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Bio-Building Materials based on Agro-Industrial Wastes

Mohammed Sonebi

Queen’s University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Belfast, UK

m.sonebi@qub.ac.uk

Population Growth vs. CO2

Sustainability

Impact of the building industry on the climate change

Buildings

Sustainability

What actually IS sustainability?

• Environment/green building? • Recycling? • Energy savings? • Using renewable resources?

Nano-house – green building

Recycling aggregates Recycling glasses Recycling agro-wastes

Sustainability

BUILDINGS

40% EU’s Energy consumption

36% EU's total CO2 emissions

1- MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS 2- MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS

1 Ton Cement = 1 Ton CO2 (5% to 8 % of global CO2)

1 Ton Steel = 1.8 Ton CO2 1 Ton Glass = 1.2 Ton CO2

IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDING MATERIALS ON CO2 GROWTH

1 m2 of constructed building =

1 Ton of emitted CO2

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REPARTITION BY INSULATION TYPE

37.7 %

Glass wool

0.1%

Other

insulation

material

7.3 %

Natural

insulation

material

2.1 %

PU/PUR/PIR

39.2 %

Polystyrene

13.6 %

Rock wool

RESULTS AFTER 10 YEARS 2% OF THE MARKET & +5/6 % OF EXPANSION/YEAR

Sustainability

What is the ideal sustainable houses when we will be 10 billions ?

①No need of energy for the building sector

②Use of neutral building materials

③Use of building materials able to be recycled

④Building materials, design and architecture concepts have to insure the comfort adapted to the climate (North, Tropical, Mediterranean, ....)

⑤Health and air quality represent key points

CONCRETE ≈ 2500 kg.m-3

≈ 20-50 MPa ≈ 2 W.m-1.K-1

SAND AND GRAVEL

CEMENT

WATER

Conventional concrete

Design

Earth, a universal material • Building material used for centuries

• Important French historic heritage

• City of Shibam, Yemen (XVIth century)

• Chequered earth construction, France (19th century)

• 1/3 of the population living in earth shelters

Earth concrete ≈ 1500-2000 kg.m-3

≈ 2-8 MPa ≈ 0.7-1 W.m-1.K-1

Design

• Eco-friendly construction – Materials with low environment impact

– Comfort (thermal)

– Indoor quality air

Bio-concrete = lightweight concrete

From vegetal plant : Bio-based materials the most used for thermal and hydrometric properties

Hemp shiv = aggregates : obtained from the mechanical processing of the plant stem

Hemp concrete = water + binder + aggregates

Applications :

Roof, floor, walls, coating, precast

Bio-based building materials – Agro-waste materials

Design

Low specific weight

Renewable resources

Little energy demand for its production

Allows carbon dioxide encapsulation

Good thermal and acoustic properties

Natural fibers

Heterogenous characteristics

High moisture absorption

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Epidermis

Xylem

(woody part)

GRINDED SUNFLOWER STEM SUNFLOWER STEM SUNFLOWER

2 FACES AGGREGATE POROUS MICROSTRUCTURE

2 1

Inside Epidermis

VEGETAL AS AGGREGATE : SUNFLOWER Design Hemp product

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure Erreur ! Il n'y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce document.-1 : La

microstructure de la tige du chanvre. (a) (b) Observation sur la coupe transversale. (c) (d)

Observation sur la coupe longitudinale

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FIBERS

SHIV

LIGNOCELLULO

SIC PLANT

HEMP

STEM

Design

France is the leading producer of hemp in

Europe

Hemp production in Europe Hemp shiv • The shiv microstructure is very porous and composed primarily of cellulose

• The shiv is able to absorb a large amount of water in a few minutes

• The shiv has two interesting characteristics for use in concrete :

– a low density : ρ = 100 kg/m3

– a low thermal conductivity : λ = 0.050 W/mK

Several opportunities Rape straw

CONTEXT

Bio-based materials from plants - renewable, - extracted from biomass, - thermal and acoustic characteristic

Hemp shiv

Sunflower bark

Sunflower pith

Flax shiv

Rape straw

Main available agricultural by-products which may be used for building insulation (EU)

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20

A waste from sugarcane process

Highly available

90 Mt/y, Brazil

Rich in cellulosic fibers

Wide range of physical and mechanical properties

It is possible to produce particleboards with bagasse.

