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g~j e³eÄvqv‡Z AvjøvnZvÕqvjv cÖ_‡g my``vZv‡ì jÿ¨ K‡i my` m¤ú‡K© `yÕwU K_v e‡j‡Qbt 1) my``vZviv my` wn‡m‡e hv †`q Zv Aci †jvK‡ì (my`MÖnxZv‡ì) m¤ú‡ì mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Zv‡ì m¤ú` e„w× K‡i, Zv‡ì abx evbvq Ges 2) wKš‘ Zv (†mB my`) Avjøvni Kv‡Q ev‡o bv| Avqv‡Zi †klvs‡k AvjøvnZvÕqvjv hvKvZ`vZv‡ì m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb Ges hvKvZ m¤ú‡K©I `yÕ‡Uv K_v e‡j‡Qbt 1) hvKvZ w`‡j Avjøvn mš‘ó nb; Avi 2) hvKvZ`vZvivB Zv‡ì m¤ú` e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_‡g my` msµvšÍ `ywU Ges c‡i hvKvZ msµvšÍ `ywU K_vi e¨vL¨v wb‡P †ck Kiv n‡jvt

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Price’. AZtci wewb‡qvMKvixMY `ªe¨g~‡jï AvKv‡i G my` P~ovšÍ †µZv-†fv³v RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K Av`vq K‡i FY`vZv e¨vsK ev gnvR‡bi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q| d‡j †fv³vMY cÖwZw`b Zv‡ì µxZ cÖwZwU cY¨-mvgMÖxi `v‡gi mv‡_ my` w`‡Z eva¨ nq| Gfv‡e ‡µZv‡ì cÖ`Ë my` FYMÖnxZv D‡`¨v³v‡ì gva¨‡g FY`vZv cyuwRcwZ‡ì Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍwiZ nq, cyuwRcwZ‡ì m¤ú‡ì AsK e„w× cvq; Avi †fv³v‡ì m¤ú` mgcwigv‡Y n«vm cvq; †gvU m¤ú` e„w× cvq bv|

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AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MYI welqwU we¯ÍvwiZ we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| G e¨vcv‡i †Rgm ievU©m‡bi e³e¨ n‡”Q, “The pervasive role of interest in the economic system results in the systematic transfer of money from those who have less to those who have more.....it applies universally. It is partly because those

1 mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx`: Zdmxi dx whjvwjj ‡KviAvb, evsjv Abyev`, 2q LÛ, Avj-‡KviAvb GKv‡gx, jÛb, 4_© ms¯‹iY, 2001, c„. 70-72|2 Zdmx‡i gvivMx, 3q LÛ, c„. 70-78|

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who have more money to lend get more interest than those who have less; it is partly because the cost of interest repayments now forms a substantial element in the cost of all goods and services and the necessary goods and services looms much larger in the finances of the rich.”1

ievU©mb Ab¨Î wj‡L‡Qb, “The transfer of revenue from poor people to rich people, from poor places to rich places, and from poor countries to rich countries by money and finance system is systematic.... One cause of the transfer of wealth from poor to rich is the way interest payments and receipts work through the economy.”2

GKwU ev¯Íe D`vniY w`‡j welqwU AwaKZi ¯úó n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k weMZ K‡qK eQ‡ii Z‡_¨ †h wPÎ cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Qt G‡`‡k cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi eQ‡i my` eve` Avq nq 15-20 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv| GB my` †`q †fv³v-†µZv RbMY| Avi Zv cyuwRcwZ‡ì m¤ú` e„w× K‡i| ïay evsjv‡`‡k bq, we‡k¦i me †`‡kB my‡ì gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì‡K Gfv‡e †kvlY K‡i cyuwRcwZiv Zv‡ì m¤ú‡ì cvnvo M‡o Zzj‡Q|

AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q my`x FY eë¯’vq abx †`k¸‡jv GB GKB c×wZ‡Z Mixe, we‡kl K‡i, Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi KvQ †_‡K my` AvKv‡i m¤ú` †kvlY K‡i wb‡”Q| A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv I Dbœqb ms¯’vi (OECD) g‡Z, 1982 n‡Z 1990 mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni cÖwZ ‡gvU m¤ú` cÖev‡ni cwigvY wQj 927 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| GB m¤ú‡ì †ekxi fvMB wQj FY| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB G F‡Yi Ici my` cvIbv n‡q‡Q| 1982-1990-Gi GKB mg‡q Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n †Kej FY cwi‡kva eve` (Avmj I my`) FY`vZv †`k¸‡jv‡K †diZ w`‡q‡Q 1,342 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| weËkvjx †`k¸‡jvi AbyK~‡j DØ„‡Ëi cwigvY 415 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| GB A¯^vfvweK (Extra ordinary) AwaK cwigvY A_© †diZ cÖ`vb m‡Ë¡I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi †gvU F‡Yi cwigvY wK we›`y gvÎI n«vm †c‡q‡Q! `yf©vM¨ †h Zv nqwb| eis FYMÖnxZv †`k¸‡jv 1982 mv‡ji Zzjbvq kZKiv c~Y© 61 fvM AwaK F‡Yi †evSv gv_vq wb‡q 1990 `k‡Ki hvÎv ïiæ K‡i‡Q|Ó3

D³ Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Avqv‡Zi GB As‡ki cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q, my` Gi `vZv eû †jvK, we‡kl K‡i †fv³v RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K m¤ú` n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i KwZcq cyuwRcwZi m¤ú` ewa©Z 1 James Robertson: Transformation of Economic Life: A Millennial Challenge, Green Books, Devon, 1998, p. 51-54.2 James Robertson: Future Wealth: A New Economics for the 21st Century, Cassel Publication, London, 1990, p. 130-131.3 m~mvb RR©: w` †We&U ey‡givs, nvD w` _vW© Iqvì †We&U nvigm Avm Aj; cøy‡Uv †cÖm, jÛb, 1992|

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K‡i Zv‡ì abx evbvq| GB e„w× Avm‡j e„w× bq, m¤ú‡ì n¯ÍvšÍi gvÎ| my`MÖnxZv‡ì m¤ú‡ì e„w× = my``vZv‡ì m¤ú‡ì n«vm A_ev cÖ`Ë my` = cÖvß my`| my` n‡”Q m¤ú` n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii GKwU AwZ eo nvwZqvi|

2) my` Avjøvni Kv‡Q ev‡o bvwKQz wKQz †jvK cÖkœ K‡ib, my‡ì wfwË‡Z FY G‡b wewb‡qvM Kivi ci Zv‡Z jvf nq; GB jvf †_‡K FY`vZvi avh©K…Z my` cwi‡kva Kiv nq Ges wewb‡qvMKvixI Gi Ask cvq| GLv‡b m¤ú`‡Zv evo‡QB| myZivs Ômy` m¤ú` evovq bvÕ G K_vi cÖK…Z Zvrch© wK? †KD †KD Avevi e‡jb, my`wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡ZI †Zv RvZxq Drcv`b e„w× cv‡”Q| Zvn‡j my` m¤ú` e„w× K‡i bv G K_v wK h_v_©?

m¤¢eZ Gme cÖ‡kœi †cÖwÿ‡ZB †Kvb †Kvb ZdmxiKvi e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvjøvni Kv‡Q my` e„w× cvq bvÓ Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q, Gi Rb¨ ciKvjxb Rxe‡b †Kvb cÖwZ`vb cvIqv hv‡e bv|Ó1 †KD †KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb, Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q my`x Kviev‡i Avjøvni AvbyK~j¨ I eiKZ _v‡K bv|2

Z‡e Avjøvgv gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx` I Wv. †bRvZzjøvn wmwÏKxmn †ek msL¨K M‡elK g‡b K‡ib †h, ‡Kej ciKvj bq, eis G cv_©xe Rxe‡bI Avjøvni D³ evYxi ev¯ÍeZv cwijwÿZ nq|3

Avm‡j AvjøvnB n‡”Qb hveZxq m¤ú‡ì g~j Drm| GB Dr‡m m¤ú‡ì e„w× bv n‡j ev¯Í‡e m¤ú` e„w× cvIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB ÒAvjøvni Kv‡Q m¤ú` e„w× cvq bvÓ Gi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q Dr‡m m¤ú` ev‡o bv, g~‡j ev‡o bv, Avm‡j ev‡o bv Z_v †gvU m¤ú` e„w× cvq bv| GB w`K †_‡K Avjøvni G K_vi A_© AZ¨šÍ ¯úó I ev¯Íe|

A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, c„w_ex‡Z m¤ú` e„w×i GKgvÎ c_ n‡”Q Drcv`b; Avi Drcv`b Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb wewb‡qvM| GK K_vq, m¤ú` e„w× cvq wewb‡qv‡Mi 1 Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZwK: cÖv¸³, c„. 15|2 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb: Riba Bank Interest and The Rationale of its Prohibition; Islamic Development Bank (IDB), Islamic Research and Training Institute, Jeddah, KSA, 2004, p. 37 Ges Imgvbx, Dc‡iv³, c„: 15|3 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjvt my` I AvaywbK e¨vswKs, AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1990, c„. 14-15; wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, Dc‡iv³, c„. 44; mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx`t cÖv¸³, c„. 469-472|

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Øviv| wKš‘ my‡ì wfwË‡Z FY MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡j †mLv‡b †Kej M„nxZ F‡Yi AvmjUvB wewb‡qvM Kiv nq; Gi Ici avh©K…Z my` wewb‡qvM Kiv nq bv wewb‡qvM Kiv hvq bv| D`vniY¯îƒc aiv hvK, GKRb wewb‡qvMKvix 15% my` cÖ`v‡bi k‡Z© 1.00 jÿ UvKv FY wb‡q wk‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î †m †Kej 1.00 jÿ UvKvB wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| 15% avh©K…Z my` 15,000/- UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| myZivs m¤ú` hw` e„w× cvq Zvn‡j †m e„w× nq Avmj FY 1.00 jvL UvKv wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡j; my‡ì Kvi‡Y bq| e¯‘Zt my‡ì mv‡_ m¤ú` e„w×i m¤úK© ïay GZUzKz †h, my` avh© Ki‡Z ivRx nIqvi Kvi‡Y wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ FY cvIqv hvq| my‡ì wewbg‡q FY cvIqv hvq GRb¨ my`B m¤ú` evovq GK_v ejv hvq bv; KviY my` QvovI cyuwR msMÖ‡ni AviI Dcvq Av‡Q| GQvov FYMÖnxZvi wewb‡qv‡M hw` †jvKmvb nq Zvn‡j Zvi c~‡e©i m¤ú` †_‡K cyuwRi †jvKmvbRwbZ NvUwZ c~iY K‡i Avmj FYmn avh©K…Z my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| G Ae¯’vq Zvi †gvU m¤ú` Aek¨B n«vm cvq| myZivs my‡ì Øviv †gvU m¤ú` KLbI ev‡o bv eis my` FYMÖnxZvi m¤ú` Kwg‡q †`q| my` m¤ú` evovq bv, A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi AviI A‡bK KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

A_©bxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q m¤ú` e„w×i mv‡_ wewb‡qv‡Mi m¤úK© BwZevPK (Positive) A_©vr wewb‡qvM evo‡j m¤ú` ev‡o; Avi wewb‡qvM Kg‡j m¤ú` K‡g| wKš‘ my‡ì nv‡ii mv‡_ wewb‡qv‡Mi m¤úK© ci¯úi wecixZgyLx| my‡ì nvi evo‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY n«vm cvq; Avi my‡ì nvi Kg‡j wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY e„w× cvq|

me©Rb wew`Z G wewa Abymv‡i G mZ¨B cÖwZfvZ †h, my‡ì nvi k~‡Y¨ _vK‡j †h cwigvY wewb‡qvM Drcv`b I Kg©ms¯’vb nq, my‡ì nvi k~Y¨ ‡_‡K †ekx n‡j wewb‡qvM, Drcv`b I Kg©ms¯’vb ‡mB m‡e©v”P ¯Íi †_‡K †b‡g hvq Ges my‡ì nvi k~Y¨ A‡cÿv †ekx _vKv Ae¯’vq Avi KLbI Zv m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i bv, Aek¨ hw` Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †mRb¨ jW© Kxb‡mi gZ A_©bxwZwe` my‡ì nvi‡K k~‡Y¨ ivLvi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb Ges G j‡ÿ¨ miKvi‡K Zvi Coercive power cÖ‡qvM Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb|1

1 †R. Gg. Kxbm: †Rbv‡ij w_Iix Ae Ggcøq‡g›U, B›Uv‡ió GÛ gvwb, c„. 351|

8

jW© Kxbm cyuwRi cÖvwšÍK `ÿZvi mv‡_ my‡ì nv‡ii mgZv wewai mvnv‡h¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, my‡ì nvi wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b‡K m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q †cuŠQ‡Z †`q bv; eis cyuwRi cÖvwšÍK `ÿZv †hLv‡b my‡ì nv‡ii mgvb nq, wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b †mLv‡bB †_‡g hvq| A_P my‡ì nvi k~Y¨ n‡j cyuwRi cÖvwšÍK `ÿZv k~Y¨ nIqv ch©šÍ wewb‡qvM n‡Zv|1

c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, my` `ªe¨g~‡jï AvKv‡i RbM‡Yi m¤ú` †kv‡l wb‡q cyuwRcwZ‡ì nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q| Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi µq ÿgZv n«vm cvq Ges cY¨-mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v K‡g hvq; d‡j wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b n«vm Ki‡Z nq; GgbwK, GK ch©v‡q g›`v-gnvg›`v m„wó n‡q A_©bxwZ‡K ¯’wei K‡i †`q| wewb‡qvM Drcv`b cÖvq G‡Kev‡iB eÜ n‡q hvq| †eKvi‡Z¡i e¨vcK fv‡i A_©bxwZ b~¨â n‡q c‡i| GQvov my` SzuwK eûj wewb‡qvM‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i, wewb‡qvM‡K dUKv Lv‡Z †V‡j †`q Ges evRv‡i Aw¯’iZv m„wói gva¨‡g wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| my` gvbyl‡K Kg©wegyL K‡i ‡`q| gvbyl SzuwK MÖnY c~e©K cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g wewb‡qvM Kiv A‡cÿv wbwðZ wba©vwiZ my‡` A_© jwMœ Kivi w`‡K †ekx Szu‡K c‡o| hv wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b‡K e¨vcKfv‡e n«vm K‡i †`q| (my‡ì Kzdj ch©v‡q Gme wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|)

Avjøvgv gI`~`x Av‡jvP¨ Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq ZvB e‡j‡Qb, ÒGKUz Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, G `ywbqv‡ZI A_©‰bwZK w`K w`‡q G gZv`k©wU GKwU kw³kvjx wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| ab mÂq K‡i my`x eëmvq wb‡qvM Kivi Aek¨¤¢vex dj¯îƒc PZzw`©K †_‡K ab AvnwiZ n‡q gywó‡gq K‡qKR‡bi nv‡Z P‡j Avm‡e| mvaviY gvby‡li µq-ÿgZv cÖwZw`b Kg‡Z _vK‡e| K…wl, wkí I eëmvi me©Î g›`vfve †`Lv †`‡e| RvZxq A_©‰bwZK Rxeb aŸs‡mi †kl mxgvq †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e| Ae‡k‡l Ggb Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡e hvi d‡j cyuwRcwZivI wb‡R‡ì mwÂZ ab-m¤ú` A_© Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi my‡hvM cv‡e bv|Ó2 gI`~`x Zuvi G e³‡eï mg_©‡b GKwU nv`xm D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| D³ nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, Òmy‡ì cwigvY hZ †ekxB †nvK bv †Kb Ae‡k‡l Zv Kg n‡Z eva¨|Ó3 (Avng`)

1 †R, Gg, Kxbm, Dc‡iv³, c„. 351|2 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjvt cÖv¸³, c„. 14-15|3 Dc‡iv³, c„t 15 cvÙxKv-1|

9

Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, my` m¤ú` n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i, †gvU m¤ú` evovq bv| m¤ú` e„w× nq wewb‡qv‡Mi Øviv, Avi my` wewb‡qvM Kiv hvq bv, myZivs m¤ú` e„w×‡Z my‡ì †Kvb f~wgKv ‡bB; eis †h wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m¤ú` Drcv`b I e„w× Kiv nq my` †m wewb‡qvM‡KI m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q †cuŠQ‡Z †`q bv; bvbvfv‡e wewb‡qvM‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i I wbgœZi ¯Í‡i †VwK‡q iv‡L|

ÔAvjøvni Kv‡Q my` ev‡o bvÕ, Avjøvn cÖ`Ë my‡ì GB cÖvK…wZK (natural) wewa mZ¨ I h_v_© G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| my`x A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vq Zv h_vwenxZ Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q; A_©bxwZwe`MYI †m wewa Luy‡R †c‡q‡Qb Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| myZivs G K_v webv wØavq ejv hvq †h, my` m¤ú` e„w×‡K ‡VwK‡q iv‡L, evo‡Z †`q bv| Z‡e G K_vi A_© GUv bq †h, A_©bxwZ‡Z eZ©gv‡b †gvU †h cwigvY m¤ú` Av‡Q Zv Avi KLbI evo‡e bv, eis my` G‡K Kwg‡q w`‡e| Avmj K_v n‡”Q, my`x A_©bxwZ‡Z D‡`¨v³vMY cÖavbZ my‡ì wfwË‡Z cyuwR avi wb‡q wewb‡qvM K‡i, A‡b‡KB wbR¯^ A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i, Avi A‡b‡KB Avevi Ki‡R nvmvbvn, Askx`vwiZ¡ BZ¨vw` cš’vq cyuwR msMÖn K‡i Kviev‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i| Gme wewb‡qvwRZ A‡_©i Øviv Rwg µq ev fvov †bqv nq, hš¿cvwZ †Kbv nq, kªg wb‡qvM Kiv nq, KuvPvgvj BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kiv nq; d‡j cY¨-mvgMÖx Drcvw`Z nq| G‡Z †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b e„w× cvIqv ev m¤ú` c~‡e©i Zzjbvq †e‡o hvIqv ¯^vfvweK| Z‡e Zv nq cyuwR wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡j; my‡ì Kvi‡Y bq| ZvQvov, A_©bxwZi wewai mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, my` gy³ A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b m‡e©v”P mxgvq †cuŠQv m¤¢e hv my`x A_©bxwZ‡Z KLbI m¤¢e bq|

hvKvZ

1) hvKvZ w`‡j Avjøvn mš‘ó nbe¯‘Zt hvKvZ n‡”Q my‡ì wecixZ| my` mvaviY gvby‡li m¤ú` †kvlY K‡i G‡b KwZcq cyuwRcwZi nv‡Z KzwÿMZ K‡i †`q, Zv‡ì AviI abx evbvq; Avi mvaviY gvbyl µq-ÿgZv nvwi‡q wb‡R‡ì Afve c~i‡Y Aÿg n‡q c‡i| Aciw`‡K, hvKv‡Z weËkvjx, abx, cyuwRcwZ‡ì KvQ †_‡K m¤ú` Zz‡j wb‡q hv‡ì m¤ú` bvB Zv‡ì g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq| d‡j Mixe †jvK‡ì nv‡Z µq-ÿgZv Av‡m, Zviv wb‡R‡ì Afve c~i‡Y mvg_©evb n‡q D‡V, Zviv DcK…Z nq|

10

Avjøvni wbt¯^ Afvex ev›`vMY DcK…Z nIqvq Avjøvn Lykx nb, mš‘ó nb|

2) ZvivB (†mB hvKvZ`vZvivB) Zv‡ì m¤ú` e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡KAvcvZ`„wó‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, hvKvZ hviv †`q Zv‡ì m¤ú` cÖ`Ë hvKv‡Zi mgcwigv‡Y n«vm cvq| wKš‘ gnvgwng Avjøvn GLv‡b Gi wecixZ K_v e‡j‡Qb| Avjøvn mywbw`©ófv‡e e‡j‡Qb ZvivB, gv‡b †mB hvKvZ`vbKvixivB; AZtci m¤ú` e„w× K‡i bv e‡j e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K (continuous) e‡j‡Qb| hvKvZ`vZviv wKfv‡e Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì m¤ú` e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K †m welqwU eySv ìKvi| hvKvZ †jb‡`b I Zvi ev¯Íe djvdj we‡kølY Ki‡j welqwU eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv|

Dc‡i ejv n‡q‡Q, hvKv‡Zi m¤ú` cvIqvi d‡j hvKvZ MÖnxZv `wi`ª Rbmvavi‡Yi nv‡Z µq-ÿgZv m„wó nq| Zviv G m¤ú` Øviv wb‡R‡ì Afve c~iYv‡_© cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡i| d‡j evRv‡i cY¨-mvgMÖxi Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v (effective demand) ‡e‡o hvq; cY¨-mvgMÖxi `vg e„w× cvq Ges AwaK gybvdvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| wewb‡qvMKvixiv DrmvwnZ nq; AwaK gybvdv cvevi Avkvq Zviv `ªæZ cY¨-mvgMÖx Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡m| Avi wewb‡qvM †Kej ZvivB K‡i hviv hvKvZ †Ìqvi †hvM¨ mvwn‡e wbmve| KviY, wewb‡qvM Kivi gZ cyuwR †Kej mvwn‡e wbmve wKQz †jv‡Ki Kv‡QB _v‡K; hvKvZ cÖ`v‡b Av‡hvM¨ †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q cyuwR _‡K bv| myZivs hvKvZ`vZv‡ì g‡a¨ hv‡ì nv‡Z cyuwR Av‡Q ZvivB wewb‡qvM K‡i; cY¨-mvgMÖx Drcv`b I wewµ K‡i ZvivB jvf cvq| Avi Gme cY¨-mgvMÖx hvKvZ eve` cÖvß A_© Øviv ZvivB µq K‡i hviv hvKv‡Zi m¤ú` †c‡q‡Q| myZivs hvKvZ`vZvMY hvKvZ wn‡m‡e †h A_© cÖ`vb K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖxi `vg AvKv‡i Zv Avevi hvKvZ`vZv wewb‡qvM I Drcv`bKvix‡ì Kv‡QB wd‡i Av‡m| Zv‡ì m¤ú` e„w× cvq| e¨vcviUv GLv‡bB †kl nq bv; eis cÖ_gevi wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b Ki‡Z evowZ kªwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| d‡j †eKvi †jvK hv‡ì Avq-†ivRMvi, µq-ÿgZv †bB Zv‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb nq; kª‡gi gRyix cvIqvq Zv‡ì nv‡Z µq-ÿgZv m„wó nq| myZivs Gme kªwgK Zv‡ì Afve c~iYv‡_© cÖvß gRyix e¨q K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡i| d‡j c‡Yï Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v Avevi e„w× cvq| hvKvZ`vZv wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K Avevi Zv‡ì wewb‡qvM e„w× Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e cybivq Zviv Drcvw`Z cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq

11

K‡i gybvdv AR©b K‡i| NUbv GLv‡bI †kl nq bv| eis wØZxqevi wewb‡qvM e„w× Ki‡Z Avevi kªwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| Avevi wKQz †eKvi †jvK KvR cvq, gRyix cvq| bZzb K‡i Zv‡ìI µq-ÿgZv m„wó nq| GB µq-ÿgZv e¨q K‡i Zviv Avevi cY¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡i| hvKvZ`vZv wewb‡qvMKvixMY AveviI wewb‡qvM-Drcv`b e„w× K‡i| Z…Zxqevi wewb‡qv‡M Avevi kªwgK jv‡M| GBfv‡e av‡c av‡c Pj‡Z _v‡K| †gvU K_v, hvKvZ µq-ÿgZv e„w×i gva¨‡g cY¨-mgvMÖxi Pvwn`v e„w× K‡i Ges wewb‡qvM e„w×‡K Acwinvh© K‡i †Zv‡j| AZtci †h‡nZz wewb‡qvM †Kej hvKZ`vZvivB K‡i †m‡nZz Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb †mB hvKvZ`vbKvixivB| Avi GKevi e„w× K‡i †_‡g hvq bv, av‡c av‡c e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| GRb¨ e‡j‡Qb, Ôe„w× Ki‡Z _v‡KÕ| Avjøvni kã cÖ‡qvM †h KZ ev¯Íe Zv Aek¨B Avbyaveb Kivi welq|

Avjøvgv gI`~`x ms‡ÿ‡c A_P AwZ my›ìfv‡e Gi e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZb e‡j‡Qb, ÒA_©-m¤ú` e¨q Ki‡j Ges hvKvZ I mv`vKvn `vb Ki‡j cwiYv‡g RvwZi mKj e¨w³i nv‡Z G m¤ú` Qwo‡q c‡o| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ h‡_ó µq-ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq| wk‡ívrcv`b †e‡o hvq, meyR †ÿZ¸‡jv k‡m¨ f‡i D‡V, eëmv-evwY‡R¨ Af~Zc~e© Dbœqb mvwaZ nq.... mevi Ae¯’v m”Qj nq Ges me cwieviB nq mg„×kvjx|Ó1

D³ we‡køl‡Yi wfwË‡Z G K_v ejv hvq †h, Avjøvn GB Avqv‡Zi Øviv my` I hvKv‡Zi cÖK…Z A_©‰bwZK Zvrch© Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K Avjøvn my‡ì wfwË g~‡j AvNvZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv †f‡½ Pzigvi K‡i w`‡q‡Qb; Aciw`‡K, hvKv‡Zi myd‡ji K_v Rvwb‡q hvKvZ`vZv‡ì DØy× K‡i‡Qb|

m~ivZzwbœmv

m~ivZzwbœmvi 160-61 Avqv‡Z Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb,

1 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv: c~‡e©v³, c„: 15|

12

(Aviex em‡e)

ÒBû`x bxwZ Aej¤^bKvix‡ì Ryjy‡gi Kvi‡Y Avgiv Zv‡ì Rb¨ Ggb A‡bK cweÎ wRwbm nvivg K‡i w`‡qwQ hv c~‡e© Zv‡ì Rb¨ nvjvj wQj| Avi G Kvi‡YI ‡h, Zviv wb‡Riv Avjøvni c_ n‡Z weiZ _vKZ Ges Ab¨ ‡jvK‡ì‡KI e¨vcKfv‡e weiZ ivL‡Zv; Avi G Kvi‡YI †h, Zviv my` MÖnY Ki‡Zv hwÌ Zv †_‡K Zv‡ì wb‡la Kiv n‡qwQj; Avi Zviv c‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e fÿY Ki‡Zv| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ hviv Kvwdi Zv‡ì Rb¨ Avgiv cxov`vqK Avhve ˆZix K‡i †i‡LwQ|Ó

cUf~wg I g~j e³eïvm~jyjøvn (mvt) g`xbvq wnRiZ Kivi ci 3q wnRix mv‡ji †klv×© †_‡K 4_© mv‡ji †kl A_ev 5g mv‡ji 1g fv‡Mi g‡a¨B m~ivZzwbœmv bvwhj n‡q‡Q| g`xbvq †m Kv‡j ‡ek msL¨K Bû`x †MvÎ evm KiZ| Avi †mLv‡b Bû`x †MvÎ I Cgvb`vi‡ì emevm wQj cvkvcvwk| †mLv‡b cÖavbZ Bû`xivB my`x Kvievi KiZ| GB †cÖÿvc‡U GB AvqvZ bvwhj nq|

m~ivZzwbœmvi GB Avqv‡Z Avjøvn Bû`x‡ì cÖwZ A½ywj wb‡`©k K‡i ej‡Qb †h, Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ my` wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj; wKš‘ Bû`xiv †m wb‡lavÁv jsNb K‡i my` MÖnY K‡i‡Q Avi c‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e †L‡q‡Q| my` MÖnY I Ab¨vq fÿYmn Ab¨vb¨ Ryjygg~jK KvR Kivq Bû`xiv `ywbqvq Avjøvni Mh‡e wbcwZZ n‡q‡Q Ges ciKv‡j KwVb cxov`vqK Avhv‡e wbwÿß n‡e| `yywbqv-Av‡Liv‡Z Bû`x‡ì GB fqven cwiYwZi HwZnvwmK Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡i Avjøvn gvbe RvwZ‡K mRvM, m‡PZb I mZK© K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z gvbyl G †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY K‡i Ges Bû`x‡ì AvPiY AbymiY bv K‡i| e¯‘Zt G wel‡q cÖ_g bvwhjK…Z Avqv‡Z my‡ì ev¯Íe †Pnviv D‡b¥vPb Kivi ci wØZxq ch©v‡q bvwhjK…Z GB Avqv‡Z AvjøvnZvÕqvjv my‡ì ev¯Íe cwiYwZi HwZnvwmK Z_¨-wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|

