ifpri -tecnological innovation and their potential niches
DESCRIPTION
The presentation is by B Mishra from the one day workshop on ‘Pulses for Nutrition in India: Changing Patterns from Farm-to-Fork’ organized on Jan 14, 2014. The workshop is based on a few studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute under the CGIAR’s Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. These studies covered the entire domain of pulse sector in India from production to consumption, prices to trade, processing to value addition, and from innovations to the role of private sector in strengthening the entire pulse value chain. These studies were designed to better understand the drivers of changing dynamics of pulses in the value chain from farm-to-fork, and explore opportunities for meeting their availability through increased production, enhanced trade and improved efficiency.TRANSCRIPT
Technological Innovations, their Potential and Niches
B. Mishra
(Former Vice Chancellor,Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, J&K and Former Director, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal and Directorate of
Rice research, Hyderabad)Email---- [email protected]
Why Pulses ?
Pulses are rich in nutrientsImportant for ecological sustainability Important for sustainability in crop production systemsImportant for nutritional security Reduction of malnutrition
Pulses are poor man’s meat to meet their protein requirement and very important for people dependent of vegetarian diet
Total Pulses Area Total Pulses Production
Pulses Production Scenario
Others66%
India34%
Others75%
In-dia
25%
World: 76.00 m ha India : 26.20 m ha
World: 67.71 m t India : 17.11 m t
Share of Different States in Pulse Production (2011-12)
21%
18%
13%10%
9%
8%
4%3%
3% 3% 2% 2% 3%Madhya PradeshRajasthanMaharashtraUttar PradeshKarnatakaAndhra PradeshGujaratChhattisgarhOrissaTamil NaduBiharJharkhandOthers
1961-65
1965-70
1970-75
1975-80
1980-85
1985-90
1990-95
1995-00
2000-05
2005-10
2010-13
5
10
15
20
25
30
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Area (mha) Production (mt) Productivity (kg/ha)
Are
a an
d Pr
oduc
tion
Prod
uctiv
ity (K
g/ha
)
Area, Production and Productivity trends of pulses over last five decades
Crops
2011-12 2012-13
Area (mha)
Production (mt)
Productivity (kg/ha)
% share of total production
Area (mha)
Production (mt)
Productivity (kg/ha)
% share of total production
Chickpea 8.32 7.58 912 44.35 8.7 8.88 1020 48.13
Pigeonpea 4.04 2.65 656 15.51 3.8 3.07 806 16.64
Mungbean 3.43 1.71 498 10.01 2.75 1.2 436 6.50
Urdbean 3.30 1.83 555 10.71 3.19 1.9 595 10.30
Lentil 1.60 0.95 594 5.56 1.41 1.08 765 5.85
Total Pulses 24.46 17.09 699 - 23.47 18.45 786
Area, production, yield of major pulses and their share in total production in India
Global Status of Pulses Production
2010 (2009-10)Crops Area
(m. ha)Production
(m.ton) Yield
(Kg/ha)
Beans (Dry) 29.88 23.23 777
Chickpea 11.99 10.94 913
Cowpeas (Dry) 10.56 5.57 527
Peas (Dry) 6.31 10.20 1616
Pigeonpea 4.75 3.68 774
Lentil 4.18 4.64 1110
Others 8.33 9.45 1134
Total 76.00 67.71 891
Global Status of Major Pulses Producing Countries 2010 (2009-10)
Countries Area (m. ha)
Production(m.ton)
Yield (Kg/ha)
India 26.20 17.11 654Myanmar 3.80 4.40 1161
Brazil 3.50 3.23 921
China 2.80 4.51 1605
Canada 2.90 5.20 1814
Australia 1.75 1.90 1089
USA 1.40 2.63 1856
Others 33.65 28.73 854Total 76.00 67.71 891
1971-75 1981-85 1991-95 2001-05 2006-100.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
10.83
9.248.41
7.21
8.16
11.34
13.6014.50 14.47
15.01
North India (mha) Central and South India (mha)
Are
a (
Mill
ion
he
cta
res
)
Shift in pulse growing states in India
Varieties developed under different pulses in India
Trend of breeder seed production (2008-12) in major rabi pulses in India
Trend of breeder seed production (2008-12) in major kharif pulses in India
All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP)-Centre
State –wise area, production and productivity of Chickpea in India during 2010-11
S.No. StateArea (M
tons)Production (M
tons)Productivity (Kg/ha)
1. Madhya Pradesh 3.11 (33.84) 2.69 (32.73) 865
2. Rajasthan 1.78 (19.37) 1.60 (19.46) 899
3. Maharashtra 1.44 (15.67) 1.30 ( 15.82) 903
4. Uttar Pradesh 0.57 (6.20) 0.53 (6.45) 930
5. Andhra Pradesh 0.58 (6.31) 0.72 (8.76) 1241
6. Karnataka 0.96 (10.45) 0.63 (7.66) 656
7. Gujarat 0.18 (1.96) 0.20 (2.43) 1111
8. Chhattisgarh 0.25 (2.72) 0.24 (2.92) 960
9. Haryana 0.11 (1.20) 0.11 (1.34) 1000
10. Bihar 0.05 (0.54) 0.06 (0.73) 1200
11. Odisha 0.04 (0.44) 0.03 (0.36) 750
12. West Bengal 0.02 (0.22) 0.02 ( 0.24) 1000
13. Others 0.10 ( 1.09) 0.09 (1.09) -
India 9.19 (100.00) 8.22 (100.00) 895Figure in parentheses is the percentage of totalSource: Directorate of economics and Statistics, Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2012.
