2019 soil water management presentationsource: the nature and properties of soil , 15e, ray r. weil...
TRANSCRIPT
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SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT
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Soil Functions
Nutrient Cycling
Carbon Cycling
Soil
WaterCycling
Plant Growth
Chemical Fate &
Transport
BiodiversityProtection
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CONSEQUENCES OF MISMANAGEMENT
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CRITICAL SOIL PROPERTIES AND
FUNCTIONS
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Gas
Liquids
Solids
Pores
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Porosity – Proportion of Pores
Volume of Pores
Total Soil Volume
= Porosity
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Soil texture and particle size
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Infiltration
■ How quickly water enters the soil
■ Impacted by:
- Soil Texture
- Pore size
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Macropores
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Alaou and Goetz, Geoderma 2008Sophocleuos et al., Kansas State Geological survey
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Soil structure and macroporesimpact infiltration
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Slope and Infiltration
Rain
Infiltration
RainInfiltration
Low Slope Field High Slope Field
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Factors Influencing Infiltration■ Soil Texture
Sandy ClayeyHigh infiltration Low Infiltration
■ Porosity (greater porosity = more infiltration)
– Porosity is influenced by compaction
■ Slope (Higher Slope = less infiltration)
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Importance of Porosity
Porosity controls:• Maximum water
content of soils• Root Aeration• Water infiltration
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Compaction: • Decreases Porosity• Increases Density
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Compaction degrades pore networks
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Source: The Nature and Properties of Soil, 15e, Ray R. Weil and Nyle C. Brady
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Source: The Nature and Properties of Soil, 15e, Ray R. Weil and Nyle C. Brady
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Source: The Nature and Properties of Soil, 15e, Ray R. Weil and Nyle C. Brady
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Source: The Nature and Properties of Soil, 15e, Ray R. Weil and Nyle C. Brady
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• Tillage can influence Compaction susceptibility
• Effects are greatest in young soils (e.g. soils in the Midwest)
Young Prairie Soil (Nebraska)
Very Old Forest Soil (Kentucky)
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Factors influencing compaction■ Moist soil is weaker and more susceptible to compaction
(avoid traffic on wet soils)
■ High OM soils are less susceptible
■ High tillage increases compaction susceptibility
■ Heavy vehicle traffic increases compaction
– High volume tires (and tracks) keep compaction shallow
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WATER QUALITY
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Ag. Chemical
Volatilization /off-gassing
Deposition
Leaching
Flow in deep ground water
Surface Water
Groundwater
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Importance of each mechanism depends on:• Chemical Type• Application Timing• Application method• Landscape (soil, slope, infiltration, conservation
practice, etc.)
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Right Source
Right Rate
Right Time
Right Place
4 R’s of Nutrient Management
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Right Rate
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Manure/fertilizer application timing (Right Time)
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SOIL EROSION
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Mechanism of soil erosion
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Erosion vs. Sedimentation
Erosion = movement of soil (via wind or water)
Sedimentation = impairment of water bodies by excess sediment additions
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CONSERVATION PRACTICES
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Riparian buffers and filter strips
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Contours and grass waterways
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Contour strips and buffers
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Grass waterways
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Cover Crops
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Cover crops
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Conventional vs. reduced/conservation tillage
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Conservation Tillage = more crop residue
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