations.

3. The US needs to compete with other nations economically, [investing in and trading with foreign markets would profit the United States], politically, and militarily to become a world power… Nationalism….Security

4. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660 - 1783. To be a strong in this new world the US must sell its products abroad. To secure and protect these interests, we needed an improved, large and powerful navy that required overseas naval bases.

5. Belief that American security needed to be protected by maintaining strategic lands

Expansionism helped to formulate American foreign

policy…Imperialism

What is imperialism?

It is the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.

It is caused by an “extreme” desire for a strong nation to expand in order to gain

and maintain power in the world.

JapanJapan1852:1852:

Commodore Matthew Perry takes a naval expedition to Japan to force Japan to trade with the US

1853:1853:

Four American warships (steamships) enter Tokyo Bay displaying their superior technology and firepower to intimidate the Japanese government which is forced to open its ports to America in 1854

ALASKAALASKAThe US purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire The US purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. The territory was 586,412 square miles.Seward. The territory was 586,412 square miles.

Seward’s Folly

Congress believed it to be foolhardy to spend so much money on the remote Alaskan region. However,

Secretary of State Seward,who long favored expansion, argued that the nation's strategic interests favored the purchase. After all, Russia was a valuable

ally of the Union during the Civil War.

As it turned out, Alaska was a boon to the US economy because of its rich natural resources:

gold, natural gas and oil.

Congress believed it to be foolhardy to spend so much money on the remote Alaskan region. However,

Secretary of State Seward,who long favored expansion, argued that the nation's strategic interests favored the purchase. After all, Russia was a valuable

ally of the Union during the Civil War.

As it turned out, Alaska was a boon to the US economy because of its rich natural resources:

gold, natural gas and oil.

Seward’s Seward’s FollyFolly

Cuba

Causes of Spanish American War

A. American power in Latin America1. Chile paid US families $75,000 when 2 were killed and 17 injured2. Cleveland sent Naval units to protect American interests in Brazil

during revolt3. England forced to back down in Venezuela

B. Reports of brutality to Cuban Rebels

1. Spain sent General Weyler to put down Cuban rebellion. He set up

concentration camps to prevent Cuban citizens from aiding rebels

C. American Newspapers and Yellow Journalism

1. Newspapers wrongly accuse Spain of destroying the USS Maine.

Remember the Maine becomes a battle cry.

D. De Lome Letter

Why America was interested

1. Cuba was a Spanish colony in the 1800s located 90 miles from Florida - extension of US. In 1868 Cuban rebels declared independence but rebellion collapsed.

3. Many rebels fled to the US, including rebel leader, Jose Marti. Marti lived in NYC and raised money from sympathetic Americans to buy weapons and to train troops to eventually invade Cuba to gain independence.

2. It was valued for its sugarcane producing 1/3 of the world’s sugar in the late 1800s. By 1890 the US invested more than $50 million in Cuban sugar plantations, railroads, and mines. In 1894, the US imposed a tariff on sugar and arranged reciprocity agreements with Spain. Sugar prices fell and the Cuban economy was thrust into chaos

1895 - Marti launched a revolution from the US thinking that if they did enough damage, Spain would leave Cuba. Marti and his followers burned sugar fields, destroyed mills and fought Spanish soldiers.

Spanish troops under the command of Valereano “Butcher” Weyler, forced hundreds of thousands of Cubans into concentration camps to separate them from Cuban rebel fighters. Horrifying conditions such as hunger, starvation and diseases led to the death of tens of thousands of Cubans, up to one fourth of the island’s population.

Marti was killed in the revolution

Americans Americans Support Support CubansCubans

President Grover Cleveland declared neutrality in 1895. The public did not agree. American newspapers led the charge to support Cubans. The Journal owned by publisher, William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst, sensationalized the conflict, printing anti-Spanish stories. Graphic illustrations by the country's most-talented artists and stories by journalists were fodder for fueling the war. Together, Hearst and Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer, of The New York World, created a frenzy among the American people, reporting alleged brutality of Spanish toward the rebels. [General Weyler and his concentration camps ] These publishers transformed newspapers with sensational and scandalous news coverage, using drawings and more features such as comic strips to sell papers. This was called yellow journalism.

Pulitzer published color comic sections that included a strip entitled "The Yellow Kid" in early 1896, this type of paper was labeled "yellow journalism” thus the nickname came about.

"The Yellow Kid"

American Newspapers Accuse Spain

of Sinking the MaineIn 1898 newspapers were the only news medium available

to the public. America's most powerful

publishers howled for war with Spain.