Av‡jvP¨ AvqvZØ‡q AvjøvnZvÕqvjv my`‡K my¯úófv‡e Ab¨vq fÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ kvwgj K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡K AwZ eo Ryjyg e‡j AwfwnZ

13

K‡i‡Qb| Avi GB Ryjyg‡KB `ywbqv-Av‡Liv‡Z Mhe I Avhv‡ei Ab¨Zg KviY e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

1) my` GKwU Ab¨vq fÿY I RyjygRyjyg kã Øviv mvaviYZ AwePvi I ‡eBbmvdx‡K eySvq| kãwU Bbmvd ev mywePvi k‡ãi wecixZ| mywePvi n‡”Q ÔAv`jÕ ev b¨vq wePvi| Av`j ev b¨vq wePvi A_© n‡”Q, fvimvg¨ I mylgZv Ges b¨vh¨ Ask wbwðZ Kiv| Gi wecixZ KvR Kivi bvg n‡”Q Ryjyg| Avjøvgv gI`~`x wj‡L‡Qb, Ryjyg k‡ãi Avmj A_© n‡”Q, KviI AwaKvi niY Kiv|1 †m wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K Zvi hveZxq AwaKvi h_vh_fv‡e I mZZvi mv‡_ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q mywePvi| Avi Gi wecixZ, †Kvb e¨w³i cÖvc¨ ev Zvi †Kvb AwaKvi ¶zbœ Kiv ev Zv ‡_‡K Zv‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡j ZvB nq AwePvi ev Ryjyg| AvKivg Lvb e‡j‡Qb, “Zulm refers to all forms of inequity, injustice and exploitation.”2 Ab¨vq fÿY GKwU Ryjyg; KviY, G‡Z Ac‡ii m¤ú` †bIqv nq, A_P hvi m¤ú` †bIqv nq Zv‡K †Kvb wewbgq ev `vg †Ìqv nq bv| Pzwi, WvKvwZ, wQbZvB, Nyl, Ryqv G¸‡jv meB Ab¨vq fÿY I Ryjyg|

AvjøvnZvÕqvjv my` MÖnY I Ab¨vq fÿY‡K GKB Avqv‡Z G‡b my`‡K Ab¨vq fÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ kvwgj K‡i‡Qb|3 KviY, my` MÖnY K‡i MÖnxZv Zvi wewbgq †`q bv| W. wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb, “.........riba amounting to unlawful appropriation of other people’s property is indicated in the verse.”4 Avj-gvivMx e‡j‡Qb, Òmy` wewbgq QvovB c‡ii ab †K‡o †bq, Gi †P‡q eo Ryjyg Avi wK n‡Z cv‡i|Ó5 wZwb wewbgq Qvov g~ja‡bi AwZwi³ MÖnY Kiv‡KB my` wbwl× nIqvi KviY e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|6 G wel‡q Avjøvgv Be‡bj KvB‡q¨g e‡j‡Qb, ÒRv‡nwjq¨v‡Zi hy‡M bvwmqv my` e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ wQj| Zv‡Z FY †diZ †Ìqvi †gqv` evwo‡q †Ìqv n‡Zv Ges †mB wn‡m‡e F‡Yi cwigvYI e„w× K‡i †Ìqv n‡Zv| GKkZ UvKv K‡qKkZ ¸Y †e‡o nvRvi UvKvq cwiYZ n‡Zv| d‡j G my‡` ÿwZi gvÎv AZ¨šÍ Zxeª I mvsNvwZK iƒc cwiMÖn Ki‡Zv| FYMÖnxZvi 1 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjvt Zvdnxg~j KziAvb, m~iv †jvKgvb, UxKv-21|2 Khan, Mohammad Akram: An Introduction to Islamic Economics, The International Institute of Islamic Thought and Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabd, 1994, p. 133.3 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, The Nature of Riba, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, Vol. 6, No. 3, July-September, Summer Issue, 1989, p. 7.4 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gbt c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„. 43|5 Zdmx‡i gvivMx, 3q LÛ, c„. 84-87|6 Dc‡iv³, D×„Z, Avãyi inwgt Avj-KziAv‡b A_©bxwZ, 1g LÛ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1990, c„. 242|

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¯’vei-A¯’vei me m¤úwËB MÖvm n‡q †hZ Ges †m my` eve` wecyj m¤ú` w`‡q w`‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv Zvi Øviv †Kvbiƒc DcK…Z nIqv QvovB| Avi FY`vZv AwZwi³ m¤ú` wb‡q wbZ Zvi fvB‡K †Kvb iƒc dvq`v bv w`‡qB| d‡j fvB‡qi m¤ú` evwZj fÿ‡Y cwiYZ n‡Zv; Avi Zvi fvB †m Kvi‡Y KwVb wec‡` c‡o †hZ| GB ‡cÖwÿ‡Z my` nvivg Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv RbM‡Yi Rb¨ gvivZ¥K Ryjyg|Ó1

2) Bû`x RvwZi my`‡LvixeZ©gvb we‡k¦ e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ my`x e¨vsK eë¯’vi †MvovcËb Bû`x ¯^Y©Kvi‡ì (Goldsmiths) nv‡Z n‡qwQj e‡j HwZnvwmKfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq| my`~i AZx‡Z GK mg‡q ¯^Y©B wQj wewbg‡qi gva¨g| †m mg‡q †KD †mvbv mÂq Ki‡j wbivc` †ndvR‡Zi Rb¨ Zv Bû`x †Mvì¯§x_‡ì Kv‡Q Mw”QZ ivLZ Ges G g‡g© GKwU iwk` wj‡L wbZ| Kvjµ‡g GB iwk`¸‡jvB wewbg‡qi gva¨g n‡q D‡V| d‡j ìKvi bv nIqvq †mvbv RgvKvixMY Zv‡ì Mw”QZ ¯¦Y© Zz‡j wb‡Z Avm‡Zv bv| †mvbv mviv eQi †Mvì¯§x_‡ì wm›`y‡KB c‡o _vK‡Zv| GB my‡hv‡M †Mvì¯§x_MY Mw”QZ †mvbv avi w`‡q Zvi Ici my` Av`vq Ki‡Z jvMj| AZtci †Mvì¯§x_MY hLb eyS‡Z cvij †h, ¯^Y© FYMÖnxZvivI iwk` w`‡qB wewbg‡qi KvR Pvjv‡”Q, ¯^Y© Zz‡j wb‡Z Lye Kg FYMÖnxZvB Avm‡Q, ZLb Zviv Avi GK avc GwM‡q †Mj| Gevi Zviv GKB ‡mvbvi wecix‡Z eûmsL¨K Rvj Rgvi iwk` ‰Zix K‡i †mB (Rvj) iwk`¸‡jv avi w`‡q Zvi Ici my` MÖnY Ki‡Z jvM‡jv| †Mvì¯§x‡_iv Gfv‡eB m¤ú~Y© f~qv gy`ªvi AvKv‡i kZKiv 90 fvM Rvj gy`ªv ˆZix K‡i Zvi gvwjK ‡m‡R cÖf~Z cwigv‡Y my` AR©b KiZ|

wbtm‡›`‡n GwU GKwU AwZ eo cÖZviYv I RvwjqvwZ eëmv| wKš‘ †`‡ki ivRv, gš¿x, Avgxi-Dgivn mevB cyuwRcwZ‡ì F‡Yi Rv‡j AvUKv c‡owQj| GgbwK, hy× Ges Ab¨vb¨ msKU gyKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki miKviI Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K eo eo FY wb‡qwQj| d‡j my`‡Lvi‡ì GB RvwjqvwZ eëmvi weiæ‡× eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi ˆbwZK ej I kw³-mvnm KviI wQj bv| Gfv‡eB GB weivU cÖZviYv I RvwjqvwZ Kvievi aiv-†Quvqvi evB‡i i‡q †M‡Q; ïay ZvB bq, eis miKvimg~‡ni `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M cyuwRcwZMY bvbv ‡KŠk‡j G‡K AvBbZ êa K‡i wb‡q‡Q Ges GZ`msµvšÍ mKj AvBb hv‡Z Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_©i c‡ÿ _v‡K ZviI cvKv‡cv³ eë¯’v Zviv K‡i wb‡q‡Q|1 D×„Z, Avãyi inxgt c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„. 254-255|

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AvaywbKKv‡j cÖPwjZ e¨vsK eë¯’vq e¨vs‡Ki hv`yKix ÿgZv e‡j L¨vZ Multiple credit creation-Gi gva¨‡g e¨vsK¸‡jv hv Ki‡Q Zv †Mvì¯§x_‡ì GB RvwjqvwZ c×wZ ê wKQz bq|

Bû`xiv †h my` MÖnY Ki‡Zv, Zv Avi‡e cÖPwjZ my‡ì Abyiƒc wQj| Avj-Zvevwi Gi e¨vL¨v w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÒZviv (Bû`xiv) †h my` MÖnY Ki‡Zv Zv F‡Yi Avmj cwigv‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e avh© Kiv n‡Zv| ...... FY I µq-weµq †_‡K m„ó `v‡qi Ici avh© Kiv n‡Zv|Ó1

ewb CmivBj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ my‡ì eY©bv w`‡q ev`vex e‡j‡Qb, Òewb CmivBj‡ì my` gy`ªvi Ici avh© Kiv n‡Zv| Avi †mKv‡j ‡iŠc¨ I Lv`¨-`ªe¨B wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv|2 wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ewb CmivBj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ my` I Rv‡njx hy‡M Avi‡e cÖPwjZ my` wQj GK I Awfbœ Ges AvRI Bû`x‡ì g‡a¨ †mB my`B Pvjy i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ my` n‡”Q, F‡Yi Ic‡i mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z AwZwi³, hwÌ my‡ì nv‡i cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|Ó3

e¯‘Zt Bû`xiv my`x Kviev‡i GZUvB Af¨¯Í I gË n‡q c‡owQj †h, Zviv Avjøvni cÿ †_‡K bvwhjK…Z my‡ì wb‡lavÁv‡K wb‡R‡ì c‡ÿ cwieZ©b K‡i †bIqvi `ytmvnm †`Lv‡ZI KzwÚZ nqwb| my‡ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, A_© mÂ‡qi AvKv•Lv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i my`x Kviev‡ii wewfbœ ch©v‡q hveZxq Kg©KvÛ, ¯^v_©vÜZv, Kvc©Y¨, mKxY©gbZv, gvbwmK KvwVb¨ I A_©c~Rvi cvi`wk©Zvi cÖfvevax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq| d‡j my` gvby‡li g‡a¨ A_© wjáv, †jvf, ¯^v_©ciZv I mnvbyf~wZnxb gvbwmKZvi Rb¥ †`q|4 SzuwKgy³, wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ Avq cvevi †jvf gvby‡li wePvi-we‡ePbv, AvPvi-AvPiY, GgbwK, we‡eK‡K ch©šÍ Av”Qbœ K‡i †d‡j Ges gvby‡li b¨vq-Ab¨vq‡eva‡K weK…Z K‡i †`q| ¯^v‡_©i Kvi‡Y gvbyl ‡h †Kvb b¨vq‡K Ab¨vq Ges Ab¨vq‡K b¨vq †NvlYv Ki‡Z we›`y gvÎ KzwÚZ nq bv| Bû`x RvwZi GB Ae¯’vB n‡qwQj|

1 Avj-Zvevwi: Rv‡g Avj-eqvb, fwj-6, c„. 17|2 ev`vex, hwK Avj-Øxbt Theory of Prohibited Riba, Bs‡iRx Abyev`, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, [email protected], 2004, c„. 79-80|3 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv: cÖv¸³, c„. 82|4 Zvdmx‡i Kexi, 2q LÛ, 251|

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mailto:[email protected]

3) Bû`x RvwZi kvw¯Ímy‡ì wb‡lavÁv jsNb K‡i my` MÖnY I c‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖvm BZ¨vw` Ryjyg Kivi Kvi‡Y Avjøvn G `ywbqv‡Z Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ KwZcq cweÎ I nvjvj Lv`¨ nvivg K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| G wb‡lavÁv wKqvgZ ch©šÍ envj _vK‡e Ges †kl w`b ch©šÍ Zviv G kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡e|

KziAvb gRx‡ì Ab¨ AvqvZ †_‡K Rvbv hvq Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ †hme nvjvj wRwbm nvivg Kiv n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv wQj ¶zi wewkó mKj Rš‘ Ges Mvfx I QvM‡ji Pwe© (6:146)| Avj-KziAvb G K_vI Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Q †h, ZIivZ bvwhj nIqvi c~‡e© CmivBj (BqvKze Avt) wb‡R Gme wRwbm eënvi Ki‡Zb bv (3:96)| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Avjøvn Zuvi bexi Kv‡Q AvqvZ bvwhj K‡i Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ Gme Lv`¨ nvivg K‡i‡Qb e¨vcvi Avm‡j Zv bq; eis bex eënvi bv Kivq cieZx© eska‡iiv Zv eR©b K‡i‡Q| Kvjµ‡g Zv‡ì Av‡jg I dK¡xMY Gme‡K nvivg g‡b Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges †kl ch©šÍ Avjøvni cÿ †_‡K Zv‡ì Ici Pvwc‡q †Ìqv RyjygevR, K…wÎg I Rvj AvBb cÖ‡YZviv Gme fvj I cvK wRwbm nvivg K‡i AvBb cÖYqb K‡i Avjøvni weavb e‡j Rvwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q Ges cieZx©‡Z ZIiv‡Z ms‡hvRb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| BwZnvm mvÿ¨ †`q †h, eZ©gvb Bû`x kixqZ wjwce× Kivi KvR wØZxq L„óv‡ã †k‡li w`‡K .....Bqvû`vi nv‡Z m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|1

Dc‡iv³ kvw¯Í QvovI m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b Avjøvn `ywbqv‡Z Bû`x‡ì Ici wbcwZZ Mh‡ei we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡QtÒGiv †hLv‡b wM‡q‡Q †mLv‡bB G‡ì Ici Acgv‡bi gvi c‡o‡Q, Avjøvni `vwq‡Z¡ wKsev gvby‡li `vwq‡Z¡ †Kv_vI wKQz Avkªq †c‡q _vK‡j wfbœ K_v| Avjøvni Mhe Zv‡ì‡K G‡Kev‡i wN‡i †i‡L‡Q; Zv‡ì Ici Afve, `vwi`ª¨ I civaxbZv Pvwc‡q †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Avi Gme wKQz GRb¨ n‡q‡Q †h, Zviv Avjøvni AvqvZ‡K Agvb¨ K‡i‡Q Ges cvqM¤î‡ì Ab¨vqfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| e¯‘Zt GUv Zv‡ì bvdigvwb I AZ¨vwaK evovevwoi dj|Ó (3:112)

Avjøvni Av‡`k Agvb¨, Avjøvni bvdigvwb I evovevwo Kivi Kvi‡YB Bû`xiv D³ Mh‡e wbcwZZ n‡q‡Q Avqv‡Z ¯úó K‡iB †m K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Avi my‡ì wb‡lavÁv jsNb, my` MÖnY I c‡ii 1 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjvt Zvdnxg~j KziAvb, 3q LÛ, 1g ms¯‹iY, AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, 1994, c„. 176-177|

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m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e LvIqvI Avjøvni Av‡`k Agvb¨, Avjøvni bvdigvwb I evovevwo Kivi g‡a¨ kvwgj| Bû`xiv my‡ì wb‡lavÁv AMÖvn¨ K‡i my` ‡L‡q‡Q ïay ZvB bq, Zviv my‡ì AvqvZ cwieZ©b Kivi a„óZvI cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Q| GQvov Avjøvni wKZv‡e cÖ`Ë Lv`¨ msµvšÍ weavb‡KI Zviv e`wj‡q †d‡j‡Q|

e¯‘Zt `ywbqvq hviv my` Lvq Zviv mgv‡R my`‡Lvi-†kvlK e‡j N„wYZ I wbw›`Z nq| `ywbqvi me©Î my`‡Lvi gnvRb‡ì w`‡K ZvKv‡j Gi mZ¨Zv cvIqv hvq| Bû`xiv RvwZ wn‡m‡e my`‡Lvi; Avjøvni bvdigvwbi †ÿ‡Î evovevwo Kiv Zv‡ì êwkó¨| Zv‡ì kvw¯Í A‡bK †ekx I e¨vcK| gv‡P©›U Ae †fwb‡mi kvBjK n‡”Q Bû`x‡ì cÖwZf~-†kvlK-N„Y¨| Òc„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ `ywbqvq †h me DËg RxweKv Dc‡fvM K‡i, my`xN©Kvj Bû`x‡ì †mme ‡_‡K ewÂZ ivLv n‡q‡Q|1 `yB nvRvi eQi ch©šÍ c„w_exi ‡Kv_vI Zviv m¤§vbRbK Avkªq cvqwb| `ywbqvq Zv‡ì‡K wew”Qbœ wewÿß K‡i †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi cÖ‡Z¨K Aa¨v‡qB we‡k¦i †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI Zv‡ì jvwÃZ I c``wjZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AMva ab-†`ŠjZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I `ywbqvi †Kv_vI Zv‡ì GK we›`y kª×vi †Pv‡L †`Lv nqwb| `ywbqvi ey‡K G RvwZ‡K bv-g„Zz¨ bv-Rxeb-Gi kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q †hb wKqvgZ ch©šÍ `ywbqvq RvwZmg~‡ni Rb¨ Giv `„óvšÍ n‡q _v‡K| G‡ì BwZnvm †hb wPiw`b `ywbqv‡K G wkÿv †`q †h, Avjøvni wKZve wb‡Ri nv‡Z _vKv m‡Ë¡I Avjøvni weiæ‡× we‡`ªvng~jK AvPiY Aej¤^b Kivi `ytmvn‡mi cwiYwZ wK nq| Gici ciKv‡ji Avhve‡Zv AviI AwaK fq¼i n‡e|Ó2 e¯‘Zt my` `ywbqvq N„Yv, Acgvb, wRjøwZ Avi ciKvjxb Avhv‡ei evnK| Bû`x RvwZ Zvi mvÿx|

1 Avmv`, gynv¤§`t w` g¨v‡mR Ae w` KziAvb, `viAvm&mvjvg, wReªvjUvi, 1980, c„. 135|2 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjvt c~‡e©v³, c„. 218|

18

m~iv Av‡j Bgivb

m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡bi 130-134 Avqv‡Z Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb,

(Aviex em‡e)

Ò‡n Cgvb`viMY, wØ¸Y-PZz¸©Y-eû¸Y ewa©Z my` †L‡qv bv; Avjøvn‡K fq Ki Avkv Kiv hvq †Zvgiv mdj n‡e| Avi †mB Av¸b‡K fq Ki hv Kv‡di‡ì Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Ki, m¤¢eZ †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ ing Kiv n‡e| †Zvgvi i‡ei ÿgv I Rvbœv‡Zi w`‡K `ªæZ GwM‡q hvI, hv AvKvk I c„w_exi b¨vq we¯—…Z Ges hv †mB gyËvKx‡ì Rb¨ ‰Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q hviv ¯^”Qj-A¯^”Qj me©v¯’v‡ZB wb‡R‡ì ab-gvj LiP K‡i, hviv †µva nRg K‡i Ges gvby‡li Aciva ÿgv K‡i †`q| Avjøvn gyn&mxb †jvK‡ì Lye fvjev‡mb|Ó

cUf~wgwewkó ZdmxiKvi‡ì g‡Z, Avj-KziAv‡bi my‡ì AvqvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøwLZ AvqvZ KqwU Z…Zxq ch©v‡q I‡nv` hy‡×i c‡i bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q| I‡nv` hy‡× gymwjg evwnbx cÖ_‡g weRqx n‡qwQj; wKš‘ †k‡l gymwjgMY ch©y`¯Í n‡q c‡ob| m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b Avjøvn wb‡R I‡nv` hy‡×i ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb, GB hy‡× gymwjg evwnbxi wech©‡qi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q

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m¤ú‡ì †jvf| GB †jvf Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva m„wó K‡i‡Q, GB †jvfB Zuv‡ì‡K †bZv Z_v bexi (mvt) Av‡`k jsN‡b ‡V‡j w`‡q‡Q; GB †jvfB gnvwech©q e‡q G‡b‡Q (3:152)| Avjøvgv gI`~`x Gi e¨vL¨vq wj‡L‡Qb, ÒcÖK…Z mvdj¨ I weRq jv‡fi mg‡q gymwjg ˆmwbKMY `ywbqvi ab-m¤úwËi †jv‡f c‡o wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges kÎæ ˆmb¨‡ì‡K LZg K‡i wb‡R‡ì weRq‡K c~Y© Kivi cwie‡Z© Mbxg‡Zi gvj msMÖ‡n †j‡M wM‡q wQ‡jb| †h Zxi›`vR evwnbx‡K cðvr w`‡Ki cÖwZiÿvi Rb¨ bex Kixg (mvt) †gvZv‡qb K‡iwQ‡jb Zuviv hLb †`L‡jb †h, kÎæ ˆmb¨ cjvqb Ki‡Q, Avi gymwjg ˆmwbKMY kÎæ‡ì †d‡j hvIqv ab-gvj msMÖn Ki‡Qb, ZLb Zuviv GB `ywðšÍvq c‡o ‡M‡jb †h, Mbxg‡Zi gvj meB eywS †mB msMÖnKvixivB wb‡q hv‡eb; Avi Zuviv wb‡Riv MbxgZ †_‡K ewÂZ †_‡K hv‡eb| GB wPšÍv K‡i bexi (mvt) Av‡`k ¯§iY Kwi‡q †Ìqv m‡Ë¡I Zuv‡ì AwaKvsk †jvK wba©vwiZ ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i P‡j †M‡jb|1 Avi GB wMwic_ w`‡q gymjgvb‡ì Ici wech©q †b‡g G‡jv| kÎæ evwnbx wMwic_ w`‡q Xz‡K †cQb w`K †_‡K gymwjg evwnbxi Ici Svwc‡q co‡jv; Avi mvg‡b hviv cvwj‡q hvw”Qj ZvivI wd‡i ùvov‡jv| GB muvovkx Avµg‡Yi gyKvwejvq Mbxg‡Zi gvj msMÖ‡n e¨¯Í AcÖ¯‘Z gymwjg evwnbx wech©¯Í n‡q co‡jv| Zuv‡ì AwR©Z weRq civR‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡jv|2

AvjøvnZvÕqvjv gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) †bZ…‡Z¡ msMwVZ Cgvb`vi‡ì GB `jwU‡K wek¦ †bZ…‡Z¡i Avm‡b mgvmxb Ki‡eb Ges wek¦ gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y Zv‡ì wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡eb| wKš‘ g‡bi †Kv‡Y m¤ú‡ì †gvn I †jvf, D‡Ï‡kï cÖwZ GKvMÖZvi Afve, A‰bK¨ I ‡bZvi Av‡`k cvj‡b wbôvi Afve we`¨gvb _vK‡j †Kvb `j ev †Mvôxi c‡ÿ gvby‡li Kj¨vYv‡_© gnr I e„nr wKQz Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB AvjøvnZvÕqvjv I‡nv‡ì cixÿvi gva¨‡g gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ hv‡ì AšÍ‡i GBme †ivM wQj Zv‡ì †m †ivM †ei K‡i Avbvi eë¯’v K‡i‡Qb| AZtci Avjøvn wb‡R †Pv‡L Av½yj w`‡q ‡`wL‡q w`‡q‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K Cgvb`vi e¨w³ g‡g© g‡g© Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ì wech©‡qi KviY wK, ‡Kvb& †Kvb& `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y Zu‡ì GB wech©q n‡jv; Zviv gg©vnZ I AbyZß n‡q‡Qb| GB gb¯ÍvwË¡K I ev¯Íe Ae¯’vq Cgvb`vi G evwnbx‡K m¤ú‡ì †gvngy³, wb‡j©vf, ciKvjgyLx I GKgvÎ Avjøvn wbf©i, mymsnZ, HKë× kw³ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ my` iƒcx AwZ 1 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv, c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„. 66, 78, 80|2 wmwÏKx, bCg, gvebZvi eÜz gynv¤§` ivm~jyjøvn (mvt), evsjv Abyev`, AvKivg dviæL, m¤úv`bv, Avãym knx` bvwmg, kZvãx cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1998, c„. 351-354|

20

†jvfbxq wRwbm †_‡K `~‡i _vKvi wb‡`©k w`‡q AvqvZ KqwU bvwhj Kiv nq|

g~j e³e¨GB AvqvZ¸‡jvi ïiæ‡ZB gnv cÖfz Avjøvn Cgvb`vi‡ì m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb Ges my` †L‡Z gvbv K‡i‡Qb; KviY my` wØ¸Y-PZz¸©Y-eû¸Y e„w× cvq hv AwZ eo †kvlY, AwePvi I Ryjyg| AZtci Cgvb`viMY hv‡Z mdj n‡Z cv‡ib Avjøvni ÿgv I ingZ †c‡q Bn-ciKvjxb Rxe‡b Kj¨vY jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib †m j‡ÿ¨ Avjøvn KwZcq †n`vqvZ w`‡q‡Qb| †n`vqvZ¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1) Avjøvn‡K fq Kiv Z_v ZvKIqv Aej¤^b Kiv;2) Rvnvbœvg Z_v Avjøvni kvw¯Í‡K fq Kiv;3) Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Kiv;4) Avjøvni ÿgv I †e‡nkZ cvIqvi j‡ÿ¨ KvR Kiv;5) wb‡Ri m¤ú` Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q Kiv Ges6) †µva nRg I Aci‡K ÿgv Kiv|

†`Lv hv‡”Q, my` eR©‡b †gv‡gb‡ì Af¨¯Í Kiv Ges cwi‡ek M‡o †ZvjvB Gi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| wb‡P K‡qKwU wel‡q e¨vL¨v †ck Kiv n‡jvt

