Impact assessment of Air Quality

Mitigation measures

in Paris

Karine LEGER , Directrice Partenariats et communication | CIVITAS conference | 12/09/16

2

Summary

1. Airparif

2. State of the air quality in Paris region

3. Different kind of measures

and combined tools to be used

4. Local Permanent mitigation measures

5. Emergency measures

6. Perspectives

Airparif 1

► According to the French air Act (1996), air pollution is monitored :

• by independent regional organizations

• gathering the stakeholders in their administration board ¼ State

¼ local authorities including the municipality of Paris

¼ industries

¼ experts and NGOs (environmental

& consumer protection )

► Paris region (Ile-de-France):

• Independant expert : Airparif

• Set up in 1979

• Staff : ~60 personnes

• Agreed by the french Ministery in charge of Environment

Airparif

Monitoring, informing and advising

► different environnements

average (background) vs maximum (traffic) levels

hot spots (transports, industries, airports…)

different citizens’ exposures

► different polluants

Regulated for their effect on health and the environment

Emerging (ultrafines particles , pesticides, SLCst …)

Monitoring

Communication tools

Web, apps, mini-site

airparif.fr

Daily forecast

Social networks, RSS feeds

Publications

► on municipal luminous boards

► by the media

• regional TV (twice a day),

• Newspapers, radio

• PR

► apps : EU projects

► Linked websites

► social networks

► Hot air balloon

INFORMING : example of dissemination

13/03/2012

State of air quality

in Paris region2

Airuse – Life Conference| 19-04-2016 9

Paris region specificities

► A densely populated and urbanised area

Region:

12 million inhabitants, 12 000 km2

Paris agglomeration:

9.6 million inhabitants, 2 600 km2

4.5 million of cars and 600 000 LDV

128 million of km driven / day

800 km of highways

Municipality of Paris

2.2 million inhabitants, 105 km

► Quite similar to London

► Main sources of pollution : 1st traffic, 2nd heating

NO2 hourly concentration 01/07/15/ Airparif

map: Google Earth & Landsat

Location of PM10 emissions

Paris region, 2012

Main sources of air pollution

Regional emissions =

About 10% of national emissions

(VOCs and NOX)

Major impact of

Paris agglomeration

Linked :

with urbanization

& population density with transports

NOX emission (Per km²)

Northern part of France

Main contribution to polluants emission, but not the only one

more than 50 % of regional NOX emission

about 1/3 of Particles (PM10 & PM2.5) and GHGs emission

> 20% of VOCs emission

more than 1/3 coming from powered two wheels

Traffic contribution

HDV

LDV

Cars

► But still a problem for 5 pollutants

► Numerous inhabitants exposed

to air pollution levels > regulation

mainly in Paris agglomeration and along the busy streets (except for O3)

NO2: 1,6 million inhabitants

= 1 Parisian over 2

> 40µg/m3

PM10 : 300 000 inhabitants > 35 days above 50µg/m3

PM2,5 : 11,5 million inhabitants

= 95% of the region > 10µg/m3 from WHO

O3 : health protection threshold

exceeded in the whole region, every year> 120 µg/m3, 8h average

Despite large improvements it is still an issue

Paris

NO2

Legal issue with the EU commission

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Different type of measures and

combined tools to be used3

Pollution episodes

• Several days /year

• Depending mostly

on weather conditions

• High attention:

public and media

Measure :

• Short term• Goal : decrease

the pic intensityIn order to limit its short

term impact on health

(sensitive people at first)

and the pollution

exported

2 local sets of mitigation measures

Daily Pollution

• Every day, all the year

through

• Mostly linked with

emissions

• Main impact on health

Measure

• Permanent

• Goal :

Permanent decrease in

air pollution, at least down to limit

values, in order to

improve health

and environment

Average annual level of NO2 - Paris eastern part

Assessment : complementary use of different tools

► Impact assessment of action plans

► air pollution Maps

Modeling tools

► test of scenarios

Emission inventory

Air pollutants and GHGs

Assessment : complementary use of different tools

Observation

Permanent monitoring network

Background stations

. Urban: inside the agglomeration

. Sub urban : at the boarder

. Rural : outside of the agglomeration

Traffic stations : highest levels

Industrial sites : specific issues

Observation : research purposes

(eg CO2 measurments, inversion layer…)

Urban Traffic

Monitoring campaigns

pollution distribution along : • the traffic (road, airports)

• Industries

• …

18

Impact of local permanent

mitigation measures3

Montmartre - 17 juin 2004 Montmartre - 9 juin 2004

► Paris air pollution plan : Reduction of space dedicated to cars

and development of sustainable transportation modes ()

- Shared Electric cars and bicycles (velib’ & autolib)

with parking places allocated for them

- Restricted buses and bicycles lines

- Tram

- Areas of restricted speed limits (30km/h)

…

► EU measures :

eg new Euro norms

► Development of diesel fleet in France

Which impact of those different measures

between 2002 and 2012 ?(lastest and new measures under evaluation)

Permanent mitigation measure implemented in Paris

19

Paris without car”

(Champs Elysee's only open to

pedestrians and bicycles in 2015)

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Impact on Traffic between 2002 to 2012

* Traffic data : municipality of Paris based on observations

► General traffic reduction between 2002-12* :