Area, Production and Productivity Trends of Chickpea Over Last Six Decades
The third important grain legume in the world after dry beans and dry peas.
Cultivated mainly in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Canada, Mexico, Iran, Australia, Tanzania, Ethopia, Myanmar, Syria, Bangladesh and Spain.
Asia contributed about 90% of the global area and production.
Globally, chickpea is cultivated on about 13.20 million ha with production of 11.62 million tons and productivity of 880 Kg/ha.
India stands first in terms of area (68%) and production (70%). It is grown in 9.21million ha producing 8.88 million tons of grain with productivity of 995 kg/ha which is less than Mexico (1536 Kg/ha), Canada (1340 kg/ha) and Turkey (1046 kg/ha). Chickpea occupies 36% national pulse average with 48% production.
Chickpea
India is the largest consumer as well as importer of chickpea in the world.
M.P. , Maharashtra, Rajasthan, U.P., A.P., Karnataka, and Gujarat are the major chickpea productivity states sharing over 80% of the area.
A.P. registered the highest productivity (1448 kg/ha) followed by Bihar (984 kg/ha), Gujarat (977 kg/ha), M.P (850 Kg/ha), Maharashtra (825 kg/ha), U.P. 745 kg/ha), Karnataka (607 kg/ha) and Rajasthan (466 kg/ha).
Development of short duration varieties like ICCV 2, JG 74, Vijay, JG 11, JG 16, JAKI 9218 and KAK 2 were the major catalyst for the expansion chickpea area in southern and central India. In spite of reduction of duration the yield remained unaffected.
A salt tolerant variety CSG 8962 ( Karnal Chana 1) has been developed for cultivation in moderate salinity stress soil (irrigated areas).
Drought tolerant varieties (ICCV 10, Phule G 5, RSG 888, Vijay etc, have been evolved).
Many high yielding kabuli varieties such as KAK 2, BG 1003, BG 1053, Phule G 95311, IPCK 2002-29 etc , have been developed.
During the last 5 years breeder seed production has been doubled ( 5512.16 in the year 2005-06 to 11717.90 in the year 2010-11) as chickpea area increased from 6.93 mha ( 2005-06) to 9.21mha (2010-11). The seed replacement rate increased to 25% from 5%.
Efficient cropping systems, fertilizer management including Zn, B, Mo, Fe, Rhyzobium inoculation ,herbicides application etc. for different parts the country have been developed.
Good work has been accomplished on crop protection for insects, nematodes and diseases as well as host plant resistance.
State VarietiesAndhra Pradesh JG 11, KAK 2, JAKI 9218, MNK-1, ICCV 37
Bihar Gujarat Gram 4, Pant G 186, HK 05-169, Pusa 372Chhattisgarh Digvijay, JG 6, JAKI 9218, JG 14, JG 63, IPCK 2002-29,
VaibhavGujarat JG 16. Gujarat Gram 1, Gujarat Junagadh Gram 3, JSC 55
(Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203)
Haryana Haryana Chana-3, Haryana Chana-5, HK-1Jharkhand KPG 59, BG 1003, Pant G 114, KWR 108, Pusa 372, HK 05-
169Karnataka ICCV 37, JAKI 9218, JG 11, MNK-1, Phule G 0517
Madhya Pradesh JG 130, JG 322, JG 63, JG 16, JG 14, JAKI 9218, JGK 2, JG 315, JGK-1, Vijay, JSC 55 (Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203), Raj Vijay Kabuli 101, Raj Vijay 201, Phule G 0517, PKV Kabuli 4
Maharashtra Vijay, Digvijay, JAKI 9218, Vishal, Virat, KAK 2, Phule G 0517, JSC 55 (Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203), PKV Kabuli 4
State Wise Promising Varieties of Chickpea
State Varieties
Punjab GPF 2, L 551
Rajasthan GNG 1581, RSG 888, Pratap Chana-1, GNG 1488, GNG 1499, GNG 663, GNG 469, RSG 973, RSG 963, CSJD 884
Tamil Nadu JG 11, Co4
Uttar Pradesh
KPG 59, KGD 1168, KWR 108, HK 05-169, Pusa 372
Uttarakhand
Pant G 186, Pant G 114, DCP 92-3, Pant Kabuli 1
West Bengal
Anuradha, Mahamaya-1, Mahamaya-2
cont’d. State Wise Promising Varieties of Chickpea
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-120
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
Chickpea breeder seed production trends
varieties Production (qt)
Prod
uctio
n ag
ains
t DAC
inde
nt
No.
of V
arie
ties
Pigeonpea
Major Pigeonpea Growing Countries Production
2004-05 to 2008-09
Pigeonpea in India
YearArea
(m. ha)
Production
(m.ton)
Yield (Kg/ha)
2005-06 3.58 2.74 765
2006-07 3.56 2.31 650
2007-08 3.73 3.08 826
2008-09 3.38 2.27 671
2009-10 3.53 2.46 697
2010-11 4.42 2.89 655
2012-13 3.8 3.07 806
Issues for increasing production
of Pigeonpea1. Population management
2. Provision of life saving irrigation
3. Management of pod borer and pod fly
4. Promotion of pigeonpea in inter cropping system
5. Promotion of pigeonpea in non-traditional areas
like hills, backyards, bunds of wet land etc.
