If a fossil is found in a rock with If a fossil is found in a rock with 20% of the isotope 20% of the isotope carbon 14 carbon 14 left left

in it. How old is the fossil?in it. How old is the fossil?

SpeciationSpeciation – creation of a new – creation of a new species from an old one.species from an old one.

Where do species come from?Where do species come from?

Microevolution vs. MacroevolutionMicroevolution vs. Macroevolution

Fast SlowFast SlowCan see it happen Can’t see it happenCan see it happen Can’t see it happen in one human life. in one human life.in one human life. in one human life.

antibiotic dinosaurs and antibiotic dinosaurs and resistance humansresistance humans

Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance There are millions of bacteria in a host.There are millions of bacteria in a host. There are many freaks and variations among the There are many freaks and variations among the

population. Each with unique traits.population. Each with unique traits. If antibiotics are given to a person for a long time If antibiotics are given to a person for a long time

then all or most of the bacteria is killed.then all or most of the bacteria is killed. If you stop after a short while the variety that can If you stop after a short while the variety that can

handle the antibiotic for a short time will be the handle the antibiotic for a short time will be the only ones left.only ones left.

Soon you have a person infected with antibiotic Soon you have a person infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria. resistant bacteria.

Can you see how this might be dangerous?Can you see how this might be dangerous?

Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance

Pesticide Resistance: Bed BugsPesticide Resistance: Bed Bugs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQbLYOh5hA0

Over use of home treatments cause Over use of home treatments cause resistance. resistance.

Some survive due to variations. They Some survive due to variations. They reproduce and the population evolves.reproduce and the population evolves.

Major epidemic in New York.Major epidemic in New York.

HIV Drug ResistanceHIV Drug Resistance

The same process occurs within the HIV The same process occurs within the HIV virus.virus.

The drugs eventually don’t work because The drugs eventually don’t work because the resistant variants are the only ones to the resistant variants are the only ones to survive.survive.

They repopulate the host and levels are They repopulate the host and levels are back up.back up.

They are now all resistant.They are now all resistant.

Darwin’s Dangerous IdeaDarwin’s Dangerous Idea

Survival of the fittest & HIV part 1Survival of the fittest & HIV part 1http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=VYnmJ_IIIIw v=VYnmJ_IIIIw

Survival of the fittest & HIV Part 2Survival of the fittest & HIV Part 2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7j8QL3Z6qg first 2:00v=g7j8QL3Z6qg first 2:00

MRSA ArticleMRSA Article

Natural SelectionNatural Selectionvs.vs.

Artificial SelectionArtificial SelectionNatural Selection – nature selects the Natural Selection – nature selects the

traits best suited for an environment.traits best suited for an environment.Artificial Selection – humans select the Artificial Selection – humans select the

traits we like the best.traits we like the best.Crops that produce the most yield.Crops that produce the most yield.Cows that have the best beef.Cows that have the best beef.Fruit trees with the biggest fruit.Fruit trees with the biggest fruit.

DogsDogsAll dogs are the same species: All dogs are the same species: Canis LupusCanis LupusHumans haveHumans have

selected the selected the

breeds they breeds they

like the bestlike the best

and kept and kept

breeding breeding

those traits.those traits.

Wild MustardWild Mustard

What is a species?What is a species?

A population that can mate to produce a A population that can mate to produce a viable offspring.viable offspring.

Frogs and Horses – can’t mateFrogs and Horses – can’t mate

Oliver the HumanzeeOliver the Humanzee

http://http://www.youtube.cowww.youtube.com/watch?m/watch?v=9kJF7hRmKE0 v=9kJF7hRmKE0

What is going on here?What is going on here?

What What causes causes

the the split?split?

The Galapagos Islands & The MS BeagleThe Galapagos Islands & The MS BeagleDarwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands

and studied different finches.and studied different finches.Each island had a different finch type.Each island had a different finch type. Islands with mountains dividing them in half Islands with mountains dividing them in half

had 2 types of finches.had 2 types of finches.He asked the question why?He asked the question why?

SpeciationSpeciation

So why don’t all organisms look the same So why don’t all organisms look the same if they all evolve? Why doesn’t the arctic if they all evolve? Why doesn’t the arctic wolf and the African dog look the same? wolf and the African dog look the same? They’re both dogs.They’re both dogs.

Different environments!Different environments!Where do different species come from?Where do different species come from?Different environments!Different environments!

Geographic IsolationGeographic Isolation Whenever a physical barrier Whenever a physical barrier

divides a population evolution divides a population evolution can take different paths.can take different paths.

OCEANSOCEANS MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS DESERTSDESERTS BOUNDARIES – BOUNDARIES –

Changes in land formsChanges in land forms

ATLANTIC SIDE

PACIFIC SIDE

Creating a New SpeciesCreating a New Species

Two islands. Two islands. Both have the same birds. (the same beak Both have the same birds. (the same beak

variations)variations)

Creating a New SpeciesCreating a New SpeciesOnly one island has a drought and only Only one island has a drought and only

the large beaked finches survive.the large beaked finches survive.On the other island tree worms become On the other island tree worms become

abundant and only slender beaks survive.abundant and only slender beaks survive.

Creating a New SpeciesCreating a New SpeciesAfter some time they can no longer mate After some time they can no longer mate

together. together. You now have two different species, each You now have two different species, each

on a different island.on a different island.

Evolution of a SpeciesEvolution of a Species

If there is no geographical isolation then the If there is no geographical isolation then the whole species can evolve into a new one.whole species can evolve into a new one.

If there is geographical isolation then the If there is geographical isolation then the species can split into two different species. species can split into two different species. Both can be new or only one.Both can be new or only one.

1 to 2

1 to 1

2

Phylogenetic Tree of HorsesPhylogenetic Tree of Horses

Shows the Shows the evolution of the evolution of the species.species.

SpeciationSpeciation - - new species new species formed.formed.

ExtinctionExtinction - - species go species go extinct.extinct.

Speciation and all evolutionSpeciation and all evolution

Rabbit Evolution Fast ForwardRabbit Evolution Fast Forwardhttp://archive.peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/http://archive.peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/

treeoflife/film_discovering.html treeoflife/film_discovering.html

Chimps evolutionChimps evolutionhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/

library/07/3/l_073_03.html library/07/3/l_073_03.html

Age:

80 million years ago

Age:

20 million years ago

Fossil #1

A B C D

Fossil #2

A B C D

Fossil #1

A B C d

Fossil #4

A B c d

Fossil #3

a B C d

Fossil #5

a B C d

Fossil #4

a B C d

Fossil #3

A B C D

Fossil #2

A B C d

Fossil #2

A B C D

Fossil #1

A B C D

Fossil #1

A B C D