impact of tillage on soil properties
TRANSCRIPT
IMPACT OF TILLAGE ON IMPACT OF TILLAGE ON SOIL PROPERTIESSOIL PROPERTIES
Dick WolkowskiDick WolkowskiDepartment of Soil ScienceDepartment of Soil Science
University of WisconsinUniversity of Wisconsin
WHAT IS TILLAGEWHAT IS TILLAGETHE PHYSICAL THE PHYSICAL MANIPULATION OF MANIPULATION OF THE SOIL FOR THE THE SOIL FOR THE PURPOSES OF:PURPOSES OF:
Management of previous Management of previous crop residuescrop residuesControl of competing Control of competing vegetationvegetationIncorporation of Incorporation of amendmentsamendmentsPreparation of a seedbedPreparation of a seedbed
SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTED SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY TILLAGEBY TILLAGE
Crop residue coverCrop residue coverSoil test measurementsSoil test measurementsNutrient availabilityNutrient availabilityStructure and Structure and aggregate stabilityaggregate stabilityWater relationshipsWater relationshipsTemperatureTemperatureSoil biologySoil biologyStrengthStrength
SURFACE CROP RESIDUE SURFACE CROP RESIDUE INTERACTS WITH OTHER FACTORSINTERACTS WITH OTHER FACTORS
Impact on erosionImpact on erosionCooler soilsCooler soilsConserves moistureConserves moistureAffects soil physical Affects soil physical propertiespropertiesAffects carbon and Affects carbon and nutrient cyclingnutrient cycling
TILLAGE INTENSITY IN WISCONSIN TILLAGE INTENSITY IN WISCONSIN VARIES BY CROPVARIES BY CROP
010203040506070
Corn Soybean Forage
% o
f Acr
eage
NTMTRTCT
CTIC, 2002CTIC, 2002
TILLAGE EFFECTTILLAGE EFFECTEROSION ON CLEANEROSION ON CLEAN--TILLED TILLED GROUND, DANE CO., WIS.GROUND, DANE CO., WIS.
CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTCROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTEROSION ON CORN SILAGE EROSION ON CORN SILAGE GROUND SHAWANO CO., WIS.GROUND SHAWANO CO., WIS.
TILLAGE EFFECT ON SOIL TESTTILLAGE EFFECT ON SOIL TEST
ISSUESISSUESNutrient stratificationNutrient stratification
Surface applied nutrientsSurface applied nutrientsCrop residuesCrop residuesVertical and horizontalVertical and horizontal
How to collect a How to collect a representative samplerepresentative sampleFertilizer placement Fertilizer placement considerationsconsiderations
SOIL TEST STRATIFICATION FOLLOWING SOIL TEST STRATIFICATION FOLLOWING FIVE YEARS OF TILLAGE MANAGEMENT, FIVE YEARS OF TILLAGE MANAGEMENT,
ARLINGTON, WIS.ARLINGTON, WIS.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
NT
CH
SOIL TEST P (ppm)
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
NT
CH
SOIL TEST K (ppm)
6-8" 4-6" 2-4" 0-2"
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
NT
CH
SOIL pH
Wolkowski, 2003 (Corn/soybean rotation) Wolkowski, 2003 (Corn/soybean rotation)
TEN BOTTOM MOLDBOARD PLOWTEN BOTTOM MOLDBOARD PLOWSET AT 11”, WOOD CO., WIS.SET AT 11”, WOOD CO., WIS.
TILLAGE HAS A PROFOUND TILLAGE HAS A PROFOUND EFFECT ON THE SOIL PHYSICAL EFFECT ON THE SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONCONDITION
EFFECTS OF LONGEFFECTS OF LONG--TERM TILLAGE ON THE TERM TILLAGE ON THE PLOW LAYER PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION PLOW LAYER PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
>150 150-15 15-1.5 1.5-0.3 0.3-0.1
Pore Size
MB
NT
Hill et al., 1985 Hill et al., 1985
Pore
vol
ume
(cm
3 /cm
3 )
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE MANAGEMENT ON EFFECTS OF TILLAGE MANAGEMENT ON MACROMACRO--PORE PORE (>0.4 mm) (>0.4 mm) CONTINUITYCONTINUITY
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
NT MB
Upper Ap
Lower Ap
Upper B
Lower B
Lancaster, Wis.; continuous corn (Logsdon et al., 1990)Lancaster, Wis.; continuous corn (Logsdon et al., 1990)
Pore
num
ber
(m2 )
AGGREGATE STABILITYAGGREGATE STABILITYINFLUENCED BYINFLUENCED BY
Organic matter and organismsOrganic matter and organismsTextureTextureRotationRotationTillageTillage
IMPORTANT FOR:IMPORTANT FOR:AerationAerationWater relationsWater relationsProductivity (Tilth)Productivity (Tilth)
TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL (0TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL (0--2 IN.) 2 IN.) PROPERTIES AT LANCASTER, WIS.PROPERTIES AT LANCASTER, WIS.
