Waterproofing and RoofingBy

Ikhwak singh

Nisham Hussain

Meera .v. Rajan

Report submitted for the fulfilment of the requirement for the course PROJECT LAB AND FIELD WORK

CM-102

Under the guidance of

Mr. Nihar Nanyam

School of Construction, RICS SBE, Amity University

CertificateThis is to certify that the report entitled WATERPROOFING AND ROOFING is a bonafide record of the work carried out by Ikhwak singh, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the course PROJECT LAB AND FIELD WORK. He has worked under my supervision and guidance in the School of construction RICS SBE Amity university and has fulfilled the requirements for the submission of his report.

The content of this report have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Nihar Nanyam Assistant Professor

School of Construction RICS School of Built Environment

Amity University

Uttar Pradesh --------DATE : ---------Declaration

I Ikhwak singh hereby declare that this project report entitled WATERPROOFING AND ROOFING, submitted by me, under the guidance of VPS Nihar Nanyam, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, Noida is my own and has not been submitted to any other University or Institute or published earlier.

Ikhwak singhDate

AcknowledgementI have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to VPS Nihar Nanyam for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for his support in completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of my group for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

NOVEMBER 2014 Ikhwak singhAbstractWaterproofing works as well as roofing is one of the important elements in a construction. The basic need of waterproofing and roofing is safety, shelter and protection. The materials used for waterproofing works and roofing is the main part of this report. In this report deals with the uses and advantages of roofing and waterproofing works as well as the materials used.

Table of ContentsCertificate

Declaration

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Figures

1.Water proofing works2 Water proofing materials

3.Roofing

4.RCC Roofing5. Thatching

6. Manufactures of roofing material

7. Methods that are used for waterproofing

8. Introduction about roofs

9. why do we need roofs

10. Different types of roofs11. Roofing amterials

9

27REFERENCES

28Annexures WPRs

List of FiguresFig 1.1Applying ridex elastoproof

Fig 1.2Applying ridex SBR latex

Fig 1.3Spraying ridex aqua seal

Fig 1.4Applied ridex flexfill

Fig 1.5Asphalt shingle

Fig 1.6Slate roofing

Fig 1.7Rcc roofing

Fig 1.8Thatched roofing

figure 5.1Side gable roof

Figure 5.2Front gable roof

Figure 5.3Crossed gable roof

Figure 5.4Dutch gable roof

Figure 5.5 Normal hip roof

Figure 5.6 Simple hip roof

Figure 5.7Crossed hip roof

Figure 5.8 Half hipped roof

Figure 5.9Mansard roof

Figure 5.10Gambrel roof

Figure 5.11 Gambrel roof top

Figure 5.12A mansard roof

Figure 5.13Guys installing solar installation on a flat roof

Figure 5.14Skillon roof

Figure 5.15Jerkkinhead roof

Figure 5.16Jerkin head roof

Figure 5.17Butterfly roof in a modern house

Figure 5.18Butterfly roofs with solar panels attached

Figure 5.19Bonnet roof

Figure 5.20Salt box roof

Figure 5.21Sawtooth roof

Figure 5.22Curved roof

Figure 5.23Taj mahal, example of dome

Figure 5.24Rock shrine , Jerusalem , dome roof

Figure 6.1Cost of different asphalt tiles

Figure 6.2Asphalt tiles

Figure 6.3Asphalt architectural shingles

Figure 6.4Clay tiles

Figure 6.5Metal sheets

Figure 6.6 Metal sheet used in a small house

Figure 6.7Cost of wood shingles

Figure 6.8Wood shingles

Figure 6.9Roof gardens

WATERPROOFING WORKS

INTRODUCTION

Water-prooforwater-resistantmeans objects which are not affected by water or resisting the access of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments orunder waterto specified depths.Waterproofingmeans making an object waterproof or water-resistant. In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect contents as well as protecting structural integrity.Waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating abuilding envelope, which is a controlled environment. The roof covering materials,siding, foundations, and all of the various penetrations through these surfaces need to bewater-resistantand sometimes waterproof. Roofing materials are generally designed to be water-resistant and shed water from a sloping roof, but in some conditions, such asice dammingand onflat roofs, the roofing must be waterproof. Many types of waterproof membrane systems are available, includingfelt paperortar paperwithasphaltortarto make a built-up roof, otherbituminous waterproofing,EPDM rubber,hypalon,polyvinyl chloride,liquid roofing, and more.

BENIFITS OF WATERPROOFING WORKS

Waterproofingis a way to prevent water from getting inside and to help protect your home from potential water damage. The benefits of waterproofing include: protection of home from the inside out, preservation of homes condition and value, continued comfort and safety for you and your family, and prevention of possible water damage. Waterproofing can help to ensure all of these things through either an indoor or outdoor waterproofing system.

Waterproofing includes French drains and slump pumps for indoor or outdoor use.A specialist can evaluate the places where water can easily enter and make the best option for the prevention of water from entering the house.Waterproofing works depends on the construction of the building ,the location of the building and the places from where water can easily enter.