1) Av`qvdvn gy`vqvdvnAv‡jvP¨ AvqvZ KqwUi cÖ_‡gB Avjøvn my` †L‡qvbv e‡j‡Qb Ges ÔAv`qvdvn gy`vqvdvnÕ we‡klY Øviv my`‡K we‡klvwqZ (qualify) K‡i‡Qb| †Kvb †Kvb ZdmxiKvi I Abyev`K Gi A_© K‡i‡Qb Pµ e„w× my`|1 G‡Z wKQz wKQy †jvK weåvwšÍ m„wó Kivi Ac‡Póv K‡i _v‡K| Zviv e‡j Avj-KziAvb‡Zv †Kej Pµe„w× I D”P nv‡ii my` wbwl× K‡i‡Q, mij I wbgœ nv‡ii my` nvivg K‡iwb| Zviv G ch©šÍ e‡j †h, e¨vsK F‡Y my‡ì nvi hw` mij I wbgœ nq Zvn‡j Zv wbwl× my‡ì AvIZvq co‡e bv|

cÖK…Z c‡ÿ Avjøvn GLv‡b my‡ì †Kvb we‡kl aib bq eis my‡ì cÖK…wZ, ‰ewkó¨ Z_v ¯^fveag© (Nature) †K eywS‡q‡Qb| my‡ì ¯^fve n‡”Q, mg‡qi MwZi mv‡_ av‡c a‡c ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cvIqv| Bgvg kIKvbx wj‡L‡Qb, kã `ywU eywS‡q †`q †h my‡ì gvÎv evievi e„w× Kiv n‡Zv|2 GKBfv‡e mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx` wj‡L‡Qb, Òmy`x Kvievi GKw`K w`‡q cybive„wË m¤úbœ 1 Avãyi inxgt cÖv¸³, c„. 65| mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx`, cÖv¸³, c„. 195, kvwd, gydwZ gynv¤§`, cÖv¸³, c„. 199|2 D×„Z, Avãyi inxg, cÖv¸³, c„. 354-355|

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eë¯’v, Avi Aciw`K w`‡q Zv ‡hŠwMKI; Zv mg‡qi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ evievi AvewZ©Z nIqvi ìæb e„w× cÖvß nq| e¯‘Zt GUv my`x eë¯’vi ¯^fveag©|Ó1 Bs‡iRx‡Z iwPZ Zdmxi I ZiRgv MÖš’mg~‡n ÔAv`qvdvn gy`vqvdvnÕ-Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q, Double, Redouble, Multiple. Gi Øviv my` e„w× cvIqv Z_v wØ¸Y, PZz©¸Y, eû¸Y nIqvi K_v eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| W. nvmvby¾vgvb e‡j‡Qb †h, my‡ì nvi hZ KgB †nvK, mg‡qi mv‡_ Zv wØ¸Y, wZb¸Y, Pvi¸Y GB MwZ‡Z evo‡Z _v‡K| my` hw` mijI nq Zv n‡jI Gfv‡eB e„w× cvq| wZwb AwZ wbgœ nvi I mij my‡ì wnmve K‡l †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, evwl©K mij my‡ì nvi hw` gvÎ 2.00 UvKv nq Zvn‡j 100.00 UvKvi 1 eQ‡i my` n‡e 2.00 UvKv, `yB eQ‡i 4.00 UvKv wZb eQ‡i 6.00 Ges Pvi eQ‡i my` n‡e 8.00 UvKv; A_©vr cÖ_g eQi GK¸Y, wØZxq eQ‡i Gi wØ¸Y, Z…Zxq eQi wZb¸Y, 4_© eQ‡i Pvi¸Y| cÖwZ eQi GK¸Y K‡i e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡e| my` Gfv‡e GB MwZ‡Z evo‡Z _v‡K hw` Avmj cwi‡kva Kiv bv nq| my` hw` Pµe„w× nv‡ii nq Zvn‡j e„w×i MwZ AviI †ekx n‡e m‡›`n ‡bB|2 myZivs ÔAv`qvdvn-gy`vqvdvnÕ-Gi Abyev` Pµe„w× my` K‡i weåvwšÍ m„wói my‡hvM K‡i †Ìqvi cwie‡Z© Gi Abyev` ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cvIqv KivB fvj| GUvB n‡”Q my‡ì ¯^fve, cÖK…wZ, êwkó¨ ev cwiwPwZ|

2) ZvKIqve¯‘Zt ZvKIqv n‡”Q AvjøvnfxwZ| Avjøvn me©kw³gvb (Omnipotent), Avjøvn me©Î weivRgvb (Omnipresence) Ges Avjøvn me©Á GB aviYv g‡b e×g~j K‡i †bIqv, me©`v Avjøvni cÖwZ kª×v, fw³, fvjevmv I fq RvMiƒK ivLv Ges `ywbqvi †KD bv †`L‡jI Avjøvn †`‡Lb, `ywbqvi †KD bv Rvb‡jI Avjøvn Rv‡bb, `ywbqvi †Kvb cywjk ai‡Z bv cvi‡jI Avjøvni Kv‡Q aiv co‡Z n‡e, `ywbqvi Av`vjZ †_‡K euvP‡jI Avjøvni Av`vjZ †_‡K wb¯Ívi †bB GB Abyf~wZB n‡”Q ZvKIqv| ZvKIqv gvbyl‡K ¯^Zù~Z©fv‡e Avjøvni Av‡`k-wb‡la cvj‡b DØy× I cwiPvwjZ K‡i| †Kvb †jvf-jvjmv, fq-fxwZ I `ye©jZvB Zv‡K Avjøvni ûKzg cvjb †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Amr KvR †_‡K weiZ _vKv Ges mr Kv‡R AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kivi g~j †cÖiYv I PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q ZvKIqv| gvbe Rxe‡b mdj, we‡kl K‡i, my` LvIqvi b¨vq †jvfbxq KvR eR©‡b mdj nIqvi (dvjvn jvf Kivi) Rb¨ Avjøvn GLv‡b ZvKIqvi e‡j ejxqvb nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|1 KzZze, mvB‡q¨` knx`t cÖv¸³, c„. 234-235|2 nvmvby¾vgvb, Gb, Gg: Conceptual Foundations of Riba in Quran, Hadith and Fiqh, Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK e¨vswKs GÛ dvBb¨vÝ, Rvby-gvP©, 1994, c„. 11-12|

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3) Rvnvbœv‡gi fq I †e‡nk‡Zi AvkvAvjøvnZvÕqvjv Rvnvbœv‡gi Av¸b Z_v Avjøvni kvw¯Í †_‡K euvPv Ges Avjøvni ÿgv I Rvbœv‡Zi w`‡K `ªæZ GwM‡q hvIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| KviY, Rvnvbœvg m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q Kv‡di‡ì Rb¨; Avi RvbœvZ ‰Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q gyËvKxb‡ì Rb¨ hviv Avjøvn I ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ K‡i| AZtci Avjøvn ¯^”Qj-A¯^”Qj me©ve¯’v‡ZB wb‡R‡ì m¤ú` e¨q, †µva mseiY Ges gvbyl‡K ÿgv Kiv BZ¨vw` ¸Yvejx AR©‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|

4) Avjøvni c‡_ e¨qe¯‘Zt my` I Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q ci¯úi wecixZgyLx| my` n‡”Q wewbgq bv w`‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤ú` †kvlY K‡i KwZcq cyuwRcwZi m¤ú` duvwc‡q †Zvjv; ¯^v_©ciZv, †jvf-jvjmv, K…cYZv I KvwVY¨ n‡”Q my‡ì Drm| Ac‡ii Afve I cÖ‡qvRb‡K cyuwR K‡i wbR m¤ú` e„w×i gvbeZvwe‡ivax I ‰ckvwPK gvbwmKZv Z_v cvi¯úwiK mngwg©Zv, mnvbyf~wZ, m¤cÖxwZ I D`viZv BZ¨vKvi gvbweK ¸‡Yi cÖPÛ AfveB n‡”Q my‡ì PvwjKv kw³| my` †jvf-jvjmv, Kvc©Y¨ I ¯^v_©ciZv‡K jvjb I we¯—…Z K‡i; Avi gvbweK HK¨ I msnwZ webó Kivi gva¨‡g cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_©-Ø›Ø, N„Yv-we‡Øl I cÖwZwnsmvi Rb¥ †`q|

Aciw`‡K, Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q, Z_v hvKvZ, mv`vKvn, `vb-LqivZ n‡”Q, hv‡ì Av‡Q Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K hv‡ì †bB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q m¤ú` †cuŠQv‡bvi GK gnr cÖwµqv| e¯‘Zt Avjøvni msiwÿZ AvgvbZ Avjøvn‡K †diZ †Ìqvi Mfxi Abyf~wZ, Avi mn-hvÎx gvbeK~‡ji cÖwZ AK…wÎg fvjevmv Ges cvi¯úwiK mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi gvbeZvev`x D`vi gvbwmKZv n‡”Q Avjøvni c‡_ e¨‡qi PvwjKv kw³| Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q gvbeZv‡eva, cvi¯úwiK ì`, mngwg©Zv, gvbexq AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ cvi¯úwiK kª×v‡eva, mü`qZv, m¤cÖxwZ, gvbe‡cÖg, D`viZv BZ¨vKvi gnr ¸Y‡K jvjb, m¤cÖmviY I we¯—…Z K‡i †`q; mvgvwRK eÜb nq my`yp, HK¨ I msnwZ nq gReyZ| †µva, ¯^v_©-Ø›Ø, N„Yv-we‡Øl I cÖwZwnsmv nq weij| mgv‡Ri e¨w³iv n‡q D‡V gyn&mxb| Avi GB gyn&mxb‡ìB Avjøvn fvjev‡mb e‡j †NvlYv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

23

m~ivZzj evKvivn

m~iv Avj-evKvivni 275-281 Avqv‡Z Avjøvn e‡j‡Qbt

(Aviex em‡e)

ÒwKš‘ hviv my` Lvq, Zv‡ì Ae¯’v n‡”Q †mB e¨w³i gZ hv‡K kqZvb Zvi ¯úk© Øviv cvMj I my¯’Ávb-k~Y¨ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì GB Ae¯’v nIqvi KviY GB †h, Zviv e‡j µq-weµq ‡Zv my‡ì gZB| A_P Avjøvn µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb, Avi my`‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivg| †h e¨w³i wbKU Zvi i‡ei KvQ †_‡K GB wb‡`©k †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, Avi †m Zv (my` LvIqv) †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q, †m c~‡e© hv †L‡q‡Q Zv †Zv †L‡qB †d‡j‡Q, †m e¨vcviwU Avjøvni IciB †mvc`©| wKš‘ hviv (my` LvIqv) cybive„wË Ki‡e Zviv wbtm‡›`‡n Rvnvbœvgx n‡e Ges †mLv‡b wPiw`b _vK‡e| (275)

Avjøvn my`‡K aŸsm K‡ib Avi mv`vKvn‡K µge„w× `vb K‡ib; Avjøvn †Kvb AK…ZÁ cvcx‡K †gv‡UB cQ›` K‡ib bv| (276) hviv Cgvb Avb‡e I †bK KvR Ki‡e, mvjvZ Kv‡qg Ki‡e, hvKvZ cÖ`vb Ki‡e Zv‡ì cÖwZdj Zv‡ì i‡ei wbKU i‡q‡Q; Avi Zv‡ì †Kvb fq I

24

wPšÍv †bB| (277) †n Cgvb`viMY! Avjøvn‡K fq Ki, Avi †Zvgv‡ì †h my` cvIbv Av‡Q Zv †Q‡o `vI hw` †Zvgiv Cgvb`vi n‡q _vK| (278)

AZtci †Zvgiv hw` Zv bv Ki Zvn‡j Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji cÿ †_‡K hy‡×i †NvlYv ï‡b ivL| Avi ‡Zvgiv hw` ZIev Ki (wd‡i Avm) Zvn‡j ‡Zvgv‡ì Avmj †Zvgv‡ì (Avmj †diZ cv‡e)| †Zvgiv Ryjyg Ki‡e bv, Avi †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZI Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv| (279)

Avi FYMÖnxZv hw` AfveMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o, Z‡e ¯^”Qj bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv‡ì mgq `vI| Avi hw` mv`vKvn& K‡i `vI Z‡e Zv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ AwaKZi Kj¨vYKi, hw` †Zvgiv eyS‡Z cvi| (280) Avi †mB w`b‡K fq Ki, †hw`b †Zvgiv Avjøvni w`‡K wd‡i Avm‡e; AZtci †mLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Zvi DcvR©‡bi djvdj cy‡ivgvÎvq w`‡q ‡Ìqv n‡e Ges KviI cÖwZ we›`ygvÎ Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv|Ó (281)

cUf~wgAvjøvni cÿ †_‡K bvwhjK…Z my` msµvšÍ AvqvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ D‡jøwLZ AvqvZ KqwU PZz_© ev †kl ch©v‡q g°v weR‡qi ci bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q| W. Pvciv e‡j‡Qb, Òivm~j (mvt) Gi wgkb c~Y© nIqvi KvQvKvwQ ch©v‡q GB AvqvZ KqwU bvwhj n‡q‡Q|1 BwZc~‡e© wZb ch©v‡q my‡ì AvqvZ bvwhj K‡i G wel‡q wkÿv`vb, mZK©xKiY I cwi‡ek ‰Zix‡Z 16/17 P‡j †M‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ g`xbvq cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx iv‡óªi eywbqv` gReyZ n‡q‡Q| g°v weR‡qi gva¨‡g G iv‡óªi ¯’vqx weRq mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Bmjvg g`xbv-g°vi evB‡i we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| ivóªxq AvBb Rvix K‡i Zv ev¯Íevqb Kivi cwi‡ek I ÿgZv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| †gv‡gb bvix-cyiæl BwZg‡a¨ my` eR©b K‡i Pjvq Af¨¯Í n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Avkv Kiv hvw”Qj †h, my` wbwl× K‡i AvBb Rvix Kiv n‡j Zuviv Zvi c~Y© cÖ‡qvM I ev¯Íevq‡b mdj n‡eb| Ggwb mg‡q gnvweÁ Avjøvn my`‡K AvBbZ wbwl× K‡i D³ AvqvZ¸‡jv bvwhj Ki‡jb|

g~j e³e¨my`‡K AvBbZ wbwl× ‡NvlYv Ges GZ`msµvšÍ wewa-weavbB n‡”Q Av‡jvP¨ AvqvZ KqwUi g~j welq| µq-weµq I my‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cÖK…wZMZ cv_©‡Kï w`‡K Av½ywj wb‡`©k K‡i Avjøvn µq-weµq nvjvj I my` nvivg e‡j Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb| 1 Pvciv, W. Gg, Igi: cÖv¸³, c„. 7-8|

25

cvkvcvwk Avjøvn GLv‡b my`‡Lvi‡ì wZi®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì A‡hŠw³K K_vi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ì‡K eyw×åó-cvMj AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb; GB AvBb bvwh‡ji c‡iI hviv my` †j‡b‡`b Ae¨vnZ ivL‡e Zv‡ì‡K Rvnvbœv‡gi wPišÍb Avhv‡ei fxwZ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì weiæ‡× Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji cÿ †_‡K hy‡×i †NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb| Aciw`‡K, D‡jøwLZ wewa-weavb †g‡b Pjvi Rb¨ †gv‡gb‡ì DØy× I AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Qb; Cgvb Avbv, †bK Avgj Kiv, bvgvR Kv‡qg Kiv I hvKvZ cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZdj I cyi®‹vi ‡Ìqvi wbðqZv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Ges GB †kªYxi †jvK‡ì †Kvb fq I wPšÍvi KviY †bB e‡j Zv‡ì Avk¦¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avjøvn Ø¨v_©nxb fvlvq AveviI Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb, my‡ì cwiYvg aŸsm Avi mv`vKvni mydj n‡”Q µge„w×| cwi‡k‡l, †kl wePvi w`‡b mKj gvby‡li Avjøvni mvg‡b nvwRi n‡Z eva¨ nIqv Ges Avjøvni m~²vwZm~² b¨vq wePvi Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖwZdj cÖvwßi Aek¨¤¢vweZvi cÖwZ mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1) wewa-weavbG AvqvZ¸‡jv‡ZB Avjøvn my` AvBbZ wbwl× e‡j Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb Ges G m¤úwK©Z †gŠwjK AvBb-weavb bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| gydwZ kvwd e‡j‡Qb, ÒGLv‡b wiev A_©vr my‡ì A‰eaZv Ges Zvi wewa-weavb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|Ó1 GLv‡b ewY©Z my‡ì wewa-weavb¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1) µq-weµq êa; my` wbwl×;2) GB AvBb Rvix nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ my` †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z

n‡e Ges my` †jb‡`b kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva e‡j MY¨ n‡e;3) GB wb‡lavÁv bvwh‡ji c~‡e© LvIqv my‡ì e¨vcv‡i

dvqmvjvi welqwU Avjøvni Ici b¨v¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e| `ywbqvq G wel‡q Awf‡hvM, `vex-`vIqv ev gvgjv-†gvKvÏvgv Kiv hv‡e bv;

4) my‡ì Pjvgb Pzw³mg~n evwZj Ges Gme Pzw³i e‡j cvIbv my`‡i mvKzj¨ `vex A‰ea we‡ewPZ n‡e;

5) GB AvBb Rvix I cÖ‡qvM Kivi `vwqZ¡ Avjøvn I ivm~‡ji (mvt) c‡ÿi kw³ miKv‡ii Ici b¨v¯Í _vK‡e| Avjøvn cÖ`Ë GB GLwZqvi I ÿgZv e‡j miKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b my‡ì AvBb jsNbKvix‡ì weiæ‡× hy× ch©šÍ †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;

1 kvwd, gydwZ gynv¤§`: Zdmx‡i gvAv‡idzj KziAvb, evsjv Abyev`, gIjvbv gwnDÏxb Lvb, c„. 148-149|

26

6) FY`vZvMY Zv‡ì cÖ`Ë g~‡jï KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †diZ cvIqvi AwaKvix n‡e; Z‡e kZ© n‡”Q Zv‡ì my` †_‡K ZIev Ki‡Z ev wd‡i Avm‡Z n‡e;

7) Avm‡ji cÖwZg~‡jï †ekx wb‡j `vZv RyjygKvix (my` MÖnYKvix) wn‡m‡e kvw¯Í cv‡e;

8) FYMÖnxZv hw` Avm‡ji cÖwZg~‡jï †P‡q Kg †`q ev Avmj †gv‡UB bv †`q Zvn‡j †mI Ryjyg Kivi Aciv‡a (my`MÖnxZv) Acivax wn‡m‡e kvw¯Í cv‡e;

9) FYMÖnxZv hw` Am”Qj n‡q c‡o Ges h_vmg‡q M„nxZ F‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kva Ki‡Z Aÿg nq Zvn‡j mvg_© wd‡i Avmv ch©šÍ Zv‡K mgq w`‡Z n‡e; Av`vjZ G g‡g© FY`vZv‡K wb‡`©k w`‡Z cvi‡e|

10) Avi Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q h_v_© we‡ewPZ n‡j Av`vjZ FY`vZv‡K Zvi cvIbv gvd K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡Z cvi‡e|

2) my`‡Lvi eyw×åó-cvMjgnvÁvbx Avjøvn GLv‡b my`‡Lvi‡ì eyw×åó-cvMj AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †Kvb †Kvb ¯‹jvi g‡b K‡ib, ÒGB Avqv‡Z my`‡Lvi‡ì †h Qwe AvuKv n‡q‡Q, Zv ciKvjxb Rxe‡b †kl wePv‡i w`b NU‡e, cvw_©e Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Gi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB|Ó1 wKš‘ `ywbqv‡ZI my`‡Lvi‡ì g‡a¨ Giƒc cvMjvgx jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| e¯‘Zt kqZvb my`‡Lvi‡ì‡K m¤ú‡ì †gv‡n Ggb Av”Qbœ K‡i †`q †h, Zviv µq-weµq I my‡ì cv_©KÜzKzI eyS‡Z cv‡i bv, eyS‡Z Pvq bv| GUvB n‡”Q my`‡Lvi‡ì e¨w³‡Z¡i Ici my‡ì weiƒc cÖwZwµqv| e¯‘Zt my` my`‡Lvi‡ì e¨w³Z¡‡K n«vm (diminishes) I †nq (demeans) K‡i †`q|2 Zviv cvMj n‡q A_©-m¤ú‡ì †cQ‡b Qz‡U †eovq Avi fvimvg¨nxb K_v I Kv‡Ri gnov †`q| Zviv µq-weµq, gybvdv I my`‡K GKvKvi I mgvb g‡b K‡i; Avi e‡j Ôµq-weµq‡Zv my‡ì gZBÕ| GwU Zv‡ì GKwU Òhyw³nxb K_v (Flimsy argument), GKwU duv` (a trap), GKwU LuvwU cÖZviYv (Pure hoodwinking) I GKwU cyivZb PvjevwR (old trick)|Ó3 g°vi Kv‡di †bZviv Zv‡ì RbmvaviY‡K weåvšÍ Kivi Rb¨B GB PvjevwRi Avkªq wb‡qwQj| AvR‡Ki w`‡bI my`‡Lvi‡ì g‡a¨ Ggwb cvMjcviv Ae¯’v cwijwÿZ nq| Zviv Pvq jvf, my‡ì gva¨‡g wbwðZ jvf| Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_©B

1 wmwÏKx, Riba, Bank Interest and the Rationale of its Prohibition, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, KSA, 2004, c„. 44|2 wmwÏKx, Dc‡iv³, c„. 36|3 wmwÏKx, Dc‡iv³, c„. 44 I 47|

27

Zviv e‡j, my` n‡”Q A_©bxwZi PvwjKv kw³, my` Qvov A_©bxwZ APj, my`B Dbœq‡bi PvweKvwV BZ¨vw`|

wKš‘ Zv‡ì my`‡Lvixi Kvi‡Y A_©bxwZi Ici wKiƒc aŸsmKi cÖwZwµqvi m„wó n‡jv, KZ †jv‡Ki aŸsm I `yie¯’vi wewbg‡q Zv‡ì my`x Avq AwR©Z n‡jv, gvwbeK †cÖg-cÖxwZ, åvZ…Z¡ I mnvbyf~wZi g~‡j wK AvNvZ co‡jv, mvgwóK Kj¨v‡Yi Ici wK ai‡bi weiƒc cÖfve co‡jv BZ¨vw` welq Zv‡ì eyw×‡Z a‡i bv, GRb¨ †Kvb gv_v e¨v_vI Zv‡ì ‡bB| GB Ae¯’vqB Zviv euv‡P, G Ae¯’vqB Zviv g‡i Ges GB Ae¯’v‡ZB Zviv Kei †_‡K DwÌZ n‡e| myZivs ÒAvjøvni G evYx BnKvj-ciKvj Dfq Rxe‡bi Rb¨B ev¯Íe I mZ¨|Ó1

3) µq-weµq nvjvj, my` nvivgGwU n‡”Q Avjøvni GKwU cÖvK„wZK (natural), ¯^vfvweK, kvk¦Z I wPišÍb weavb| nvjvj gv‡b êa Avi nvivg n‡”Q A‰ea| gvby‡li Rb¨ `ywbqv-Av‡Liv‡Z hv wKQz Kj¨vYKi Avjøvn gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ ZvB nvjvj K‡i‡Qb; Aciw`‡K gvby‡li Rb¨ AKj¨vYKi me wKQz‡K wZwb nvivg K‡i‡Qb|

GLv‡b Avjøvn Avj-evB kã eënvi K‡i mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| µq-weµ‡qi g~j K_v n‡”Q mgvb mgvb g~j¨ I cvi¯úwiK wewbgq| GB wewbgq Qvov gvbe mgvR Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li Afve AmsL¨ I AMwYZ| cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g mK‡ji mKj Afve c~iY Kiv Qvov Avi †Kvb Dcvq †bB| myZivs wewbgq ev µq-weµq gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ †Kej Riæix bq, gvbe mgv‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh©| e¯‘Zt µq-weµq gvby‡li Rb¨ DcKvix, Acwinvh© Ges nvjvj|

AZtci Avjøvn Avj-wiev kã eënvi K‡i mKj cÖKvi wiev‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| wiev A_© n‡”Q Ôe„w×Õ, wewbgq Qvov e„w×, GK c‡ÿi ‡`q g~‡jï Ic‡i e„w× Acic‡ÿi ‡`q g~‡jï Ici e„w× QvovB| GgZve¯’vq, GK cÿ †mB AwZwi³ †`q hvi †Kvb wewbgq †m cvq bv; Avi Acicÿ †mB AwZwi³ †bq hvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †m †`q bv| GUv nq wewbgq bv w`‡q Ac‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖvm ev fÿY Kiv| myZivs cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx hvB †nvK c‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vq fÿ‡Y gvbe mgv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb DcKvi I Kj¨vY _vK‡Z

1 wmwÏKx, Dc‡iv³, c„. 44|

28

cv‡i bv; eis Zv Aek¨B ÿwZKi, AKj¨vYKi Ges aŸs‡mi evnb| myZivs my` nvivg|

g~j K_v ùvov‡”Q †h, µq-weµq wPiw`bB gvby‡li Rb¨ Acwinvh© I Kj¨vYKi Ges nvjvj; Aciw`‡K my` me©`vB gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ AKj¨vYKi, ÿwZKi I nvivg| ÒAvjøvn µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb Avi my`‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivgÓ GB evK¨ Øviv Avjøvn D³ cÖvK…wZK (Natural), kvk¦Z I wPišÍb m‡ZïB †NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb| cieZx©‡Z µq-weµq, gybvdv, fvov I my‡ì we¯ÍvwiZ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e|

4) my` GKwU Ryjyg279 Aqv‡Z Avjøvn my` †jb‡`b‡K Ryjyg Ges kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Avjøvn Ø¨v_©nxb fvlvq Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb †h, FY`vZvi cvIbv n‡”Q Zvi cÖ`Ë Avmj g~‡jï KvD›Uvi f¨vjy; GUvB Zvi AwaKvi| Aciw`‡K, FYMÖnxZvi †`bv n‡”Q Zvi M„nxZ Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| GB KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kva Kiv Zvi `vwqZ¡| wKš‘ `vZv hw` Zvi cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi †P‡q AwZwi³, Kg †nvK †ekx †nvK, †bq Zvn‡j ‡mB †ekxUv n‡e wewbgqnxb wiev, AbwaKvi PP©v I Ryjyg| Avi MÖnxZv hw` Zvi †`bvi †P‡q Kg g~j¨ †`q A_ev †`bv Av‡`Š cwi‡kva bv K‡i, Zvn‡j †mUvI n‡e Kg g~j¨ w`‡q †ekx g~j¨ MÖnY Kiv ev g~j¨ bv w`‡q †bIqv| G‡Z evowZ g~j¨ n‡e wewbgqnxb, AwZwi³, AbwaKvi PP©v, wiev Ges Ryjyg| †Zvgiv Ryjyg Ki‡e bv; †Zvgv‡ì IciI Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv GB AvqvZ Øviv AvjøvnZvÕqvjv †µZv-we‡µZv Dfq‡KB Ryjyg †_‡K weiZ _vKvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e cieZx© Avqv‡Z Avjøvn AfveMÖ¯Í FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q cvIbv mv`vKvn K‡i †Ìqv Rb¨ FY`vZv‡K Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb|

