2. pendahuluan helmintologi
DESCRIPTION
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HELMINTHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Isna Indrawati
Introduction
• Study of worms that pathogens to human being
• Helminthic infection has worldwide distribution
• More than a third of the world's population is infected with worms (GAHI, 2012)
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Negleted Tropical Diseases
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Introduction (cont’d)
• The integument of parasite helminths resistant to digestion
• Frequently provided with spine, stylet for penetration and attachment to the mucosa
• Sexes are separated in nematoda, and Schistosoma (blood flukes)
• hermaphrodite in flat worms
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Life Cycle
• Ovipar, vivipar
• egg – larva – adult
• Intestinal nematode and Hymenolepis nana doesn’t need intermediate host
• Trematode and Cestode need: 1 or 2 intermediate host ( depend on the species)
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
CLASSIFICATION
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INTESTINAL NEMATODA
NEMATHELMINTHES TISSUE NEMATODA TREMATODA PLATYHELMINTHES CESTODA
NEMATHELMINTHES
• NEMATODA
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Morphology : • vary in size • elongate-cylindroidal in shape
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• has body cavity • has mouth and posterior end
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• Has simple digestive system, excretion and nervous system
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• separate sex : • usually ovipar;
• some vivipar ( tissue nematoda) • partenogenesis
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Nematoda (cont’d)
• Mature eggs contain larva
• Has 4 larval stages ( infective stage usually the third stage )
• Larva has special name :
– Intestinal nematoda : rhabditiform and filariform larva
–Tissue nematoda : microfilaria, L1, L2, L3, L4
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Nematoda
• Intestinal Nematoda:
– Community health problem
– Doesn’t need intermediate host
– Differ in:
• soil transmitted helminths (STH), ex: Ascaris lumbricoides,Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura
• non STH: Oxyuris vermicularis, Trichinella spiralis
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Tissue Nematoda ( The Filariae)
– Live in tissue and lymphatic system
– Transmitted by vector
– Example: Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by Culex • Loa-loa ( Chrysops)
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Platyhelminthes
• Flat worms
• Need intermediate host, except Hymenolepis nana
• Intermediate host : 1 – 2 depend on the species
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Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda ( Flukes ):
– dorso-ventrally flattened with
acetabulum (suckers)
– digestive system : inverted Y shape
–Simple nervous system
–Hermaphrodite, except Schistosoma
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Trematoda (cont’d)
• Genital Organ :
–Male : generally 2 testes (except Schistosoma), with variation of shape
–Female: ovarium , uterus and vitteline gland
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3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
• Egg with operculum, (except Schistosoma)
• Containing miracidium
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Class Cestoda
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Psedophyllidae
Cyclophyllidae
D.latum
Taenia
Hymenolepis
Echinococcus
Dipyllidium
Multiceps
D. mansoni ( animal)
Platyhelminthes (cont’d)
• Class Cestoda – Tape worm, concist of scolex and strobila
• Proglottid consist of: immature , mature and gravid proglottid
– Scolex with suckers (attachment organs)
– No special digestive system
– Hermaphrodite, possess both ovaries (bilobed) and
– testes multiples, distributed throughout the mature proglottid.
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Scolex proglotid
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3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Proglotid of Taenia
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Cestoda (cont’d)
• Eggs containing larva :
–Pseudophyllidae: coracidium
–Cyclophyllidae: hexacanth embryo
• Larval stage has special name ( depend on the genus), ex:
– cystisercus : Taenia
– cystisercoid: Hymenolepis, Dipylidium
–Hydatid cyst: Echinococcus
–Coenurus: Multiceps 3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
3/16/2015 even semester 2012/2013
Source: Gilbert A. Castro
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Thank you
Wassalamu’alaikum
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