Water which can enter the house so easily can damage and destroy ,makes lots of expense to maintain it and can make loss .water can ruin rust metals. Gather insects, create mold and mildew, ruin furnitures and most valuable items at house. It can even damage the foundation of a building resulting the total damage of the building. Water can damage and destroy valuables which are not even replaceable. Installing waterproofing system can give protection to the house and assurance that the water will not enter the house or damage any valuables. Waterproofing can keep the house as well as the family safe and sound from the side effects associated with water damage. Water which creates mold and mildew can create so many health issues, which can affect the respiratory system also creates allergy and asthma in the human body. If waterproofing works are not done when water can enter the house easily, it can become a very serious issue.

Waterproofing protects the building from external damages and maintain the house without any damages. Waterproofing can also keep the house clean, dry and comfortable giving an assurance to the family keeping the house safe and protected. For a home youve always dreamed of and worked towards having, it deserves the best protection from the many unexpected and unwelcome situations life often brings.

WATERPROOFING MATERIALS

RIDEX ELASTOPROOF

Single compound water based high solid,elastometric,pure acrylic resin based coating on application if forms a water proof elastometric seal in the form of monolithic uniform membrane.

Modified bitumen etc

Stick strongly to a wide variety of substraces such as concrete metal

outstanding alongation property -300% u-v light protection

Prevents growth of mess & fungus

Use eco friendly and good allongation

outstanding thermal insulation property

Building crack property

Used in terrace ,walls,factory roofing.

RIDEX SBR LATEX

Excellent bonding between old and new substrace.Acts as protective coat for steel rebar.use ful for improving flexural ,tensile and bond strength and for water proofing of concrete /mortar.

Increases flexural and tensile strength

Compressive strength is comparable with concrete

Reduced shrinkage water permeability

Good bonding between old & new concrete

High strength mortar with good resilience

Durable structural repairs, restoration & water prrofing improved abrasion resistant flooring

RIDEX AQUA SEAL

Ridex aqua seal is two component acrylic cementaious flexible water protective coating concrete

High water resistance & breathable membrance

Excellent adhesion to brick work concrete /mansory and cement bonding surface.

Good resistance to carbondioxide & chloride iron diffusion

Used in watertanks,bathrooms ,toilets.structural surface of damwalls ,concrete roof slabs,swimming pools pools, and balcony etc

RIDEX FLEXFILL

Ridex flexfill is a specially design chemical for crack filling and it is a fibrous elastometric membrance forming material base on polymer & selected minerals.

Crack brinding property

Good bonding in substrate

u-v resistant

good elongation with strength

Water pproofing property

Used in external crack repair in frame & window and doors

ROOFING

INTRODUCTION

Roofs are also designated aswarmorcold roofdepending on how they are designed and built with regard to thermalbuilding insulationandventilation. The steepness orroof pitchof a sloped roof is determined primarily by the roof covering material and aesthetic design.Flat roofsactually slope up to approximately ten degrees to shed water. Flat roofs on houses are primarily found inaridregions.

In high wind areas, such as where acycloneorhurricanemay make landfall, the mainengineeringconsideration is to hold the roof down during severe storms. Every component of the roof, as of course the rest of the structure, has to withstand the uplift forces of high wind speeds. This is accomplished by using metal ties fastened to each rafter or truss. This is not normally a problem in areas not prone to high wind.

TYPES OF ROOFING MATERIALS

OrganicOrganic shingles are made with a base mat of organic materials such as paper ,cellulose,wood fiber and other materials saturated with asphalt to make it waterproof .Organic singles contain 40 % more asphalt than fibreglass singles.Organic singles are less frail than fibreglass shingles in cold climate conditions.FIBERGLASS

Fiberglass shingles contain a base layer of glass reinforcing mat.This mat is coated with asphalt which contains mineral fillers and make the fibreglass shingle waterproof.The fiber glass resists fire better than the organic /paper mats

SLATE ROOFING

Slate can be made into roofing slate ,which is istalled by a slater.It is a type of roof single more like a type of roof tile.Slate has two lines of brittleness.Cleavage and grain.it makes the slate to split the stone onto thin sheets.The slate is a most suitable material for roofing.It has extremely low water absorbtion which makes the materialwaterproof.The natural slate has the lowest embodied energy among all roofing materials.Natural slate is used by building professionals because of its stunning beauty and durability.One important feature of slate is that it is incredibly durable and even without maintenance it can last several years.Its low water absorption makes it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Natural slate is also fire resistant and energy efficient.

RCC ROOFING

AReinforced concrete slabis common structural element of modern buildings. RCC Slabs whose thickness ranges from 10 to 50 centimetres are most often used for the construction of floors and ceilings.

Thin concrete slabs are also used for exterior paving purpose.

In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundationsor directly on the sub soil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building.

In high rises buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steelframes to form the floors and ceilings on each level.