Popular Pigeonpea Varieties
VarietyYield potentiality
(q/ha)Area of
adaptation
Early duration
UPAS 120 11-15 NWPZ & NEPZ
Pusa 992 14-18 NWPZ
Manak 18-20 NWPZ
AL 201 15-16 Punjab
Paras 15-20 Haryana
Durga 10-12 A.P.
CORG 9701 11-12 Tamil Nadu
Variety Yield potentiality (q/ha)
Area of adaptation
Medium duration
MA 3 20-22 CZ
Asha 16-18 CZ & SZ
Jawahar 18-20 CZ
LRG 30 17-19 SZ
LRG 41 17-19 SZ
BDN 2 10-12 Maharashtra
Maruti 10-12 Karnataka & A.P.
Abhaya 18-20 A.P.
BSMR 736 12-14 Maharashtra CO 6 17-19 Tamil Nadu
Popular Pigeonpea Varieties
VarietyYield potentiality
(q/ha)Area of
adaptation
Long duration
Bahar 20-25 NEPZ
MAL 13 22-24 NEPZ
Pusa 9 22-26 NEPZ
MA 6 20-25 NEPZ
Amar 16-20 U.P.
NDA 1 20-22 U.P.
Popular Pigeonpea Varieties
Wilt : Maruthi, Asha, BDN 2, BSMR 736, MA 6
SMD : Bahar, BSMR 736, Asha, Sharad, Pusa 9
Wilt and : SMD
Asha, BSMR 736, BSMR 853
Disease Resistant Varieties of Pigeonpea
Area, Production and Productivity Trends of Pigeonpea Over Last Five Decades
Status of hybrid pigeonpea in India
Hybrid Year of development Source Institution
ICPH 8 1991 ICRISAT, Hyderabad
PPH 4 1994 PAU, Ludhiana
COPH 1 1994 TNAU, Coimbatore
COPH 2 1997 TNAU, Coimbatore
AKPH 410 1997 PDKV, Akola
AKPH 2022 1998 PDKV, Akola
In India systematic research work on development of hybrids in pigeonpea got momentum in the year 1988-89 on wards.
In 1988-89 ICAR, launched an ad-hoc project on development of genetic male sterility based
pigeonpea hybrid.This resulted in development and release of six
GMS- `based hybrids.
Areas of Biotechnological Research in Pigeonpea
• Development of genetic resources
- Mapping populations/Core sets/Mini-core sets
• Development of genomic resources
- High density linkage maps/Genomic libraries/
Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) lbraries
• Application of genomic tools for breeding
- Identification of markers associated with disease/pest
resistance, root traits and nutrient use efficiency
- Identification of candidate genes and allele mining
- Pyramiding of genes into elite varieties
• Development of transgenics for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses
Greengram and Blackgram
Insect pests: defoliators, hairy caterpillars, semilooper, thrips Diseases: MYMV, Leaf crinkle, CLS, PM Limited number of HYVs Population management Development of suitable varieties for rice fallow areas
Major researchable issues
VarietyYield
potentiality (q/ha)
Area of adaptati
on PDM 11 8-10 CZ
PDM 54 8-10 NEPZ
PDM 139 (Samrat) 10-12 UP
IPM 99-125 (Meha) 12-15 NEPZ
IPM 02-3 (Diksha) 12-14 NEPZ, SZ
IPM 02-14 (Shreya) 12-14 UP state , SZ
Pant Mung 2 10-12 NEPZ, NWPZ
Popular Greengram Varieties
Contd........