William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World competed for circulation

with inflammatory headlines and exaggerated stories about Spanish atrocities.

New York Journal, February 17, 1898: a sample of Hearst's tabloid treatment of the Spanish-

American War and the events which led up to it.YELLOW JOURNALISMYELLOW JOURNALISM

Remember the Maine

January 25, 1898 --The U.S.S. Maine enters Havana harbor, about three weeks before it was blown

up.

February 15, 1898: The USS Maine was on a mission to evacuate Americans from Havana in Havana Harbor, Cuba.

Suddenly an explosion rocked the ship. Ship’s Captain Charles D. Sigsbee wrote on that fateful day…

Remember the Maine…Remember the Maine…

“I laid down my pen and listened to the notes of the bugle, which were singularly beautiful…I was enclosing my letter in its envelope when the explosion came. It was a bursting, rending, and crashing roar of immense volume, largely metallic in character. It was followed by heavy, ominous metallic sounds. There was a trembling and lurching motion of the vessel, a list to port. The electric lights went out. Then there was intense blackness and smoke.” (Sigsbee 15 February 1898)

Remember the Maine…Remember the Maine…

Captain Sigsbee reached the slanted, sinking deck. Fires burst out all over. In Havana lights illuminated broken windows that had just been smashed by the blast. Most crewmen had been asleep in the forward part of the ship, which was already at the bottom of the harbor. The stern sunk slowly.

Crews from nearby ships manned lifeboats to rescue the surviving crewmen of the Maine. "Chief among them," Sigsbee wrote, "were the boats from the Alfonso XII. The Spanish officers and crews did all that humanity and gallantry could compass."

Captain Sigsbee abandoned the Maine, which continued to burn and explode.

Remember the Maine…Remember the Maine…

Did You Know?Crews from nearby ships manned lifeboats to rescue the surviving crewmen of the Maine. "Chief among them," Sigsbee wrote, "were the boats from the Alfonso XII. The Spanish officers and crews did all that humanity and gallantry could compass." Reluctantly, Captain Sigsbee abandoned the Maine, which continued to burn and explode throughout the night.

The twisted, burnt wreckage of the Maine 's stern and bridge was still above water in the morning. It remained there for years. Two hundred fifty-four seamen were dead, and fifty-nine sailors were wounded. Eight of the wounded later died. The navy conducted an investigation into the cause of the disaster, but it never discovered who was responsible for the explosion.

De Lome Letter The De Lôme Letter was written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Minister at the Spanish Embassy in Washington, D.C. The letter, which was intended to be private, was sent to his friend, Don Jose Canelejas, and was stolen from the Post Office in Havana and released by Cuban revolutionists to Hearst's newspaper. In it, the minister wrote of US President William McKinley "... McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party." On February 9, 1898, the letter was published in the New York Journal, headlining it "THE WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED STATES IN ITS HISTORY".

This event fired up an otherwise inactive President McKinley and helped foment public sentiment in favor of the Cubans and against the Spanish.

Spanish American War

Before fighting began in Cuba, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, orders Commodore Dewey to move six U.S. ships from Hong Kong to the Philippines. On May 1, just days after war was declared, Dewey attacked the Spanish ships in Manila. In seven hours, all ten Spanish ships were destroyed

Dewey could not storm Manila with his sailors so he waited for 11,000 reinforcements and joined with Emilio Aquinaldo, a patriot who wanted independence from Spain. He believed the US would grant the Philippines independence but we’ll get to that later.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Rider’s charge up San Juan HillCuba:

Under the command of General Nelson Miles and General William Shafter, 17,000 troops landed near Santiago including many African Americans of African mixed descent.

One unit was the “Rough Riders” under the command of Roosevelt. They were cowboys, college students, the adventurous type who were undisciplined and not very effective but whose enthusiasm led them to charge up San Juan Hill surrounding Santiago. They demoralized the Spanish troops. Two days after the battle, on July 3, the Spanish tried to run a US blockade of Santiago Harbor but were destroyed.

The “Splendid Little War” cost 385 American lives. Another 5,000 died from bad food, tainted meat, supplied by the army

Charge up San Juan HillWhile Teddy’s Rough Riders got all the glory, it was the Ninth and Tenth African American cavalries that saved the day.

As these troops passed through the South on the way to Cuba, they were called names, refused service in restaurants, saloons and other public places. One group waited for a week on board a government ship in Tampa, Florida. While there, they were not allowed to go ashore to bathe or exercise unless accompanied by a white officer.

