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immune glossary

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acquired immune response: Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen- specificity and memory. acute phase proteins: Serum proteins, mostly produced in the liver, which rapidly change in concentration (some increase, some decrease) during the initiation of an inflammatory response. adjuvant: Any substance which nonspecifically enhances the immune response to antigen. affinity (intrinsic affinity): The strength of binding (affinity constant) between a receptor (e.g. one antigen-binding site on an antibody) and a ligand (e.g. epitope on an antigen). affinity chromatography: The use of immobilized antibody (or antigen) to select specific antigen (or antibody) from a mixture. The purified ligand is then released by disrupting for antibody– antigen interaction, for example by changing the pH. allele: Variants of a polymorphic gene at a given genetic locus. allelic exclusion: The phenomenon whereby, following successful rearrangement of one allele of an antigen receptor gene, rearrangement of the other parental allele is suppressed, thereby ensuring each lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity of antigen receptor (although this does not occur for a chains in T-cells). allergen: An antigen which causes a llergy. allergy: IgE-mediated hypersensitivit y, e.g. asthma, eczema, hayfever and food allergy. allogeneic: Refers to the genetic differences between individuals of the same species. allograft: Tissue or organ graft between allogeneic individuals. allotype: An allelic variant of an antigen which, because it is not present in all individuals, may be immunogenic in members of the same species which have a different version of the allele. alternative pathway (of complement activation): Activation pathway involving complement components C3, Factor B, Factor D and Properdin which, in the presence of a stabilizing activator surface such as microbial polysaccharide, generates the alternative pathway C3 convertase C 3 bBb. anaphylatoxin: A substance (e.g. C3a, C4a or C5a) capable of directly triggering mast cell degranulation. anaphylaxis: An often fatal hypersensitivity reaction, triggered by IgE or anaphylatoxin-mediate d mast cell degranulation, leading to anaphylactic shock due to vasodilatation and smooth muscle contraction.

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