Specific Situations Varieties
Short duration varieties for spring/summer
IPM 02-3, Meha, Samrat, TMB 37, HUM 16, HUM 1, Pusa Vishal, OUM 11-5, Pant M 5, SML 668
Resistant to PM for rabi season
TARM 18, TM 96-2, Vamban 2, Vamban 4, TARM 2, TARM 1
MYMV resistant Pant M 4, Pant M 6, KM 2241, Sattya, NDM 1, HUM 1, Ganga 8, Samrat, Meha HUM 12, IPM 02-3
Large Seeded (5 g/100 seeds)
Pant M 5, Pusa Vishal, SML 668, HUM 16, TMB 37, IPM 02-3
Greengram varieties suitable for specific situation
Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and SeasonsState Growing season Varieties
Andhra PradeshKharifRabi
PKV AKM 4, IPM 02-14, COGG 912, OUM 11-5, Warangal-2, LGG 407, LGG 450, Madhira 295Pusa 9072, LGG 460, TM 96-2, WGG-2
Assam
KharifSpring/ Summer
SG 1 (Pratap), Pant moong 2, Pant Moong 4, Narendra moong 1, IPM 2-3PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16, HUM 12
Bihar & JharkhandKharif Spring/ Summer
Pant moong 2, Pant Moong 4, Narendra moong 1, Sunaina, PDM139,MH2-15, HUM-1, IPM 2-3PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16, HUM 12
State Growing season Varieties
Delhi Kharif
IPM 2-3, , Pant Moong 3, ML 337, MUM 2, Ganga 8, MH 02-15
GujaratKharif Spring/summer
PKV AKM 4, BM 4, Gujarat Moong 3, Pant moong 2, PIMS 4 (Sabarmati), GujratMoong 2, GujratMoong 4Gujarat moong 2, PDM 139
HaryanaKharif Spring/Summer
MUM 2, Pusa Vishal, Ganga 8, MH 2-15, IPM 2-3, Muskan Pusa Vishal, SML 668, Pant Mung-5
Himachal Pradesh & J&K Kharif
Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong 6, KM 2241, Shalimar moong 1, Pusa 0672
Karnataka Kharif
IPM 02-14, PKV AKM 4, COGG 912, HUM 1, China Moong, KKM 3
cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons
State Growing season Varieties
Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh
Kharif Spring/Summer
Pant Moong 3, ML 337, BM 4, JM 721, Jawahar 45, HUM-1, Meha, TJM 3 HUM 1, Pusa 9531, PDM 139, Meha
MaharashtraKharif
PKV AKM 4, Kopergaon, ML 131, BM 4, Phule M 2, TARM 1, TARM 18, TARM 2, BM 200-1, HUM 1
OrissaKharif Rabi
OUM 11-5, COGG 912, PKV AKM 4, TARM 1, PDM 139 Pusa 9072, Sujata (Hyb 2-4), TARM-1, OBGG-52, LGG-460, PDM 139
PunjabKharif Spring/Summer
MUM 2, ML 613, Ganga 8, MH 2-15, IPM 2-3 Pusha Vishal, Pant moong 2, SML 668, Pant Mung-5
cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons
State Growing season Varieties
RajasthanKharif Spring/Summer
Ganga 8, RMG 268, MUM 2, SML 668, RM 492, IPM 2-3, MH 2-15 RMG 268, SML 668, PDM-139, Meha
Uttar Pradesh &Uttaranchal
KharifSpring/Summer
Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong 3, Narendra Moong 1, Pant Moong 4, Pant Moong 5.PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16, HUM 12
Tamil NaduKharifRabi
Paiyur 1, Vamban 1, ADT 3, CO 5, TM 96-2, COGG 912, OUM 11-5Pusa 9072, Sujata (Hyb 12-4), ADT-3,
West BengalKharifSpring/Summer
Narendra Moong 1, Pant Moong 4, Pant Moong 5, MH 2-15, SrekumarPDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16
cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-130
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Breeder Seed production trends of mungbean
Indent Production(qt) Varieties
DAC
Inde
nts a
nd p
rodu
ction
(Q)
No.
of V
arie
ties
VarietyYield
potentiality (q/ha)
Area of adaptation
PDU1 (Basant Bahar) 9-10 NWPZ
IPU 94-1 (Uttara) 12-14 NWPZ, NEPZ
IPU 2-43 10-11 SZWBU 108 10-12 NWPZ, NEPZ, SZ
Narendra Urd 1 10-12 UPPant U 19 12-15 NEPZPant U 30 12-15 CZ, SZ
Popular Blackgram Varieties
Contd........
VarietyYield
potentiality (q/ha)
Area of adaptation
Pant U 40 10-12 West UP, UK
KU 92-2 (Azad Urd 1) 10-11 NEPZ
KU 300 (Shekhar 2) 10-12 NWPZ
WBU 109 (Sujata) 10-12 NEPZ
Pant U 35 10-12 UP
KU 91 (Azad urd 2) 8-9 UP
Specific Situations
Varieties
Short duration varieties for spring/summer
WBU 109, Azad Urd 1, KU 300, Pant Urd 31, PDU 1, KU 92-1
Resistant to Powdery mildew
LBG 625, LBG 685, LBG 623, LBG 20, WBG 26, LBG 709, LBG 645, VBN 4,
Resistant for MYMV
WBU 108, Pant U 30, Pant U 31, Pant U 40, Azad U 1, Azad U 2, Sekhar 2, Sekhar 3, IPU 02-43, Uttara, NDU 1, KU 96-3, Mash 1008, WBU 109