-21% in downtown Paris, -6% on the ring road

► Different trends depending on the type of vehicles and streets

• Less personal cars (-25%) and HDV

increased number of P2W (+25%)

• More public transports (buses)

• Main traffic reduction on major Parisian roads due to the tram and restricted bus lines a slight increase on secondary roads

Emissions from 2002 to 2012 Nitrogen

Oxydes NOx

Particles

PM10

Traffic and velocity reduction due to the

development of the road system

- 11 % - 9 %

Fleet renewal: Evolution of the Euro norms - 24 % - 45 %

Increase in diesel vehicles + 11 % + 13 %

Evolution of the vehicles fleet composition + 3 % + 6 %

Total evolution of the emissions from traffic

combustion (all factors combined)

-30 % - 35 %

Impact on air quality – Emissions

Atmospheric pollutants emissions

Between 2002 and 2012

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Annual average concentrations – Particles

General improvement on PM concentrations

Remark : In 2002 and 2012, the meteorological conditions were close to those of « an averageyear » . Thus, the comparison is relevant.

24

Impact on air quality – PM concentrations

Annual average concentrations – NO2

Smaller Improvement for NO2 than for PM10• In average : annual standard limit of 40 µg.m-3 still exceeded for a large number of

parisians

• But decrease of the highest levels : globally lower in 2002 than in 2012.

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Impact on air quality – NO2 concentrations

NO2 levels remain rather stable in traffic conditions

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NOx reduction is compensated by an increase in NO2 emissions

Due to a larger number of catalysed particle traps (diesel vehicles)

Evolution of the average NO2 concentrations measured on 5 traffic stationsfrom 1996 to 2015

27

Impact assessment of emergency

measures: restricted traffic 3

Airuse – Life Conference| 19-04-2016 31

Impact of traffic restriction: March 17th, 2014

Even and uneven plate system

Traffic restriction much smaller than 50%:

-9 up to -18% in average, depending on the area

Area Morning rush hour

Evening rushhour

In averageFor the whole day

Paris -9% -21% -18%

Sub urban area -6% -15% -13%

Rural area -4% -10% -9%

Source : Airparif, HEAVEN model (based on traffic countings from Paris City Hall and DRIEA/DIRIF)

Ring roadSeine river

PARIS

Situation

Average decrease

In PM 10

Average decrease

in NO2

Background - 2 % - 7%

Traffic (ring road) - 6 % - 10%

At 7:00 pm

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Impact on hourly concentrations of PM10

PM10: Some more important decreases during the evening traffic peak-> - 10 % on the ring road (and even - 20 % for certain part of it)

Situation

Average decrease in

PM 10

Average decrease in

NO2

Background - 2 % - 7%

Traffic (ring road) - 6 % - 10%

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Impact on hourly concentrations of NO2

NO2: Some more important decreases during the evening traffic peak-> - 30 % on the ring road

Seine river

At 08:00 pm

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12 / 03/ 2015 : production de carbone suie en Ile-de-France

et impact sur les concentrations des régions avoisinantes

(exemple : plus de 50% en région Centre)

Air pollution is both imported AND exported !

Black Carbon

Airuse – Life Conference| 19-04-2016 35

Perspectives 3

Paris

Different scales involved : Interaction of local / regional and transboundaries responsibilities

Eg: Origin of fine particles concentrations measured in Paris*

Source Approachment study, Airparif & LSCE, 2011

► The city of Paris is only one part of the whole agglomeration

And mitigation measures must be taken at a scale large enough

Need for an integrated measures for air and climate

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Common locations

• in some parts of the

world (eg Asia)

• Urban areas = key

emitters > 50% of the population (2/3 by 2050) 70% of CO2 emissions

Same sources

With different

contributions :

Traffic, heating,

industries, agriculture

key role of large

cities : efficient

bottom up initiatives

•Local action =

local + global benefits

•Short term benefits :

health + economy

Room for cooperation

Beware of

antagonisms:

Change in energies (diesel, wood burning…)

Look for Synergies

• Energy saving

• Change in behavior

► Pollutants► Sources (emissions)

► Action plans

Impact of Climate

change on air

pollution

Increase in ozone levels

Common pollutants

for Climate and air :

Short lived compounds

(SLCs)

Practical example in Paris : impact on air and climate (Emissions) of measures taken to reduce air pollution between 2002 and 2012

► CO2 : global pollutant

but major impact of local measures

► PM & NOx: local pollutants

but major impact of national and EU policies

Air Climate

Source : étude Airparif- 2013

Need for an integrated measures for air and climate

local measures but international impact: an issue shared across the world by large cities

Which is the world’s most

polluted city???

Montmartre - 17 juin 2004 Montmartre - 9 juin 2004

Consequences : countries ranking and cities comparisons

Media, social, economical and political issue :

Requires expertise, independant evaluation and transparency

Room for a City based european reference network

Bottom up initiative to share expertise, best practices, for capacity building

and to provide referenced information

Air action plan and impact assessement

Citeair Initiative Initiative of Anne Hidalgo + WHO

airparif.fr

Contact : pierre-emmanuel.burg@airparif. fr | 01 44 59 47 64

L’Observatoire au service de la Santé

et de l’Action