THATCHING

It is one of the oldest method for roofing. Thatchingis the craft of building aroofwith dry vegetation such asstraw,water reed, rushes, orheather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof.Thatch roofing was an oldest method and is commonly used in tropical and hot regions.It is still used in developing countries and is usually not very costly.

MANUFACTURES OF WATERPROOFING MATERIALS

NOBLE COOPERATION

PERMA CONSTRUCTION AIDS PRIVATE LMD

MAHAVIR CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

SAKSHI CHEM SCIENCES PRIVATE LMD

FIBER CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS PRIVATE LMD

RIDDHI ENTERPRISE

DHIRAJILAL&CO

CONTECH CHEMICALS

LEKSHMI CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

GHATGE BONDERS

MANUFACTURES OF ROOFING MATERIALS

MAHESH ROOFING ENTERPRISES

FLEXITUFF INDUSTRIES

MANAKSIA LTD

HR COORPORATION

SRG INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LTD

NAV BHARAT ENTERPRISES

SRI RAMANA ENTERPRISES

JAICHITTRA INC

ANCHOR CONTAINER SERVICES PRIVATE LTDMETHODS THAT ARE USED FOR WATER PROOFINGThe waterproofing of buildings to prevent the ingress of water is an activity, which, perhaps is practiced in one form or the other, ever since the first building was built on earth. The methodology has been changing with the changes in architectural designs and availability of different building materials for construction. In the initial stages when stone was the main building construction material placed in position with mud or lime mortar, the emphasis used was to make the construction in such a way that the rainwater does not collect on the roofs. Hence old architecture relied mainly on dome structures or slanting/slopy roofs. The slow speed of such construction and unaffordability by common man to build such structures for their own dwelling, made constant evolution and development in the construction material technology. With new developments, the concepts of waterproofing have also changed. Now in the present day construction with ordinary portland cement and its blends (with puzzolonic and slag materials) a lot of compatible alternatives, are available to a builder to choose from various waterproofing systems. Some systems are old and conventional but still practiced successfully and some are modern systems designed taking the material and structural behavior into consideration.

There are some compounds, which are used as aaditive in plastic concrete to make it less permeable to water. These compounds are known as integral waterproofing compounds. They are based on plasticising and air-entrainment or water repellence principles. These are used as a good waterproofing precautions when other factors such as good mix-design, proper mixing/placing, compacting/curing etc are taken care of. This subject of using integral waterproofing compounds requires an in depth discussion hence will not be taken up here. Similarly, there are many waterproofing techniques for vertical surfaces. These techniques used are also used for preserving heritage buildings by stopping/minimising the aging process of these buildings. This subject also will not be discussed here.

Some of the conventional water- proofing systems are as follows:

Brick Bat Coba system or Lime Terracing

Bituminous Treatment

Metallic Sheet Wrapping

Poly-urethane based Water- proofing treatment

Epoxy Based Waterproofing Treatment

Box Type Waterproofing System

Brick Bat Coba System

This system was developed during the initial stages of flat roof construction with lime mortar & burnt clay brick aggregate. This system involved laying of lightweight mortar on the roof and spreading it to give gentle slopes for draining away the rainwater immediately. The mortar consisted of lightweight brick pieces as aggregates and ground brick with lime as binding matrix. This type of system remained most popular with multi-storeyed construction in all major cities. The system lasts approximately up to 15 years if done by skillful applicators. This system may be considered more from its weatherproof abilities rather than its waterproofing qualities. Once water starts entering into the brickbat coba the brick pieces absorb too much of water and the roof becomes an invisible water pond continuously causing leakage and increasing burden on the roof slab. It will be highly beneficial if brick-bat coba, is laid on a flexible waterproofing membrane as water proofing as well as economical weather proof can be achieved with this system.

Bituminous Treatment

Discovery of petroleum and its products and by-products has given the construction industry an indispensable product in the form of bitumen. Bitumen is more commonly used in the form of felt or flexible membrane formed by sandwiching jute fabric or fibreglass/polypropylene mats with chemically modified bitumen. These membranes are laid on the roofing system over a bitumen primer.

Bitumen is very effective in waterproofing of basements from outside. Bitumen primers have very successfully been used as damp-proof course in earlier days. This practice is slowly discontinued for whatever reasons now very few engineers believe that this was in practice once. As consequence of this absent DPC, we have a lot of cases of rising dampness, which we tend to attribute to wrong reasons such as the quality or salinity of sand etc. Bitumen is still the product of first choice where it is commonly recommended, in areas such as industrial roof waterproofing, basement water- proofing, and damp-proof course. Moreover, bitumen is the most economical product presently available for waterproofing. But black top over roof can absorb heat and this need to be kept in mind while deciding waterproofing system for exposed roofs. Waterproofing of building to prevent the ingress of water is an activity, which, perhaps is practiced in one form or the other, ever since the first building was built on earth. The methodology has been changing with the changes in the architectural designs and with the availability different building materials in construction.