Resistant to MYMV and PM
IPU 02-43, LBG 625, LBG 685
Blackgram varieties suitable for specific situation
Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons
State Growing season VarietiesAndhra Pradesh Kharif
Rabi
WBG 26, KU 301 (Shekhar -1),WBU 108, LBG 648, Pant U 31, IPU 2-43, LBG 685, LBG 625, LBG 752, IPU 07-3, VBG 04-008, LU 391TU 94-2, LBG 611, LBG 20, LBG 402, LBG 623, LBG-709, WBG-26,
Assam Kharif Pant U 30, WBU 108, IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108
Bihar & Jharkhand Kharif Spring
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), BirsaUrd 1, Pant U 30, Pant U 31, WBU 108 KU 92-1 (Azad Urd 1), WBU-109, Pant U 31
Gujarat Kharif KU 96-3, TPU 4, AKU 4, WBU 108, GU 1
State Growing season VarietiesHaryana Kharif
Mash 338, Pant U 19, KU 300 (Shekhar 2), WBU 108, IPU 94-1 (Uttara)
Himachal Pradesh Kharif Pant U 19, Pant U 31, Pant U 40
Karnataka Kharif KU 301, WBG 26, WBU 108, LBG 402, LBG Manikya, 1, TU 94-2, LU 391, IPU 07-3, VBG 04-008, IPU 2-43
Madhya Pradesh & Chattisgarh
Kharif Spring
KU 96-3, TPU 4, JawaharUrd 2, JawaharUrd 3, Khargone 3, Pant U 30Pant U 31
Maharashtra Kharif
TPU 4, Pant U 30, TAU 1, TAU 2, AKU 4 (Melghat), AKU 15, KU 96-3
cont’d. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons
State Growing season VarietiesOdisha Kharif
SpringKU 301, WBG 26, WBU 108, Sarla, IPU 2-43TU 94-2, LBG 402, OBG 17, B-3-8-8, Mash 338
Punjab KharifSpring
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Krishna, Mash 414KU 300 (Shekhar – 2), KUG 479
Rajasthan Kharif Spring
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Pant U 31, KU 300 KU 300, KUG 479
Uttar Pradesh &Uttrakhand
Kharif Spring
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Narendra Urd 1, Pant U 35, Pant U 31, Pant U 40KU 92-2 (Azad Urd 1), KU 300 (Shekhar 2), Narendra Urd 1, WBU 109, KUG 479
Tamil Nadu Kharif Rice-fallow
ADT 3, ADT 5, Vamban 2, WBU-108, KU 301 (Shekhar 1), Vamban-3, ADT 4,Vamban-4, ADT 5, IPU 07-3, IPU 2-43, VBG 04-008WBG-26, Vamban-3, TU 94-2, VBN-5, IPU 2-43.KBU 512, Vamban 2
West Bengal KharifSpring
IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Pant U 31KU 92-1 (Azad urd 1), WBU 109, Pant U 31
cont’d. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-130
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Breeder seed production trends of urdbean
Indent Production(qt) Varieties
DAC
Inde
nts a
nd p
rodu
ction
(Q)
No.
of V
arie
ties
State wise promising varieties of Lentil and fieldpea
State VarietiesUttar Pradesh HUL 57, DPL 62 (Sheri), IPL 81 (Noori), Narendra Masoor 1,
IPL 406, Bihar HUL 57, WBL 77, Arun (PL 77-12)
Madhya Pradesh IPL 81 (Noori), JL 3, IPL 406Haryana DPL 62 (Sheri), IPL 406
Punjab DPL 62 (Sheri), Pant L 4, LH 84-8, LL 147
Delhi DPL 62 (Sheri), LH 84-8Gujarat IPL 81, JL 3
Himachal Pradesh HUL 57, VL 507 J&K HUL 57, VL 507, Shalimar Masoor 1
West Bengal HUL 57, WBL 77 KLS 218, Ranjan (B 256), Asha (B 77), ,
NEH Region HUL 57, DPL 62
Maharashtra IPL 81 (Noori), JL 3Assam HUL 57, WBL 77, KLS 218, Asha (B 77)Orissa HUL 57, WBL 77, B 77 (Asha)Rajasthan IPL 406, DPL 62
State VarietiesFieldpea
Uttar Pradesh KPMR 400, Prakash,Vikas, HUDP 15, Adarsh,
Bihar HUDP 15, DDR 23, VL 42, DantiwadaFieldpea 1West Bengal HUDP 15, VL 42, DantiwadaFieldpea 1
Delhi KPMR 522, Aman, DDR 27, Hariyal,
Maharashtra KPMR 400, Prakash, Vikas, Adarsh, Ambika, Himachal Pradesh Prakash, VL Matar 3, HFP 9426, VL 45
Punjab KPMR 522, Aman,DDR 27, HFP 529Haryana KPMR 522, Hariyal, ,DDR 27, HFP 9426, HFP 529
Rajasthan KPMR 522, Aman, Hariyal, DMR 7, DDR 27, HFP 529
Madhya Pradesh KPMR 400, Prakash, Vikas, Adarsh, Ambika
Jammu & Kashmir HUDP 15, Prakash, IPFD 1-10Assam Malviya Matar 15, IPFD 1-10
State wise promising varieties of Lentil and fieldpea
State wise promising varieties of Arid LegumesStates/Crop Varieties
Guar
Andhra Pradesh Early maturing varieties like RGM-112,RGC-936,HG-563 and HG-365are getting popular in Rayalseemaregion of A.P.
