immigration and urbanization 1870-1920. big idea new immigrants from southern and eastern europe and...
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![Page 1: Immigration and Urbanization 1870-1920. Big Idea New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia face culture shock and prejudice; as well as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649cd95503460f949a322a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Immigration and Urbanization
1870-1920
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Big Idea
• New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia face culture shock and prejudice; as well as opportunities for a better life in the United States.
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Ellis Island
• Located in New York Harbor
• Processing site for newly arrived immigrants from Europe
• Immigrants examined by a doctor and took
literacy tests, • 1892-1943, 16 million immigrants passed
through Ellis Island into the U.S.
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Ellis Island
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Wider View
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Angel Island
• Located in San Francisco Bay
• Was a processing site for newly arrived immigrants from Asia
• Immigrants went through much harsher conditions than Ellis Island
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Angel Island
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Settlement in Ethnic Enclaves
• Immigrants settled in the same areas together and established neighborhoods
• Culture shock: confusion and anxiety caused by living in an unfamiliar place
• Melting Pot Society: mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native language and culture
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Culture Shock
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Some Relief
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The Melting Pot Theory
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Melting Pot?
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Melting Pot?
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Immigration Restrictions
• Nativism: favoritism towards native-born Americans
• Fear of eastern and southern Europeans, Roman Catholicism, and Judaism
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Fears Concerning Immigration
• Unions feared unskilled immigrant labor • Nativists feared the white race was weakening• Negative Stereotypes were attached to
immigrants• Seen as un-American• Supporters of Radicalism• Supporters of corrupt political machines
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Effects of Nativism
• Chinese Exclusion Act: Banned immigration from China in 1882
• Gentlemen’s Agreement: Limited Japanese immigration in 1907-1908
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No Money, Mo Problems
Urban Problems Late 18th Century
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The Settling
• By 1920, millions of immigrants had settled in major cities
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Problems (Housing)
• Row Homes: attached single family homes that shared walls with home next to it
• Tenements: multifamily dwellings were overcrowded and unsanitary
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Water Supply
• Millions of urban dwellers lacked access to clean water
• • Major cities often lacked indoor plumbing • • Diseases such as cholera and typhoid spread
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Sanitation
• Horse manure, human waste, and garbage in the streets
• Lacked dependable garbage collection and sewer system
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Fire
• Major fires broke out in the 1870’s and 1880’s.
• Great Fire of Chicago in 1908
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Crime
• New York had paid police by 1844, still ineffective.
• Confidence men took advantage of naïve immigrants
• Murders and robberies went unreported and unsolved
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Social Gospel Movement
• The preaching of salvation through service to the poor
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Settlement Houses
• Community centers established in poor slum neighborhoods
• Run by middle class, college educated women
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Jane Addams
• Chicago’s Hull House in 1889
• • Promoted
Education, culture, and social services
• Taught English, health, and other social courses
• Had visiting nurses visit
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Crowded Conditions
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Playing Next to Horses
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The Emergence of the Political Machine
Rage
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Big Idea
• Political machines provided services for poor immigrants and in exchange received support that allowed them to control entire cities.
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Political Machines
• An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city
• Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for support
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Political Machines Existed In……..
• Baltimore• New York • Philadelphia• Boston• San Francisco
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Role of the Political Boss
• Controlled thousands of jobs (police, sanitation, and fire departments)
• Built parks, schools, and hospitals for people in their wards
• Machines supported by immigrant voters (homes and jobs)
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Election Fraud and Graft
• Bosses often padded voter lists with dead people, children, and even animals.
• Philadelphia election: 100 registered voters in a precinct. 252 Votes were returned.
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Graft
• Illegal use of political influence for personal gain
• Example
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Kickbacks
• Illegal payments • Example
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The Tweed Ring Scandal
• William Macy Tweed ran Tammany Hall which led NYC’s Democratic political machine
• Between 1869-1871, the Tweed Ring scammed the city for 200 million dollars
• Tweed Ring finally brought down by public outrage influenced by Thomas Nast’s political cartoons
• Tweed was arrested in 1871 and went to prison
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Political Cartoon #1
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Political Cartoon #2
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Politics in the Gilded Age
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Big Idea
• Local and national political corruption during the Gilded Age leads to calls for reform.
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Patronage
• The doling out of political jobs and appointments to friends and political supporters
• Corruption at all levels of government
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Republican Factions
• Stalwarts: Republicans who favored spoils system
• Half-Breeds: Republicans who opposed the spoils system (moderately)
• Mugwumps: Republicans who would bolt for Democrats in 1884
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Rutherford B. Hayes elected president
• What was Hayes’s position on civil service reform? What did he do to promote it?
• Supported civil service reform• Fired members of New York Customs House
who belonged to Conklin’s political machine
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James Garfield elected president
• In the debate over civil service reform, did Garfield seem to favor the Stalwarts or the Mugwumps?
• Mugwumps
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Garfield assassinated. Chester Arthur assumes presidency.
• What position did Arthur take on civil service reform, and what did he do to support it?
• Supported civil service reform• Helped support passage of Pendleton Act
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Pendleton Act passed
• What did the Pendleton Act do?• Authorized a bipartisan civil service
commission to make appointments based on merit system
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Grover Cleveland elected president
• What was Cleveland’s position on tariffs, and what did he do to promote this position?
• For low tariffs• Ran for a second term on a low tariff platform
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Benjamin Harrison elected president
• What was Harrison’s position on tariffs, and what did he do to support that stand?
• For high tariffs• McKinley Tariff passed, highest tariff in U.S.
history
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Cleveland reelected president
• What happened to tariffs during Cleveland’s second presidency?
• They were lowered
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William McKinley elected president
• What happened to tariffs during McKinley’s presidency?
• They were raised.