Metallic sheet wrappingBecause of the non-existence of suitable expansion joint filling compounds before the discovery of poly-sulphides, a complex procedure used to be adopted to treat expansion joints, in concrete dams and such huge structures utilising thick copper sheets. An extension of this practice was to try thin foils of copper and aluminium for wrapping the concrete surfaces with nagging leakage problems.

Polyurethane based waterproofing treatment

Polyurethane consists of two liquid components one is called the base component and the other is called reactor or curing agent. Base is a polyol and the reactor is an isocyanide such as TDI or MDI. There are various grades of polyols and so also there are numerous isocyanides. The combination of these two ingredients results in a formation liquid applied rigid membrane or a foam depending upon the selection.

In waterproofing, this rigid liquid membrane was tried with fibreglass reinforcing mats. The systems failed because coefficients of thermal expansion of concrete and rigid PU membrane being different lateral movement or creep occurred with the passage on one working climatic cycle. When exposed to ultra violet rays or direct sunlight most polyurethane rigid membranes became brittle and crumbled.

Never the less continuous research in the polyurethane technology gave the construction industry excellent sealant for glazing industry and foams for thermal insulations. 4. IntroductionWhat are roofs? Why do we need a roof?

Roof is the envelope covering the upper part of the building so as to protect the people or objects inside from various threats or substances like rain, animals, sunlight, snowetc. It can be made up of a lot of materials including wood, concreate etc. its a very essential and critical part of the building structure .The structure of the design of the roof and the materials from which its made depends upon on a lot of factors like the climatic conditions of the area, the architectural design, traditional methods used in the area, the availability of different materials, legislation and the government building bye laws etc.

5. Different type of Roofs

Depending upon the design of the roofs, the roofs are categorised into the various categories

5.1. Gable Roof

Gable roofs are alsoknown as pitched or peaked roof. These roofs are one ofthe most popular roofs in the world. Gable roofs are easily recognized by their shape and simple structure. The details of the roof like the angle and the materials used depend on the architects idea the kind of look he wants, the availability of materials and the climate

Advantages:The biggest advantage of the gable roof is that its very common, and structurally sound. The methods used for the construction has been mastered and the workers have their own custom specialised tool for the construction of gable roof. The Gable roofs were designed to easily shed snow and water. It provides more space for an attic and allows more ventilation. The simple design makes it easy to build them and cheaper than more complex designs.

Disadvantages:It doesnt have much problems except in areas where they experience heavy winds. If the wind is too high then, it can create a lift under the eaves which can make the roof come off.High winds can create an uplift the roof underneath and cause the roof to detach from the base or the walls of the roof. Repairing works can be a little more costly as its hard to work on the top of it.

Material used:its one of the great advantages ofthe gable roof that we can use almost any material including shingles, metal sheets, clay tiles, Terra Cotta, andeven concreate tiles for that matter

Places where its used in India Sikkim, UP, himachal.

Types of Gable Roofs

5.1.1Side Gable:A side gable is almost like a gable roof, the only difference or the differentiating factor is that it has the door in the same side as of the roofFigure 5.1

5.1.2Crossed Gable: crossed gable is when two gable roofs are crossed in right angles, the height or the level or the roofs can be same or different.Figure 5.2.

5.1.3 Front Gable:front gable is when you have it in the front of the house and it projects out. Protects the front the outside sitting from rain and gives a nice colonial look

Figure 5.3.

5.1.4 Dutch Gable Roof:A Dutch gable roof is a mix of a gable and hip roof. A gable roof is made at the top of a hip roof so as to get more space and to give it a better look

Figure 5.4.

5.2. Hip Roof

A hip roof orhippedroof has downwards slopes on all the four sides. The sides are all not necessarily of the equal length but the base is at one length. All the come together to form the roof.

Advantages:Hip roofs are more stable than gable roofs. The slope on all four sides give it a symmetrical geometry balanced on both sides and makes it more sturdy and durable.

These are excellent for places with heavy winds and heavy snow fall .Since there are steep slopes the snow goes down easily. Hip roofs increases your attic space.

Disadvantages:Hip roofs are more expensive to build than a gable roof. The design of a hip is little complex and design and we need skilled labour to do the job . the amount of materials required is also comparatively high

Figure 5.5.

Material used:Hip roofs, like gable roofs, can be with almost any type of roofing material, such as shingles, metal, or tiles.

Types of Hip Roofs

5.2.1 Simple Hip: simple hip roof is the most common hip roof. The simple hip roof has a polygon on two sides and a triangle on the other two sides. The sides all converge at the top to make the roof.

Figure 5.6.

5.2.2 Cross Hipped:When we use two hipped roof at 90 degrees at different leves or with different wings its called a cross hipped roof.

Figure 5.7.

5.2.3 Half Hipped:A normal hip roof with two sides shorted

Figure 5.8.

These type can be found in traditional construction in the southern parts of India, especially in Kerala

5.3. Mansard Roof

The Mansard roof commonly known as the French roof orcurb roof , Its a four-sided roof with a double slope on each side which meets to form a low pitched roofThe slope on the lower height is much more steeper the upper slope..