Gujarat GG-1 , GG-2Haryana HG-365 , HG-563 ,HG-870 , HG-884 ,HG-867 , HG-2-20
Madhya Pradesh HG-563 , HG-365
Maharashtra (Marathwada and Vidarbha)
HG-563 , HG-365 , RGC-936 early types are sought after in nontraditional areas of Yavatmal and Parbhani
Punjab AG-112 and early varieties from Haryana state
Rajasthan RGC-1033,RGC-1066, RGC-1055 , RGC-1038 , RGC-1031 , RGC-1017 , RGC-1003 , RGC-1002 , RGM-112 , RGC-986 ,RGC-936 ,RGC-197 ,
Uttar Pradesh HG-563 , HG-365 and early varieties
Mothbean
Gujarat GMO-1 ,GMO-2
Haryana Early var of RajMaharashtra Early maturing var from Rajasthan Rajasthan RMO-257 , RMO-435 , RMO-2004 (RMB-25) , RMO-225 ,
RMO-40, CZM-1, CZM-2, CZM-3
States/Crop VarietiesCowpea
Gujarat GC-2 , GC-3 , GC-4 , GC-5
Karnataka KBC-2.DCS-47-1,Vamban-1
Kerala Subra , Hridya, Kankamony, KrishnamonyMaharashtra VCM-8Rajasthan RC-101 , RC-19Tamil Nadu Co (CP)-7 ,Vamban-1
Uttarakhand Pant-lobia-1 , Pant lobia -2 , Pant lobia-3Horse gram
A.P CRIDA R1-18, CRHG-19 , PHG-9,Palem-1 , Palem-2Gujarat GHG-5 ( Dantiwada Gujarat Horse gram-1)Karnataka PHG-9 ,BJPL-1,BGM-1Rajasthan AK-21 , AK-42 , AK-53Tamil Nadu CRHG-19Uttarakhand VLG-8 , VLG-10 , VLG-15 , VLG-19Maharashtra D 40-1
cont’d. State wise promising varieties of Arid Legumes
Area under prevalent cropping systems and their contribution to the national food basket
Cropping system Area (m ha) Contribution (%)
Rice-wheat 9.77 25
Rice-rice 2.12 5
Cotton-wheat 1.39 2.36
Pearl millet-sorghum 1.35 1.68
Maize-wheat 1.29 2.25
Pearl millet-wheat 1.03 1.72
Sorghum-sorghum 0.74 1.65
Rice-chickpea 0.59 0.8
Sugarcane-wheat 0.54 0.86
Maize-chickpea 0.54 0.65
Source :Yadav (1996)
Predominant cropping systems
Cropping systems Area ( m. ha)
Rice-wheat 9.85
Rice-rice 5.89
Pearlmillet-wheat 2.26
Soybean-wheat 2.23
Maize-wheat 1.86
Rice-vegetables 1.24
Cotton-wheat 1.09
Rice-groundnut 1.02
Sugarcane-wheat 0.97
Rice-fallow 4.42
Source : Yadav and Rao (2001)
Nitrogen economy due to inclusion of pulses in prevalent cropping systems
Preceding legume
Following cereal Fertilizer N-equivalent (kg n
/ha)
References
Chickpea Maize 60-70 Subbarao (1988);
Pearl millet 40Lee and Wani
(1989)Pigeonpea Wheat 40
Maize 20-49Pearl millet 30
Lentil Pearl millet 40Maize 18-30
Peas Pearl millet 40Maize 20-32
Green gram Pearl millet 30Lathyrus Maize 36-48Cowpea Pearl millet 60
Rice 40Wheat 13
Pigeonpea Sorghum 51 Ali (1948-87)Chickpea Rice 40Rajmash Rice 40
Fodder cowpea Rice 40Mungbean Rice 40
Possible new niches for pulses Cropping system Possible
nichesExpected
areaSuitable varieties of
pulse crops
Pigeonpea-wheat
Haryana, Punjab, North-west, U.P, and North Rajasthan
1 UPAS 120, Manak, Pusa, 33, AL 15, AL 201
Maize-rabi pigeonpea
Central and Eastern U.P, North Bihar, West Bengal, Assam
0.3 Pusa 9, Sharad
Maize-potato/mustard+mungbean/urdbean
Punjab, Haryana and west U.P.
1
Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, HUM 2, SML 668, Pusa VishalUrdbean: PDU 1, Narendra Urd 1, Uttara
Spring sugarcane+mungbean / urdbean
East U.P., Bihar, west Bengal
0.15
Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, Narendra mung 1, Urdbean: PDU 1, Pant U, 19 TARM 1, Pusa 9072
Source : Ali (2004)
Source : Ali (2004)
Possible new niches for pulses
Cropping system Possible niches Expected area
Suitable varieties of pulse crops
Rice-mungbean
Orissa, parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, A.P.
0.35 TARM 1, Pusa 9072
Rice-urdbean
Coastal areas of A.P. , Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
0.35 LBG 17, LBG 402
Rice-wheat-mungbean
Western U.P., Haryana, Punjab
0.1Pant Mung 2, Narendra, Mung 1, PDM 139, HUM 2
Maize-rajmash-mungbean
Central and Eastern U.P., North Bihar
0.07
Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, HUM 2Rajmash: HUR 137, HUR 15,PDR 14, Amber
Rajmash + PotatoEastern and Central U.P. 0.03 PDR 14, Amber
Effective IPM against major pests
Pulses being rich in protein suffer heavy losses due to insect pests and diseases (25-40%)
• Gram pod borer (Pigeonpea and chickpea) Popularization of bio-intensive IPM modules (intercrops, NPV, NSKE, birdperches, etc.)• Fusarium wilt (chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea) Integrated management of wilt ( HPR, intercrops, seed dressing with
fungiside, trichoderma)• Weeds (All pulses) Integrated weed management (tillage practices, intercrops, preemergence use of pendimethalin)
Containing the menace of blue bull
Crop-specific strategies
• Popularization of zero till and raised bed planting for chickpea and lentil after rice in northern plains.
