imk01-pendahuluan
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Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer
Ruang Lingkup
Mengapa dan ApaSiapa Saja yang Terlibat
Konsep dan DasarSejarah dan Paradigma IMK
PENDAHULUAN
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Course Overv iew
Human abilities
Evaluation (without users)
Design
Dialog & interaction
Evaluation (with users)
Special topics
CSCW, InfoVis, Ubicomp, Agents
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HCI = In t e rak s i Manus ia & K o m p ut e r
What is it? Can you define/describe it?
Human Computer Interaction (HCI = IMK)merupakan studi tentang interaksi antaramanusia, komputer dan tugas/ task.
Bagaimana manusia dan komputer secara
interaktif melaksanakan dan menyelesaikantugas/ task dan bagaimana sistem yanginteraktif itu dibuat.
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Why We Are Here
Look at human factors that affect software design and development
Central Topic: User interface design Not just a software interface on a desktop monitor!
IMK berasal dari berbagai disiplin bidang ilmu, teknik dan kesenian.
Lingustik philosofi antropologi seni
Ilmu komputer matematikaPsikologi IMK seni grafik
sosiologi
AI
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Yang Terlibat Dalam IMK
Psikologi dan ilmu kognitif : persepsi user,kognitif, kemampuan memecahkan masalah
Ergonomi : kemampuan fisik user
Sosiologi : kemampuan memahami konsepinteraksi
Ilmu komputer dan teknik : membuat teknologi
Bisnis : pemasaran Desain grafis : presentasi interface
Dan lain-lain.
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HCI
What happens when a human and a computerget together to perform a task
task - write document, calculate budget, solveequation, learn about Bosnia, drive home,...
Why Is This Important ?
1. Computers (in one way or another) nowaffect every person in society
Increasing % utilize computers in work
2. Product success may depend on ease of use,
not necessarily power
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Apa Int erak s i Manusia dan K om put er (Hum an
Comput er Int erac t ion) ?
IM K meliputi ergonomi dan faktor manusia.Ergonomi UK =Faktor manusia USA
Secara tradisional, ergonomi memfokuskan pada karakteris tik fisikmesin dan sistem dan melihat un juk kerja (performance) dari user.
Faktor manus ia merupakan studi tentang manusia dan tingkahlakunya dalam menggunakan mesin, alat-alat teknologi dalammenyelesaikan tugas.
I nteraksi + informasi dan = interaksi manusiamanusia mesin teknologi dan komputer
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Course Aim s and Goals
1. Consciousness raising Make you aware of these issues
2. Design critic Question bad design
Allow users to carry out tasks
Safely
Effectively
Efficiently
Enjoyably
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Usabi l i t y
Important issue Combination of
Ease of learning High speed of user task performance
Low user error rate
Subjective user satisfaction User retention over time
Assume all users are alike
Assume all users are like the designer
Tw o Cruc ia l Er rors
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1. Change attitude of software professional
2. Draw upon fast accumulating body of knowledge regarding H-Cinterface design
3. Integrate UI design methods & techniques into standard softwaredevelopment methodologies now in place
How do w e improve in te r faces?
Im prov ing In ter fac es
Know the User!
Physical abilities
Cognitive abilities Personality differences Skill differences
Cultural diversity
Motivation Special needs
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Paradigms
Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientificworld views
e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian (relativistic)paradigms in physics
Understanding HCI history is largely about
understanding a series of paradigm shifts Not all coming on next slides are really paradigm
shifts, but you get the idea
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Paradigm Shi f t s
Cards,tape -> VDU
Mainframe -> PC
Glass tty -> WIMPinterface
Commands -> Direct
manipulation
Direct manipulation
-> Agents
Visual -> Multimedia
Linear -> Web-like
Desktop ->Ubiquitous, Mobile
Single user -> CSCW
Purposeful use ->Situated use
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Hist ory of HCI
Digital computer grounded in ideas from1700s & 1800s
Technology became available in the1940s and 1950s
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Vannevar Bush
As We May Think - 1945Atlantic Monthly
publication has been extended far beyond ourpresent ability to make real use of the record.