535311113636PlowPlow
525216163434ChiselChisel
787824244646NoNo--tilltill
No./mNo./m22g/kgg/kg%%
EARTH EARTH WORMSWORMS
TOTALTOTALCC
STAB.STAB.AGGR.AGGR.
TILLAGETILLAGE
Karlen et al., 1994Karlen et al., 1994
WATERWATER--STABLE AGGREGATE SIZE IN THE STABLE AGGREGATE SIZE IN THE 00--3 IN. DEPTH AS AFFECTED BY ROTATION 3 IN. DEPTH AS AFFECTED BY ROTATION
AND TILLAGEAND TILLAGE
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CC CSb SbC SbSb
SIZE
(mm
)
FALL MBFALL CHNO-TILL
Kladivko et al, 1986Kladivko et al, 1986
EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON CRUST EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON CRUST STRENGTH AFTER A HEAVY RAINFALLSTRENGTH AFTER A HEAVY RAINFALL
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
8 12 16
STR
ENG
TH (M
Pa)
MBNT
UNGER, 1984UNGER, 1984 DAYS
TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL WATER RELATIONSHIPSWATER RELATIONSHIPS
NoNo--till soils tend to till soils tend to have lower porosity and have lower porosity and higher water contenthigher water contentConsiderable variability Considerable variability by soil typeby soil typeContinuous channels in Continuous channels in nono--till can increase till can increase infiltration rateinfiltration rate
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MATRIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MATRIC POTENTIAL AND VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENTPOTENTIAL AND VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0 1 2 3.5 5.9 7.4 20 40
WA
TER
CO
NTE
NT
(m3/
m3 MB
NT
Hill, 1990Hill, 1990 MATRIC POTENTIAL (kPa)
TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE
Cooler temperatures associated with Cooler temperatures associated with high residuehigh residueResidue buffers temperature changeResidue buffers temperature changeEmergence and early growth affectedEmergence and early growth affectedCorn on corn noCorn on corn no--till systems have been till systems have been shown to be 5shown to be 5--10% less productive in 10% less productive in WisconsinWisconsin
SOIL TEMPERATURE AFFECTED BY SOIL TEMPERATURE AFFECTED BY TILLAGE AND CROP RESIDUETILLAGE AND CROP RESIDUE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
11-Apr 18-Apr 24-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May
DEG
REE
C
STRIP-TILLCHISELNO-TILL
2 " DEPTHMEASURED 4:00-5:00 PMEffect on in-row soil
temperature,Arlington, 1994
0
20
40
60
80
100
Residu
e (%
)
ChiselStrip-tillNo-till
Effect on cropresidue, Arlington, 1994
Wolkowski, 2000Wolkowski, 2000
STRIP TILLAGE OFFERS STRIP TILLAGE OFFERS AN ALTERNATIVE TOAN ALTERNATIVE TOFULLFULL--WIDTH TILLAGEWIDTH TILLAGE
EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON THE EARLY EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON THE EARLY GROWTH OF CORN, ARLINGTON, WIS. GROWTH OF CORN, ARLINGTON, WIS.