• Ridge furrow planting of pigeonpea in north east plains
• Foliar sprayof 2% urea at flowering/pod formation stage in rabipulses in rainfed areas of central and south India
• Popularization of bio-intensive IPM against pod borer in chickpea and pigeonpea
• Development and popularization of region specific varieties
- Extra large seeded kabuli varieties for north and central india- Short duration pigeonpea varieties ( 130+ 10 days ) with 2 tons yield
per ha for sequential cropping with wheat in north India and 160-170 days varieties with combined resistance to wilt and SMD in central and south zones
- Short duration varieties of urdbean and mungbean for spring/summeras catch crop
- Urdbean and mungbean varieties with combined resistance to PM and YMV for rabi planting in coastal peninsula
- Short duration varieties of lentil and fieldpea with resistance to rust and PM
Pulses Protein (%)
Fat (%) Carbohydrates (%)
Minerals (%)
Fibre (%)
Energy Kcal
Red Gram 22.3 1.7 57.6 3.5 3.5 335
Chickpea 17.1 5.3 60.9 3.0 3.9 360
Green gram 24.0 1.3 56.7 3.5 4.1 334
Black gram 23.9 1.4 59.6 3.2 3.1 347
Lentil 25.1 0.7 59.0 2.1 0.7 343
Peas 19.7 1.1 56.5 2.2 4.5 315
Month bean 23.6 1.1 56.4 3.5 4.5 330
Field bean 24.9 0.8 60.1 3.2 1.4 347
Cowpea 24.0 1.0 54.5 3.2 3.8 323
Nutritive value of major pulses grown in IndiaSource: NIN, Hyderabad, ICMR
Protein range of different pulses
Mineral content mg/100g protein
Amino acid content (mg/ 100 g)
Vitamin content (mg/100 g)
Consumption Pattern of pulses in India
Reducing Post-harvest Losses
• Modernization of conventional dal mills• Safe storage
Total number of conventional dal mills ( large and medium) : 5500Number of modern dal mills : 103Average dal recovery from conventional dal mills : 72%Average dal recovery from modern dal mills : 83%Expected increase in dal recovery due to modernization : 0.90 mtSafe storage : 0.25 mt
Generic issues
• Quality seeds
• Balanced plant – Nutrition
• Water management
• Resource conservation (including energy)
• Biotic and abiotic stresses
• Farm produce and product diversification
• Post-harvest management
• Marketing and Trade
SWOT AnalysisStrength• Largest research network with multidisciplinary team.• Wide adoptability across the agro-ecological zones and regions.• Diversified use for consumption.• Short duration with high productivity/day (early mungbean, urdbean and pigeonpea).• Fixing atmospheric nitrogen and enhanced soil fertility.• Befitting early maturing mung and urd crop duration between two non – pulse crops.• Widening of genetic variability.• Crossability among wild and cultivated Vigna species.• Good research base/infrastructure.
Weaknesses• Poor plant type• Narrow variability• Non-synchronous maturity in many pulses.• Pre-harvest sprouting of grains in kharif season in case of mungbean and urdbean.• Prevalent of more diseases during kharif season.• Non-availability of improved seeds and low seed replacement rate.• Market and Trade• Limited varieties for spring and summer cultivation (mungbean and urdbean).• Photo thermo sensitivity and post – harvest losses during storage.• Poor research on quality, nutrition and value addition.
Opportunity• Horizontal expansion to new niches (rice-fallows in coastal regions of Orissa, AP, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu).• Diversification in rice- wheat system through short duration mungbean and bean varieties and intercropping in
sugarcane pigeonpea and cereals.• Development of suitable plant type (synchronous maturity) for intercropping.• Development of resistant mungbean and urdbean varieties against powdery mildew to stabilize the production and
productivity in winter season (rice- fallows).• Popularization of Hybrid Pigeonpea.• Molecular breeding – products awaited.
Threat• Erratic weather viz. temperature extremes, heavy rains and drought.• New emerging pests such as thrips, jassids, leaf crinkle, leaf curl, pod borer etc.• Narrow genetic base of released varieties.• Future target fixed for cereals--negative impact on pulses.