5) my‡ì cwiYvg aŸsmc~‡e© m~iv Avi-iƒ‡gi AšÍf~©³ my` I hvKvZ msµvšÍ Avqv‡Zi Av‡jvPbvq my` wKfv‡e aŸsm †W‡K Av‡b Ges hvKvZ wKfv‡e mg„w× e‡q Av‡b †m wel‡q mg¨K Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cieZx©‡Z mgvR I A_©bxwZi Ici my‡ì weiƒc cÖwZwµqv I aŸsmKi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

my` nvivg Kivi KviY

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AvjøvnZvÕqvjv my`‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb †Kb? G cÖm‡½ ¯^qs Avjøvn Zuvi cweÎ Kvjv‡g †h KqwU KviY D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv n‡”Q: 1) my` GKwU Ryjyg; 2) my` †kvlY I êlg¨ m„wó K‡i; 3) my` m¤ú` e„w×i c‡_ cÖwZeÜK n‡q ùvovq; 4) my` ¯^v_©ciZv, N„Yv I wnsmv-we‡Øl m„wó K‡i; 5) my` A_©bxwZ I mgvR‡K aŸsm K‡i Ges 6) my` Mhe I kvw¯Íi evnb|RyjygB n‡”Q my` wbwl× Kivi cÖavb I g~j KviY| Ab¨vb¨ KviY¸‡jv Ryjyg †_‡KB D™¢~Z, Ryjy‡giB cwiYwZ|1) my` GKwU Ryjygt Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµq c„w_ex‡Z gvbe mgv‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh© Ges mgv‡Ri DbœwZ I mg„w×i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K| Avi GRb¨ µq-weµq‡K mKj cÖKvi Ryjyg, AwePvi I †eBbmvdx †_‡K gy³ ivLv Riæix| Av‡jvPbvq GUvI †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, my` n‡”Q GKwU eo Ryjyg| m~ivZzi iƒ‡gi my` msµvšÍ Avqv‡Z Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb, my` wewbgq QvovB `vZv‡ì m¤ú` MÖnxZv‡ì Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i †`q; m~ivZzwbœmvq e‡j‡Qb, my` n‡”Q Ab¨vq fÿY, c‡ii m¤ú` MÖvm Kiv; m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b e‡j‡Qb my` ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cvq; Avi me †k‡l m~ivZzj evKvivnq ¯úó fvlvq my`‡K Ryjyg AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Avjøvn FY`vZv‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb FYMÖnxZvi Ici Ryjyg bv Ki‡Z, Avi FYMÖnxZv‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb FY`vZvi Ici Ryjyg bv Ki‡Z| e¯‘Zt my` n‡”Q wewbgqnxb Ges Zv Avevi mg‡qi mv‡_ ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cvq †mRb¨ my` †Kej Ryjyg bq, AwZ eo Ryjyg| µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î †QvU †nvK, eo †nvK, my` iƒcx Ryjyg _vKv DwPZ bq| GB Ryjy‡gi Aemvb K‡íB Avjøvn my` nvivg K‡i‡Qb|2) my` †kvlY I êlg¨ m„wó K‡it m~iv iƒ‡gi my` msµvšÍ Avqv‡Zi Zvrch© Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q my` Gi `vZv‡ì m¤ú` †kvlY K‡i MÖnxZv‡ì Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i †`q, Zv‡ì abx †_‡K AviI abx evbvq; Aciw`‡K my``vZviv `wi`ª †_‡K AviI `wi`ª n‡q c‡o| my` Gfv‡eB RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q e¨vcK †kvlY I A_©‰bwZK ‰elg¨‡K cÖKU K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j A_©‰bwZK fvimvg¨ webó nq Ges `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb `ywe©mn n‡q I‡V| gvbyl gvby‡li †kvlY I êl‡gï wkKvi †nvK AvjøvnZvÕqvjv Zv Pvb bv; GRb¨B Avjøvn my`‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb|3) my` m¤ú` e„w×i c‡_ cÖwZeÜK n‡q ùvovqt m~ivZzi iƒ‡g Avjøvn Ø¨v_©nxb fvlvq e‡j‡Qb, Òmy` Avjøvni Kv‡Q ev‡o bv|Ó Avjøvni G evYxi my¯úó Zvrch© n‡”Q, my` m¤ú` e„w×i

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c‡_ GKwU eo evav| A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Gi e¨vL¨v c~‡e© †ck Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, m¤ú` e„w× cvq wewb‡qvM I Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g| Avi my` wewb‡qvM Kiv nq bv- wewb‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|myZivs m¤ú` e„w×i mv‡_ my‡ì †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| eis my‡ì mv‡_ wewb‡qv‡Mi m¤úK© wecixZgyLx nIqvi Kvi‡Y my‡ì nvi wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b‡K m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q †cuŠQv‡Z †`q bv; GQvov cyuwRi cÖvwšÍK `ÿZv †hLv‡b my‡ì nv‡ii mgvb nq wewb‡qvM Drcv`b ‡mLv‡bB †_‡g hvq| ‡µZv mvavi‡Yi µq-ÿgZv †kvlY K‡i wb‡q cY¨-mvgMÖxi Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v n«vm Kivi gva¨‡g my` wewb‡qvM-Drcv`b‡K Kwg‡q †eKvi mgm¨v‡K cÖKU K‡i †Zv‡j Ges GK mg‡q g›`v I gnvg›`v m„wó K‡i A_©bxwZ‡K ¯’wei K‡i †`q| AviI bvbv c×wZ‡Z my` wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b‡K Kwg‡q †`q| my` iƒcx GB evav Acmvi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Avjøvn my`‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z gvbyl Zv‡ì wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b‡K m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|4) my` ¯^v_©ciZv, wnsmv I N„Yv-we‡Øl m„wó K‡it KziAvb gRx‡` my` msµvšÍ AvqvZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ mv‡_ AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB hvKvZ-mv`vKvn&, `vb-LqivZ I Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q Kivi wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GQvov my‡ì AvqvZ¸‡jvi Av‡M A_ev c‡i GKBfv‡e `vb-LqivZ I Avjøvni c‡_ e¨‡qi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|cy‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, my` I Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q ci¯úi wecixZgyLx| ‡jvf-jvjmv, Kvc©Y¨, ¯^v_©-Ø›Ø, N„Yv-we‡Øl n‡”Q my`wfwËK mgv‡Ri êwkó¨| cvi¯úwiK mngwg©Zv, mnvbyf~wZ, m¤úªxwZ I D`viZv BZ¨Kvi gvbweK ¸Yvejx †mLv‡b nq weij| Avjøvn my`‡K nvivg K‡i GKw`‡K gvbe mgvR‡K G Ae¯’v †_‡K iÿv Kivi eë¯’v K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K, hvKvZ-mv`vKvn, `vbÑLqivZ I Avjøvni c‡_ wbR m¤ú` e¨q Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q gvbeZv‡eva, cvi¯úwiK mngwg©Zv, mnvbyf~wZ I D`viZv BZ¨vw` gnr ¸Y‡K jvjb I m¤cÖmviY Kivi eë¯’v K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z mvgvwRK eÜb nq my`„p Ges gvbweK HK¨ nq gReyZ- gvbyl n‡q D‡V gyn&mxb|5) my` A_©bxwZ I mgvR‡K aŸsm K‡it m~ivZzj evKivni 276 Avqv‡Z Avjøvn ¯úó K‡i Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb, ÒAvjøvn my`‡K aŸsm K‡ib|Ó Avjøvni bex (mvt) ewjô K‡Ú Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb, my‡ì Avmj cwiYwZ n‡”Q Afve, ms‡KvPb I aŸsm| my‡ì GB cwiYwZ GLb Avi e¨vL¨v K‡i eySv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv; gvbyl

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wb‡Ri †Pv‡L my‡ì GB aŸsmKi djvdj cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Q Ges Ki‡Q| my‡ì GB cwiYwZ ‡_‡K gvbe RvwZ‡K iÿv Kivi j‡ÿ¨B Avjøvn my`‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb|6) my` Mhe I Avhv‡ei evnbt my` `ywbqvq Avjøvni Mhe wb‡q Av‡m| Avjøvn Bû`x RvwZi D`vniY w`‡q `ywbqvi gvbyl‡K G mZ¨ eywS‡q w`‡q‡Qb| Avi `ywbqvq my` †jb‡`‡bi Kvi‡Y ciKv‡j KwVb Avhv‡e co‡Z n‡e G K_vI Avjøvn Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb| GQvov m~ivZzi iƒ‡gi my` msµvšÍ Avqv‡Zi GKUz c‡i Avjøvn gvbe RvwZ‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb, Ò¯’j I Rjfv‡M wech©q m„wó n‡q‡Q gvby‡li wb‡R‡ì K…ZK‡g©i ìæb, hv‡Z (Avjøvn) Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Kg©dj wKQzUv Av¯^v`b Kiv‡Z cv‡ib| Avkv Kiv hvq, Gi d‡j nq‡Zv Zviv wd‡i Avm‡e|Ó (30:41) GLv‡b wb‡R‡ì K…ZKg© ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e Avjøvni bvdigvwb I ûKzg Agvb¨ Kiv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| my‡ì wb‡lavÁv jsNbI Gi g‡a¨ kvwgj|

mybœvni `„wó‡Z µq-weµq I my`mybœvn n‡”Q Avj-KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨v I ev¯Íe iƒc| AvjøvnZvÕqvjv KziAvb gwR‡` Òµq-weµq‡K nvjvj Avi my`‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb|Ó wKš‘ µq-weµq I my` msµvšÍ we¯ÍvwiZ wewa-weavb I e¨vL¨v Avj-KziAv‡b †bB| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) nv`x‡mi Øviv µq-weµq I my‡ì we¯ÍvwiZ wewa-weavb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb Ges µq-weµq †_‡K my` wKfv‡e D™¢~Z nq Zv †`wL‡q w`‡q‡Qb| Avjøvni ivm~j (mvt) g~jZt mKj µq-weµq‡K `yB fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb: 1) mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµq Ges 2) AmgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµq| AZtci wKQz nv`x‡m wZwb mvaviYfv‡e Dfq cÖKvi µq-weµ‡qi weavb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb; KwZcq nv`x‡m mgRvZxq, Avi wKQz nv`x‡m AmgRvZxq cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi weavb w`‡q‡Qb| wKQz nv`x‡m µq-weµ‡qi weavb jsNb Ki‡j wKfv‡e my` D™f~Z nq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKQz nv`x‡m my‡ì êwkó¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q; Avi wKQz nv`x‡m my‡ì ¸Yvn, Gi Bn-ciKvjxb cwiYwZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q

32

mveavb I mZK© Kiv n‡q‡Q| µq-weµq I my` msµvšÍ KwZcq nv`xm wb‡P †ck Kiv n‡jvtµq-weµqDev`v Be‡b mvwgZ (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†mvbvi wewbg‡q †mvbv, †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, h‡ei wewbg‡q he, †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi, je‡Yi wewbg‡q jeY, wgmjvb wewgmwjb (like for like), mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb (equal for equal), Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (hand to hand); AZtci hw` RvZ wfbœ wfbœ nq, Zvn‡j †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì B”QvgZ (`v‡g) ‡euP‡Z cvi Z‡e Bqv`vb weBqvw`b|Ó1

my‡ì †ÿ‡Î Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z G nv`xmwU‡K †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b Kiv nq| GgbwK, †KD †KD GB nv`xmwU‡K wiev d`‡ji wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|2

jÿYxq †h, my‡ì wfwË wn‡m‡e aiv n‡jI G nv`x‡m wiev k‡ãi Av‡`Š D‡jøL ‡bB; Avm‡j nv`xmwU‡Z my` bq, eis µq-weµ‡qi weavb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| nv`xmwUi cÖ_gvs‡k mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq Ges †klvs‡k AmgRv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖx µq-weµ‡qi weavb eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvÎ QqwU c‡Yï D‡jøL _vK‡jI nv`xmwU‡Z ewY©Z wewa-weavb Avm‡j mKj cY¨-mvgMÖx, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q cÖ‡hvR¨| GQvov, G nv`x‡m mg I AmgRv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖx I gy`ªv µq-weµ‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ µq-weµq evwK, bv bM` Zv ejv nqwb| myZivs D‡jøwLZ nv`xmwU‡Z ewY©Z wewa-weavb evwK-bM` Dfq µq-weµ‡qB cÖ‡hvR¨|e¯‘Zt µq-weµ‡qi me©Rbwew`Z cÖvK…wZK ev ¯^fveRvZ (natural), wPišÍb I kvk¦Z weavb n‡”Q:

1) mgvb mgvb g~j¨ (equality of value) Ges2) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq (reciprocal exchange)

Avi G K_vI mK‡ji Rvbv Av‡Q †h, mgRv‡Zi `yÕwU e¯‘i `vg mgvb nq †Kej ZLbB hLb Dfq e¯‘i gvb I cwigvY mgvb mgvb nq; Avi wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi `yÕwU e¯‘i g~j¨ mgvb Kivi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡”Q †µZv I we‡µZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z `vg wba©viY Kiv; AZtci Dfq †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Ki‡j µq-weµq m¤úbœ nq|

1 gymwjg, wZiwgwR; D×„Z, Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Towards A Just Monetary System, The Islamic Foundation, U.K. 1985, p. 238-239.2 b~i, G, Gg, c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ, c„. 103|

33

nv`x‡m GB kvk¦Z I wPišÍb cÖvK…wZK/¯^fveRvZ weavb‡KB mZ¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kivi weavbnv`xmwU‡Z cÖ_‡g mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I ‡mev µq-weµ‡q Dfq e¯‘i g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kivi Rb¨ `yÕwU kZ© †Ìqv n‡q‡Q; Avi AmgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î Dfq e¯‘i g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU kZ© wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| mgRv‡Zi e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î kZ© `yÕwU n‡”Qt

1) Dfq e¯‘i gvb GKB iKg n‡Z n‡e (wgmjvb wewgmwjb ev like for like, qualitative equality)

2) Dfq c‡ÿi e¯‘i cwigvY mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e (mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb ev equal for equal, qualitative equality)

AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î kZ©wU n‡”Qt1) ‡Zvgiv B”QvgZ (`v‡g) wewµ Ki‡Z cvi| A_©vr cvi¯úwiK

m¤§wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ ‡h †Kvb g~‡j¨ weµq Kiv êa|wewbgq Kivi weavbmgRvZ I AmgRvZ, Dfq cÖKvi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Kivi Rb¨ GKB weavb ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q; weavbwU n‡”Q ÔBqv`vb weBqvw`bÕ| Gi A_© n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi ev reciprocal exchange|ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) wewfbœ nv`x‡m wewfbœ fve I fvlvq evi evi G kZ©¸‡jvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| `„óvšÍ¯îƒc wb‡Pi nv`xm¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:mg I AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq (bM` I evwK)

1) Avãyi ingvb Be‡b Avey evKivn (ivt) †_‡K Zuvi wcZvi m~‡Î ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òcwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb) bv n‡j ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) iƒcvi wewbg‡q iƒcv Ges ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wZwb ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q iƒcv Ges iƒcvi wewbg‡q ¯^Y© Avgiv †hfv‡e PvB †mfv‡eB µq-weµq Kivi AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb|Ó ivex e‡jb, GK e¨w³

AwaKvsk nv`xm evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK †m›Uvi KZ…©K evsjvq Abyw`Z I cÖKvwkZ mnxn gymwjg, cÂg LÛ †_‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| D³ MÖ‡š’ †hfv‡e Abyev` Kiv Av‡Q ûeû †mfv‡eB D×„Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b wPý w`‡q cvÙxKvq †jL‡Ki gZ ejv n‡q‡Q|

34

Zv‡K (g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai aib m¤ú‡K©) wRÁvmv Kij| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒZv bM` bM` (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) n‡Z n‡e, Avwg ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) †_‡K GiƒcB ï‡bwQ|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 348|)

2) gynv¤§` BmnvK Bqvwh` Be‡b Avãyjøvn Be‡b KvwmZ n‡Z ewY©Z| wZwb Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ n‡Z eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Avgv‡ì wb‡la K‡i‡Qb ¯^Y© P~‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© Ges †iŠc¨ P~‡Y©i wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ µq-weµq Ki‡Z| wZwb Avgv‡ì iƒcvi wewbg‡q ¯^Y© P~Y© Ges †mvbvi wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ P~Y© µq Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb|Ó1

3) Avgixb web †kvqvBe †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) GK weµ‡q `yB †jb‡`b wbwl× K‡i‡Qb|Ó2

4) Avey ûivqiv †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~j~jøvn (mvt) GK †jb‡`‡b `yB weµq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó3

5) Avãyjøvn web gvmy` †_‡K ewY©Z †h, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) GK wW‡j `yB `vg wbwl× K‡i‡Qb|Ó4

6) ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ÒmvdKvZvwb wdj mvdKvZÓ (GK wW‡j `yB `vg wbwl× K‡i‡QbÓ)|5

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq (bM` I evwK)7) Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)

e‡j‡Qb, Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© Ges †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ mgvb mgvb cwigvY I êwk‡ó¨ GK (Bjøv Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb, wgmjvb wewgmwjb, mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb) nIqv e¨ZxZ †ePv-†Kbv K‡iv bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 340|)

g~‡j ÔBqv`vb weBqvw`bÕ ejv n‡q‡Q, Gi A_© cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi|1 D×„Z, ev`vex, hvwK Avj-Øxb; Theory of Prohibited Riba, Bs‡iRx Abyev`: Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, wW‡m¤î, 2000, [email protected] , c„. 96|2 kIKvwb, bvBjyj AvIZvi, fwj-5, c„. 190; D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, Riba Versus Profit Sharing: Theoretical Foundations and Policy Implications in Islamic Perspectives, A Dissertation Submitted to International Institute of Islamic Economics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, 1999 A.D., c„. 244|3 mvb-Avwb, myeyj mvjvg, fwj-3, c„. 16, bvBjyj AvIZvi, fwj-5, c„. 161, Avng`; D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, Dc‡iv³, c„. 244|4 bvBjyj AvIZvi, fwj-5, c„. 162|5 b~i, B, Gg, Dc‡iv³, c„. 244|

35

8) Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y©, wgmjvb wewgmwjb (like for like) bv n‡j wewµ K‡iv bv Ges GKw`K Aciw`K A‡cÿv †ekx K‡iv bv| Avi †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ wgmjvb wewgmwjb (like for like) bv n‡j wewµ K‡iv bv Ges GKw`‡K Aciw`K A‡cÿv †ekx K‡iv bv Ges hv †bB Zvi mv‡_ hv Av‡Q Zv wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó (eyLvix, gymwjg, wZiwgwR, bvmvC I gymbv‡` Avng`|)1

9) bv‡d †_‡K ewY©Z, ..... Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) wb‡Ri `yB Av½yj w`‡q wb‡Ri `yB †PvL I `yB Kv‡bi w`‡K Bw½Z K‡i ej‡jb, Avgvi `yB P¶z †`‡L‡Q Ges `yB Kvb ï‡b‡Q †h, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òcwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (wgmjvb wewgmwjb) bv n‡j †Zvgiv ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© Ges †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ †ePv-†Kbv K‡iv bv| Avi GKw`K Aciw`K A‡cÿv †ekx n‡jI †ePv-†Kbv K‡iv bv| G¸‡jvi †KvbwU bM‡ì wewbg‡q av‡i µq-weµq K‡iv bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 339|)

10) Avey ûivqivn (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, `xbv‡ii (¯^Y©-gy`ªv) AvšÍ-wewbgq n‡Z cv‡i hw` Dfqw`K mgvb nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e wìnv‡gi (†iŠc¨ gy`ªv) AvšÍ-wewbgq n‡Z cv‡i hw` Dfqw`K mgvb nq|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 346|)

11) Dmgvb Be‡b Avd&dvb (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, †Zvgiv GK `xbv‡ii wewbg‡q `yB `xbvi Ges GK wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q `yB wìnvg wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 340|)

12) Òdv`vjv Be‡b DevB` Avbmvix (ivt) e‡jb, ÒLvBev‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) Kv‡Q gy³v I ¯^Y© LwPZ GKwU nvi Avbv n‡jv| GUv Mwbg‡Zi gvj wQj Ges Zv wewµi Rb¨ ivLv n‡jv|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) wb‡`©k

1 D×„Z, Pvciv, Gg, Igi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 238| g~‡j Av‡Q Ôwgmjvb wewgmwjbÕ; Gi evsjv n‡”Q gv‡b mgvb mgvb| g~‡j Av‡Q Ôjv-Zzwkddz evÕ`vû AvÕjv evÕ‡`bÕ; A_©vr GKw`K Aci w`K A‡cÿv †ekx K‡iv bv| g~‡j Av‡Q Ôjv-Zv‡eq~ kvBqvb Mv‡qevb wgbû webv‡Rwib Bjøv Bqv`vb weBqvw`bÕ; Gi A_© n‡”Q G‡ì g‡a¨ †hwU Abycw¯’Z Zv‡K hv Dcw¯’Z Zvi mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK wewbgq e¨ZxZ wewµ K‡iv bv| g~j Aviex n‡”Q, Ôjv dv`vjv evqbvûgvÕ; dv`vjv kã Øviv ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K DbœZ Ges cwigv‡Y †ekx GB Dfq A_©B eySv‡bv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|

36

w`‡jb, ÒGi g‡a¨ eëüZ ¯^Y© c„_K K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) cybivq Zuv‡ì ej‡jb, Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© mgvb mgvb IR‡b (Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb) wewµ Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 349|)

13) dv`vjv Be‡b DevB` (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, ÒLvBevi weR‡qi w`b Avwg ev‡iv `xbv‡i GKwU nvi Lwi` Kijvg| GUv †mvbvi ˆZix wQj Ges Zv‡Z gy³v emv‡bv wQj| Avwg Gi †mvbv I gy³v c„_K Kijvg Ges ev‡iv `xbv‡ii AwaK (†mvbv) †cjvg| Avwg GUv bexi (mvt) Kv‡Q D‡jøL Kijvg|Ó wZwb ej‡jb, Òc„_K bv Kiv ch©šÍ Zv wewµ Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 349|)

14) nvbvk †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvgiv dv`vjvn Be‡b DevB‡ì m‡½ GK hy×vwfhv‡b wQjvg| Avgvi I Avgv‡ì m½xi fv‡M †mvbv, iƒcv I gy³vi mgš^‡q ˆZix GKwU nvi coj| Avwg Zv wewµ Ki‡Z gb¯’ Kijvg| Avwg dv`vjvn Be‡b DevB` (ivt)-†K wRÁvm Kijvg, wZwb ej‡jb, Zv †_‡K †mvbv c„_K K‡i GK cvjøvq ivL Ges †Zvgvi †mvbv Aci cvjøvq ivL| AZtci Zzwg mgvb mgvb e¨ZxZ (Bjøv wgmjvb wewgmwjb) AwZwi³ MÖnY K‡iv bv| †Kbbv Avwg ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)-†K ej‡Z ï‡bwQ, Ò‡h e¨w³ Avjøvn I †kl w`‡bi cÖwZ Cgvb iv‡L, †m ‡hb (¯^Y© wKsev †iŠc¨) mgvb mgv‡bi AwZwi³ (Bjøv wgmjvb wewgmwjb) MÖnY bv K‡i|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 350-51|)

15) Avey hyevBi e‡jb, ÒAvwg hvwei Be‡b Avãyjøvn‡K ej‡Z ï‡bwQ, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ¯‘cxK…Z †LRyi, hvi cwigvY Rvbv †bB, wbw`©ó cwigvY †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó (gymwjg)

16) Be‡b AveŸvm †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvey eKi wmwÏK (ivt)-Gi Avg‡j GKwU DU R‡en Kiv n‡jv Ges Gi †Mv¯Í `k fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡jv|Ó GK e¨w³ ej‡jv, ÒAvgvi

Dfq ¯’v‡b Aviex‡Z Ôwgmjvb wewgmwjbÕ k‡Z©i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| myZivs GLv‡b Gi A_© gvb mgvb mgvb Kiv e¨ZxZ MÖnY bv Kiv| Gi Av‡M Dfq w`‡Ki cvjøv mgvb Kivi K_v Øviv Dfq e¯‘i cwigvY mgvb mgvb Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b g~‡j Ôwgmjvb wewgmwjbÕ Av‡Q; Avi Gi A_© n‡”Q gv‡b mgvb mgvb| myZivs A_© ùvov‡”Q, gv‡b mgvb mgvb Kiv e¨ZxZ †hb MÖnY bv K‡i|

37

eKwii wewbg‡q GKwU Ask Avgv‡K w`b|Ó Avey eKi ej‡jb, ÒGUv mwVK bqÓ|1

17) mvC` Be‡b gymv‡që †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) cïi †Mv‡¯Íi wewbg‡q cï wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó2

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq (bM`)18) dv`vjv Be‡b DevB` (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb,

ÒLvBe‡ii w`b Avgiv ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) mv‡_ wQjvg| Avgiv Bû`x‡ì mv‡_ GK DwKqv ¯^Y© (Pwjøk wìnv‡gi mgvb) wZb `xbv‡ii wewbg‡q †Kbv-†ePv KiZvg|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, Ò‡Zvgiv mgvb mgvb IRb Qvov (Bjøv Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb) ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 350|)

19) Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) RxeÏkvq wewfbœ cÖKvi †LRyi wgwk‡q Avgv‡ì ‡L‡Z †Ìqv n‡Zv| Avgiv GK mvÕ DbœZ gv‡bi †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì wbgœ gv‡bi ‡LRyi `yB mvÕ wewµ KiZvg| ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) wbKU G msev` †cuŠQ‡j wZwb ‡NvlYv Ki‡jb, GK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ †LRyi, GK mvÕ M‡gi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ Mg Ges `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 354-355|)

20) Avey ûivqiv I Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) eY©bv K‡ib, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ebx Av`x Avj-Avbmvix †Mv‡Îi GK e¨w³‡K ivR¯^ Av`‡qi Rb¨ LvBevi GjvKvq cvVv‡jb| †m †mLvb †_‡K DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi wb‡q wd‡i Avmj|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒLvBev‡ii me †LRyiB wK Giƒc?Ó ‡m ej‡jv, Òbv, †n Avjøvni ivm~j! Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii `yB mvÕ wbgœ gv‡bi †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q GK mvÕ DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi µq K‡iwQ|Ó ZLb ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, ÒZv K‡iv bv, eis cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (wgmjvb wewgmwjb) n‡Z n‡e| A_ev †Zvgvi Lvivc †LRyi wewµ K‡i Zvi g~j¨ w`‡q DËg †LRyi

1 Be‡bj Kvwq¨g, BÕjvg Avj gyqvw°wqb, fwj-1, c„. 306; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„. 160|2 gvwjK, Avj-‡gvqvËv, fwj-3, c„. 921, D×„Z, ev`vex, Bwe`, c„. 160| GLv‡b wgmjvb wewgmwjb A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb; Avm‡j Gi A_© n‡e ¸‡Y-gv‡b mgvb mgvb|

38

Lwi` Ki‡e| Gfv‡eB cwigvc (c~Y© n‡e)| (gymwjg, c„. 352|)

21) Avey mvC` Lyìx I Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) GK e¨w³‡K LvBevi GjvKvq (ivR¯^ wefv‡M) Kg©Pvix wbhy³ K‡ib| †m ILvb †_‡K DËg †LRyi wb‡q wd‡i Av‡m|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒLvBev‡ii me †LRyiB wK Giƒc (DËg)?Ó †m ejj, †n Avjøvni ivm~j! Avjøvni kc_! (LvBev‡ii me †LRyiB) Giƒc bq| eis Avgiv `yB mvÕ (Lvivc) †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q GiK‡gi GK mvÕ Ges wZb mvÕi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ wb‡qwQ| Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, ÒGiKg KvR Avi Ki‡e bv| eis Lvivc †LRyi bM` g~‡j¨ (wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q) wewµ K‡i `vI| AZtci cÖvß wìnvg w`‡q DËg ‡LRyi Lwi` Ki|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 353|)

