impacts of elevated co 2 on deep-sea scavengers eric vetter, hawaii pacific university craig r....
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Impacts of Elevated CO2 on Deep-Sea Scavengers
Eric Vetter, Hawaii Pacific UniversityCraig R. Smith, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Responses of organisms to regions with elevated CO2
1. Sense and avoid the affected waters– Observed in some shallow water fishes and
hagfish at 250 m (Tamburri and Brewer)– Not observed during in-situ deep-water (625 m)
experiments off the US West Coast (Tamburri et al. 2000)
• Failure to detect unfavorable chemical conditions because of steep gradient?
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2) Perceive the unfavorable conditions yet remain in the affected waters
– Irritation not sufficient to elicit response
– Small, sessile, or sedentary organisms incapable of sufficient movement to flee
Responses of organisms to regions with elevated CO2 and/or depressed pH
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Consequences:– Animals depart prior to suffering acute toxicity– Animals remain long enough to suffer from
acute or chronic toxicity• Scavengers attending food-falls
– Potentially leading to a Mortality Sink» Analogous to ghost fishing
Problem - Animals capable of immediately escaping the plume do not
– Plume is not sensed or is not sufficiently irritating
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Widely ranging scavengers attracted to odor plumes from animals killed by waters enriched with CO2 will suffer the same fate
• Will lead to a disruption in ecosystem functioning, potentially over a large scale
The “Mortality Sink” Hypothesis
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Alteration of Ecosystem Function
• Accumulation of organic detritus ranging from wood to fecal pellets to carcasses of large fishes and marine mammals may result if:
• in-situ detritivores including polychaete worms, gastropods, and crustaceans are killed
• opportunistic species such as shipworms fail to recruit
• and mobile scavengers including amphipods, hagfishes, and sharks are unable to enter affected waters.
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• Continuous venting of large volumes of CO2 enriched hydrothermal fluids
• located about 30 km south of the island of Hawaii
• Most vents are low temperature (<30° C)
Loihi Seamount
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25
75
100
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5 10 201500
Time in plume, minutes
Perc
enta
ge o
f am
phip
ods
activ
eActivity level of amphipods following exposure to CO2 rich plume
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In vent 7 days
In vent 5 days
bresiliid shrimp, Opaepele loihi
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0
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0.4
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0.8 1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8 2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8 3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8 4
PV 506, LoihiPV 510, LoihiPV 508, South Point
Size-frequency of amphipods trapped at Loihi and South Point
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PV 504 PV 505 PV 506 PV 509 PV 509 PV 510 PV 508
Numbers of Amphipods Trapped, 24 hours
Sou
th P
oin
t
72 hours
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About 2800 amphipods
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Temperature
• During Experiment: 4 - 8°C, average 5.0°C
• On Ascent: – Most amphipods active at 10°C– Most amphipods inactive at 12°C
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• Lysianassid amphipods at Loihi sensed and avoided impacted waters• No evidence of mortality sink• Indicates potential failure of ecosystem function
• Presence of bresiliid shrimp• CO2 tolerant ecological equivalents may mitigate loss of
ecosystem function• Presence of large numbers of Amphipods and Synaphobranchid eels
• Food source:• vent production• high seamount productivity• Animals disabled by vent emissions
Thanks to Ric Coffin, Keith Johnson, Magnus Eek, Eric Adams, NRL
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Future Efforts at Loihi
• Larval recruitment
• Water column impacts
• Reduced temperature plume experiments
• Larger, longer term baiting in plume
• Microcosm experiments using liquid CO2
– Gradient and controlled exposure