Other agro-materials Sugarcane Bagasse - Brazil

(Holmer, 2015)

Particleboards can be basically manufactured with any type of lignocellulosic material [Rowell, 2000]

Several experiences using Brazilian agro-industrial waste:

Coconut;

Husk fiber;

Sugarcane bagasse;

Peanut hulls [Fiorelli et al., 2014]

Particleboard with coir fiber and sugar cane bagasse

(Holmer, 2015)

Bio-based building materials

Environmental benefits

Specific hygro-thermal behaviour

Energy consumptions

Indoor air quality

Durability

Renewable raw materials

Carbon neutral

Low mechanical performances

Alternative binder compatible with bio-aggregates

Treatment of bio-aggregates

Properties

Bio-based building materials made with agro-wastes

HEMP SHIVES

Water absorption of particles

y = 17.407ln(x) + 227.66

y = 12.572ln(x) + 156.79

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 10 100 1000 10000

Wat

er A

bso

rpti

on

(%)

Log(time) (Mins)

Hemp

Hemp Linseed Oil

(Sheridan, Sonebi, et al.2017)

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Compressive Strength at 28 d

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Untreated Untreated MK Linseed Oil Linseed Oil MK

Co

mp

ress

ive

Stre

ngt

h (M

Pa)

Vicat Hydrated Lime

(Sheridan, Sonebi, et al. 2017)

• Improving mechanicals performances of hemp concrete

– Binders : effects on mechanical strength and thermal conductivity

– Matrix modification with additions

– Aggregates treatments to improve binder/aggregates interface

– High capacity of water absorption = reduction of mechanical performances

– Curing condition

– Enzymatic attack on the vegetal have a good effect on the resistance

Properties

Hygro-Thermal behavior of porous material

Vaporisation in the summer Endothermic exchange The wall is colder Condensation in the winter Exothermic exchange The wall is warmer

These materials are phase-change materials (PCM) which make it able to : 1. improve summer and winter comfort 2. stabilize the indoor temperature between day and night 3. Prevent the phenomena of condensation and dampness on the walls

32,1

46,4

35,8

23

28

33

38

43

48

22/7/10 12:28 23/7/10 12:28 24/7/10 12:28 25/7/10 12:28 26/7/10 12:28 27/7/10 12:28 28/7/10 12:28

Tem

péra

ture (

°C)

Heure - DateT ext (°C) "cour" T int (°C) "Séjour"

22/7/2010 29/7/2010

Internal and External T° in the summer

Am

ort

isse

men

t

4h 45 min de temps de

déphasage

Etat sec (HR=0%) A dsorption hygroscopique (0%<HR<93%)

Condensation capillaire (93%<HR<100%) Saturation (HR=100%)

Properties

Thermal conductivity test

(Sentenac, Sonebi, Amzaine, 2017)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

(Page, Sonebi, Amziane, 2016)

RECOMMENDATION OF RILEM TC 236-BBM: CHARACTERISATION TESTING OF HEMP SHIV TO DETERMINE THE INITIAL WATER

CONTENT, WATER ABSORPTION, DRY DENSITY, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.

S. Amziane, F. Collet, M. Lawrence, C. Magniont, V. Picandet, M. Sonebi

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-017-1029-3 Open access

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Publications

Amziane, S., Sonebi, M., “Overview on Biobased Building Material made with plant Aggregate”, RILEM Technical Letters, Vol. 1, 2016, pp. 31-38. https://letters.rilem.net/index.php/rilem/article/view/9

Open access from RILEM Tech. letters

Bio-Building Materials based on Agro-Industrial Wastes

Thank you m.sonebi@qub.ac.uk