Advantages:The advantages of the mansard roof is same as the gable roof that it increases the attic spaces a lot and allows a lot of room for ventilation and natural lighting . The style can be improved by making changes in the design of the slope or by some domes or windows in the roofs . Another reason why it became very popular or another advantages is in France and all the taxes dependent on the number of storeys so these roofs helped in increasing the space without raising the tax.

For home owners, who need flexibility in construction can make a mansard roof initially and can later change it to make another floor

Disadvantages:These kind of roofs are not ideal for places receiving heavy snowfall as it can trapped increasing the weight on the structure and can lead to failure of the building . The design can be a disadvantage when we talk about the construction due to its complex structure the construction is difficult compared to the other roofs. Materials that can be used:Since the mansard roof has such a unique structure, the materials also should be matching to give it the edge. Metal like copper or zinc can be used for the steep portion of the roof, this can be more expensive, but in the long run it will prove to be more efficient as the maintenance cost is very low

Asphalt shingles can be used .If woods is locally available then it can be used but overlapping of layers shouldnt be entertained.

Figure 5.9.

5.4. Gambrel Roof

A gambrel roof is a usually a symmetrical roof with two slopes on both the sides, the upper part is a normal slop but the lower is very steep .These are usually used for making the roofs for barns or farm houses. Its related to Dutch architecture

Advantages:similar to mansard, and gable roof the gambrel roof also helps in increasing the attic space. The lower steep acts as the wall and decreases the cost of construction

This roof uses only 2 roof beams, along with joints. Hence the construction is quite simple and fewer materials needed, which helps incutting down the cost of a roof down.

Gambrel roofs are also a great idea for outdoor sheds and storage buildings.

Disadvantages:This type of roof is not advised for areas receiving heavy snow fall, and heavy winds as it doesnt not have a very strong structure and cant resist these kind of environmentalloads.

The maintenance cost is another disadvantage of the roof. Gambrel roofs requires frequent maintenance including painting and water proofing.

Figure 5.10

Material used:The material used for these kind of roof will vary depending on the aesthatics, availability of materials in the particular region , local climate. In the earlier a lot of wood have been used for these type of constructions but now asphalt and slate shingles are also widely used. if you metals then we can cut down the, maintenance cost many fold, even though in the initial it might cost a little more.

Figure 5.11.

5.5 Flat Roof

As the name suggests a flat roof is flat and doesnt have much slope except a little so as to have a run off of water.

Advantages: Flat roofs are usually used for high rise commercial buildings, they give you an extra space for parking or can be used for other commercial purposes while still serving as the roof .Its easier to doo the water roofing or any other works as its a flat roof, there is no issue in walking from one end to another unlike in other type of roofs

In case of a residential building the roofs can be used for drying laundry,hosting parties, a pool or even you can have a roof garden which is good for inhabitants as it gives you proper vegetables for consumption and increases the quality of air and standard of living .it helps in fight the heating island effect and helps in saving a lot of energy as we wont have to use much ACs to cool the buildings.

Figure 5.12.We can kept the ACs or coolers on the top keeping it out of sight of the normal people giving the house a better look. We can have solar panels on the top to generate electricity and the installation on these roofs are very easy, we can install the dish on top too.

Flat roofs are the easiest to construct and doesnt require much other materials so helps in keeping the costs down

..

Figure 5.13Disadvantages:These kind of roofs are not advised for places which receives a lot of rainfall or snow. In places there is heavy snow these roofs will prove to be a disaster as they wont be able to take the additional weight and it can lead to failure of the building.

Even though we can build the roof very less cost, in the long run it will prove to be expensive due to the maintenance works as it has to be water proofed properly else if there is even a small rain the water will stay there and will affect the concreate and other materials.

Material used:making a flat roof water proof is of uttermost importance. The materials used for this purpose are tar and gravel, PVC, TPO, roll roofing, metal sheets,and rubber membrane.

Note: In India these type of roofs are commonly found in many areaslike Punjab and Rajasthan etc.

5.6. Skillion Roof

The work skillon roof is an Australianterm. Its commonly known as mono pitched roof, head roof or lean roof .In these type of roofs its more like a flat roof with a slope .this is much more effective than a flat roof as it doesnt hold water or snow, they can freely flow off.

Skillion roofs were mostly used to make stylish sheds and car porches but now a days its used for the complete structure .it give a good aesthetics and is very effective.

Advantages:Skillions are easy to make as it has a very simple design and use much fewer building materials than other roof types. They usually have a good slope which allow snow and water to easily flow down, which makes them excellent for high rain and snow regions.Aesthetic appeal.

Disadvantages:the main problem is wind, if these is too much , then it can cause instability of the roof

Material used:To give a more elegant look, you can use standing seam rather than tiles or shingles. Installing large solar panels for energy generation makes it much more eco-friendly.

