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Bio-Building Materials based on Agro-Industrial Wastes
Mohammed Sonebi
Queen’s University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Belfast, UK
Population Growth vs. CO2
Sustainability
Impact of the building industry on the climate change
Buildings
Sustainability
What actually IS sustainability?
• Environment/green building? • Recycling? • Energy savings? • Using renewable resources?
Nano-house – green building
Recycling aggregates Recycling glasses Recycling agro-wastes
Sustainability
BUILDINGS
40% EU’s Energy consumption
36% EU's total CO2 emissions
1- MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS 2- MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS
1 Ton Cement = 1 Ton CO2 (5% to 8 % of global CO2)
1 Ton Steel = 1.8 Ton CO2 1 Ton Glass = 1.2 Ton CO2
IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDING MATERIALS ON CO2 GROWTH
1 m2 of constructed building =
1 Ton of emitted CO2
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REPARTITION BY INSULATION TYPE
37.7 %
Glass wool
0.1%
Other
insulation
material
7.3 %
Natural
insulation
material
2.1 %
PU/PUR/PIR
39.2 %
Polystyrene
13.6 %
Rock wool
RESULTS AFTER 10 YEARS 2% OF THE MARKET & +5/6 % OF EXPANSION/YEAR
Sustainability
What is the ideal sustainable houses when we will be 10 billions ?
①No need of energy for the building sector
②Use of neutral building materials
③Use of building materials able to be recycled
④Building materials, design and architecture concepts have to insure the comfort adapted to the climate (North, Tropical, Mediterranean, ....)
⑤Health and air quality represent key points
CONCRETE ≈ 2500 kg.m-3
≈ 20-50 MPa ≈ 2 W.m-1.K-1
SAND AND GRAVEL
CEMENT
WATER
Conventional concrete
Design
Earth, a universal material • Building material used for centuries
• Important French historic heritage
• City of Shibam, Yemen (XVIth century)
• Chequered earth construction, France (19th century)
• 1/3 of the population living in earth shelters
Earth concrete ≈ 1500-2000 kg.m-3
≈ 2-8 MPa ≈ 0.7-1 W.m-1.K-1
Design
• Eco-friendly construction – Materials with low environment impact
– Comfort (thermal)
– Indoor quality air
Bio-concrete = lightweight concrete
From vegetal plant : Bio-based materials the most used for thermal and hydrometric properties
Hemp shiv = aggregates : obtained from the mechanical processing of the plant stem
Hemp concrete = water + binder + aggregates
Applications :
Roof, floor, walls, coating, precast
Bio-based building materials – Agro-waste materials
Design
Low specific weight
Renewable resources
Little energy demand for its production
Allows carbon dioxide encapsulation
Good thermal and acoustic properties
Natural fibers
Heterogenous characteristics
High moisture absorption
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Epidermis
Xylem
(woody part)
GRINDED SUNFLOWER STEM SUNFLOWER STEM SUNFLOWER
2 FACES AGGREGATE POROUS MICROSTRUCTURE
2 1
Inside Epidermis
VEGETAL AS AGGREGATE : SUNFLOWER Design Hemp product
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure Erreur ! Il n'y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce document.-1 : La
microstructure de la tige du chanvre. (a) (b) Observation sur la coupe transversale. (c) (d)
Observation sur la coupe longitudinale
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FIBERS
SHIV
LIGNOCELLULO
SIC PLANT
HEMP
STEM
Design
France is the leading producer of hemp in
Europe
Hemp production in Europe Hemp shiv • The shiv microstructure is very porous and composed primarily of cellulose
• The shiv is able to absorb a large amount of water in a few minutes
• The shiv has two interesting characteristics for use in concrete :
– a low density : ρ = 100 kg/m3
– a low thermal conductivity : λ = 0.050 W/mK
Several opportunities Rape straw
CONTEXT
Bio-based materials from plants - renewable, - extracted from biomass, - thermal and acoustic characteristic
Hemp shiv
Sunflower bark
Sunflower pith
Flax shiv
Rape straw
Main available agricultural by-products which may be used for building insulation (EU)
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20
A waste from sugarcane process
Highly available
90 Mt/y, Brazil
Rich in cellulosic fibers
Wide range of physical and mechanical properties
It is possible to produce particleboards with bagasse.