Tensions were so high that race riots occurred in June 1898

1898 Spain grants Cuba independence but Cuban government was at a standstill, sanitation was almost non-existent, and disease was rampant

1899 President McKinley sets up a US military government under a US military governor who begins programs for public works, education, sanitation, court reform and self-government

1901 Cuba drafts a constitution but US insists it include the Platt Amendment that limited its right to borrow money from foreign powers, gave the US right to intervene in Cuban affairs to protect American lives and property, gave US two naval bases - Guantanamo Bay

1906 Cubans revolted against new government and US went in to restore order and set up a temporary government until we could reform the election process. We returned the country to Cuban control in 1909

What did Cuba gain?

1. A brief independence from Spain

2. Annexation by the US 1899

3. A provisional military government. under the US to restore order 1899. The government started programs of public works, education, sanitation, court reform and self-government.

5. A democracy imposed on the people

6. Economic interests of the US preserved

4. Two US bases

United States ratified a tariff pact that gave Cuban sugar preference in the U.S. market and protection to

selected U.S. products in the Cuban market.

What did the US gain?

Economic: US preserves its $50 million investment in Cuba

Economic: US ratifies a tariff pact that gives Cuban sugar preference in the U.S. market and protection to selected U.S. products in the Cuban market. As a result, sugar production completely dominates Cuban economy

Political: US occupies Cuba and sets up a provisional military government in 1899 and remains until 1902

Political: US assumes and discharges any obligations under international law that result from its occupation.

Military: US gains two military bases one is Guantánamo Bay

The PhilippinesThe Philippines was also a Spanish colony that revolted. During the Spanish American War, the US sought to take over this colony as a key base to protect our Asian Trade. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, T.Roosevelt, ordered Admiral Dewey to attack the Spanish fleet here but US troops could not get to the Philippines Dewey needed the help of a Filipino patriot Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo agreed to aid the US in exchange for independence. With his help, Dewy captured Manila but independence never came. Instead, President McKinley decided the best choice for the US was to “take the islands and educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them.”When Aguinaldo refused to accept US governmenthe was deported. A three year battle between the US and Filipinos ended in 1901 when the US crushed the rebellion at a cost of $600 million.

The Philippines can be considered a vital link in a chain of military bases that will one day encircle the globe to protect American strategic and commercial interests. - Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, U.S. Navy

The new government Under Taft reduced disease, built highways, railroads, telegraph and telephone lines. Education reduced illiteracy from 85% to 37%, exports and imports increased due to 25% tariff reduction.

In 1946, the Philippines was granted independence

Puerto RicoThe Treaty of Paris gave Puerto Rico to the US but it did not gain independence, instead it became a US territory. Under the Foraker Act the US government selected a US governor and Executive Council to rule, and appointed US justices to the Puerto Rico Supreme Court.

By 1930, US owned 60% of public utilities, sugar banking industry, 80% of tobacco. Puerto Rican farmers had to sell their land because they could not compete.

After 30 years unemployment was over 30 %, living conditions were deplorable with little sanitation, disease and low life expectancyIn 1952, after a constitution, PR became a commonwealth of the US

New Government controlled malaria, yellow fever and other diseases. Also sponsored labor to repair harbors, build roads and irrigation projects. Jones Act of 1916 and 1917 gave Puerto Ricans right to elect own government officers and granting Puerto Ricans US citizenship. During WWI, 17,000 Puerto Ricans served in the US military helping guard the Panama Canal

HawaiiHawaii18101810King Kamehameha the Great unites all the Hawaiian islands into one kingdom.

1819 1819

The first American missionaries settle to convert the natives to Christianity

American whaling ships use HI as a base

US merchant ships use HI as a stopover for its trading vessels going to China

HawaiiHawaii1820s1820s

Americans start sugarcane & fruit plantations; thus begins economic & political dominance of HI

18721872

Hawaii struck by recession

1875 1875

US agrees to exempt HI from its sugar tariffs to prevent it from going to Britain or France for help

18871887

America extends the no-tariff agreement providing it gets a naval

base..thus the US has exclusive rights to Pearl Harbor

HawaiiHawaii 18871887

Prominent planters (of American descent) force King to accept the Bayonet Constitution, giving them more power while limiting the king’s, and disenfranchising the Hawaiian people

Hawaiians are angry; fear the loss of their country

Tensions mount between planters and natives

18901890

McKinley Tariff eliminates all duties on sugar and gave subsidies to sugar producers in the US, crippling HI sugar trade…HI sugar more expensive than US sugar; HI economy hits bottom

18911891

Queen Liliuokalani assumes the throne

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen Liliuokalani

18931893Lili'uokalani attempts to implement a new constitution to restore power to the throne and restore the voting rights to Hawaiians. She is overthrown by local businessmen with the help of the U.S. Marines (USS Boston) and is forced to surrender the Hawaiian kingdom to the United States.