Figure 5.14

5.7. Jerkinhead Roof

Jerkinhead roof is a gable roof on which the peaks of the gable ends are clipped. Hence it resembles a hip roof as it also has four slopes but the two of them are very less in size and hence its commonly considered as clipped of version of gable only. The advantage of Jerkin head roofs are that its clipping streamlines at the peak of the gable roof, which can otherwise be highly stressed due to the wind, this design reduces the potential wind damage.

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Advantages:Jerkin head roofs are much more stable than a regular gable roof. By clipping, or making two ends of the gable downwards the roof becomes more stable to wind damage.They provide more attic space than a normal hip roof. The higher pitch offers more living space, while providing better reinforcement.It also give a unique look for classical buildings

Disadvantages:The complexity of the roof design will make building costs higher.as it needs a good structural support and is not the normal traditional styles and its not continuous, hence harder to make Material used: The jerkinhead roof can be constructed with the same materials used for a gable or a hip.

5.8. Butterfly Roof

Butterfly is a V-shaped roof constructed of twolong tandem pieces which are angled up on the outside. It looks like two skillon roofs converging at the centre the midsection is angled downward where the two pieces meet into a valley. The angle of the v depends on a lot of factors.The butterfly roof is popular for modern and Eco-friendly home designs. Its a mark of simple, modern architectural designs

Figure 5.17

Advantages:The edges with the bigger steep allows larger windows to be used and this gives the home more natural light, hence reducing the use of artificial lights and lowers the heating bills in the winter and brings an open feel to the design.

The valley in the middle of the roof allows rainwater to be collected, making it very beneficial for areas with very less rainfall. We can attach a pipe to a water tank or reservoir from the middle so as to collect and reserve the water for future uses.

The butterfly roof lends itself can be made more environmentally friendly design, by using solar panels, natural light ,water conservation systems and also reduces the electricity and water bills

Disadvantages:The design is complex which makes the butterfly roof more expensive. The setting up or initial cost is high as well as maintenance.

Making the butterfly roof waterproofed is essential. Drainage systems can get clogged, which can lead to the water getting pooled or leaking insider the house which can create some serious problems causing water to pool or leak. This will lead to the weakening of the pillars over time, making the structure weak and ultimately it can cause the roof to collapse.The tall windows can make it more difficult to regulate the temperature throughout the home as in one side its very tall and in the other its very short, hence there is an irregularity in the amount of sunlight received. Some areas may be much warmer than others.

Figure 5.18

Material used:Using astrong solid, continuous membrane with no seams is the key to keeping a butterfly roof watertight. We can also use metal, solar panels or even organic materials for construction of the roof.

5.9. Bonnet Roof

A Bonnet roof is a roof with two slopes the lower roof being steeper than the upper .On all four sides its the same. These extended roof provides excellent shades and protects from the rain, the structure is such that the water will not fall much inside

Figure 5.19

Bonnet roofs are not commonly found in residential structures owing to the complexity of the design and toughness to construct.

Advantages:The upper slope provides space for a small attic or a room between the roof and the first or the floor below. the lower slopes helps in protecting from the water from entering inside , even can protect upto a limit against the rain coming in the ground floor

Water runs of easily due to the slope. It has a very unique aesthetic appeal and adds beauty or a good finish to the house

Disadvantages:since the design is more complex and bigger than a normal hip roof requires more building materials and its more difficult to construct owing to its shape. This makes the roof much more expensive than other, more simple designs.Even though water easily runs off the slopes, a path is formed where the two slopes meet. This can make snow and water to pool in this area. Hence to avoid it more precautions are needed to

Material used:these type of roofs can be made out of most of the material, including shingles, metal and natural stone.

5.10. Saltbox Roof

A salt box roof is like a reverse butterfly with the winds of the butterfly point down rather than up like in the case of a normal butterfly roof .It has an asymmetrical structure with the back roof being less steeper .usually there is a central chimney and the front part has two floors and back part has one floor, these are commonly found in case of the salt box roofs.

Figure 5.20

Saltbox roofs are variations of the Colonial and Cape Cod designs. They arose from the need for more room when the taxation was based on number of storeys, and its said that these types of roofs where considered to have only one floor. More space can be made with less material by adding a lean tothe roofof an existing gable roof. .

Advantages:Since it has slopes on both the sides water and snow can run off easily. So in places which receive good amount roof the type of roofs are suggestable.It adds living space by giving a home an extra one and a half to two stories.

Disadvantages: the designs a little more complex than the normal symmetrical roof hence the balancing of the weights are difficult as its unequal on both sides. Another problems is ventilation, if the house is not aligned properly then if the wind direction is the back proper wind wont come in. Since the back part roof is very long its hard for light to enter too, it isnt as much as a regular pitched roof. Also, some of the rooms may have slanted ceilings.

Material used:These roofs can be made of almost any materials.

5.11. Sawtooth Roof

The saw tooth roof is like a continuous row of As the name suggests, the roof resembles the side view of a saw blade.Sawtooth roofs were once only used in industrial buildings. However, now they are also used in modern home design.

Figure 5.21

Advantages:Windows are placed in the vertical spaces of the roof, allowing more natural light inside the home.