22) Avgvi Kv‡Q ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) RgvK…Z GK gyÏ †LRyi wQj| Avwg ‡`Ljvg DbœZ gv‡bi GK mvÕ †LRyi wbgœ gv‡bi `yB mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q weµq Kiv n‡”Q| Avwg Zv (DbœZ gv‡bi) µq Kijvg Ges ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)-†K w`jvg| wZwb wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, Òwejvj, Zzwg G †LRyi †Kv_vq †c‡j? Avwg ejjvg, Avwg `yB mvÕi wewbg‡q GK mvÕ µq K‡iwQ|Ó wZwb ej‡jb, ÒG †LRyi †diZ `vI Ges Avgv‡ì †LRyi †diZ wb‡q Avm|Ó1

23) bv‡d †_‡K ewY©Z| Avãyjøvn (Be‡b Igi ivt) Zuv‡K AewnZ K‡i‡Qb, Òbex (mvt) †gvhvevbv c×wZi †jb‡`b wbwl× K‡i‡Qb|Ó †gvhvevbv n‡”Q GB †h, Abygv‡b cwigvY wba©viY K‡i ïK‡bv †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q ZvRv †LRyi (hv GLbI KvUv nqwb) wewµ Kiv, ïK‡bv Av½yi ev wKmwg‡mi wewbg‡q ZvRv Av½yi (Mv‡Q Aew¯’Z) µq-weµq Kiv Ges M‡gi wewbg‡q †ÿ‡Zi dmj (Mg) wewµ Kiv| (gymwjg)

24) Rvwei (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z Av‡Q, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) wb‡la K‡i‡Qb †gvnvKvjv, †gvhvevbv, †gvLveviv I †gvAvIqvgv n‡Z|Ó †gvnvKvjv I †gvhvevbv DfqwU GKB †kªYxi µq-weµq| mvaviY k‡mï †ÿ‡Î ejv nq †gvnvKvjv; †LRyi I Av½y‡ii †ejvq G‡K ejv nq †gvhvevbv| †gvLveviv n‡”Q Rwg eM©v ‡Ìqv Avi †gvAvIqvgv

1 mynvBj, c„. 55, mybvb Avj-`vwiwg m~‡Î|

39

n‡”Q wbw`©ó e„ÿ ev evMv‡bi dj `yB wZb eQ‡ii Rb¨ AwMÖg wewµ Kiv| (gymwjg)

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq (evwK)25) Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb,

Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) GKwU DU avi Ki‡jb; AZtci GKwU AwaK eq‡mi DU avi`vZv‡K †diZ w`‡jb Ges ej‡jb, Ò‡Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †mB e¨w³ DËg ‡h DËg iƒ‡c Zvi FY cwi‡kva K‡i|Ó1

26) Avey ûivqiv (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) `yB eQi eq‡mi GKwU DU avi K‡i mgeq‡mi GKwU DU †diZ w`‡jb Ges Zvi AwZwi³ Avi GKwU DU w`‡q w`‡jb|Ó (wZwb) ej‡jb, Ò‡Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †mB DËg †h fvjfv‡e Zvi FY cwi‡kva K‡i|Ó2

27) gvwjK ûgvB` Be‡b wKqvm Avj-gw° n‡Z Avgvi Kv‡Q eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, gyRvwn` e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvãyjøvn Be‡b Igi GK e¨w³i wbKU †_‡K wKQz wìnvg avi Ki‡jb; AZtci Zvi †P‡q DbœZ gv‡bi wìnvg w`‡q Zvi †`bv cwi‡kva Ki‡jb| FY`vZv e¨w³ ej‡jv, †n Avey Avãyi ingvb Avwg Avcbv‡K †h wìnvg avi w`‡q wQjvg Zvi †P‡q G¸‡jv DbœZi| Avãyjøvn Be‡b Igi ej‡jb, ÒAvwg Rvwb| wKš‘ G e¨vcv‡i Avwg Lykx/myLx|Ó3

28) g~mv Be‡b Devq`vn Avãyjøvn Be‡b Igi †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) F‡Yi e`‡j FY wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó4

AmgRv‡Zi µq-weµq (bM` I evwK)29) nvexe †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb Aveyj wgbnvj‡K ej‡Z

ï‡b‡Qb, ÒAvwg evivAv Be‡b Avwhe‡K ÔmidÕ (¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q iƒcv ev iƒcvi wewbg‡q ¯^Y©) wewbgq m¤ú‡K© wR‡Ám Kijvg| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒZzwg hv‡q` Be‡b AviKvg‡K wR‡Ám Ki| wZwbB G e¨vcv‡i AwaK ÁvZ|Ó AZGe Avwg hv‡q`‡K wR‡Ám Kijvg| wZwb ej‡jb,

D‡jøL¨ †h, eM©v Pvl mKj Bgv‡gi g‡Z, GgbwK, nvbvdx ghnv‡ei g‡Z Rv‡qR| (†gkK¡vZ)1 gymwjg, nv`xm bs 3899|2 mynvBj, c„. 106, Rvwg Avj wZiwgwR, wKZveyj ey‡qv, fwj-6|3 gyqvËv, wKZve bs 31, 32, 42, I 91|4 evB Avj Kvwj wej Kvwj, `vivKzZwb|

40

ÒZzwg evivAvi Kv‡Q wR‡Ám Ki| †m Avgvi †P‡q AwaK ÁvZ|Ó Ae‡k‡l Zviv Df‡qB ej‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ av‡i (`vqbvb) wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 348|)

30) Avãyjøvn Be‡b Igi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡KD Lv`¨ `ªe¨ µq Ki‡j Zv MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© wewµ Kiv DwPZ bq|Ó (eyLvix)

31) Avãyjøvn Be‡b Igi †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡KD Lv`¨-`ªe¨ µq Ki‡j Zvi IRb/cwigvY m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ bv n‡q Zv wewµ Kiv DwPZ bq|Ó (eyLvix)

32) Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, Ò†KD Lv`¨`ªe¨ Lwi` Ki‡j, Zv cybivq IRb bv Kiv ch©šÍ †hb wewµ bv K‡i|Ó (gymwjg)

33) Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†KD Lv`¨-`ªe¨ µq Ki‡j `Lj †bIqvi c~‡e© Zv wewµ Kiv DwPZ bq|Ó Be‡b AveŸvm e‡jb, ÒAb¨vb¨ mKj wRwb‡mi †ÿ‡Î G K_v cÖ‡hvR¨|Ó (gymwjg)

34) Be‡b Igi (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, †h †KD Lv`¨`ªe¨ µq Ki‡e, †m †hb Zv cy‡ivcywi AwaKv‡i Avbvi Av‡M cybivq wewµ bv K‡i| Be‡b Igi (ivt) e‡jb, Avgiv (AMÖMvgx n‡q) cYëvnx Kv‡djvi wbKU †_‡K Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z Lv`¨km¨ Lwi` KiZvg| Zv µ‡qi ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨Î mwi‡q †bIqvi c~‡e© wewµ Ki‡Z ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Avgv‡ì wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| (gymwjg)

35) Be‡b Dgvi †_‡K ewY©Z| Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) eënv‡ivc‡hvMx bv nIqv ch©šÍ d‡ji †ePv-†Kbv wbwl× K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ‡µZv I we‡µZv Dfq‡KB wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó (gymwjg)

36) Rvwei (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) cvKvi c~‡e© dj wewµ Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó (gymwjg)

37) nhiZ Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) wb‡la K‡i‡Qb: evRv‡ii evB‡i wM‡q cYëvnx Kv‡djvi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q cY¨`ªe¨ µq-weµq Ki‡Z, kn‡ii Awaevmx‡K MÖvg¨ †jvK‡ì †Kvb wRwbm

41

wewµ K‡i w`‡Z, †Kvb bvix‡K Zvi †ev‡bi (Ab¨ bvixi) ZvjvK `vex Ki‡Z, bKj †µZv †m‡R Avmj †µZv‡K †auvKv w`‡Z, cïi cvjv‡b `ya Rgv K‡i †i‡L (†µZv‡K) cvjvb dzwj‡q †`Lv‡Z Ges †Kvb e¨w³‡K Aci e¨w³i `vg-`¯‘i Kivi Ici `vg-`¯‘i Ki‡Z| (gymwjg)

38) Be‡b Igi (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) bvRvk Ki‡Z (Lwi` Kivi D‡Ïk¨ e¨ZxZ Ah_v `i`vg K‡i g~j¨ e„w×) wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó (gymwjg)

39) ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒwbðqB µq-weµq cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi Ici wfwËkxj|Ó1

40) Avãyjøvn web Igi †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òµq-weµq I FY, GK weµ‡q `yB kZ©, SzuwK Qvov gybvdv Ges hv †bB Zv wewµ Kiv ˆea bq|Ó2

41) Av‡qkv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ÒAvj-LvivRy weRvgvbÓ - †jb‡`‡bi SzuwKi mv‡_ gybvdv m¤ú„³ (Avey `vD`)

AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq (evwK)42) Rvdi Be‡b Avwe Iqvnwkqvn BDmyd Be‡b gvwnj

n‡Z, wZwb nvwKg Be‡b wnhvg n‡Z eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒAvwg ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)-†K wR‡Ám Kijvg, †n Avjøvni ivm~j! Avgvi Kv‡Q G‡m GK e¨w³ Avgv‡K Ggb GKwU wRwbm Zvi Kv‡Q wewµ Ki‡Z ejj hv Avgvi Kv‡Q †bB| Avwg D³ wRwbm (hv †m wKb‡Z †P‡qwQj) Zvi Kv‡Q wewµ Kijvg| AZtci evRvi †_‡K Zvi Rb¨ wRwbmwU µq Kijvg (Zv‡K n¯ÍvšÍi Kijvg)| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, Òhv †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †bB Zv wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó3

43) Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) hLb g`xbvq G‡jb, wZwb ‡`L‡jb †jv‡Kiv dj GK ev `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ (eY©bvKvixi m‡›`n †h, GK ev `yB eQi ejv n‡qwQj bv `yB ev wZb eQi ejv n‡qwQj) dj AwMÖg ‡Kbv-†ePv Ki‡Q| bex Kixg (mvt)

1 dvZûj evwi, fwj-4, c„. 230|2 Be‡b Kz`vgv, Avj-gyNwb, fwj-4, c„. 176; b~i, G, Gg: c~‡e©v³, c„. 244; Avey `vD` I wZiwgwR|3 Avey `vD`: mybv‡b Avey `vD`, Bs‡iRx Abyev`, Avn¤§` nvmvb, Avkivd †cÖm, jv‡nvi, 1984, D×„Z Kvgvwj, gynv¤§` nvwkg: Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures and Options, Ilmiah Publishers, Kualampur, 2002, p. 112.

42

ej‡jb, Ò‡KD hw` †LRy‡ii Rb¨ AwMÖg A_© cÖ`vb K‡i (cieZx©‡Z †LRy‡ii mieivn †bIqvi k‡Z©), Zvn‡j †LRy‡ii wbw`©ó cwigvY, Gi wbw`©ó IRb I wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ A_© cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ|Ó (eyLvix)

44) Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb gviIqvb‡K ej‡jb, ÒAvcwb wK my‡ì Kvievi nvjvj K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|Ó gviIqvb ej‡jb, ÒAvwg †Zv Zv Kwiwb|Ó Avey ûivqiv (ivt) ej‡jb, ÒAvcwb †Zv ûwÛi eëmv nvjvj K‡i w`‡q‡Qb A_P ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Lv`¨`ª‡eï Ici wb‡Ri AwaKvi cy‡ivcywi cÖwZwôZ nIqvi c~‡e©B Zv wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó ivex e‡jb, ÒgviIqvb †jvK‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ fvlY w`j Ges Zv‡ì‡K G ai‡bi ‡jb‡`b Ki‡Z wb‡la Kij|Ó myjvBgvb Be‡b Bqvmvi e‡jb, ÒAZtci Avwg †`Ljvg, kvš¿¿xiv †jvK‡ì nvZ †_‡K ûwÛi KvMR¸‡jv †K‡o wb‡q wb‡”Q|Ó (gymwjg)

45) Av‡qkv (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Zvi †jŠn eg©wU GK Bû`xi Kv‡Q eÜK †i‡L av‡i Lv`¨-km¨ µq K‡iwQ‡jb|Ó (eyLvix)

46) Ò‡Kvb GK hy× †_‡K †divi c‡_ ivm~j (mvt) Rv‡ei (ivt) wbKU †_‡K evwK‡Z K~c µq K‡ib Ges g`xbvq †divi ci Zvi g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡ib|Ó (mnxn eyLvix, nv`xm bs 2255|)

47) Rvwei Be‡b Avãyjøvn †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Avgvi wbKU †`bv wQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi †`bv cwi‡kva Kivi mgq Avgv‡K wKQz AwZwi³ w`‡jb|Ó (mybvb Avey `vD`)

48) Rvwei web Avãyjøvn (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) wbKU †Mjvg; †m mg‡q wZwb gmwR‡` wQ‡jb| (wgmvÕi Gi aviYv, Rvwei `ycy‡ii c~‡e© gmwR‡` wM‡qwQ‡jb) bex (mvt) Avgv‡K `yÕ ivKvqvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡jb| †k‡l wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Q Avgvi hv cvIbv wQj Zv cwi‡kva Ki‡jb Ges AviI AwZwi³ cwigvY w`‡jb|Ó (eyLvix)

49) Av‡qkv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òevixiv G‡m ej‡jv, Avwg Avgvi gwb‡ei mv‡_ cÖwZeQi GK AvDwKqvn K‡i bq AvDwKqv cÖ`v‡bi (gva¨‡g gy³ nIqvi

43

Rb¨) Pzw³e× n‡qwQ| AZGe Avgv‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb|Ó (mnxn eyLvix)

50) ÒAÁvZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ evwK‡Z †ePv-‡Kbv êa bq|Ó1

51) Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡KD hw` bv †`‡L †Kvb wRwbm µq K‡i Zvn‡j wRwbmwU †`Lvi ci µq Pzw³ evwZj Kivi AwaKvi Zvi _vK‡e|Ó2

52) ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, ÒwZbwU wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ eiKZ i‡q‡Q, (Zvi GKwU n‡”Q) evwK‡Z †ePv-†Kbv|Ó (mybvb Be‡b gvRv)

my`µq-weµq msµvšÍ Dc‡iv³ nv`xm¸‡jv †_‡K ¯úó nq †h, mgRv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖx, gy`ªv ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi weavb n‡”Q 3 wU; †m¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1) gvbMZ mgZv ev Qualitative equality (wgmjvb wewgmwjb)2) cwigvYMZ mgZv ev Quantitative equality (mvIqvqvb

wemvIqvwqb)3) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq ev Reciprocal exchange (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b)

Avi AmgRv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖx, gy`ªv ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi weavb n‡”Q `yÕwU; †m¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1) cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z g~j¨ wba©viY ev Mutual consent (KvBdv wkÕZzg)

2) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq ev Reciprocal exchange (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b)

1 Be‡b nvhg, Avj-gynvjøv, êiæZ, L-9, c„: 627|2 D×„Z, Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 105|

44

†Kvb µq-weµ‡q D‡jøwLZ †Kvb weavb ev weavbmg~n jsNb Ki‡j †m µq-weµ‡q Aek¨B my` D™f‚Z n‡e| e¯‘Zt my` n‡”Q Ggb GK Pzw³ †hLv‡b µq-weµ‡q †Kvb GK c‡ÿi wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© I Av`vq Kiv nq hvi †Kvb g~j¨ Acicÿ †`q bv| GK K_vq, my` n‡”Q GK c‡ÿi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgqnxb e„w×| mgRv‡Zi e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î Dfq e¯‘i gvb mgvb bv n‡j e¯‘ `ywUi g~j¨ mgvb nq bv; GgbwK, Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z Dfq e¯‘i gvbMZ cv_©K¨ we‡ePbvq wb‡q G‡ì cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Kiv n‡jI G‡ì g~j¨ mgvb nIqv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv hvq bv| myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î GK c‡ÿi g~j¨ †ekx Aci c‡ÿi g~j¨ Kg n‡j GK c‡ÿi evowZ Ask nq wewbgqnxb e„w× ev wiev| Avi gvbMZ w`K †_‡K Dfq e¯‘ GK iKg nIqvi ci hw` GK cÿ †ekx †`q wKsev †ekx †bq Zvn‡j †mB evowZ Ask nq wewbgqnxb e„w× ev wiev| Avevi cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi kZ© jsNb K‡i GK cÿ hw` Zvi wba©vwiZ g~j¨ n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i wKš‘ Acicÿ Zvi wba©vwiZ g~j¨ n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡i Zvn‡j GK c‡ÿi †`qv cy‡iv g~jÜvB nq wewbgqnxb, myZivs wiev|Abyiƒcfv‡e AmgRv‡Zi cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mevi †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z g~j¨ wba©viY Kivi ci hw` †Kvb GK c‡ÿi wba©vwiZ g~‡jï Ici †Kvb evowZ avh© Kiv nq Ges Acicÿ †mB evowZ As‡ki `vg bv †`q Zvn‡j †mB evowZ Ask nq gvMbv e„w× ev wiev| GQvov cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi kZ© jsNb K‡i †avKv-cÖZviYv, Rei`w¯Í, ev Ac¯úóZvi Avkªq wb‡q `vg †ekx †bIqv n‡j †mB evowZ Ask nq cÖZviYv, Rei`w¯Í ev A¯úóZvi dj; Gi †Kvb wewbgq _v‡K bv; G‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) nv`x‡m G welq¸‡jvB wewfbœfv‡e eywS‡q‡Qb| D`vniY¯îƒc wb‡P wKQz nv`xm D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvtmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q my`

53. Avey wKjvev ‡_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb,..... ÒAvwg Zv‡K (Aveyj AvkAvm) ejjvg, Avgv‡ì fvB‡ì Kv‡Q Dev`v Be‡b mvwg‡Zi nv`xmwU eY©bv Kiæb|Ó .....wZwb (Aveyj AvkAvm) ej‡jb, ÒDev`v Be‡b mvwgZ D‡V ùvov‡jb Ges ej‡jb, ÒAvwg ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)-†K wb‡la Ki‡Z ï‡bwQ, Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y©, †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, h‡ei wewbg‡q he, †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi Ges je‡Yi wewbg‡q jeY †ePv-†Kbv Ki‡Z| Z‡e GKB êwkó¨ m¤úbœ Ges cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb, AvBbvb weAvBwbb) n‡j †Kvb †`vl †bB|

45

myZivs †h †ekx w`j wKsev wbj †m my‡` (my` LvIqvi Aciv‡a) wjß nj|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 342|)

54. Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y©, †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, h‡ei wewbg‡q he, †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi Ges je‡Yi wewbg‡q jeY cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (wgwmjvb wewgmwjb) Ges bM` (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡Z n‡e| myZivs †h e¨w³ ‡ekx w`j wKsev †ekx MÖnY Kij †m my`x Kviev‡i wjß n‡jv| MÖnYKvix I cÖ`vbKvix Df‡qB mgvb Acivax|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 345|)

55. Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, evwj©i wewbg‡q evwj© Ges je‡Yi wewbg‡q jeY cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (wgmjvb wewgmwjb) Ges bM` †jb‡`b (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b)** n‡Z n‡e| myZivs †h e¨w³ †ekx cÖ`vb Kij wKsev MÖnY Kij †m my`x Kviev‡i wjß n‡jv| wKš‘ wRwb‡mi †kªYxi g‡a¨ (AvjIqvbyû) cv_©K¨ _vK‡j ¯^Zš¿ K_v|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 346)

56. Avey ûivqiv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb, wgmjvb wewgmwjb)

Ges †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb (Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb, wgmjvb wewgmwjb)*** n‡j wewbg‡q †Kvb †`vl †bB| Z‡e †h e¨w³ †ekx w`j wKsev †ekx wbj †mB my‡ì Kvievi Kij|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 346|)

57. Be‡b Igi (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò`yB `xbv‡ii wewbg‡q GK `xbvi, `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg, `yB mvÕi wewbg‡q GK mvÕ wewµ K‡iv bv; KviY G‡Z †Zvgiv wigvq (wiev) RwoZ n‡q co‡e|Ó GK e¨w³ ùvwo‡q ejj, Ò†n Avjøvni ivm~j! †KD hw` GKvwaK †Nvovi wewbg‡q GKwU †Nvov wewµ K‡i Ges GKvwaK D‡Ui wewbg‡q GKwU DËgfv‡e cÖwZcvwjZ I cÖwkÿY cÖvß DU wewµ K‡i, †m e¨vcv‡i

wgmjvb wewgmwjb A_© n‡”Q gv‡b mgvb mgvb| Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Abyev` n‡”Q, cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b| `yB RvqMv‡ZB Av‡Q, Iqvhbvb weIqvhwbb I wgmjvb wewgmwjb; Gi Abyev` n‡”Q h_vµ‡g IR‡b mgvb mgvb Ges gv‡b mgvb mgvb|

46

Avcbvi gZ wK?Ó DË‡i wZwb ej‡jb, ÒG‡Z †Kvb ÿwZ †bB, hw` Zv nv‡Z nv‡Z** (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) nq|Ó1

58. Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) e‡jb, wejvj (ivt) DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi wb‡q Avm‡jb| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Zuv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb: ÒG¸‡jv †Kv_v ‡_‡K G‡b‡Qv?Ó wejvj (ivt) e‡jb, ÒAvgv‡ì Kv‡Q wKQz Lvivc †LRyi wQj| bex‡K (mvt) LvIqv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Gi GK mvÕ-Gi wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì `yB mvÕ (wbgœ gv‡bi) wewµ K‡iwQ|Ó ZLb ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, nvq! G‡Zv G‡Kev‡i my`| Giƒc K‡iv bv; eis hLb Zzwg (DËg) †LRyi Lwi` Ki‡Z PvI, ZLb †Zvgvi (Lvivc) †LRyi wfbœfv‡e wewµ (dv‡eÕû weevBwqb AvLviv) K‡i `vI| AZtci Zvi g~j¨ w`‡q G¸‡jv Lwi` Ki|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 353-354|)

59. Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) wbKU wKQz †LRyi Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡jv| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒG †LRyi †Zv Avgv‡ì (g`xbvi) †LRy‡ii gZ bq|Ó ZLb †jvKwU ej‡jv, Ò†n Avjøvni ivm~j! Gi GK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì †LRy‡ii `yB mvÕ wewµ K‡iwQ|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, ÒGUv †Zv my`| Kv‡RB GUv †diZ w`‡q `vI| AZtci Avgv‡ì †LRyi¸‡jv wewµ K‡i (Gi g~j¨ w`‡q) G¸‡jv Lwi` Ki|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 354)

60. Avey bvìvn †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg Be‡b AveŸvm‡K (ivt) †mvbv-iƒcvi (mid) wewbgq m¤ú‡K© wR‡Ám Kijvg|Ó wZwb wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒZv wK bM` bM`*

(Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) wewbgq? Avwg ejjvg, Ònu¨vÓ| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒG‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB|Ó Avwg Avey mvC` Lyìx‡K (ivt) G m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kijvg Ges ejjvg Avwg Be‡b AveŸvm‡K †mvbv-iƒcvi (mid) µq-weµq m¤^‡Ü wR‡Ám Kijvg| wZwb Avgvi Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb Zv bM` bM`* (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) wK bv? Avwg ejjvg, Ònu¨vÓ| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒZv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB|Ó Avey bvìvn e‡jb, ÒAvgvi K_v (AveŸvm iv-Gi gZ) ï‡b Avey mvC` (ivt) ej‡jbÓ, ÒAv”Qv, Avgiv AwP‡iB Zv‡K wjLe wZwb †hb †Zvgv‡ì GB d‡Zvqv bv ‡`b|Ó AZtci Avey mvC` e‡jb, ÒAvjøvni kc_! GK`v ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) †Kvb †Mvjvg Zuvi wbKU wKQz †LRyi wb‡q Av‡m| wKš‘ wZwb Zv

1 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„. 160|* Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© cvi¯úwiK wewbgq|

47

MÖnY Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvb Ges e‡jb, Òg‡b n‡”Q G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì GjvKvi †LRyi bq|Ó †MvjvgwU ej‡jv, ÒG eQi g`xbvq †LRy‡ii djb fvj nqwb Ges cÖvK…wZK ‡`vl c‡o‡Q, ZvB cyó nqwb| Avwg G¸‡jv A‡bï ‡_‡K wb‡qwQ Ges †h cwigvY MÖnY K‡iwQ, wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì †LRyi †_‡K Zvi †P‡q wKQz AwaK w`‡qwQ|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, ÒZzwg AwaK cÖ`vb K‡i my`x Kviev‡i wjß n‡qQ| Avi KLbI Giƒc †jb‡`‡bi Kv‡QI hv‡e bv| hLb Zzwg wb‡Ri †LRyi wb‡q m‡›`‡n cwZZ nI (Gi gvb wbY©‡q) ZLb Zv bM` g~‡j¨ wewµ K‡i `vI| AZtci GB A_© w`‡q †Zvgvi cQ›`mB †LRyi wK‡b bvI|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 355-356|)

61. Avey bvìvn †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg Be‡b Igi I Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt)-†K †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbvi (mid)**

wewbgq m¤ú‡K© wR‡Ám Kijvg| Zuviv Df‡qB G‡Z †Kvb †`vl g‡b K‡ib bv|Ó GK`v Avwg Avey mvC` Lyìxi (ivt) wbKU emv wQjvg| ÒAvwg Zuv‡K †mvbv-iƒcvi (mid) wewbgq m¤ú‡K© wR‡Ám Kijvg|Ó wZwb ej‡jb, Òhv AwZwi³ n‡e Zv my`|Ó Avwg Zuv‡ì `yÕR‡bi Awfg‡Zi ‡cÖwÿ‡Z Zvi G K_v †g‡b wb‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvjvg| Rev‡e wZwb ej‡jb, ÒAvwg †Kej †m K_vB †Zvgv‡K eje hv Avwg ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) Kv‡Q ï‡bwQ|Ó Zv n‡jv GB: ÒGK †LRyi evMv‡bi gvwjK DbœZ gv‡bi GK mvÕ †LRyi wb‡q Zuvi wbKU Avm‡jv A_P bex (mvt)-Gi †LRyi wQj wfbœ i‡½i|Ó bex (mvt) Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒZzwg G¸‡jv †Kv_vq †c‡qQ?Ó †m ej‡jv, ÒAvwg `yÕ mvÕ †LRyi wb‡q (evRv‡i) wM‡qwQjvg Ges Zv w`‡q GB GK mvÕ Liw` K‡iwQ| evRv‡i G¸‡jvi cÖPwjZ `vg GB Ges H¸‡jvi (DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi) cÖPwjZ `vg GB|Ó ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ej‡jb, Ò‡Zvgvi Ag½j †nvK! Zzwg †Zv my`x Kvievi K‡iQ| Zzwg hLb GiKg Ki‡Z PvI cÖ_‡g †Zvgvi ‡LRyi¸‡jv bM` g~‡j¨ (wewmjqv‡Z) wewµ K‡i `vI| AZtci †m g~j¨ w`‡q †Zvgvi cQ›`mB †LRyi Lwi` K‡i bvI|ÓAvey mvC` (ivt) e‡jb, Ò†LRy‡ii wewbg‡q (gv‡bi wfwË‡Z IR‡bi ZviZ‡g¨) †LRyi µq-weµq Kivi g‡a¨ my‡ì Dcv`vb _vKvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| A_ev †mvbvi wewbg‡q †mvbv