Issues
• Reasons for decline in Area of Pulses in Indo -Gangetic Plains (IGP)• Low Genetic Yield Potential• low realized yield and instability in production• Climate change• poor seed replacement• Post-Harvest Losses• Wide Fluctuation in Prices• Poor Availability of critical Inputs in Productivity Zone• Poor Transfer of Technology
StrategiesRoad map for enhanced productivity and production• Bringing additional area under pulses• Increasing productivity Bringing Additional Area under Pulses (3.0 mha)• Diversification of rice-wheat system in IGP through popularization of short duration pigeonpea, kabuli chickpea, fieldpea
and summer mungbean• Utilization of rice- fallow through urdbean/ mungbean in coastal peninsular and lentil in NEPZ and Chhattisgarh• Promotion of pulses under intercropping like mungbean/urdbean with spring sugarcane and chickpea with
mustard/linseed, pigeonpea with groundnut/soybean/millets, short duration and thermo-insensitive varieties of mungbean and urdbean as summer season crops after harvest of wheat in Indo -Gangetic plains
• Development and popularization of urdbean/mungbean for late planting (mid Aug-early Sept in north India)
Improving Productivity and yield stability • Development of new and efficient plant type• Development of high yielding short duration having multiple and multi-racial resistance to diseases• Gene pyramiding for stable resistance• Exploitation of hybrid vigour in pigeonpea• Utilization of gene pools from unexplored areas• Exploitation of wild relatives for transfer of genes of interest• Development of saturated linkage map for gene mining, gene cloning and gene mapping• Development of transgenic against drought and gram pod borer• Promoting short duration varieties in drought prone areas• Development of input use efficient genotypes• Popularization of improved crop management practices-major concern• Efficient water management in rain-fed area• Rainwater harvesting and recycling through farm ponds and community reservoirs• Promoting micro irrigation system• Adoption of moisture conservation practices
Development of resilient pulse crops to climatic adversities• Development of resilient /smart pulse crops and technologies• Critical monitoring of diseases and pest dynamics with reference to climate change
Production and Supply of Quality Seeds• Active involvement of private sector, NGOs, and farmers help groups in production of quality seeds• Mandatory target to Public Sector Seed Corporations• Popularization of seed village concept with buyback system• More incentive on production of seeds of new varieties• Promotion of farmers to farmer's exchange of seeds
Reducing Post Harvest Losses• Development and popularization of harvesters, threshers and graders• Modernization of existing dal mills• Establishment of processing units in the production zones• Development and popularization of low cost safe storage structures
Ensuring Attractive Price to Producers• Announcement of MSP well in advance• Creation of procurement centres in production zone• Popularization of mini dal mills among farmers at village level• Development of organized market for pulses• Linking farmers with markets/ trade• Promotion of export of pulses like lentil and kabuli chickpea• Production of value added products
Ensuring Timely Availability of Critical Inputs• Advanced forewarning and forecasting system• Promotion of IPM technologies against Helicoverpa• Ensuring timely availability of bio-pesticides- HaNPV, Trichoderma & herbicides e.g. Pendimethalin• Seed dressing with fungicides for controlling seed borne diseases• Providing safe storage structures like Pusa Bins and Ware house facility• Creation of production units of quality bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides• Fortification of fertilizers with specific nutrients like S, Fe, Zn, B etc., in specific regions• Popularization of sprinkler in rain-fed areas• Establishment of single window input supply centres for cluster of villages
Efficient Transfer of Technology (FLDs)• Farmers training and exposure visits• Popularization of improved technologies through mass media• Close interaction of research organizations, state departments of agriculture and private agencies
Way forward*Breaking yield plateau and enhancing productivity1. Harnessing potential of Biotechnology: Gene characterizatuion for yield determining traits
using biparental populations, MAGIC populations and association mapping and development of functional markers for the genes. New tools of Bioinformatics and statistical genetics should be used extensively as new genetic informatuion is generated very fast.
2. Widening of genetic base/ gene pool: Prebreeding utilizing wild relatives of pulses3. Hybrid technology: Development of hybrid with suitable level of heterosis
*Quality pulse: Quality data should be generated and Due consideration to quality traits should be given at the time of identification of the varieties for release.
* Quality seed: Production of Quality seed utilizing effectively the chain from breeder seeds to foundation and certified seeds.
Way Forward Continue
*Resource Management• Increasing input use efficiency of nutrients and water and work out the
nutrients both micro and micro for different pulses and across environments
• Increasing efficiency of symbiotic process for enhanced nitrogen fixation by Rhizobia
• Pulses are largely grown in the rain-fed areas where P deficiency often occurs. More work is required on microorganisms like phosphate solubilizing bacteria/fungi and VAM which are capable of solubilizing non-available P to available form and help in P uptake by pulse crops.
• Pest surveillance and forecasting methods need to be developed encompassing GIS and remote sensing technologies for better management of diseases pests
Way Forward Continue*Social Sciences and Trade• Developing a data warehouse covering global, national, state and district-wide
information on area, production, productivity, prices, trade, and improved varieties and resource management technologies.
• To document various market outlooks (such as FAO, ACIAR, USDA, etc.) for Pulses and develop a synthesis for government to take informed decision on prices, procurement and trade and develop expertise on modelling pulses outlook on a regular basis.
• To document and analyze existing and innovative value chains for different pulses and propose strategies for up-scaling and/or out-scaling best practices to improve the value addition and marketing efficiencies.
• To bridge the large gaps that exist between yields of different pulses at research farm and the farmers’ field as well as at farms within the same area.
• To study assessment of initially a few improved varieties and resource management technologies and later this be part of regular strategy.
Production, processing, value addition and trade of pulses will be the guiding factor for future of pulses in India.
Thanks