Impact of Cyclone Phailin on Odisha State Power System

Subrata Mukhopadhyay, Senior Member, IEEEEEE/ECE DepartmentGuru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology(Guru Gobind Singh Indra Prastha University)G-8 Area, Rajouri GardenNew Delhi – 110064, Indiasubrata@ieee.org

Sushil K. Soonee, Senior Member, IEEE Vinod K. Agrawal, Senior Member, IEEES. R. Narasimhan, Senior Member, IEEE Samir C. Saxena, Member, IEEEPower System Operation Corporation LimitedB-9 Qutub Institutional AreaNew Delhi -110016, Indiasksoonee@gmail.com, vka1996@gmail.com, srnarasimhan@gmail.com, saxena.samir@gmail.com

Abstract• October 12 and 13, 2013: Devastating super-cyclone (also known as

hurricane) Phailin struck the east coast of peninsular India affecting – Mainly the state of Odisha– To some extent Andhra Pradesh

• Accurate forecast by the Indian Meteorological Department• Loss of life & large-scale damage to property prevented by timely &

massive evacuation • Adequate preventive measures taken for power supply system as a

whole • Online monitoring through real time data including that received

from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) • Minimization of supply disruption time and support in post-super-

cyclone period in coming back to normalcy.– Deployment of large-scale portable Diesel-Generating sets on the

power generation front – Emergency Restoration System for the transmission system

Introduction

• Impact of Super-Cyclone Phailin on the Power System presented

• Severity of super-cyclone in Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) rose to as high as 5

• Loss of life minimized over a wide area in comparison to a similar occasion earlier, i.e., Odisha super-cyclone of October 29, 1999

• Real time monitoring of power system data– Conventional SCADA– Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

Meteorological History (1)• Storm Path• October 4: The Japan

Meteorological Agency began monitoring a tropical depression that developed in the Gulf of Thailand, about 400 km (250 mi) west of Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.

• October 6: With the system moving westward within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear it passed over the Malay Peninsula, and moved out of the Western Pacific Basin.

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October 7: The system then subsequently emerged into the Andaman Sea.October 8: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) started to monitor the system as Depression BOB 04. During that day the system moved towards the west-northwest into an environment for more development.

Meteorological History (2)• October 9: The IMD reported that the

system had become a deep depression as it intensified and consolidated further. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) subsequently initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 02B, before the system slightly weakened, as it passed near to Mayabunder in the Andaman Islands and moved into the Bay of Bengal. After moving into the Bay of Bengal, the system quickly reorganized as it moved along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge of high pressure. The IMD reported that the system had intensified into a

cyclonic storm and named it Phailin(Thai: ไพลิน meaning "sapphire").

• October 10: Phailin rapidly intensified further, and became equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS). After bands of atmospheric convection had wrapped into the system’s low level circulation center it formed an eye feature. Later that day the IMD reported that the system had become a very severe cyclonic storm. The JTWC reported that Phailin had become equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS, after it had rapidly intensified throughout that day.

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Meteorological History (3)1-minute sustained wind speed of 260 km/hr. (160 mph) which made it equivalent to a category 5 hurricane on the SSHWS.

• Arrival of Phailin over the coast of Odisha

• October 12: The system started to weaken as it underwent a second eye-wall replacement cycle, before Phailin's eye started to deteriorate rapidly as it moved towards the Indian coast. It subsequently made landfall later that day, near Gopalpurin Odisha coast at around 21:30 IST (16:00 UTC) as a very severe cyclonic storm. After the system made landfall, the JTWC issued their final advisory on Phailin.

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• October 11: The system underwent an eye-wall replacement cycle and formed a new eye-wall which subsequently consolidated. After the new eye-wall had consolidated the system slightly intensified further, with the JTWC reporting that the system had reached its peak intensity, with

Meteorological History (4)• October 13: The IMD

reported that the system had weakened into a cyclonic storm over land as a result of frictional forces.

• October 14: It degenerated into a well-marked area of low pressure.

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Odisha Power System

Tracking of Super-Cyclone Phailin

Image Credit: tropicalstormrisk.com

Observed Track of Phailin

Super-Cyclone Phailin – Some Numbers• System Category 5 according to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) • Progress of the Super-Cyclone

– 1-minute sustained wind speed of 260 km/hr. on October 11, 2013– System Status on October 12, 2013: Weakening rapidly due to an eye-wall replacement

cycle as it moved towards the Indian coast– Landfall (hit land): On October 12, 2013 at 21:30 hrs. near Gopalpur sea-coast in Ganjam

district of Odisha

• With storm moving inland, wind speed picked up from 100 km/hr. to 200 km/hr. within 30 minutes.