** mid-Gi evsjv A_© n‡”Q GKevi ejv n‡q‡Q †mvbv-iƒcvi wewbgq Avevi ejv n‡q‡Q †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbvi wewbgq| nv`xm `yÕwUi †k‡li As‡k hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv A_©vr mgRv‡Zi gy`ªv I A‡_©i wewbgq‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

48

(IR‡bi ZviZ‡g¨) †jb‡`b Kivi g‡a¨ my` _vKvUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK|Ó Avey bvìv e‡jb, Òc‡i Avwg Be‡b Ig‡ii Kv‡Q Avmjvg| wZwbI Avg‡K H iƒ‡c †Kbv‡ePv Ki‡Z wb‡la Ki‡jb| Z‡e Avwg Be‡b AveŸv‡mi (ivt) wbKU hvBwb|Ó Avey bvìvn e‡jb, Avey mvnevÕ Avgv‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒwZwb GB gvmqvjv m¤ú‡K© g°vq Be‡b AveŸv‡mi (ivt) Kv‡Q wR‡Ám K‡i‡Qb, wZwbI G ai‡bi µq-weµq Aby‡gv`b K‡ibwb|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 356-357)

62. ekxi Be‡b Bqvmvi †_‡K Zuvi KwZcq cÖwZ‡ekx Ges ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) mvnvex m~‡Î ewY©Z, Zv‡ì GKRb n‡jb mvnj Be‡b Avey nvmgv (ivt), Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) ïK‡bv †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q ZvRv †LRyi wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb, GUv my`wfwËK †jb‡`b Ges GUvB n‡”Q †gvhvevbv|Ó (gymwjg)

63. GK e¨w³ GK mvÕ fvj †LRyi w`‡q `yB mvÕ Lvivc †LRyi µq Ki‡j ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Zv‡K ej‡jb, ÔZzwg my` wb‡qQ, KviY, Zzwg wØ¸Y K‡iQ|Õ1

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ evwK µq-weµ‡q my`64.Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn

(mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Zvgv‡ì †KD hw` KvD‡K FY `vI AZtci FYMÖnxZv hw` Zv‡K Lvevi mv‡a, FY`vZvi Zv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ bq; FYMÖnxZv hw` FY`vZv‡K Zvi cï-evn‡b ågY Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡Z DVv FY`vZvi DwPZ bq| hw` Zviv c~e© †_‡K ci¯úi Abyiƒc AvbyK~j¨ wewbg‡q Af¨¯Í bv nq| (mybvb Avj evqnvwK)

65.Avey eyi`v Be‡b Avwe g~mv (ivt) ‡_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg g`xbvq Gjvg Ges Avãyjøvn Be‡b mvjvg Gi mv‡_ mvÿvZ Kijvg| wZwb ej‡jb, ÒZzwg Ggb GK †`‡k evm Ki, †hLv‡b my‡ì †jb‡`b e¨vcK| myZivs †KD hw` †Zvgvi wbKU FYx _v‡K Ges †Zvgv‡K GK †evSv Lo, wKQz evwj© ev GK AvuwU ï®‹ Z…Y Dcnvi †`q Zvn‡j Zzwg Zv MÖnY Ki‡e bv, KviY Zv wiev|Ó (eyLvix)

66.Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†Zvgv‡ì †KD hw` Ab¨‡K avi †`q Zvn‡j †Kvb

1 D×„Z, ev`vex, cÖv¸³, c„. 50|

49

Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠKb MÖnY Kiv Zvi DwPZ bq|Ó (evqnvwK m~‡Î wgkK¡vZ; gybZvKv, Be‡b ZvBwgqv|)

67.ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒFY †Kvb myweav e‡q Avb‡j Zv wiev|Ó1

68.dv`vjvn Be‡b Dev‡q` e‡j‡Qb, ÒFY †_‡K AvüZ (derived) myweav n‡”Q my‡ì wewfbœ ai‡bi GKwU|Ó (mybvb Avj-evqnvwK)

AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ evwK µq-weµ‡q my`69.gvwjK Be‡b AvIm Be‡b Bebyj nv`vmvb (ivt) †_‡K

ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg ej‡Z ej‡Z Avmjvg, †K (Avgvi ¯^‡Y©i mv‡_) wìnvg wewbgq Ki‡e? ZLb Igi Bebyj LvËve (ivt) Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|Ó Zvjnv Be‡b Dev‡q` ej‡jb, Ò†Zvgvi ¯^Y© Avgv‡ì †`LvI Ges (c‡i GK mg‡q) Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q Avm| c‡i hLb Avgv‡ì Lv‡`g Avm‡e ZLb †Zvgv‡K †Zvgvi wìnvg w`‡q wè|Ó Igi Bebyj LvËve (ivt) ej‡jb, ÒKÿ‡bv bv! Avjøvni kc_| nq‡Zv Zzwg GLbB Zv‡K (wìnvg) †iŠc¨ w`‡q `vI A_ev Zvi ¯^Y© Zv‡K †diZ `vI| †Kbbv, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ bM` bM` Ges nv‡Z nv‡Z (nvÕqv Iqv nvÕqv) wewµ bv n‡j my‡` cwiYZ n‡e| M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, bM` bM`, nv‡Z nv‡Z (nvÕqv Iqv nvÕqv) bv n‡j my` n‡e Ges †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi bM` bM` I nv‡Z nv‡Z (nvÕqv Iqv nvÕqv) bv n‡j ZvI my‡` cwiYZ n‡e|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 341|)

70.Aveyj wgbnvj †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvgvi GK Askx`vi nR¡ gImy‡g A_ev n‡R¡i w`b¸‡jv‡Z g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© wKQz iƒcv av‡i wewµ Kij| AZtci †m Avgvi wbKU Avmj Ges Avgv‡K AewnZ Kij|Ó Avwg ejjvg, Ò†Zvgvi GB †jb‡`b evwÃZ bq|Ó †m ejj, ÒAvwg Zv evRv‡i wewµ Kijvg| wKš‘ †KD Avgvi G Kv‡R AvcwË K‡iwb|Ó AZtci Avwg evivAv Be‡b Avwh‡ei (ivt) Kv‡Q G‡m Zuv‡K G e¨vcv‡i wR‡Ám Kijvg| Rev‡e wZwb ej‡jb, Òbex (mvt) (wnRiZ K‡i) g`xbvq Avm‡jb| ZLb Avgiv G ai‡bi †ePv-†Kbv KiZvg|Ó wZwb e‡jb, ÒG ai‡bi µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ †hUv nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` n‡e (Bqv`vb

1 b~i, G, Gg, cÖv¸³, c„. 252|

50

weBqvw`b)* Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †`vl †bB| wKš‘ †h (†jb‡`b) av‡i n‡e (bvmxqvZvb) Zv wiev| ÒZ‡e Zzwg (e¨vcviwU) hv‡q` Be‡b AviKv‡gi (ivt) wbKU wM‡q wR‡Ám K‡i bvI| †Kbbv, wZwb Avgvi †P‡q eo eëmvqx| AZGe, Avwg Zuvi wbKU G‡m Zv‡K wR‡Ám Kijvg| wZwbI Abyiƒc K_v ej‡jb|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 347|)

Bqv`vb weBqvw`b71.ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òhv nv‡Z nv‡Z Zv‡Z †Kvb

†`vl †bB; wKš‘ hv bvmxqv Zv wiev|Ó (gymwjg)72.ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ònv‡Z nv‡Z n‡j Zv‡Z wiev nq

bv|Ó1

73.Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) †_‡K Dmvgv Be‡b hv‡q` (ivt) m~‡Î ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, Ò(gy`ªv I `ªe¨-mvgMÖxi) wewbgq bM` bM` (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) n‡j Zv‡Z my` n‡e bv|Ó* (gymwjg, c„. 359|)

bvmxqv/bvmxqvZvb74.Avey mv‡jn (hvBivZ) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg

Avey mvC`‡K (ivt) ej‡Z ï‡bwQ| `xbv‡ii wewbg‡q `xbvi Ges wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q wìnvg, mgvb mgvb (wgmjvb wewgmwjb) wewµ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †h ‡KD †ekx wbj ev w`j †m my‡ì Kvievi Kij|Ó Avey mv‡jn e‡jb, ÒZLb Avwg Zv‡K ejjvg, Be‡b AveŸvm †Zv Gi wecixZ e‡jb|Ó Rev‡e Avey mvC` (ivt) e‡jb, ÒAvwg Be‡b AveŸv‡mi mv‡_ mvÿvZ Kijvg Ges Zv‡K ejjvg, ÒAvcwb †h K_vwU ej‡Qb Zv wK Avcwb ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) Kv‡Q ï‡b‡Qb, bv gnvb civµgkvjx Avjøvni wKZv‡e †c‡q‡Qb?Ó DË‡i wZwb ej‡jb, ÒGi †KvbwUB bq| Avwg Zv ivm~jyjøvni (mvt) Kv‡QI ïwbwb Ges Avjøvni wKZv‡eI cvBwb| eis Avgv‡K Dmvgv Be‡b hv‡q` (ivt) eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, Òbex (mvt)

* g~j Aviex‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Òjv wievb dxgv Kvbv Bqv`vb weBqvw`bÓ- Gi A_© nq, hv nv‡Z nv‡Z Zv‡Z wiev †bB| A_©vr wewbgq cvi¯úwiK n‡j ev `vg w`‡q wb‡j Zv‡Z wiev nq bv|1 gymwjg, bvmvC; D×„Z, Pvciv, cÖv¸³, c„. 237|

51

e‡j‡Qb, †KejgvÎ av‡ii (bvmxqv‡Z) †ÿ‡ÎB my` nq|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 357-358|)

75.AvZv Be‡b Avey ivevn †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Avey mvC` Ly`ix (ivt) Be‡b AveŸv‡mi (ivt) mv‡_ mvÿvZ K‡ib| wZwb Zuv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, (gy`ªv Ges `ªe¨-mvgMÖxi) †jb‡`b m¤ú‡K© wK ej‡Qb? Avcwb wK Zv ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Kv‡Q ï‡b‡Qb, bv wK wKQz Avjøvni wKZv‡e †c‡q‡Qb?Ó DË‡i Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) ej‡jb, ÒGi †KvbwU Avwg ewj bv| Avcbviv †Zv ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) †K AwaK †ekx Rv‡bb| Avi Avjøvni wKZve ZvI Avwg AwaK †ekx Rvwb bv| Avgv‡K eis Dmvgv Be‡b hv‡q` (ivt) Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡R‡b ivL! †KejgvÎ F‡Yi (bvmxqv‡Z) mv‡_ my`x †jb‡`b m¤ú„³|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 359-360|)

76.Devq`yjøvn Be‡b Bqvhx` †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb Be‡b AveŸvm‡K (ivt) ej‡Z ï‡b‡Qb, ÒDmvgv Be‡b hv‡q` (ivt) Avgv‡K AewnZ K‡i‡Qb †h, bex (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡KejgvÎ F‡Yi (bvmxqv‡Z) mv‡_ my`x †jb‡`b m¤ú„³|Ó (gymwjg, c„. 359|)

77.Dmvgv Be‡b hv‡q` (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òbvmxqv e¨ZxZ wiev nq bv|Ó (eyLvix, wKZveyj eyq~, gymwjg I gymb‡` Avng`|)

78.ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒwbðqB wiev n‡”Q bvmxqv‡Z|Ó

cÖZviYv79.ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖZviYv K‡i `vg e„w× Kiv

n‡j ewa©Z AskUzKz Zvi Rb¨ wiev nq|Ó80.Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK ‡_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)

e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb gymZvimvj‡K (evRvi m¤ú‡K© AbewnZ e¨w³) VKv‡bv n‡”Q wiev|Ó (mybvb Avj-evqnvwK m~‡Î myq~wZ KZ…©K Zuvi Rvwg Avj mMxi G D×„Z|

Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi wecixZ A_© eySv‡bvi Rb¨ bvmxqv/bvmxqvZvb e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q; Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© bM` wewbgq n‡j bvmxqv ev bvmxqvZvb A_© evwK wewbgq n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© hw` cvi¯úwiK wewbgq nq Zvn‡j bvmxqv/bvmxqvZvb A_© n‡e cvi¯úwiK wewbgq bv Kiv ev wewbgq bv w`‡q †bIqv| Bqv`vb weBqvw`b wel‡q Av‡jvPbvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

52

mydvwik81.Avey Dgvgvn (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)

e‡j‡Qb, Ò†KD hw` Zvi †Kvb fvB‡qi Rb¨ mycvwik K‡i; AZtci Zvi ‡Ìqv †Kvb Dcnvi/Dc‡XŠKb MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j †m my‡ì eo eo ìRvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb GKwU ìRv w`‡q my‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek Kij|Ó (gymbv‡` Avng` I Avey `vD`|)

BRve82.Ò‡h BRv‡e wjß nq †m my` Lvq|Ó (BRve n‡”Q dj cvKv

ïiæ nIqvi c~‡e© dj wewµ Kiv|) (D×„Z, ev`vex, cÖv¸³, c„. 32|)

bvwRk83.Avãyjøvn Be‡b Avwe AvIdv n‡Z ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn

(mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒbvwRk (wbjv‡g WvK evov‡bvi Rb¨ †h `vjvj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i) n‡”Q Awfkß my`‡Lvi|Ó (Zveivwbi Avj Kexi †_‡K Be‡b nvRvi Avj-AvmKvjvwb Zuvi dZûj evwi Ges myq~wZ Zuvi Rwg Avj mMx‡i D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|)

gvbnvwb84.mvC` Be‡b hv‡q` †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)

e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb gymjgv‡bi gvb-m¤§vb nvwbKi Ab¨vq wKQz ejv n‡”Q my‡ì me©vwaK cÖPwjZ ai‡bi GKwU|Ó (mybvb Avey `vD`)

GK wW‡j `yB `vg85.Be‡b gvmy` e‡jb, ÒGK wW‡j `yB `vg my` Rb¥ †`q|Ó1

86.Avey ûivqiv †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡h GK †jb‡`‡b `yB weµq K‡i Zvi DwPZ †Kej g~jUv (Principal) MÖnY Kiv, Ab¨_vq †m my` Lvq|Ó2

wb‡lavÁv87.Rvwei Be‡b Avãyjøvn bexi (mvt) we`vq n‡R¡i weeiY

w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) †jvK‡ì m‡¤^vab 1 B, Gg, b~i, cÖv¸³, c„. 244|2 kIKvwb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 162, D×„Z, H|

53

K‡i ej‡jb, ÒRvwnwjq¨vZ hy‡Mi mKj my` evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| me© cÖ_g Avwg Avgv‡ì wiev evwZj KiwQ, Zv n‡”Q AveŸvm Be‡b Avãyjøvni (bex Kix‡gi mvt PvPv) cvIbv my`| Zv m¤ú~Y© evwZj Kiv n‡jv|Ó3

my‡ì Bn-ciKvjxb djvdj I cwiYwZ88. Avey ûivqiv (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)

e‡j‡Qb, gvby‡li Rb¨ Aek¨B Ggb GKwU mgq Avm‡e hLb cÖ‡Z¨‡KB my` MÖnY Ki‡e| Avi †KD hw` my` MÖnY bv K‡i Zvn‡j my‡ì a~jv n‡jI Zvi Kv‡Q †cuŠQ‡e|Ó (Avey `vD`, Be‡b gvRvn)

89. Avãyjøvn Be‡b gvmD` (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) my` MÖnYKvix I my` cÖ`vbKvix Dfq‡KB Awfm¤úvZ K‡i‡Qb|Ó AvjKvgv e‡jb, ÒAvwg ejjvg Gi †jLK I mvÿxØq?Ó Avãyjøvn (ivt) ej‡jb, ÒAvgiv ïay GZUzKz eje hv ï‡bwQ|Ó (gymwjg, 360|)

90. Rvwei (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) my` MÖnYKvix, my` cÖ`vbKvix Ges Gi wnmve (ev Pzw³cÎ) wjLK Ges Gi mvÿxØq mevB‡K Awfm¤úvZ K‡i‡Qb| Giv mevB mgvb Acivax|Ó1

91. Be‡b gvmy` (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òmy‡ì cwigvY hw` Lye †ekxI nq, Zvn‡jI †kl ch©šÍ Zv AwZ bMY¨ I Zz”Q n‡Z eva¨|Ó (Be‡b gvRvn, gymbv‡` Avng`|)

92. ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvcvZ`„wó‡Z g‡b nq my` (wfwËK A_©bxwZ) mg„w× Av‡b, wKš‘ my‡ì P~ovšÍ cwiYwZ n‡”Q Afve Ges ms‡KvPb|Ó (gymbv‡` Avng`)

93. ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òwhbv I my` RvwZ‡K aŸs‡mi w`‡K †V‡j †`q|Ó (gymbv‡` Avng`)

94. Avãyjøvn Be‡b nvbhvjv (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| Òivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡jb, †R‡b-ï‡b my‡ì GKwU wìnvg MÖnY Kiv QwÎkevi †hbv Kivi †P‡qI RNb¨|Ó2 evqnvwK wb‡P D‡jøwLZ Askmn nv`xmwU ïÕqve Avj-Cgv‡b

3 gymwjg: wKZveyj nR¡, gymbv‡` Avng`, D×„Z, Pvciv, Gg, Igi, cÖv¸³, c„. 236|1 (gymwjg, c„. 360), gymbv‡` Avng`; D×„Z, Pvciv, Gg Igi, Dc‡iv³, c„. 237|2 wgkK¡vZ Avj-gvmvwen, wKZve Avj-eyq~, eveyj-wiev, gymbv‡` Avng` I `vivKzZwb m~‡Î; D×„Z, Pvciv, Gg Igi, Dc‡iv³, c„. 237|

54

D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, ÒAb¨vq fÿ‡Yi Øviv hvi kix‡i †Mv¯Í ‰Zix n‡q‡Q Zvi Rb¨ ‡`vRLB Dchy³ ¯’vb|Ó

95. Avey ûivqiv (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òwgiv‡Ri iv‡Z Avwg Ggb wKQz †jv‡Ki †`Lv †cjvg hv‡ì †cU N‡ii gZ Ges †cU¸‡jv mv‡c fwZ© hv evB‡i †_‡K †`Lv hvw”Qj| Avwg RxeªvBj‡K (Avt) wR‡Ám Kijvg, Giv Kviv?Ó DË‡i wZwb ej‡jb, ÒGiv n‡”Q †mB me †jvK hviv my` MÖnY KiZ|Ó (Be‡b gvRvn|)

96. ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒPvi †kªYxi †jvK‡K Avjøvn hyw³ m½Z Kvi‡YB †e‡nk‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z w`‡eb bv; GgbwK, †e‡nk‡Zi myMÜI Zviv cv‡e bv| hviv Af¨vmemZ g` cvb K‡i, hviv my` Lvq, hviv BqvZx‡gi m¤ú` AwaKvi Qvov Ab¨vqfv‡e †fvM K‡i Ges hviv wcZv-gvZvi cÖwZ KZ©e¨ Ae‡njv K‡i|Ó (gymZvìvK, Avj nvwKg|)

97. Avey ûivqiv (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òwievi mËiwU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q; Gi g‡a¨ me †P‡q Kg g›`wU n‡”Q, wbR gv‡qi mv‡_ †hbv Kivi mgvb|Ó (Be‡b gvRvn)

98. Be‡b gvm~` m~‡Î nvwKg †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òmy‡ì †ZqvËiwU aib i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kg g›`wU n‡”Q, wbR gv‡qi mv‡_ †hbv Kivi mgvb; gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ ‡h my`x Kvievi K‡i †m cvMj|Ó

99. Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvj-KziAv‡bi me©‡kl bvwhjK…Z AvqvZ n‡”Q, wiev msµvšÍ AvqvZ|Ó1

100.Igi Be‡b LvËve (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Òmy` msµvšÍ AvqvZ bvwhj n‡q‡Q me©‡k‡l; Avi ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) G wel‡q Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q cy‡ivcywi e¨vL¨v Kivi c~‡e© Avjøvn Zuv‡K wb‡q †M‡Qb| myZivs †Zvgiv my` cwiZ¨vM Ki Avi hv m‡›`nRbK ZvI cwinvi Ki|Ó (Be‡b gvRvn)

101.Igi Be‡b LvËve e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvjøvni ivm~j (mvt) hw` wZbwU wel‡q ¯úó e¨vL¨v †ck Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j Zv Avgvi Kv‡Q c„w_ex Ges Zvi ga¨w¯’Z hveZxq e¯‘ A‡cÿv

1 eyLvix, fwj-6, wKZve-60, bs 67|

55

AwaK wcÖq n‡Zv| welq wZbwU n‡”Q, Kvjvjv, wiev I wLjvdv|Ó (mybvb Avj-Be‡b gvRvÕ)

Acivci a‡g©i `„wó‡Z my`Avjvni me©‡kl bex I ivm~j gynv¤§` (mvt) Gi Ici bvwhjK…Z gnvMÖš’ Avj-KziAv‡b my` wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j mvaviYfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq †h, †Kej Bmjv‡gB my` wbwl×| wKš‘ G K_v Av‡`Š mwVK bq; eis cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K `ywbqvq Hkx ag© wn‡m‡e cÖPvwiZ mKj a‡g©B my` wbwl× wQj| G cÖm‡½ cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i kixqvn& Avcx‡jU †e‡Âi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wePvicwZ IqvwRDÏxb Avng` †eÂ KZ…©K my‡`i wei“‡× cÖ`Ë iv‡q ms‡hvwRZ Zuvi gš—‡e¨ e‡j‡Qb, “the notion is practically as old as civilization itself, “Quranic prohibition against riba, in the background of pre-existing restrictions applicable to Ahle-Kitab (people of the scripture i.e. Jews and Christians), for “there is no change in religion” (Al-Quran), which, evolutionary processes and man-made deviations apart, has remained the same since Adam, was gradual, first as pointers and then as the strictest of the commandments.”1

1 SLR, Feb. 2000, Lahore, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 7-8.

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e¯‘Zt Av`g (Avt) wQ‡jb c„w_ex‡Z emevmKvix cÖ_g gvbyl; Avi wZwb wQ‡jb Avjvni bexI| AZtci hy‡M hy‡M †`‡k †`‡k Avjvn AmsL¨ bex-ivm~j cvwV‡q‡Qb| Zuviv mK‡jB †mB GKB Avjvni Øxb cÖPvi I cªwZôvq msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| myZivs Avw` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj hy‡M mKj bex-ivm~‡ji cÖPvwiZ Øx‡b my` wbwl× wQj GUvB ¯^vfvweK|

wKš‘ mKj bex-ivm~‡ji Kv‡Q bvwhjK…Z Avjvni MÖš’ msiw¶Z †bB; AvR‡Ki w`‡b †h KqwU MÖš’‡K Hkx MÖš’ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ Avj-KziAvbB A¶Z I AweK…Z Ae¯’vq gIRy` Av‡Q; GQvov Ab¨vb¨ me KqwU MÖ‡š’B Avjvni evYxi mv‡_ gvby‡li K_vi mswgkªY NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Zvi c‡iI Gme MÖš’ †_‡K hZUzKz Rvbv hvq Zv‡Z Bû`x ag© MÖš’, L„óªvb ag© MÖš’ I wn›`y ag© MÖ‡š’ my` wbwl× wQj e‡j wbwðZfv‡e ejv hvq| wePvicwZ IqvwRDÏxb Avng` e‡j‡Qb, “While evidence of such transactions is found reflected, and perhaps not approved except with reservations, in the Code of Hammurabi (1712-1750) of the Babylonian era, the practice was either controlled or consistently disapproved in the religious precepts and teachings of Hinduism (Code of Manu), Judaism and Christianity.”1 wb‡P G msµvš— Z_¨ †ck Kiv n‡jvt

Bû`x a‡g© my` wbwl×ewb BmivBj‡ì g‡a¨ Avjvn eû msL¨K bex †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb; GB bex‡ì (Avt) Kv‡Q Avjvn †ek KqwU MÖš’I bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| g~mv (Avt) Ici bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb ZIivZ Ges `vD` (Avt) Gi Ici bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb heyi| Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q bvwhjK…Z MÖ‡š’ my` wbwl× wQj| GQvov, Bû`x‡ì †gŠwjK AvBb MÖš’ ÔZvjg~`Õ Ges ÔwgkbvnÕ-‡Z Bû`x‡ì my`x †jb‡`b Ki‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q; GgbwK, Bû`x‡ì g‡a¨ ci¯úi my` ‡jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv, M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Kiv A_ev mv¶x n‡ZI wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q|2 g~mvi (Avt) Kv‡Q bvwhjK…Z ZIiv‡Zi 5wU cy¯—‡Ki g‡a¨ 3wU‡ZB my` wbwl×KiY msµvš— AvqvZ cvIqv hvq; †m¸‡jv n‡”Q t

1| †jwfwUKvm (Leviticus) t 25 t 35-37 (ZIivZ)“If your brother meets with difficult times, you shall give him shelter and lodging, though he be a stranger or a sojourner, that he may live with you. Do not exact from him any 1 Dc‡iv³|2 Hassan, Mahbob ul: An Explanation of Rationale behind the Prohibition of Riba in the Dotrines of three major Religions with special reference to Islam, [email protected], o. 75.