The higher peaks provide the opportunity for either vaulted ceilings or loft living space.The combination of the various slopes and use of natural light make this design an excellent choice for homes with Eco-friendly conveniences, such as solar panels, geothermal and radiant heating systems.

Disadvantages:The complex design and various building materials needed will make the sawtooth roof much more expensive than other roof types. Its also a high maintenance roof.Adding windows, valleys and varying slopes creates a higher chance for water leaks. For this reason, sawtooth roofs arent advisable in heavy snowfall areas.

Material used:Depending on the style of the house, the roof can be made from wood, steel or reinforced concrete.

5.12. Curved Roof

A curved roof is much simple in geometry, its a normal arc with varying angles. It is modern. It is very uniqueand a very creative roof design. The radius of curvature can vary from slightly curved up to an proper semi-circle.

Advantages:Curved roofs are aesthetically pleasing and is very unique and makes the house stand out. They also provide a grand look as the roof is very high compared to the normal roofs.

Curved roof doesnt necessarily have to cover the whole building it can make up a portion like a car porch, or just a library like section or any open areas..

Curved roofs are designed in such a way that, it can be customized to be according to the region the home is being built. Example, in a places with very heavy winds, a roof with a lower slope would be more durable than one with a higher slope as it will reduce the area in contact with the wind. While in areas that receive heavy snowand heavy rain we can put more of an arch to allow water to run-off. Easily

Figure 5.22

Disadvantages:The cost of a curved roof is very varying and depends on a lot of factors including the radius of curvature and the material used, even the complexity of the design Material used: The most common and best material for curved roofs is metal. It will bend easily with the rest of the aesthetics and shape into any form, plus the maintenance will be greatly reduced.

5.13. Pyramid Roof

A pyramid roof is very similar to a hip roof, the only difference between hip and pyramid is that in hip they all converge to a line and in pyramid they all converge to a single point.

These types or the roofs of the old Egyptian pyramids have a very similar structure.

These roofs are commonly used for smaller buildings, such as bungalows and cabins. They are also used for outdoor structures like, pool houses and garages

Advantages:The pyramid roof is extremely strong and very stable due to the symmetry and is resistant to strong winds as it the edges can cut the wind and split not letting it harm the roof. This makes them ideal for high wind areas.

Disadvantages:The design is very hard to construct and the cost is higher .

5.14. Dome Roof

A dome roof is an architecturalelement. it looks like the upper part of sphere cut into two. Dome roofs have a been used widely for governmental and prestigious buildings for years now.it can be used for adding unique and aesthetically pleasing features and provides grandeur for big buildings like museums or the governmental buildings .It has also been used extensively in the mosques.

Figure 5.23

Figure 5.24

Advantages:Dome have a very good aesthetic appeal and its also very durable , its been a major part of the Mughal architecture and all these structures roofs still stay strong .they oWe their strength to the shape .

Disadvantages:Since the roof is very complicated the cost of construction is also very high. Even though the structure is very strong if one part goes the whole structure goes.

Material used: Dome roofs can be constructed using shingles, metal and even glass. However, for a dome roof that will require less maintenance, metal is suggested.

6. Roofing materials

6.1 Asphalt composition shingles

Asphalt shingles is one of the most common roofing material. It has a life time of approximately 15-20 years and works for a large variety of roof and architectural styles. There are a lot of different types of asphalt, it varies on different factors like of weights, colours, durability levels, styles, sizes and designs. These materials are vulnerable to wind and ice damage.Moss can grow on this hence its not very effective in places with high humidity.Asphalt shingles are available in paper-based, organic or fiberglass. Fiberglass is the best in terms of fire resisting capacity typically receives a Class A Fire Rating while the paper-based shingles highest fire rating is B and the organic one has a grade C. The fiberglass shingles is a better choice between the two versions A fibre glass shingle is much lighter and thinner than the other shingles. The lighter asphalt shingles reduce cooling costs but the words asphalt is not a generally used for eco purposes. Recycled asphalt shingles can be used on an eco-friendly note.

Shingles are made by a single machine which keeps on adding components. The different steps are Dry looping, saturation, wet looping, coating, mineral surfacing, finishing, cutting, and packaging.

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

6.2 Asphalt architectural shingles

Asphalt architectural shingles are also known as laminated or dimensional shingles .These are made by binding two layers with an asphalt sealant and designed to last anywhere from 30-50 years. Architectural asphalt shingles are more durable than normal asphalt shingles .Architectural shingles offer greater fire protection and resistance to wind. Arch shingles are a little more expensive but they produce a very beautiful, multi-dimensional and varied effect hence its a very popular choice. These are not very eco-friendly choicesbut, you can make this material more eco-friendly green as possible by installing it and using it for 40-50 years. Asphalt shingles can be greener if we can recycle it and use them. The cost varies from 28$ to 68 $