363618180.70.70.70.7NoNo--tilltill
808029291.11.11.81.8ChiselChisel
626228281.11.11.61.6StripStrip--tilltill
%%---------------- g/plt g/plt ----------------plt/ftplt/ft
SILKINGSILKINGV12V12V6V6EMERGENCEEMERGENCETILLAGETILLAGE
Wolkowski, 2000Wolkowski, 2000
TILLAGE AFFECTS BIOLOGICAL TILLAGE AFFECTS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITYACTIVITY
Cooler and wetter noCooler and wetter no--till till soilssoils
Slower residue Slower residue decompositiondecompositionNutrient immobilizationNutrient immobilizationGreater denitrification Greater denitrification potentialpotential
Surface organic Surface organic material promotes material promotes localized biological localized biological activityactivity
SOIL C AND N DISTRIBUTION AFTER 12 SOIL C AND N DISTRIBUTION AFTER 12 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS CORNYEARS OF CONTINUOUS CORN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.5 2 4 8 10 15 20
Depth (in)
MB
NT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.5 2 4 8 10 15 20
Depth (in)
Tot
al N
(mg/
cm3 )
MB
NT
Karlen et al., 1994
Total C Total N
Tota
l C
( mg/
cm3 )
TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL TILLAGE EFFECTS ON SOIL STRENGTHSTRENGTH
Reduced tillage soils have higher Reduced tillage soils have higher surface bulk density and penetration surface bulk density and penetration resistanceresistanceShortShort--term response to occasional term response to occasional tillagetillageTraffic management criticalTraffic management criticalSubsoiling response is likely site Subsoiling response is likely site dependentdependent
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Soil Resistance to Penetration, kPa
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Dep
th, m
m
No-Compaction - No-tillageNo-Compaction - ChiselCompacted - No-TillageCompacted - Chisel
7/20/20006/22/2000
TILLAGE INFLUENCES TILLAGE INFLUENCES RESISTANCE TO PENETRATIONRESISTANCE TO PENETRATION
Greater penetration Greater penetration resistance in noresistance in no--till in top 6” till in top 6” compared to chisel when not compared to chisel when not compactedcompactedCompacted chiseled soil has Compacted chiseled soil has greater resistance than nogreater resistance than no--tilltillGreater penetration Greater penetration resistance when soil is dryresistance when soil is dryCompaction effects more Compaction effects more distinct in dryer soildistinct in dryer soildry (36 % vs. 27 %)dry (36 % vs. 27 %)
Arlington, Plano silt loam Arlington, Plano silt loam
SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CORN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CORN YIELD AS AFFECTED BY TRACKED AND YIELD AS AFFECTED BY TRACKED AND
WHEELED VEHICLESWHEELED VEHICLES
----7.77.77.87.81.461.46RubberRubber--trackedtracked
%%
1391394.74.72.72.71.501.50WheelWheel--trackedtracked
1481489.79.713.013.01.381.38SteelSteel--trackedtracked
16616617.817.826.026.01.281.28UnUn--trackedtracked
Bu/aBu/auM/secuM/secg/ccg/cc
YIELDYIELDAIRAIR--FILLED FILLED PORE SPACEPORE SPACE
HYDR. HYDR. COND.COND.
BULK BULK DENSITYDENSITY
TYPETYPE
Brown et al., 1992Brown et al., 1992
Would these guys be smiling if they really knew how much pressure this grain cart put on the ground (800 bu x 56 lb = 44,800 lb)
Compaction affects the soil - structure- porosity- aeration- strength
Plant growth affected - root growth- nutrient uptake- water utilization
EFFECT OF PERIODIC PLOWING ON EFFECT OF PERIODIC PLOWING ON SOIL BULK DENSITY (0SOIL BULK DENSITY (0--3 in.)3 in.)
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1986 1987 1991
g/cc
CTNT/PLOWNT
Pierce et al., 1994Pierce et al., 1994
CORN AND SOYBEAN YIELD AS AFFECTED CORN AND SOYBEAN YIELD AS AFFECTED BY DEEP TILLAGE, MANITOWOC, WIS.BY DEEP TILLAGE, MANITOWOC, WIS.
------------------------------------------------ bu/a bu/a ------------------------------------------------
192*192*5959226*226*51*51*ZBZB
17217258581881884040VRVR
17617657572132133030NTNT
CORNCORN20002000
SOYBEAN SOYBEAN 19991999
CORNCORN19981998
SOYBEAN SOYBEAN 19971997
TILLAGETILLAGE
Wolkowski (unpublished)Wolkowski (unpublished)
NATURAL ALLEVIATION OF COMPACTION NATURAL ALLEVIATION OF COMPACTION ON A SILTY CLAY LOAM SOILON A SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
YIEL
D R
EDU
CTI
ON
(%) 10 T
20 T
AlAl--Adawi and Reeder, 1996Adawi and Reeder, 1996
PERSISTANCE OF COMPACTION ALONG THEPERSISTANCE OF COMPACTION ALONG THEWADSWORTH TRAIL, MINNESOTAWADSWORTH TRAIL, MINNESOTA
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
OUTSID
ERUTS
SOIL BULK DENSITY (g/cc)
10-12 in 8-10 in 6-8 in4-6 in 2-4 in 0-2 on
Sharratt et al., 1998Sharratt et al., 1998
SUMMARYSUMMARYTillage management can greatly modify Tillage management can greatly modify soil properties related to soil quality and soil properties related to soil quality and crop growthcrop growthTillage intensity will impact residue Tillage intensity will impact residue management and soil consolidationmanagement and soil consolidationMany physical, chemical, and biological Many physical, chemical, and biological properties are affectedproperties are affectedHigh residue systems need “tweaking” in High residue systems need “tweaking” in WisconsinWisconsinBetter traffic and tillage management will Better traffic and tillage management will enhance soil quality and maintain enhance soil quality and maintain productivityproductivity