Postulated Memex device Can store all records/articles/communications
Large memory
Items retrieved by indexing, keywords, cross references
Can make a trail of links through material
etc.
Envisioned as microfilm, not computer
Bush
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J .R. L ic k l ider
1960 - Postulated man-computersymbiosis
Couple human brainsand computing machines
tightly to revolutionizeinformation handling
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Vision/Goals
Immed Intermed Long-termTime sharing
Electronic I/O
Interactive, real-time system
Large scale
informationstorage and
retrieval
Combined speechrecognition,
character
recognition, light-pen editing
Natural languageunderstanding
Speech recognition
of arbitrary usersHeuristic programming
Computers too expensive for individuals ->
timesharing
increased accessibility
interactive systems, not jobs
text processing, editing
email, shared file system
Mid 60 s
NeedforHCI
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Ivan Sut her land
SketchPad - 63 PhD thesis at MIT Hierarchy - pictures & subpictures
Master picture with instances (ie, OOP)
Constraints
Icons
Copying
Light pen as input device
Recursive operations
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Douglas Engelbart
Landmark system/demo:
hierarchical hypertext, multimedia, mouse, high-res display, windows,shared files, electronic messaging, CSCW, teleconferencing, ...
Inventor
of mouse
Dynabook - Notebook sized computer loaded withmultimedia and can store everything
Alan K ay
Desktopinterface
Personalcomputing
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Video Disp lay Uni t s
More suitable medium than paper
Sutherlands Sketchpad as landmark
system Computers used for visualizing and
manipulating data
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Personal Com put ing
System is more powerful if its easier to use
Small, powerful machines dedicated to individual
Importance of networks and time-sharing
Kays Dynabook, IBM PC
Personal Com put ers 70s IBM PC
Text and command-based
Sold lotsPCs w i t h GUIs, Xerox St ar - 81 , St ar , App le
L isa 82 , App le Mac in tosh 84
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WIMP
W indows, Icons, Menus, Pointers Can do several things simulataneously
Familiar GUI interface
Xerox Alto, Star; early Apples
All use is problem-solving or learning to some extent
Relating computing to real-world activity is effective
learning mechanism File management on office desktop
Financial analysis as spreadsheets
Metaphor
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Direc t Manipu la t ion
Coins and explores notion of direct manipulation of interface
Long-time Director ofHCI Lab at Maryland
82 Shneiderman describes appeal of graphically-based interaction object visibility
incremental action and rapid feedback
reversibility encourages exploration
replace language with action
syntactic correctness of all actions
WYSIWYG, Apple Mac
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Mul t imoda l i t y
Mode is a human communication channel Not just the senses, e.g., speech and non-speech audio are two modes
Emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for I/O
Hyper tex t Ted Ne lson Computers can help people, not just business
Coined term hypertext
Think of information not as linear flow but as
interconnected nodes
Bushs MEMEX, Nelsons hypertext
Non-linear browsing structure
WWW 93
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Nic holas Negropont e
MIT machine architecture & AI group 69-80s Ideas:
wall-sized displays, videodisks, AI in interfaces(agents), speech recognition,
multimedia with hypertext
Introduced notion of calm technology Its everywhere, but recedes quietly into background
CTO of Xerox PARC
Mark Weiser
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Language (Agent s)
Actions do not always speak louder than words
Interface as mediator or agent
Language paradigm
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
No longer single user/single system
Micro-social aspects are crucial
E-mail as prominent success but other groupware stillnot widely used
C S C W
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Ubiqu i ty
Person is no longer user of virtual devicebut occupant of virtual, computationally-
rich environment Can no longer neglect macro-social
aspects
Late 90s - PDAs, VEs, ...