ifpri- challenges of food and nutrition security in bihar, anjani kumar, ifpri
DESCRIPTION
A N Sinha Institute of Social Science (ANSISS), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a one day consulation on ‘A Food Secure Bihar: Challenges and Way Forward’ on August 06, 2014 at ANSISS, Patna, Bihar. You are aware that National Food Security Act (NFSA) has been enacted with a view to ensure food security in India and Bihar is one of the state where ensuring food security is a major challenge. A better understanding of NFSA in the context of Bihar will be helpful for effective implementation of the NFSA. The main objective of the policy consultative workshop is to deliberate on the options and strategies for making NFSA efficient and effective in BiharTRANSCRIPT
Challenges of Food and Nutrition Security in Bihar
Anjani Kumar
International Food Policy Research Institute
IFPRI-South Asia Regional Office, NASC Complex, Pusa
New Delhi 110 012 India
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.ifpri.org
International Food Policy Research Institute
Dimensions of food security
Food Security
Availability
Accessibility
Utilization
Vulnerability
International Food Policy Research Institute
Challenges of food security
Availability
How to increase productivity and production efficiently?
How to strengthen procurement and distribution?
Access
Persistent poverty
Changes in consumption pattern
Intake of energy and other nutrients
Functioning of social safety nets programme
Utilization
Incidence of nutritional deficiency
Nutritional outcome
Vulnerability
Dependence on home produced food
Dependence on PDS food
Dependence on food from market
International Food Policy Research Institute
Availability (state production) of food in Bihar
Commodities TE 1993 TE 2012
Foodgrains 120 133
Cereals 94 127
Pulses 4 6
Vegetables 98 177
Fruits - 46
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Government of Bihar
International Food Policy Research Institute
Trends in incidence of poverty in Bihar (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Share of food in consumption expenditure (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Food consumption pattern in Bihar
(kg/person/annum)
Year 1983 1993-94 2004-05 2011-12
Rice 82.6 86.5 85.8 75.4
Wheat 71.0 69.8 69.1 68.7
Cereals 186.1 163.5 159.4 145.7
Pulses 11.7 9.1 9.3 9.8
Edible Oil 3.0 4.4 5.6 6.4
Vegetables 62.5 80.1 83.2 70.3
Fruits 4.0 4.7 8.0 7.8
Milk 28.8 40.1 46.4 57.9
Sugar 5.0 5.8 5.7 6.3
Non-veg 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.8
International Food Policy Research Institute
Share of HVCs in food expenditure (%)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Diversification in food intake
0.760
0.780
0.800
0.820
0.840
0.860
0.880
0.900
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.780
0.790
0.800
0.810
0.820
0.830
0.840
0.850
0.860
0.870
0.880
0.890
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Incidence of calorie deficiency (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Incidence of under nutrition (%)
On 75 % of norm On 100 % of norm
Category Bihar Jharkhand Odisha Bihar Jharkhand Odisha
Labour 9.2 6.7 8.5 61.8 40.4 38.7
Small 3.8 14.2 8.0 35.7 51.9 36.8
Medium 3.6 8.4 5.9 27.7 40.5 35.5
Large 1.6 5.6 5.2 28.9 36.7 29.9
All 4.6 8.7 6.9 38.7 42.3 35.1
CV (%) 62.1 38.2 19.8 35.8 13.5 9.3
International Food Policy Research Institute
Deficiency of micro-nutrients, 2011-12 (%)
On 100 percent On 75 percent
Particulars Bihar Jharkhand OdishaEastern
statesBihar Jharkhand Odisha
Eastern
states
Iron 59.0 76.5 71.5 68.5 18.5 68.5 57.6 46.6
Carotene 98.8 99.7 99.8 99.4 98.1 97.8 99.2 98.3
Thiamine 4.1 66.9 59.3 41.2 0.2 58.5 44.2 32.4
Riboflavin 71.2 81.2 78.5 76.7 44.9 70.6 63.4 58.8
Niacin 17.1 57.4 49.2 39.9 2.1 27.4 25.9 17.5
Folic acid 53.7 69.9 56.8 59.9 19.1 55.6 42.7 38.1
Vitamin C 41.7 29.7 24.4 32.5 26.1 16.8 12.6 19.0
International Food Policy Research Institute
Nature of Food Insecurity (%)
On 100 percent On 75 percent
State Chronic Transitory Chronic Transitory
Bihar 87.2 12.8 50.0 50.0
Jharkhand 85.7 14.3 66.7 33.3
Odisha 78.4 21.6 44.4 55.6
Eastern
states83.7 16.3 50.0 50.0
International Food Policy Research Institute
% households accessing PDS for cereals
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Share of PDS in cereal consumption (%)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Per capita subsidy at 2004-05 price (Rs./person)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Share of subsidy in expenditure (%)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Average impact on nutrition deficiency (“without” –
“with”)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Average impact on poverty (“without” – “with”)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Bihar India
Rural
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Bihar India
Urban
1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 2011-12
International Food Policy Research Institute
Can decentralized food management be a better option?
International Food Policy Research Institute
Determinants of food security
• Socio-demographic characteristics– Age
– Household size
– Education
– Social group
• Economic characteristics– Land holding
– Occupation
– Income
• Policy instruments– Functioning of PDS
– Prices of food commodities
• Regional characteristics
International Food Policy Research Institute
Determinants of food self-sufficiency
Dependent variable – (Self sufficient household -1, otherwise-0)
Variable Coefficient Standard error
Age of head (years) 0.0070* 0.0037
Education of head (years) 0.0248** 0.0113
Caste group (SC&ST -1, otherwise - 0) -0.6148*** 0.1232
Land size (acre) 0.2541*** 0.0266
No of pumpset (no.) 0.1552*** 0.0516
Access of KCC -0.1531 0.2041
Livestock size (no.) 0.0600** 0.0247
State 1 (Bihar - 1, otherwise - 0) 0.8775*** 0.1277
State 2 (Jharkhand - 1, otherwise - 0) 0.2554* 0.1360
Constant -1.7235*** 0.2290
No. of observation 998
Prob > chi2 0.0000
Pseudo R2 0.2769
Log likelihood -480.8773
International Food Policy Research Institute
Determinants of food security
Dependent variable – (Chronically insecure -1, Transitory -2, Secure -3)
Variable Coefficient Standard error
Age of head (years) -0.0094** 0.0047
Education of head (years) 0.0655*** 0.0146
Caste group (SC&ST -1, otherwise - 0) -0.7409*** 0.1564
Land size (acre) 0.0788*** 0.0249
Livestock size (no.) -0.0284 0.0319
State 1 (Bihar - 1, otherwise - 0) -0.0318 0.1720
State 2 (Jharkhand - 1, otherwise - 0) -0.0110 0.1752
Access of PDS -0.4141*** 0.1490
Cut1 -1.1554 0.3224
Cut2 0.7462 0.3215
No. of observation 998
Prob > chi2 0.0000
Pseudo R2 0.0601
Log likelihood -1010.4949
International Food Policy Research Institute
Thank you