57


interest (riba) over and above that which you have spent on him. You have the anger of God to fear. See to it that your brother has freedom to live with you. It is not permissible for you to receive interest (riba) on what you spend, or what you write off.”1

Ò‡Zvgvi fvB hw` `~tmg‡q wbcwZZ nq Zvn‡j Zzwg Zv‡K Avkªq †`‡e, †m hw` weRvZxq nq A_ev AwZw_ nq ZeyI| Zv‡K †Zvgvi mv‡_ evm Ki‡Z `vI| Avi Zvi Rb¨ hv wKQy e¨q Ki‡e Zvi Ici my` MÖnY Ki‡e bv| cÖfy‡K fq Ki| †Zvgvi fvB-Gi AwaKvi Av‡Q ‡Zvgvi mv‡_ evm Kivi| Zzwg hv LiP Ki ev gvd K‡i `vI, Zvi Ic‡i my` MÖnY Kiv êa bq|Ó (‡jwfwUKvm-G eëüZ kã n‡”Q UviweU A_ev gviweU: Gi A_© n‡”Q FY`vZv KZ…©K F‡Yi Ici Av`vqK…Z my`|)

2| Exodus-22 t 24 (ZIivZ)Ò‡Zvgiv hw` Avgvi †Kvb †jvK‡K A_© avi `vI hviv Mixe, Z‡e †Zvgiv Zvi DËgY© gnvRb n‡e bv Ges Zvi KvQ †_‡K my` Av`vq Ki‡e bv|Ó2

3| Deuteronomy t 23 t 19-20 (ZIivZ) Ò‡Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì ¯^RvZxq fvB‡K my‡` avi w`‡e bv - A‡_©i Ici my`, Lv`¨-mvgMÖxi Ici my` Ges †h †Kvb wRwbm hv avi †Ìqv nq, Zvi Ic‡i my`|Ó3

Bû`x‡ì Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ Avjvni bex `vD` (Avt) †K †Ìqv n‡qwQj heyi wKZve| Bû`xiv GB MÖš’‡K e‡j ÔmvgmÕ| GB MÖ‡š’I my` wbwl× Kivi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|

4| Psalms : 15: 1, 2,5ÒcÖfy! Avcbvi Zvey‡Z ¯’vb cv‡e †K? Avcbvi cweÎ ce©Z wMwi‡Z †K evm Ki‡e? ‡h b¨vq c‡_ P‡j, c~‡Yï KvR K‡i Ges me©všÍKi‡Y mZ¨ K_v e‡j; †h Zvi A_© my‡` LvUvq bv A_ev wbixn †jvK‡ì KvQ †_‡K Nyl MÖnY K‡i bv|Ó4

5| Proverbs : 28 : 8

1 D×„Z, Bgivb, G, †nv‡mBb, The Prohibition of Riba in the Quran and Sunnah, p. 64|2 D×„Z, gyt kixd ûmvBb I Gm, Gg, nvweeyi ingvb, Bmjvgx e¨vsK wK I †Kb, evsjv Abyw`Z, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjt, c„: 86|3 D×„Z, gyt kixd ûmvBb I Gm, Gg, nvweeyi ingvb, Dc‡iv³, c„: 86|4 D×„Z, ZwK Imgvbx, c~‡e©v³ c„. 23|

58

Ò‡h my` Ges Ab¨vq DcvR©‡bi Øviv Zvi m¤ú`-m¤úwË e„w× K‡i, †m Zv wb‡Ri Rb¨ cywÄf~Z K‡i hv `wi`ª‡ì `y`©kv evovq|Ó1

6| Nehemiah: 5 : 7ÒAZtci Avwg we‡e‡Ki mv‡_ eySvcov K‡iwQ Ges m¤£vš—‡ì fr©mbv K‡iwQ Ges Zv‡ì bxwZ-eë¯’v‡KI; Zv‡ì e‡jwQ, †Zvgiv Rei`w¯— my` Av`vq Ki, Zvi me fvB †_‡K Ges Avwg Zv‡ì wei“‡× GK gnv-m‡¤§j‡bi eë¯’v ‡i‡LwQ|Ó2

ewb BmivB‡ji wbKU †cÖwiZ Avjvni Avi GK bex wQ‡jb hyjwKdj, hv‡K Gwh‡Kj ejv nq| Zvi Kv‡Q Avjvn †h weavb bvwhj K‡ib Zv‡ZI my` wbwl× wQj| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib hyjwKdj GKRb Avi Gwh‡Kj Avi GKRb bex wQ‡jb|

7| Ezekiel : 18 : 8a) Ò‡h my‡` avi †`q bv Ges my` MÖnYI K‡i bv, †h Lvivc

KvR †_‡K weiZ _v‡K, †h weev`gvb c‡¶i g‡a¨ b¨vqcivqYZvi mv‡_ gxgvsmv K‡i †`q, †h Avgvi wb‡`©wkZ c‡_ P‡j Ges Avgvi wewa-wb‡la cwicvj‡b hZœevb nq, †mB n‡”Q cyYëvb, wbðqB †m cwiÎvY jvf Ki‡e, ej‡jb m`v cÖfy|Ó3

b) Ezekiel : 22 : 12ÒGLv‡b Zviv i³cvZ Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡UŠKb MÖnY K‡i‡Q, Zviv my` †L‡q‡Q Ges e„w× Av`vq K‡i‡Q, Zviv †jvfvZzi I ¯^v_©ci n‡q †Rvi c~e©K cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì m¤ú` †K‡o wb‡q‡Q Ges Zviv Avgv‡K fy‡j †M‡Q, ej‡jb m`v cÖfy|Ó4

L„óvb a‡g© my` wbwl×Cmv (Avt) wQ‡jb Avjvni bex| L„óvbMY Zv‡K hxï L„ó e‡j _v‡K| Zuvi Kv‡Q bvwhjK…Z MÖš’ The Gospel of Jesus-†Z my` wbwl× wQj|

a) Gospel of St. Luke : 6 : 35Òbv, †Zvgv‡ì kÎ“‡ì Aek¨B fvjevm‡e Ges Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡e; Ges Zv‡ì avi w`‡e Z‡e †Kvb wewbgq †b‡e bv; Avi †Zvgiv ÔAwZ eoÕ cyi¯‹vi jvf Ki‡e| Avi †Zvgv‡ì Ae¯’vb n‡e ÔAwZ 1D×„Z, ZwK Imgvbx, Dc‡iv³, c„t 23|2 D×„Z, ZwK Imgvbx, cÖv¸³, c„t 24|3 D×„Z, ZwK Imgvbx, Dc‡iv³, c„t 24|4 D×„Z, ZwK Imgvbx, c„t 24|

59

D‡”PÕ| †Kbbv wZwb eoB `qvkxj, GgbwK, AK…ZÁ I cvcx‡ì cÖwZI|Ó1

Avevi ejv n‡q‡Q, Òavi `vI, Zvi wewbg‡q wKQz Avkv bv K‡iÓ (Lend, hopping for nothing again)|2

b) Gospel of St. Mathew : 21 : 12-13Òhxï Avjvni N‡i (gmwRy`j AvKmv) cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb Ges †mLv‡b hv wKQy †ePv‡Kbv nw”Qj Zv me evB‡i Quy‡o †d‡j w`‡jb Ges A_© wewbgqKvix‡ì †Uwej¸‡jv Dwë‡q †dj‡jb (hviv gvby‡li m¤ú` †kvlY (ripping off) K‡i wbw”Qj) Ges ej‡jb, ÒGUv wjwLZ Av‡Q †h, Avgvi N‡i Gev`Z Kiv n‡e, wKš‘ †Zvgiv G‡K †Pvi‡ì AvÇvLvbv evwb‡q wb‡qQ|Ó

ÒD‡jL¨ †h, ZrKv‡j `yB iK‡gi gy`ªv cÖPwjZ wQj| GK ai‡bi gy`ªv wQj ag© wbi‡c¶ †ivgvb gy`ªv; Gi Ici †ivgvb mgªv‡Ui g~wZ© †Lv`vB Kiv wQj; GRb¨ gmwR‡ì †fZ‡i e‡m G gy`ªv †jb‡`b Kiv êa wQj bv| Avi wØZxq cÖKvi gy`ªv wQj hvi Ici ‡Kvb Qwe wQj bv| A_© wewbgqKvixiv GB Dfq gy`ªv ci¯úi wewbgq KiZ Ges gvbyl‡K cÖZviYv K‡i (†iwkI Kg-‡ekx K‡i) jvfevb n‡Zv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GUv wQj my`| GRb¨ hxï Gi wei“‡× K_v e‡j‡Qb|Ó3

wn›`y a‡g© my` wbwl×a) wn›`y a‡g© ÔgbyÕ-Gi (2q kZvãx, AD) wewagvjvq my`

†jb‡`b A‰ea ev wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|4

b) ‡e` t (2000-1400 BC) †e‡` Kzlxw›`be (my`‡Lvi) kãwU †ek K‡qKevi D‡jL Av‡Q| Gi Øviv FYMÖnxZv KZ…©K my` MÖnY‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

c) m~Î t (900-100 BC) G‡Z evi evi Ges we¯Z…Zfv‡e my‡ì cÖm½ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

d) fvwmkLv t Z`vbxš—b Kv‡ji GKRb cÖL¨vZ wn›`y AvBb cÖ‡YZv GKwU we‡kl AvBb cÖYqY K‡ib; G‡Z eªv²Y I LÎxq‡ì Rb¨ my` LvIqv wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj|

1 D×„Z, Bgivb, Gg, †nv‡mBb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 69|2 D×„Z, AvdRvjyi ingvb, B‡KvbwgK WKwUªbm Ae Bmjvg, 3q LÛ, c„: 21|3 Bgivb, Gb, †nvmvBb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 70-71|4 wePvicwZ IqvwRDÏxb, cÖv¸³, c„t 8|

60

cÖvPxb wn›`y mgv‡R GKwU cÖev` Pvjy wQj †h, ÒbM‡”Qr ïwÛKvqjsÓ; A_©vr my`‡Lv‡ii evox‡Z †h‡qv bv|

ey× a‡g© my` wbwl×ÔRvZvKvmÕ-G (600-400 BC) (ey× a‡g©) my`‡K N„Yv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges my`‡Lvi‡ì ÔfÛ Zc¯^xÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q, “hypocritical ascetics are accused of practicing it.”

nv¤§yivwe t cÖvPxb †eexj‡b nv¤§yivwe gZev‡Ì my` wbwl× wQj|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, †Kej BmjvgB my` wbwl× K‡iwb, ies c„w_exi cÖavb cÖavb mKj ag©B my` wbwl× K‡i‡Q|

`vk©wbK‡ì `„wó‡Z my`cÖvPxb MÖxK `vk©wbK cø¨v‡Uv-Gwi‡óvUj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡ì A‡b‡KB my`‡K ÿwZKi g‡b K‡i‡Qb, G‡K N„Yv K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| wb‡P KwZcq `vk©wb‡Ki gZ †ck Kiv n‡jvt

c¨v‡Uv t cÖvPxb MÖxK `vk©wbK c¨v‡Uv Zuvi ÔjRÕ bvgK cy¯—‡K my‡ì wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb my`‡K gvbeZv we‡ivax, Ab¨vq I Ryjyg Ges K…wÎg eëmv e‡j Zxeªfv‡e my‡ì we‡ivaxZv K‡i‡Qb|1

Gwi‡óvUj t cø¨v‡Uvi b¨vq Gwi‡óvUjI K‡Vvi fvlvq my‡ì wb›`v I we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb A_©‡K eÜ¨v gyiMxi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb hv wWg w`‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, “A piece of money cannot begget another piece”| Zvi g‡Z, A‡_©i GKgvÎ ¯^vfvweK KvR n‡”Q wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK Afve c~i‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv| Zuvi we‡ePbvq A_© avi w`‡q Zvi Ici my` Av`v‡qi gva¨‡g m¤ú` cywÄf~Z Kivi Rb¨ A‡_©i eënvi Kiv 1 c¨v‡Uv: ÔjRÕ, eyK-5|

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DwPZ bq| wZwb my`‡K K…wÎg gybvdv AvL¨vwqZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÒAb¨vb¨ c‡Yï b¨vq A_© µq-weµq Kiv GKwU K…wÎg I RvwjqvwZ eëmv|Ó wZwb Zuvi cwjwU· kxl©K MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb, “The most hated sort (of wealth), and with the greatest reason, is usury, which makes gain out of money itself, and from the natural objects of it. For money was intendeded to be used in exchange, and not increase at interest of all modes of getting wealth, this is the most unnatural.”1

_gvm GKzBbvm t my‡ì wei“‡× _gvm GKzBbv‡mi hyw³ we‡kl cÖwbavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, A_© †_‡K A‡_©i eënvi c„_K Kiv hvq bv| ZvB A_© eënvi Kiv gv‡b A_©‡K wbt‡kl ev LiP K‡i †djv| G‡¶‡Î GKevi A‡_©i `vg †bIqvi ci cybivq A‡_©i g~j¨ †bIqv n‡j, GKB cY¨‡K `yÕevi weµq Kivi Aciva n‡e, A_ev wØZxqevi Ggb wRwb‡mi `vg †bIqv n‡e, hv cÖK…Zc‡¶ we‡µZvi `L‡j †bB| Zuvi g‡Z, wbtm‡›`‡n GwU GKwU AwZ eo AwePvi I Ryjyg|

my`‡K hviv mg‡qi g~j¨ e‡j `vex K‡ib Zv‡ì hyw³ LÛb K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Òmgq n‡”Q GKwU mvaviY (common) m¤ú`; mg‡qi Ici FY`vZvi †hgb AwaKvi Av‡Q, FYMÖnxZviI wVK †Zgwb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q; Ab¨vb¨ mKj gvby‡liB mg‡qi Ici GKB mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q| GgZve¯’vq FY`vZv KZ…©K FYMÖnxZvi wbKU mg‡qi g~j¨ `vex Kiv GKUv fÛvgx I Amvay eëmv|Ó2

wgmvey¨ t BUvjxq †jLK wgmvey¨ my`‡K A‡hŠw³K e‡j‡Qb; wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGKw`‡K A_© n‡”Q GKwU cÖZxK gvÎ - Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb eënvi †bB; Aciw`‡K evox-Ni I Avmevec‡Îi b¨vq A‡_©i †Kvb ¶q-¶wZI †bB|Ó myZivs Zuvi g‡Z A‡_©i Ici my` avh© Kivi †Kvb hyw³ †bB|3

Ab¨vb¨ `vk©wbK t K¨v‡Uvm, KvBmx‡iv, †m‡bKv, Ges †cvUvm cÖg~L `vk©wbKMYI A_©‡K eÜ¨v AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges A‡_©i Ici my` avh© Kiv‡K A‡hŠw³K e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb|

GQvov †iv‡gi AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY, wn›`y `vk©wbKe„›`, Bû`x I L„óªvb hvRKMYI my`‡K N„Yv Ki‡Zb| L„óªvb a‡g©i ïi“ †_‡K ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi Af~¨`q Ges †iv‡g ‡cvc wbqwš¿Z PvP© n‡Z 1 Aristotle: Politics, 1258.2 †evg evIqvK©: w` cwRwUf w_Iix Ae B›Uv‡ió, c„t 34|3 Ibid, p. 34.

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Ab¨vb¨ Pv‡P©i wew”Qbœ n‡q hvIqvi c~e© ch©š— my` wbwl× wQj|

µq-weµq, gybvdv I my`AvjøvnZvÕqvjv m~iv Avj-evKvivni 275 Avqv‡Z e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvjøvn evB‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb, Avi wiev‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivg|Ó

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c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GB AvqvZ Øviv Avjøvn GK kvk¦Z I wPišÍb cÖvK…wZK m‡Zï †NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb| evB n‡”Q gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq I Kj¨vYKi; ZvB nvjvj| Avi wiev n‡”Q gvby‡li Rb¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq I ÿwZKi GRb¨B wiev nvivg| evB I wievi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j welqwU ¯úó n‡e Avkv Kiv hvq| AvjøvnZvÕqvjv cÖ_‡g evB Avi c‡i wievi K_v e‡j‡Qb| GKB avivevwnKZvq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j welq `yÕwU eySv mnR n‡e|

evB ev µq-weµq evB A_© t D³ AvqvZvs‡k Avjvn Aviex evB ( kã eënvi ( بَيْعَ K‡i‡Qb| ÔevBÕ-Gi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡”Q µq-weµq| “Bai is an Arabic terminology, which means purchase and sale of commodities and merchandise; to make a contract; to offer for purchase/sale; to agree on the terms of purchase/sale; to conclude a bargain.”1

“It is the word with two opposite meanings, i.e, purchase and sale; sale and purchase, respectively.”2

‘Bai : To purchase; To sell (of goods)”3.

myZivs ÔevBÕ A_© n‡”Q µq-weµq| µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡gB Kiv nq eëmv, Avi eëmv †_‡K Av‡m jvf ev gybvdv| GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb Abyev`K evB-Gi A_© K‡i‡Qb eëmv; †KD †KD Avevi Gi ZiRgv K‡i‡Qb gybvdv| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ µq-weµq hZ e¨vcK eëmv I gybvdv ZZ e¨vcK bq| myZivs evB‡K e¨vcK A‡_© MÖnY KivB DËg|evB-Gi msÁv t µq-weµq m¤ú‡K© Avj-KyiAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒwbðqB Avjvn †e‡nk‡Zi wewbg‡q gywgb‡ì Rvb I gvj wK‡b wb‡q‡Qb|Ó GLv‡b Avjvn wkiv (µq) kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Avjvn †e‡nkZ w`‡eb, Avi Rvb-gvj wb‡q‡Qb| G K_v ¯úó Bw½Z K‡i †h, µq-weµq n‡”Q wKQy w`‡q Zvi wewbg‡q wKQy †bIqv| dKxn&MY wewfbœ fvlvq µq-weµ‡qi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi K‡qKwU msÁv wb‡gœ D‡jL Kiv n‡jv t

a) “Bai is conveying the title through offer and acceptance when both of them are in the past form.”4 A_©vr ÒevB n‡”Q cÖ¯—ve (BRve) I MÖnY (Keyj) Gi gva¨‡g gvwjKvbv ¯^Ë¡ n¯—vš—i/wewbgq Kiv; BRve I Keyj

1 Cowan, John Milton (ed): A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Third Printing, Macdonald & Evans Ltd., London, 1994, p. 86-170.2 Al Munjed on Words and Information, Catholic Church Group, Dar El-Mashreque Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 1986, p., 57.3 Arbi Bangla Ovidhan, Bangla Academy, 1984, Second Edition, Vol. 1, p. 745.4 Avj-KziAvbt 9:111|

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DfqwU AZxZ Kv‡ji kã Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j µq-weµq m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ nq|Ó

b) Bai is “to aquire the very ownership by payment of recompense/indemnity of the same”1 A_©vr evB n‡”Q, Ò†Kvb wKQyi mgZzj¨ wewbgq/¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb c~e©K Gi gvwjKvbv MÖnY Kiv|Ó

c) “The terminology ba’ai expresses the concept of exchange of goods against the other in the process of mutual consent or transfer of ownership against equivalent (value).”2 A_©vr ÒevB kã cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z GK c‡Yï mv‡_ Aci c‡Yï wewbgq‡K eySvq A_ev evB n‡”Q mgg~‡jï wewbg‡q †Kvb c‡Yï gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i Kiv|Ó

d) Bai is the reciprocal exchange of counter values. Òµq-weµq n‡”Q mgvb mgvb g~‡jï ci¯úwiK wewbgq|Ó

Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j D‡jL‡hvM¨ †h welq¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Q t

K) gvwjKvbv t †µZv-we‡µZvi wbR wbR cY¨, A_© ev †mevi Ici Zv‡ì gvwjKvbv _vKv µq-weµ‡qi Acwinvh© kZ©| gvwjKvbv †bB Ggb †Kvb e¯‘ µq-weµq êa bq| Z‡e Pzw³i kZ©vbymv‡i fwel¨‡Z gvj Drcv`b, ˆZix ev µq K‡i gvwjKvbv AR©b Kivi ci Aci cÿ‡K mieivn KivI êa; Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Pzw³‡Z gv‡ji †¯úwmwd‡Kkb wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

L) g~j¨ wba©viY t Avm‡j µq-weµ‡q wewbg‡qi e¯‘Øq GKwU AciwUi cÖwZg~j¨ (counter-value)| Pzw³ Kivi c~‡e©B Dfq g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv we‡aq| g~j¨ wba©viY e¨ZxZ µq-weµq ‰ea nq bv|

M) Dfq g~j¨ mgvb mgvb nIqv (equality of value) t µq-weµq n‡”Q g~‡jï mv‡_ cÖwZg~‡jï wewbgq, exchange of counter-values. KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ej‡Z mgvb mgvb g~j¨ eySvq| A_©vr Dfq c‡¶i g~j¨ mgvb bv n‡j µq-weµq êa nq bv|

N) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq (reciprocal exchange) t µq-weµ‡q †Ìqv I †bIqv DfqUvB nq cvi¯úwiK (reciprocal)| we‡µZv wRwbm †`q, A_© †bq; Avi †µZv A_© †`q, wRwbm †bq| AvaywbK cwifvlvq G‡KB ejv nq reciprocal exchange; †KD †KD

1 Al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madhahib al-Arba’ah, Abd al-Rahman al-Jaziri, Beirut, Lebanon, Vol-2, p. 147.2 Shaokani, Muhammad, Nailul Awtar, Idaratul Quran al Ummul Islamiat, Karachi, Pakistan, vol. 5, p. 150.

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AviI ®úó K‡i e‡j‡Qb, µq-weµq n‡”Q ‘commutative contract’3; A_ev ‘synallagmatic contract’|

O) µq-weµq n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK ¶wZc~iY c~e©K wewbgq Kiv t µq-weµ‡q ci¯ú‡ii ¶wZc~iY K‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx, †mev ev A_© wewbgq Kiv nq| ‡µZv we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K ‡Kvb wRwbm wb‡j we‡µZvi †h ¶wZ nq, †µZv mgg~‡jï †Kvb wRwbm ev A_© Øviv we‡µZvi D³ ¶wZ c~iY K‡i †`q| Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZv‡K g~j¨ cÖ`vb Kivq †µZvi †h ¶wZ nq we‡µZv mgg~‡jï wRwbm w`‡q †µZvi †m ¶wZ c~iY K‡i †`q| d‡j µq-weµ‡qi c~‡e© Df‡qi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †h ch©v‡q wQj, µq-weµ‡qi c‡iI wVK †mB GKB Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K; µq-weµq ev wewbg‡qi d‡j KviI A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b nq bv|

P) cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ t cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ µq-weµ‡qi GKwU Acwinvh© kZ©; Avjvn ZvÕqvjvi wb‡`©k n‡”Q, Ò‡Zvgiv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z eëmv Ki|Ó (4:29) Avi ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒwbðqB µq-weµq cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi Ici wfwËkxj|Ó1

Q) µq-weµq n‡”Q Bb&mvdc~Y© t µq-weµ‡q †µZv ev we‡µZvi †KD V‡K bv, Avi †KD wR‡ZI bv| G‡Z c~Y© Bbmvd I mywePvi envj _v‡K, KviI cÖwZ †Kvb cÖKvi Ryjyg ev †e-Bbmvdx nq bv| µq-weµq ev wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g `ywbqvi gvbyl †KD KviI ¶wZ bv K‡iB ci¯úi DcK…Z n‡q _v‡K|

µq-weµ‡qi †gŠwjK kZ©Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµ‡qi †gŠwjK kZ© n‡”Q 2wUt 1) g~‡jï mgZv (equality of value), Ges 2) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq (reciprocity of exchange)| µq-weµq hv‡Z c~Y© Bbmvd envj _v‡K Ges ‡Kvb c‡ÿi cÖwZ wKQz gvÎ †eBbmvdx ev Ryjyg bv nq †mRb¨ G `ywU †gŠwjK kZ© Aek¨B c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq µq-weµq êa n‡e bv|

W. Igi Pvciv e‡jb, “Justice can be rendered only if the two scales of the balance carry the same value of goods.”2 µq-weµ‡q counter value I reciprocity-‡K 3 Nyazee, Imran Ihsan Khan, The Rules and Definition of Riba, [email protected], Dec. 2000, p. 5.1 dvZûj evwi, fwj-4, c„: 230|2 Pvciv, W.Gg., Igi: cÖv¸³, c„: 10|

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mywePv‡ii gvb`Û wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “The price and counter value should be just in all transactions….”1

Wt †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx equivalence I reciprocity †K µq-weµ‡q mywePv‡ii hgR gvb`Û (Twin norms of justice) AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, “it (justice) relies on the notions of equality and reciprocity.”2

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµq n‡”Q Bbmvdc~Y©; Avi µq-weµ‡q Bbmv‡di †gŠwjK kZ© n‡”Q Dfq g~‡j¨i mgZv I cvi¯úwiK wewbgq| bM`-evwK mKj µq-weµ‡q G `ywU †gŠwjK kZ© Aek¨B cÖ‡hvR¨| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) µq-weµ‡q `ywU g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kiv Ges Zv ci¯úi wewbgq Kivi weavbI wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|

µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavbBwZc~‡e© mybœvni `„wó‡Z my` Aa¨v‡q †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mevi µq-weµ‡q 3wU Ges AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q 2wU weavb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qbt

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qi weavb 3wU n‡”Qt

1) wgmjvb wewgmwjb (like for like) ev Dfq e¯‘i gvbMZ mgZv (qualitative equality) weavb Kiv;

2) mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb (equal for equal) ev Dfq e¯‘i cwigvY mgvb (quantitative equality) Kiv Ges

3) Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (hand to hand) ev cvi¯úwiK wewbgq (reciprocal exchange) Kiv|

Avi wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qi weavb 2 wU n‡”Qt

1) Òdv weq~ KvBdv wkÕZzgÓ– †h †Kvb `vg ev cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z (mutual consent) wba©vwiZ `v‡g wewµ Kiv ˆea Ges

2) Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (hand to hand) ev cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Kiv|

1 Dc‡iv³|2 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb: cÖv¸³, c„: 73|

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wb‡P e¨vL¨v †ck Kiv n‡jv t

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµq1| wgmjvb wewgmwjb (gvbMZ mgZv ev qualitative equality) t dK¡xnMY mvaviYfv‡e wgmjvb wewgmwjb ev gvbMZ mgZv‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I c„_K weavb wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ibwb| KLbI Zuviv wgmj (gvb) I wRwbm (RvZ)-†K GK g‡b K‡i‡Qb; Avevi KLbI wgmj I gymvIqvZ‡K (cwigvYMZ mgZv) GKB A‡_© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|

KwZcq nv`x‡m ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) gvbMZ ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y mgRv‡Zi `yÕwU e¯‘ cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx K‡i wewbgq Kiv n‡j GKw`‡Ki evowZ cwigvY‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb| wZwb Gfv‡e wewbgq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb Ges wbgœ gv‡bi e¯‘wU A_© ev wfbœZi †Kvb c‡Yï wewbg‡q wewµ K‡i cÖvß g~j¨ Øviv GKB Rv‡Zi DbœZ gv‡bi e¯‘ µq Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| (mybœvni `„wó‡Z µq-weµq I my` wk‡ivbv‡g nv`xm bs 19-22 Ges 58-63|)

Gme nv`xm †_‡K GUv a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, mgRv‡Zi `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ ¸Y I gvbMZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡j Zv we‡ePbvq G‡b G‡ì cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Kiv hv‡e bv; eis me©ve¯’v‡ZB cwigvc (volume), IRb (weight) ev MYbvi wfwË‡Z Dfq e¯‘i cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e| nvbvdx ghnv‡ei cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn Bgvg mvivLmx wj‡L‡Qb, Òwgmjvb wewgmwjb A_© n‡”Q cwigvYMZ mgZv weavb Kiv, ¸YMZ bq, hwÌ mgZv kã Øviv Dfq cÖKvi mgZv‡KB eySvq|Ó1 “gold dust and gold metal are the same”– Dev`v Be‡b mvwg‡Zi GB eY©bv Zz‡j a‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGB K_v my¯úófv‡e e‡j w`‡”Q †h, mgZv A_© n‡”Q cwigv‡Yi mgZv, gv‡bi mgZv bq| KviY ¯^Y© P~‡Y©i gvb Avi ¯^Y© wc‡Ûi gvb mgvb bq| A_P IR‡b (cwigv‡Y) mgvb n‡jB DfqwU mgvb (equal) n‡q hvq|Ó2

Avj-wgmwi cwi®‹vi fvlvq wj‡L‡Qb, Ò`ywU †LRyi hw` gv‡bi w`K w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ nq Zey Dchy³ gvb`‡Ûi (standard) wfwË‡Z G‡ì cwigvY mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e DbœZ gv‡bi (superior) c‡Yï AwaKvix wggœgv‡bi (inferior) c‡Yï gvwj‡Ki cÖwZ D`vi 1 mvivLmx: Al-Mabsut: Bs‡iRx Abyev`, Bgivb, Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, info@nyazee, 2000, p. 15. 2 c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„: 5|