• Storm surge: Up to 3.5 m • Over 12 million people affected• Country's biggest evacuation in 23 years as more than estimated 800 thousand

residents moved inland • More than 18,000 villages in 20 districts hit by super-cyclone • More than 250,000 houses partially or fully damaged • Crop areas > 600,000 hectares destroyed • > 1,500,000 people evacuated / brought to safety • Power outages in more than 3,000 villages

Impact on Odisha Power System• (Precisely) at 21:26 hr., very severe Cyclone Phailin had landfall (hit land)

near Gopalpur in Odisha

• Wind speed of 200 km/hr.

• Severe damage to the distribution network

• 25 nos. substations affected

• 49 nos. OPTCL (Odisha Power Transmission Corporation Limited) transmission lines affected

• 11 nos. OPTCL Transmission lines badly damaged, 93 towers breakdown

• Load Loss: 1,900 MW

Onset of the Cyclone• Wide publicity of forecast on super-cyclone Phailin indicating the

trajectory of the storm and the likely timings of the landfall by the IMD through its website and other electronic media

• Super-cyclone expected to first hit Gopalpur of Ganjam district (in Odisha) around 18:00 hrs. of October 12, 2013

• In order to prevent collateral damage a number of preventive measures were taken. – Reduction of the power flow on the grid lines to take care of any

contingency– Switching-off of a number of distribution lines by different authorities

in Odisha along the projected trajectory of the cyclone

• Cyclone made the initial landfall at around 21:30 hrs at Gopalpur– At 19.8 N (lat) and 84.3 E (long)– With high wind speed and heavy rain that spread over to further

areas.

Load Generation Scenario• All India power supply position constantly monitored, focusing on

the state of Odisha • Demand reduction

– Odisha from a level of around 2,800 MW (3,300 MW during evening peak hours) to about 500 MW during the night hours

– In the neighboring state of Andhra Pradesh from 9,500 MW to about 9,000 MW

• Aggravating factors: Weekend and Dusshera festival – Reduction in demand was estimated to be of the order of 15,000 to

17,000 MW on an All India basis• Subsequently, cyclonic effects spread to further areas of the

neighboring states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Bihar– Actual load drop was of the order of 20,000 MW. – During night off-peak period all-India load demand came down from

the earlier level of 104,000 MW (while it was 120,000 MW during evening peak hours) to about 84,000 MW.

Preventive Measures Taken Before Landfall of Super-Cyclone (1)• Close monitoring at the highest level by the Ministry of

Power– Action plan chalked out for meeting contingencies and keeping

constant vigil on the situation• Preparations were made in the districts likely to be affected

– 3 districts in Andhra Pradesh, viz. Srikakulam, Vijanagram and Vishakhapatnam

– 14 districts in Odisha (9 coastal & 5 interior)• Worst affected areas

– 5 districts of Odisha, i.e., Ganjam, Khurda, Puri, Nayagarh, and Jagatsinghpura

• 24-hour Operating Control Centre set up in the Union Ministry of Power itself at the National Power Monitoring Center to coordinate all the steps required including 2 hourly reports to all concerned

Preventive Measures Taken Before Landfall of Super-Cyclone (2)• Power generation reduced at

– Simhadri and Vijayawada power stations (both State Government-owned) in coastal Andhra Pradesh

– Talcher (of Central-Government owned NTPC) – 4 identified State Government-owned hydro-power stations of Odisha &

Andhra Pradesh (Machkund, Balimela, Upper Sileru, & Lower Sileru)

• Inter-Regional HVDC Links– Assessment of the impact made and advance control measures required

considered to maintain the important inter-state transmission lines – East-South Links: 2,000 MW Talcher-Kolar + 500 kV and 1,000 MW Gazuwaka

Back-to-Back• Power flow on HVDC Talcher-Kolar reduced to 700 MW from 1,800 MW

– West-South Links: 1,000 MW Bhadrawati and 1,000 MW Chandrapur Back-to-Back

• Emergency Restoration Systems placed on stand-by in Andhra Pradesh & Odisha

Preventive Measures Taken Before Landfall of Super-Cyclone (3)