Figure 6.3

6.3 Clay tile

Clay tile is also known as building tile,hollow tile ,terra cotta or clay block .its like for a life time and will often outlive the structure its built on. It can last over 100 year Overlapping or interlocking. Clay tile is created by baking or firing moulded clay into the tile in a high-temperature kiln. In the olden days clay tile was made by hand. Today's clay tile can be curved or flat, we can have it in different colours or even have a variety of surface textures. The advantages of these types of roofing are long life span, its low maintenance requirements and fire-protection. Clay tile is a little more expensive than some of the other roofing materials but its beauty and natural appearance often outweigh the cost. Tile is a heavy material hence we will need extra support so as to ensure that the structure doesnt fail and due to this cost will also give up . This material can break easily and can chip .So walking on the tiles should be left to professionals. These are easily available through India and is used very commonly in south India. In Kerala clay tiles give a very aesthetic and class look and is used in traditional houses.

The production process of clay tiles is quite simple. The clay is brought from quarries or local resources and then the clay is crushed and broken down into small particles. Water is then added to the clay and when the mix is correct the clay is cut into the required lengths and then its cut down to smaller sizes to be pressed into the tile moulds

The moulds are then transferred to firing kilns where a drying and firing process is carried out by an automated process run by modern computersand then the mould is finally made to clay

.

Figure 6.4

6.4 Concreate tile

Concreate is a mix of cement,water, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and sometimes ad mixtures. Itsgenerally grey in colour but can be made into any colour by using the right ad mixtures .During the setting period its workable and can be made into any shapes .it has a good workability and usually lasts for a span ofalmost 30-40 years .The advantages include a low maintenance cost and good durability. It is normally a class A Fire-Rated roofing system, concreate tile durable enough to walk on, energy efficient and natural insulation to noise. Another advantage is that its easily available.

The normal prices of cement is 325 Rs for 50kgs. The amount of cement required for a single tiles is about 660 grams.

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

6.5 Metal Sheets

Metal roofing sheets are gaining more popularity and is becoming one of the most popular roofing material .Its very eco-friendly as its full recyclable, metal roofing materials can be made up of different materials like steel, aluminium, copper and a mixture of materials .Among the metal roofing steel is the most popular The advantages of using metal sheets include low maintenancecost, fire resistance etc. they are also lighter than most of the other materials. They have a life period of almost 50-70 years .they are generally more durable than most of the other roofing materials in the market. Its energy efficient and eco-friendly as it reflects most of the sun rays and keeps the building cool during the hot summer its more expensive compared to its counterparts but n the long run its more durable and looks better.

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.6

6.6Wood shingle

Wood shinglesare slim, flat pieces of wood mainly used to cover the roofsand walls, to protect them from the weather. In olden days shingles were cut from straight, knot freeboltsof wood. They can last for around 30 to 50 years if properly maintained and cared for. It has a very natural appearance and can blend in with the structure if the structure has a lot of trees and all around it .With modern technology the shingles are treated and made more fire resistant and can be recycled also. Another unique things is no two layers will look the same due to the difference in colour, cut size and other factors. The maintenance of wood shingles is high compared to others, if not properly maintained the life expectancy of the material reduces drastically. The price and the labour cost is given below

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.86.7Eco friendly Roof

The eco-friendly roofs are gaining popularity very fast as the global warming is getting more serious , people are concerned now and have started caring .Eco roofing materials include a varity of materials which can be recycled , or roof gardens or roofs or reflective roofs . Materials whiihc were proudces without harming mother nature all come under green roofs

Figure 6.9

References

Anon, (2015). [image] Available at: http://marispolymers.com/products/waterproofing-systems/flat-roof-exposed-waterproofing/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015].

Anon, (2015). [image] Available at: http://www.houzz.com/photos/4360777/Green-Built-Modern-contemporary-exterior-seattle [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015].

Architectural shingles. (2015). [image] Available at: http://roofpedia.com/architectural-roof-shingles/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2015].

Osti.gov, (2015). Metal roofing. [Online] Available at: http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/860887-RSalHY/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2015].

RooferCalculator.com, (2014). Top 15 Roof Types & Their Pros & Cons - Read Before you build! - RooferCalculator.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.roofercalculator.com/top-15-roof-types-and-their-pros-cons/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015].

Salt box. (2015). [image] Available at: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=binet+and+butterfly+roof&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=667&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=1W0qVdrKBsSKuAT7-IGQBg&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ#tbm=isch&q=boinet+roof&imgrc=HdP9gdKL1GPnuM%253A%3BMgNvS3dzw4rosM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fvignette2.wikia.nocookie.net%252Frenopedia%252Fimages%252Fa%252Faa%252FBonnet-roof1.jpg%252Frevision%252Flatest%253Fcb%253D20130313071828%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Frenopedia.wikia.com%252Fwiki%252FRoof_Types%3B571%3B239 [Accessed 12 Apr. 2015].

Saltbox roof. (2015). [image] Available at: http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/2014/11/26/what-does-your-roof-style-say-about-you-by-lisa-preston/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2015].

Wikipedia, (2015). Saltbox. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltbox [Accessed 12 Apr. 2015].

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