18941894Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed with Sanford Dole as president

18951895Liliuokalani is arrested, accused of plotting an attempt to restore the throne.

Sanford B. Sanford B. DoleDole

Sanford B. Dole was born in Honolulu of white Protestant Christian missionaries from Maine. He was of a wealthy, elite immigrant community that was a dominant presence in politics and economics. He was a lawyer for planters.

Dole was the self-proclaimed President of the Republic of Hawaii and was inaugurated July 4, 1894, under a constitution that was also declared law by proclamation.

Dole's supporters were businessmen, primarily American by birth, the group known as the Committee of Safety, which had overthrown the Hawaiian Constitutional Monarchy in 1893 and set up a provisional government until annexation became official in 1898.

HawaiiHawaii1898Hawaii is annexed by U.S. President William McKinley; Sanford Dole became the first territorial governor

1900Hawaii becomes a U.S. territory

US Gains from Hawaii:1820-1900s US controls sugar industry in HI for

economic gain1840s US warns others to keep out of HI for

economic & political gain1875 US lifts tariff on Hawaiian sugar to keep

them in its economic grasp • Planters of American descent force new

constitution on king to get power, Pearl Harbor falls under US jurisdiction for military gain

1893 US military intervention helps dethrone queen; keep planters in power

1893 Planters set up provisional government with US political backing

• US annexation of HI

1900 Hawaii becomes a territory under US political, economic, and military jurisdiction

1959 HI becomes 50th state

ChinaDuring the 1800s, the ruling Manchu Dynasty weakened and Russia,Japan, Britain, France, and Germany divided the country into their own spheres of influence, demanding that China give them special trade privileges and lease them land to build naval bases to protect strategic interests.

This prompted the US to enforce its OPEN DOOR policy•No power should prevent others from trading in spheres of influence

•All taxes on imports or exports would be collected by the Chinese government

•No power would ask for harbor or railroad duties that discriminated against the other powers

China Reacted:

Boxer Rebellion

Nationalists - Sun Yat-sen

Communists - Mao Tse-tung

Dollar Diplomacy

Spheres of Influence

Open Door

Policy

Harper’s Weekly

November 18, 1899

PanamaAmerican interest

Shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for faster and cheaper shipping and to allow the US Navy to move from one ocean to another in times of war

Problem:

Panama was part of ColumbiaThe French had a 25 yr agreement with

Columbia to build a canal through

the Isthmus but yellow fever and mismanagement

caused them to abandon the project America gets a Canal

• Spooner Act authorized the purchase of French assets

•Offered to lease 6 mile zone for $10 million and annual payment of $250,000 but rejected by Columbia

•Roosevelt secretly encouraged revolt in November 1903

•Hay Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave Panama independence. US got permanent grant of 10 mile strip and Panama got $10

million.

US & Panama sign Treaty to build canal

The Big Stick PolicyThe Roosevelt CorollaryThe US would intervene in South America to collect debts before foreign nations took over these nations to collect their debts. The US became the international police force

Dominican Republic

DR gained independence from Spain in the 1800s Ulises Heureaux took power and improved education transportation and roads. He also encouraged foreign nations to invest and they did selling equipment developing water and power supplies, investing in land to export crops. They wanted to be paid back

Heureaux was corrupt and was assassinated in 1899 leaving the country in debt to foreign nations. To prevent other countries from taking over the DR [located near the US] The US collected Dominican import duties for two years to pay off its debt

Taft’s Dollar DiplomacyBefore Taft was President, he was Roosevelt’s Secretary of War and Governor of the Philippines.

Taft’s foreign policy was to increase trade with Asia and to substitute dollars for bullets.

He kept order in other countries by encouraging American investment in those countries.

The US invested in railroad projects in China but Russia and Japan blocked American influence here. Besides, American investments in China were lost when the Chinese government collapsed in 1911

MexicoWoodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy or Watchful Waiting

Will citizens make the moral decision about their government so other nations do not intervene?

Diaz resigns from power under a revolution power passes to

Madero - priest who supported lower classes, assassinated by

Huerta - comes to power as a murderer, US refused to recognize his power but US has $1 billion invested in Mexico. Will the Mexican people oust Huerta

Carranza

Villa