ii-modul 3_diversitas genetika_16 maret 2011
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Genetic Diversity
Indeswati Diyatri
Departemen Biologi OralFakultas Kedokteran Gigi
Universitas Airlangga
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Genetic diversity
- Refers to the variation at the level ofindividual genes (polymorphism),
- provides a mechanism for populations
to adapt to their ever-changingenvironment.
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There is an interdependencebetween biological and geneticdiversity;Changes in biodiversity result inchanges in the environment,
requiring subsequent adaptationof the remaining species.
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Genetic Diversityfundamental organizationalcomponent of biodiversity, since species
diversity is built from geneticdiversity, and ecosystem diversityderives from species diversity.
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Basic Genetics & Cell Biology
Regardless of the complexity, everyliving entity contains a blueprint forits construction in the form of a
double-helical chain of moleculescalled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .
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Genes and DNA
A gene is a section ofchromosome that codes for aspesific trait or funtion protein synthesis
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MUTASI
.
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MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM
.
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MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM
.
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MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM
.
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MUTASI PADA TINGKAT GEN
Substitusi
Insersi (1 atau lebih)
Delesi (1 atau lebih)
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CONSEQUENCES OF GENETICERRORS = SOURCES OF GENETIC
VARIATION
Mutation - are changes in DNA
structure, and therefore changes inprotein and phenotype.Mutations are rare! For every 100million nucleotides added to adeveloping DNA strand only one
mistake occurs on average.
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Mutations are heritable; and
may be beneficial, neutral,lethal, detrimental or harmful
to the organism.
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T f M (2)
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Types of Mutation (2)2. Spontaneous
Proofreading mistakes duringDNA replication (Base
substitutions) - not necessarilya serious change.Frame shift mutation (Additionor deletion of a base) - seriouschange!
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Types of Mutation (3)3. Chromosomal mutations(disruption in chromosmalmorphology - inversions and
translocations).
Types of Mutation (4)
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Types of Mutation (4)A 3 letter code or codon is analogous to threeletter words in a sentence.
Original sequence THE CAT SAW THE DOG
Base or letter substitutions THE BAT SAW THE DOG
THE CAT SAW THE HOG
THE CAB SAW THE DOG
THE CAT SAW SHE DOG
THE CAT SAD THE DOG
THE CAT SAW THE DOC
f ( )
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Types of Mutation (5)Original sequence
THE CAT SAW THE DOGDeletions
THE CAT SAW TED OG
THE ATS AWT HED OG
AdditionsTHE CAT SAW THE ZDO G
THE CMA TAS WTH EDO G
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The fact that any two humansare approximately 99,9%
identical at the DNA sequencelevel indicates that we aregenetically quite similar to oneanother.
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Behavioral and environmentalfactors (tobacco use, diet,exercise, medical treatment,etc) play enormous roles in the
caution of common diseases.
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Mercury in Dentistry
Amalgam fillings (total weight 0.7-1.2grams) can cause deposition of
mercury in the spinal ganglia, anteriorpituitary, adrenal, medulla, liver,kidneys, lungs, and intestinal lymph
glands. The highest levels of mercury were
located in the kidney, gastrointestinal
tract, and jaw.
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Scientific research has alreadydemonstrated that mercury, even insmall amounts, can damage the brain,
heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, thyroidgland, adrenal glands, blood cells,enzymes and hormones, and
suppresses the body's immune(defense) system
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July 2000 : National Academy ofSciences study 60,000 children are
born at risk for adverse neuro-developmental effects each year dueto their mothers' exposure to methyl-
mercury.
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The WHO document clearly states that
the largest estimated average dailyintake and retention of mercury andmercury compounds in the generalpopulation is from dental amalgams,not from food or air.
The estimated average daily intake ofmercury from dental amalgams being3.8-21 micrograms per day.
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A Center for Disease Control and
Prevention study in March 2001 (inMorbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport) : about 10% of Americanwomen of child-bearing age are at risk
for having a baby born withneurological problems due to in uteromercury exposure (statistically
representing about 375,000babies/year).
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oral and intestinal bacteria canmethylate mercury to methyl-mercury
increasing its uptake by fetal tissues
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Further, it is obvious that one of themajor neurotoxins produced duringgingivitis and periodontal disease,methylthiol (CH3SH), reacts
immediately with Hg2+ creating a newclass of toxic, organic mercury-thiolcompounds, (CH3-S-HgCl and CH3S-
Hg-S-CH3), that are extremelydangerous.
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M d i di i
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Mercury and genetic diversity(?)
Alzheimer disease
AutismOthers (?)
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Other dental material and
genetic diversity (?)Arsenic
CeramicsOthers