Other agro-materials Sugarcane Bagasse - Brazil
(Holmer, 2015)
Particleboards can be basically manufactured with any type of lignocellulosic material [Rowell, 2000]
Several experiences using Brazilian agro-industrial waste:
Coconut;
Husk fiber;
Sugarcane bagasse;
Peanut hulls [Fiorelli et al., 2014]
Particleboard with coir fiber and sugar cane bagasse
(Holmer, 2015)
Bio-based building materials
Environmental benefits
Specific hygro-thermal behaviour
Energy consumptions
Indoor air quality
Durability
Renewable raw materials
Carbon neutral
Low mechanical performances
Alternative binder compatible with bio-aggregates
Treatment of bio-aggregates
Properties
Bio-based building materials made with agro-wastes
HEMP SHIVES
Water absorption of particles
y = 17.407ln(x) + 227.66
y = 12.572ln(x) + 156.79
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 10 100 1000 10000
Wat
er A
bso
rpti
on
(%)
Log(time) (Mins)
Hemp
Hemp Linseed Oil
(Sheridan, Sonebi, et al.2017)
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Compressive Strength at 28 d
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Untreated Untreated MK Linseed Oil Linseed Oil MK
Co
mp
ress
ive
Stre
ngt
h (M
Pa)
Vicat Hydrated Lime
(Sheridan, Sonebi, et al. 2017)
• Improving mechanicals performances of hemp concrete
– Binders : effects on mechanical strength and thermal conductivity
– Matrix modification with additions
– Aggregates treatments to improve binder/aggregates interface
– High capacity of water absorption = reduction of mechanical performances
– Curing condition
– Enzymatic attack on the vegetal have a good effect on the resistance
Properties
Hygro-Thermal behavior of porous material
Vaporisation in the summer Endothermic exchange The wall is colder Condensation in the winter Exothermic exchange The wall is warmer
These materials are phase-change materials (PCM) which make it able to : 1. improve summer and winter comfort 2. stabilize the indoor temperature between day and night 3. Prevent the phenomena of condensation and dampness on the walls
32,1
46,4
35,8
23
28
33
38
43
48
22/7/10 12:28 23/7/10 12:28 24/7/10 12:28 25/7/10 12:28 26/7/10 12:28 27/7/10 12:28 28/7/10 12:28
Tem
péra
ture (
°C)
Heure - DateT ext (°C) "cour" T int (°C) "Séjour"
22/7/2010 29/7/2010
Internal and External T° in the summer
Am
ort
isse
men
t
4h 45 min de temps de
déphasage
Etat sec (HR=0%) A dsorption hygroscopique (0%<HR<93%)
Condensation capillaire (93%<HR<100%) Saturation (HR=100%)
Properties
Thermal conductivity test
(Sentenac, Sonebi, Amzaine, 2017)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
(Page, Sonebi, Amziane, 2016)
RECOMMENDATION OF RILEM TC 236-BBM: CHARACTERISATION TESTING OF HEMP SHIV TO DETERMINE THE INITIAL WATER
CONTENT, WATER ABSORPTION, DRY DENSITY, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.
S. Amziane, F. Collet, M. Lawrence, C. Magniont, V. Picandet, M. Sonebi
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-017-1029-3 Open access
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Publications
Amziane, S., Sonebi, M., “Overview on Biobased Building Material made with plant Aggregate”, RILEM Technical Letters, Vol. 1, 2016, pp. 31-38. https://letters.rilem.net/index.php/rilem/article/view/9
Open access from RILEM Tech. letters
Bio-Building Materials based on Agro-Industrial Wastes
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