• Distribution Systems– At 11, 33, 132 kV level most affected due to storm

with high speed winds resulting in falling of towers and lines

– Massive load reduction due to factors, like, switching off of distribution lines to prevent collateral damage, under the control of the State Government and the concerned entities namely, DISCOMS – NESCO, WESCO, and SOUTHCO (area-wise) of erstwhile GRIDCO

– Round-the-clock (24-hour) coordination mechanism set up

– Advance plans for restoration of the distribution network once the super-cyclone passes away

Preventive Measures Taken Before Landfall of Super-Cyclone (4)• On the basis of the simulation studies, flows on several

AC lines in the affected areas were also maintained at a level, whereby their tripping could be sustained.

• All efforts were made to maintain frequency and voltages within the normal band.

• Control Centers, i.e., National / Regional / State (concerned) Load Dispatch Centers were fully alerted to take care of any contingency.

• Super-cyclone moved towards northern parts of Odisha and then to the adjoining states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Bihar– Respective State Load Dispatch Centers were advised to

take precautionary steps and to be ready for pursuant load crash.

Actions Taken During Cyclone Period • Changing the HVDC power order on Talcher-Kolar,

Gazuwaka, and Bhadrawati• Switching of 400 kV and 220 kV lines to control high

voltages• About 5,200 MW generation backed down on 19 large

generating units• Three 220 kV substations and 23 nos. 132 kV substations in

Odisha were affected during the super-cyclone. – Nine 400 kV lines, 27 nos. 220 kV lines and 37 nos. 132 kV lines

tripped– However, due to adequate preventive steps, the connectivity of

Odisha from rest of the grid and inter-regional connectivity between Eastern Region and Southern Region was maintained.

• To avoid possibility of electrocution as a precautionary measure, at a number of places distribution system was switched-off.

Role of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)• PMU data captured every 40 m-sec in contrast to the 10-15 second SCADA

data gave granularity besides being time synchronized. – Helps in visualizing the voltage and current changes, say during auto-reclosure,

delayed fault clearance, etc.

• Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC), visual display, historian and a simple Oscillation Monitoring System (OMS) can store the data and then display in many forms and formats configurable by the operator. – No special application developed

• Visualization of faults in the transmission system– Closer the fault is to the PMU location, greater is the voltage dip observed in

any particular PMU.– PMU data are time synchronized– Magnitude of the change in voltage at the different nodes gives a good

estimation of the location of fault

• Two reports on the Indian experience of synchrophasors released in 2012 and 2013 may be referred in this context.

Tripping of 220kV Rourkela(Bisra)-Tarkera D/C

Restoration• 220 kV Narendrapur-Theruvali - I was restored first on ERS towers and

balance circuits with tower collapse were restored progressively.

• Talcher-Kolar + 500 kV HVDC Pole – I and II which tripped during the night of super-cyclone were restored within a short period, i.e. by 01:16 am and 04:12 am of October 13, 2013 respectively.

• Restoration of power supply to three traction substations was affected.– Jagannathpur Traction substation – from 132 kV Narendrapur substation

at 19:17 hrs. on October 15– Solari Traction substation – from 132 kV Balugaon substation at 17:10

hrs. on October 16– Rambha Traction substation – from 132 kV Chatrapur substation at 19:40

hrs. on October 17

• Load of Odisha and whole of the grid had been built up and by October 17, 2013 it was fully restored to the earlier level of 2,800 MW during night off-peak and 3,300 MW during evening peak.

Key Learnings• Shutdown / Backing down of critical Generating Units and

Transmission Lines

• Deployment of ERS Towers / additional equipment for quick restoration

• Emergency Response Teams from POWERGRID (Central Transmission Utility) at all critical substations

• Emergency Response Teams at NLDC / RLDC Control Centers

• Curtailment of Market Trades

References

• Subrata Mukhopadhyay, Sushil K. Soonee, S R Narasimhan, and Rajiv K Porwal, “An Indian Experience of Defense Against Blackouts and Restoration Mechanism followed”, IEEE PES General Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, July 2008.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Phailin#Meteorological_history.

• NDTV Reports on Cyclone Phailin in Odisha on Oct 12 & 13, 2013.

• http://posoco.in/2013-03-12-10-34-42/synchrophasors.

Thank You!