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(gynmxb, geneous) n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zviv Z…Zxq †Kvb c‡Yï gva¨‡g Zv‡ì cY¨ wewbgq Ki‡e|Ó1

Bgvg kvdx Avjøvgv gI`~`x I wePvicwZ ZwK Imgvwbmn A‡b‡KB Abyiƒc AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK, cvwK¯Ív‡bi BmjvwgK BwWI‡jvwR KvDwÝ‡ji wi‡cvU© Ges 1987 mv‡j Indexation-Gi Ici AbywôZ AvšÍR©vwZK †mwgbvi †_‡KI GB GKB AwfgZ e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wKš‘ ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ G e¨vL¨vi m½wZ †bB; ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨ nIqv m‡Ë¡I ¸YMZ ZviZ‡gï ìæb `ywU e¯‘i Dc‡hv‡M e¨vcK cv_©K¨ m~PxZ nq Ges G‡ì `v‡g m„wó nq weivU eëavb| A_P †Kej GKB RvwZ ev cÖRvwZfz³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e, mvaviY eyw×I G‡Z mvq ‡`q bv| ZvB AvaywbK M‡elK‡ì A‡b‡KB G e¨vcv‡i cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb|

Gm. G. Zv‡ni G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, D³ nv`x‡m †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv ejvi ci Ôwgmjvb wewgmwjbÕ ejv n‡q‡Q| †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv K_vi Øviv c‡Yï RvwZMZ wg‡ji K_vB †Zv ejv n‡q‡Q| myZivs wgmjvb wewgmwjb-Gi Abyev` RvwZMZ mgZv n‡Z cv‡i bv|2 Gjwg gvngy` b~iI GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒRvwZMZ wgj A‡cÿv AwaK I wfbœZi A_© eySv‡bvi Rb¨B wgmjvb wewgmwjb kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó3 Aciw`‡K wgmjvb wewgmwjb‡K cwigvYMZ mgZvi mv‡_ GKB A‡_© MÖnY KivI m½Z bq| KviY fvlvMZ w`‡K †_‡K Avj-wgmj wRwb‡mi ¸Y-gvb‡K eySvq; wKš‘ Zvmvfx (mvIqvb †_‡K D™¢~Z) †Kej cwigvYMZ mgZv eySvq| Avi G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb m‡›`n †bB †h, gvb I cwigvY GK I Awfbœ welq bq| A_©vr `ywU wRwbm m`„k, GK_v Øviv GUv eySvq bv †h, wRwbm `yÕwU cwivg‡Y mgvb mgvb|

Gjwg b~i G e¨vcv‡i e¨vcK AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q‡Qb| Avj-gywn`yj gywn` I An Advanced Learners Arabic Dictionary-Gi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, †mLv‡b ÔwgmjÕ A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q mv`„k¨, m`„k, Abyiƒc, HK¨ (correspondence) I mgZv (equivalence)| wgmj †_‡K D™¢~Z Avj-gygvmvj (similarity) I mvIqvqvb †_‡K D™¢~Z Avj-1 iwdK BDwbm Avj-wgmwi, wiev Avj Kzi“` Iqv Avw`jvZz Zvnwiwgwn, 1987, c„t 8, D×„Z, byi, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 101|2 mvwq¨` Zv‡ni, wiev Avj d`jt wnKgv‡Z KziAvb, c„t 8, D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 106|3 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„t 104|

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gymvIqvZ (equivalence) kãØ‡qi AvwfavwbK A‡_©i Zzjbv K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, wgmj kã c‡Yï ¸YMZ w`K cÖ`k©b K‡i; wKš‘ Zvmvwf kã wRwb‡mi cwigvYMZ w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| Avj-gyRgv-Gi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, `ywU c‡Yï AwfbœZv eySv‡bv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb A‡_© Avj-gygvmvjv eëüZ nq bv; wKš‘ Avj-gymvIqvZ Awfbœ wRwbm Ges RvZ ev m„wóMZfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ wRwbm G Dfq †¶‡ÎB eëüZ nq; KviY ÔZvmvwfÕ †Kej cwigvYMZ mgZv eySvq, hvi A_© cwigv‡Y †ekxI bq, KgI bq| wZwb e‡jb, Be‡b gbmyiI wjmvb Avj Avie-G wj‡L‡Qb †h, Avj-gygvmvj I Avj-gymvIqvZ Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q Avj-gymvIqvZ m`„k I wem`„k Dfq c‡Yï †¶‡ÎB eëüZ nq, KviY ÔAvj-ZvmvwfÕ n‡”Q †Kej MYbv ev cwimsL¨vbMZ mgZv hvi Øviv eySv hvq †h, G `y‡Uv wRwbm cwigv‡Y mgvb, †KvbwU †ekx bq, Avevi †KvbwU KgI bq| wKš‘ gygvmvjv kãwU †Kej m`„k A_ev mgZzj¨ wRwb‡mi †¶‡ÎB eëüZ nq, A_©vr Gi Øviv is, ¯^v`, Ávb BZ¨vw` wel‡q mv`„k¨ eySvq| Be‡b evwiI GKB AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, wgmj kãwU ¸Y‡K eySvq, †hgb, Dchy³Zv (fitness), h_v_©Zv (suitability) I Ae¯’vb (status) A_ev Ae¯’v|

Avj-KziAv‡b eëüZ wgmj k‡ãi A_© Zz‡j a‡i Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb, Avjvn Zuvi wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÒZuvi gZ (Kvwgmwjwn) wKQyB bvB (42:11)| Avjvn Ab¨Î e‡j‡Qb; Ò‡Zvgiv †hgb Cgvb G‡bQ ZvivI hw` wVK †mBiƒc (wewgmwj) Cgvb Av‡b, Z‡e Zviv mwVK c_ †cj| (2:137) Gme Avqv‡Z wgmj kã Øviv ¸YMZ mgZv‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb, wiev d`‡ji †ÿ‡Î mgRv‡Zi e¯‘i ¸YMZ mgZv weavb Kivi welq‡K we‡ePbvi evB‡i ivL‡jI m¤§vwbZ dwK¡nMY mvaviYfv‡e wgmj m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, `yÕwU wRwbm m`„k (wgmwjq¨vZ) n‡Z n‡j `yÕwU kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡et 1) cÖ_gZ wRbm (genus) ev RvwZMZfv‡e G‡ì‡K mg‡kªYx ev `jfz³ n‡Z n‡e; 2) wØZxqZt G‡ì g~j¨ Z_v evRvi `vg n‡Z n‡e m‡e©vZfv‡e (absolutely) mgvb|

Rbve b~i e‡j‡Qb, cÖ_g kZ©wU nv`xm †_‡KB ¯úó n‡q ‡M‡Q| nv`x‡m †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv, iƒcvi cwie‡Z© iƒcv BZ¨vw` e‡j †Rbvm ev RvZMZ wg‡ji K_v eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq kZ© m¤ú‡K© Rbve b~i e‡j‡Qb †h, wgmj Ggb wRwbm‡K eySvq hvi Ask mg~‡ni `vg ci¯úi mgvb| Rbve b~i e‡j‡Qb, Bgvg

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ZvBwgqv, Be‡bj KvBqyg, Cgvg MvRvjx I Avey BDmyd cÖg~L we‡klÁ‡ì gZ n‡”Q †h, Ò`v‡gi cv_©K¨ c‡Yï mv`„k¨ `~ixf~Z K‡i †`q|Ó Be‡b ZBwgqv AZ¨šÍ †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, `yÕwU cY¨ †Kej ZLwb m`„k n‡e hLb Zv‡ì `vg mgvb nq; wKš‘ G‡ì wewbgq g~‡j¨ cv_©K¨ _vK‡j Giv mgZzj¨ (wgmj) nq bv|Ó Avjx Avj Lwdd G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb †h, Ò`yÕwU e¯‘ c~Y© m`„k (absolutely alike) n‡Z n‡j G‡ì Acwinvh© êwkó¨mg~n (hv †kªYx ev RvZ wbiƒcY K‡i) me©‡Zvfv‡e GK iƒc n‡Z n‡e Ges G‡ì evRvi g~j¨ n‡Z n‡e mgvb mgvb|Ó myZivs cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, mgRv‡Zi `yÕwU c‡Yï `vg mgvb mgvb Kivi j‡ÿ¨B Avjøvni ivm~j (mvt) wgmjvb wewgmwjb-Gi weavb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb|

Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h, dK¡xMY mgRv‡Zi `ywU e¯‘ bM` µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î c‡Yï ¸Y I gvbMZ cv_©K¨ we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb; wKš‘ FY †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î G‡m Zuviv Ôwgmwjq¨vZÕ Z_v c‡Yï ¸Y I gvbMZ mgZv‡K F‡Yi AZ¨vek¨Kxq kZ© wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges m`„k cY¨ e¨ZxZ FY cÖ`vb Kiv ‰ea bq e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb|1 KviY FY n‡”Q, ‡Kvb dvwÄej cY¨ mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï wewbg‡q evwK‡Z wewµ Kiv|

Zvn‡j Avmj K_v GB ùvov‡jv †h, GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ evKx‡Z wewbgq Kiv n‡j c‡Yï gvb mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e; wKš‘ GB wewbgqB hw` Dcw¯’Z bM` bM` Kiv nq,Zvn‡j Dfq c‡Yï gvbMZ cv_©K¨ Avg‡j †bqv hv‡e bv| Giƒc AwfgZ ci¯úiwe‡ivax, A‡hŠw³K I ev¯ÍeZv cwicš’x| myZivs F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †hgb bM` µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI †Zgwb wgmwjq¨vZ‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I Acwinvh© kZ© MY¨ Kiv Riæix|

Avjvni ivm~j (mt) RvZMZ wgj Z_v †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv ejvi ci Ôwgmjvb wewgmwjbÕ k‡Z©i D‡jL K‡i G K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb †h, wewbg‡qi cY¨, A_© ev †mev GKRv‡Zi n‡j G‡ì ¸Y I gvbMZ mgZvI _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡ì `vg ev wewbgq g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kiv hvq|

GZmswkøó nv`xm¸‡jv GKUz Mfxifv‡e †`L‡jB eySv hvq †h, ivm~jyjvn (mt) †Kv_vI G K_v e‡jbwb †h, ÒGK Rv‡Zi c‡Yï ¸Y-gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó2 eis ivm~‡ji (mv) evYxi 1 b~i, B, Gg, cÖv¸³, c„: 107-118|2 b~i, B, Gg: c~‡e©v³, c„t 103|

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Avmj evZ©v (message) n‡”Q, GKRv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï ¸YMZ ZviZg¨‡K Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gvbMZ ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y Dfq c‡Yï `v‡g †h eëavb m„wó nq Zvi mgš^q Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó1 Z‡e Zv mivmwi wewbg‡qi Øviv m¤¢e bq weavq wZwb G ai‡bi e¯‘i mivmwi wewbgq wbwl× K‡i‡Qb Ges wfbœZi cš’v AbymiY Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|

ivm~jyjvn (mt)-Gi evYx‡Z G K_v ¯úó †h, GKRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ci¯úi wewbgq †iwkI n‡”Q 1t1| A_©vr Df‡qi cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kiv- G‡ÿ‡Î GUvB weavb| wKš‘ ¸Y-gvbMZ cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Dfq c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb Ki‡j G‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb nq bv|

Aciw`‡K gv‡bi cv_©‡Kï ì“b fvjÕi KZ cwigv‡Yi wewbg‡q g‡›ì KZ cwigvY w`‡j ev †Kvb ‡iwkI‡Z wewbgq Ki‡j G‡ì cÖK…Z `vg ci¯úi mgvb mgvb n‡e, mivmwi wewbg‡q Zv wba©viY KivI m¤¢e bq| fvji wewfbœ ¯—i I †kªYx Av‡Q; Abyiƒcfv‡e g‡›ìI wewfbœ ¯—i I †kªYx Av‡Q| myZivs †Kvb ¯—‡ii fvji mv‡_ †Kvb ¯—‡ii g‡›ì cwigvY KZ n‡j Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb n‡e Zv wbiƒcY Kivi †Kvb gvb`Û G‡¶‡Î †bB| d‡j Dfq c‡Yï wewbg‡qi nvi wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z Ges G‡Z wiev †_‡K hvIqv ¯^vfvweK| Dc‡i D‡jwLZ Avey bvìv (µwgK-9) ewY©Z nv`x‡mi †k‡l mnxn gymwj‡g Avey mvC` wb‡R GB K_vUvB ¯úó K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|

e¯‘Zt Rv‡njx hy‡M Avie †`‡k ¯^Y© gy`ªv wn‡m‡e `xbvi Ges †iŠc¨ gy`ªv wn‡m‡e wìnvg cÖPwjZ wQj| Be‡bj Kvwq¨g wj‡L‡Qb, Ò(Avieiv) `yB wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q GK wìnvg weµq KiZ| wìnv‡gi ¸YMZ cv_©K¨, G‡ì gy`ªvsKb ‰ewkó¨ A_ev IR‡bi ZviZg¨ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YB Zviv Giƒc Kg-‡ekx K‡i wewbgq KiZ| Avi GwUB n‡”Q cÖK…Z wiev|Ó2 W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb, ÒZrKv‡j (Avie GjvKvq) cÖPwjZ ¯^Y© I iƒc¨ ˆZix gy`ªvi cÖvgvwYK ‡Kvb AvKvi AvqZb wQj bv| bvbv †fRvj †gkv‡bvi ì“Y GKB Rv‡Zi gy`ªvi g‡a¨ ¸YMZ gv‡b wQj ‡ek cv_©K¨; GQvov GKB bv‡g cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi IR‡bI wQj Kg-†ekx| d‡j †h †Kvb †jvK AwZ mn‡RB Ab¨‡K cÖZvwiZ K‡i ¸YMZ gv‡bi ZviZ‡gï ARynv‡Z †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv (wcÛ ev gy`ªv) Ges 1 Dc‡iv³|2 Dc‡iv³, c„: 109|

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iƒcvi mv‡_ iƒcv (wcÛ ev gy`ªv) Kg cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ †ekx cwigvY wewbgq K‡i wb‡Z cviZ|Ó1 G cÖm‡½ mvB‡q¨` gI`~`x wj‡L‡Qb, Ò†m hy‡M wìnv‡gi mv‡_ wìnvg Ges w`bv‡ii mv‡_ w`bv‡ii wewbgq Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †Kvb †Kvb mgq †`Lv w`Z| G RvZxq cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq Bqvû`x gnvRb I Ab¨vb¨ A‰ea gybvdv AR©bKvixiv `ynv‡Z A‰eafv‡e gybvdv jyV‡Zv, A‡bKUv AvR‡Ki hy‡M ê‡`wkK gy`ªv wewbg‡qi mgq evÆv MÖnY A_ev wbR †`‡k UvKvi †ivRMvix PvIqv ev `k UvKv cuvP UvKvi ‡bvU fv½v‡bvi mgq wKQy cqmv Dm~j Kivi g‡Zv|Ó2

G cÖm‡½ W. Pvciv e‡j‡Qb, ÒGKRv‡Zi wbgœ I DbœZ gv‡bi c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Pvjy _vK‡j mgv‡Ri A‡c¶vK…Z ¯^í eyw×i †jv‡Kiv PvjvK †jvK‡ì cÖZviYv I VKevRxi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc wewbg‡q wbtm‡›`‡n gvbyl‡K †avKv †Ìqv I Gfv‡e Zv‡ì ¶wZMÖ¯— Kivi AvksKv i‡q‡Q|Ó3 Gjwg gvngy` b~iI GB GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb wbgœ fvlvq t“It is hardly to find some one accepting inequality in quantity if the two items are the same in quality, but there is every possibility that an undue quantitative discrepancy may be acquired by either party through quality difference knowingly or unknowingly and with the satisfaction of the both parties.”4

Gme Kvi‡Y bex Kixg (mt) wbgœ gv‡bi †Kvb c‡Yï †ekx cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi DbœZ gv‡bi c‡Yï Kg cwigv‡Yi wewbgq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| GKB mv‡_ Giƒc wewbg‡q wKfv‡e Dfq c‡Yï g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi cš’vI wZwb wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| A_© ev wfbœ ‡Kvb c‡Yï wewbg‡q Lvivc †LRyi wewµ K‡i weµqj× A_© ev wfbœZi c‡Yï Øviv cQ›`gZ †LRyi wK‡b ‡bIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGfv‡eB cwigvc (wghvb) c~Y© n‡e|Ó5 G evK¨ Øviv Avjvni ivm~j (mt) h_v_© cwigvY †LRyi †jb‡`b nIqvi K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb|

e¯‘Zt Giƒc †¶‡Î Avjvni ivm~j (mt) Z…Zxq †Kvb cY¨ ev A_©‡K wewbg‡qi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi gvb I `vg cwigvc Kivi gvb`Û evbv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Avi Gfv‡e G‡¶‡Î hveZxq Ab¨vh¨ (unfair) wewbg‡qi AvksKv `~i K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|

1 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 49|2 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv: c~‡e©v³, c„: 132|3 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, cÖv¸³, c„: 21|4 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 114|5 µq-weµq wk‡ivbv‡g D×„Z nv`xm bs 20|

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Gjwg b~i G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, ÒIf the two goods are homogeneous, they have observable quality difference, the only way to assess this difference is through their market prices. The prevailing price in the market in its normal condition can be the measuring rod of the qualitative discrepancy between any two commodities of similar kindÓ1.

GLv‡b cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i †h, Z…Zxq †Kvb c‡Yï wewbg‡q weµq Ges evwÃZ cY¨ µq Kivi Rb¨ evRv‡i hvIqv Avmv BZ¨vw` evowZ Sv‡gjv Ges AwZwi³ Avw_©K e¨q mv‡c¶ e¨vcvi| G cÖm‡½ b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h, G ai‡bi evowZ KvR I kª‡gi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| KviY kixq‡Zi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li Ici †_‡K †evSv jvNe Kiv, †evSv e„w× Kiv bq| Bmjvg gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR‡K mnR K‡i‡Q, KwVb K‡iwb| ZvQvov A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K evRv‡i hvIqv-Avmvi e¨q enb KiviI †Kvb ìKvi n‡e bv hw` c‡Yï evRvi ì Rvbv _v‡K| Zuvi g‡Z evRv‡i cÖPwjZ ì Rvbv _vK‡j Zvi wfwË‡Z c‡Yï wewbgq nvi wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|2

wKš‘ Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ Avey bvìv (ivt) ewY©Z nv`x‡m (µwgK bs 20) †LRy‡ii gvb Abymv‡i evRvi `v‡gi D‡jøL K‡i GB evRvi `‡ii wfwË‡ZB g›` I fvj †LRy‡ii wewbgq ‡iwkI wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQj| GZ`m‡Ë¡I Avjøvni ivm~j (mvt) ej‡jb, Ò‡Zvgvi Ag½j †nvK Zzwg †Zv my`x Kvievi K‡iQ|Ó myZivs evRvi ì Rvbv _vK‡j †m Abymv‡i Lvivc-fv‡jvi wewbgq nvi wba©viY Kiv hv‡e wKbv ‡m wel‡q AviI wPšÍv-fvebv I M‡elYv nIqv ìKvi|

2| mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb (cwigvYMZ mgZv)mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi wØZxq kZ© n‡”Q mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb; Gi A_© n‡”Q cwigvYMZ mgZv| †µZv we‡µZv Df‡qi c‡Yï RvZ I gvb GK iKg (identical or homogeneous) nIqvi ci G‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb nIqv m¤¢e †Kej G‡ì cwigv‡Yi mgZv Øviv| GRb¨ Avjvni ivm~j (mt) Dfq c‡Yï gvb GK iKg Kivi wb‡`©k †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡ì cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb Ges cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Ki‡j wiev n‡e e‡j mZK© K‡i‡Qb|

ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q †h, mgRvZ I mggv‡bi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi Dc‡hvM mgvb; Gi Pvwn`v I †hvMvbI mgvb| D`vniY ¯îƒc ejv hvq, 100 UvKvi Dc‡hvM 100 UvKvi mgvb; 100 UvKv †_‡K 100 1 b~i, B, Gg, Dc‡iv³, c„: 203|2 Dc‡iv³, c„: 114|

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UvKvi ‡ekx Dc‡hvM cvIqv hvq bv, ‡Zgwb 100 UvKvi Dc‡hvM 99 UvKvi mgvbI nq bv| myZivs UvKvq 100 UvKvi g~j¨ 100 UvKvB, KgI bq, †ekxI bq| GB `vg mg‡qi MwZi mv‡_ n«vm-e„w×I nq bv| A_©vr UvKvq 100 UvKvi `vg AvR 100 UvKv; AvMvgx KvjI Gi `vg 100 UvKv, GgbwK 1 eQi ev 5 eQi ciI UvKvq 100 UvKvi `vg 100 UvKvB| Abyiƒcfv‡e †jsov Rv‡Zi 1 †KwR Av‡gi Dc‡hvM 1 †KwR mggv‡bi Av‡gi mgvb| myZivs Av‡g 1 †KwR †jsov Av‡gi `vg GKB gv‡bi 1 †KwR Avg| GB `vg AvR‡K †hgb 1 †KwR, KvjI 1 †KwR Ges fwel¨‡Zi †h †Kvb mg‡q Gi `vg 1 ‡KwR Avg| G cÖm‡½ Be‡b iƒk` wj‡L‡Qb, “As for (fungible) goods measured by volume or weight, they are relatively homogeneous, and thus have similar benefits (utilities). Since it is not necessary for a person owning one type of those goods to exchange it for the exact same type, justice in this case is achieved by equating volume or weight since the benefits (utilities) are very similar.”1

‡gvU K_v, mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi `vg G‡ì gvb I cwigvYMZ mgZvi ØvivB wba©vwiZ nq| GUvB weavb| GB weavb cÖvK…wZK (natural), wPiš—b I kvk¦Z| G‡¶‡Î †µZv-we‡µZv cvi¯úwiK †¯^”Qv m¤§wZi gva¨‡g cY¨, A_© ev †mevi cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Ki‡j Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ Avi †Kvbfv‡eB mgvb nIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB `vg wba©vi‡Y cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ Z_v ì KlvKwl K‡i `vg wba©vi‡Yi weavb G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| GLv‡b †µZv ev we‡µZv Kv‡ivB †m AwaKvi †bB| W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx GB K_vB e‡j‡Qb, “it (perception) cannot be acceptable between the same things, i.e., in exchange of money for money. It has to be measurable equality as there is no room for perception.”2 wZwb ZvB e‡j‡Qb, ÒmgRv‡Zi cY¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Bmjvg c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|Ó3

Rbve b~i GKwU †iLv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g welqwU AwaKZi ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Zvi e¨vL¨vwU ms‡¶‡c †ck Kiv n‡jv4 t

1 Be‡b i“k`, we`v‡qZzj gyRZvwn` Iqv wbnv‡qZzj gyK&Zvwm`, êi“Z, Øvi Avj-gvwidvZ, fwj-3, c„t 183-184|2 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, cÖv¸³, c„: 74|3 Dc‡iv³, c„: 33|4 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 166-170|

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W. Igi Pvciv bex Kixg (mt) Gi †mB weL¨vZ nv`xmwUi D×„wZ w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, D³ nv`x‡m bex Kixg (mt) QqwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡Yï bvg D‡jL K‡i AZ¨š— †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, Òcvjvi GKw`‡K hw` Gi GKwU cY¨ _v‡K, cvjvi Aciw`‡KI GKB Rv‡Zi mgcwigvY cY¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| (like for like and equal for equal)|Ó1

wePvicwZ ZwK Imgvbx Zuvi HwZnvwmK iv‡q welqwU my›ìfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒA‡_©i (gy`ªvi) mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi A‡_©i (gy`ªvi) wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j Df‡qi g~j¨ mgvb 1 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, c~‡e©v³, c„: 10|

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n‡Z n‡e| cvwK¯—vbx 1000/- iƒcxR Gi GKwU †bv‡Ui mv‡_ GKB †`‡ki Ab¨ †bv‡Ui wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j Ab¨ †bvU¸‡jvi g~j¨ Aek¨B 1000/- iƒcx‡Ri mgvb n‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b iƒcx‡Ri As‡K cÖ_g 1000/- iƒcx‡Ri †bvUwUi `vg ‡hgb e„w× Kiv hv‡e bv, †Zgwb Gi `vg n«vm KivI hv‡e bv|

.....GKB Rv‡Zi gy`ªv wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Dfq c‡¶i g~j¨ mgvb nIqvi GB wewa bM` Zvr¶wYK wewbgq †¶‡Î (spot exchange) †hgb cÖ‡hvR¨, †Zgwb evKx wewbgq ev F‡Yi †¶‡ÎI Zv mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|1

3) Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z/Reciprocal Exchange)Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z D³ nv`x‡m mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qi Z…Zxq weavb n‡”Q Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z)| Aek¨ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qI wØZxq kZ© wn‡m‡e GB GKB weavb-Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi Zvrch© eySv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ Avjøvni ivm~j (mvt) Ab¨vb¨ nv`x‡m AviI KwZcq cwifvlv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, ÒDcw¯’Z c‡Yï mv‡_ Dcw¯’Z cY¨Ó, ÒGLv‡b Zzwg, GLv‡b ZzwgÓ, Òhv Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q Zv‡K hv Dcw¯’Z †bB Zvi mv‡_ wewbgq K‡iv bv,Ó Òhv †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †bB Zv wewµ K‡iv bv,Ó Òhv nv‡Z nv‡Z (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvmxqv Zv wiev,Ó Ò‡Zvgiv †mvbv-iƒcv `vBbvb wewµ K‡iv bv,Ó Òwiev nq †Kej bvmxqv‡ZÓ Òbvmxqv e¨ZxZ wiev nq bv,Ó BZ¨vw`|

nv`x‡mi Gme e³e¨‡K AvÿwiK A‡_© MÖnY K‡i AwaKvsk wdK¡vnwe` I M‡elK Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi A_© K‡i‡Qb ZvrÿwYK bM` cvi¯úwiK wewbgq, Dcw¯’Z cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi I `Lj|

jÿYxq †h, Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi A_© Ki‡Z wM‡q AwaKvsk dK¡xn cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ bM‡ì kZ© Ry‡o w`‡q‡Qb| d‡j µq-weµq I wievi msÁv I e¨vL¨vi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK gZcv_©K¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q; GKw`‡K evwK µq-weµ‡qi e¨vcK we¯—…Z ‡ÿÎwU weZwK©Z n‡q c‡o‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K wiev Avj-bvmv, wiev Avj-Bqv` ev cÖ”Qbœ wiev bv‡g Awfbe aviYvi m„wó n‡q‡Q|

1 Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZwK, wePvicwZ gvIjvbv: The Historic Judgement on Interest, Idaratui Maarif, KivPx, cvwK¯Ívb, 2000, c„: 140|

77

Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi D³iƒ‡c A‡_©i †cÖwÿ‡Z AwaKvsk †dK¡vwe` e‡j‡Qb, mgRv‡Zi †nvK ev AmgRv‡Zi †nvK, `ywU cY¨ ev A_© evwK µq-weµq Kiv wbwl×| GB weavb jsNb K‡i evwK‡Z wewµ Kiv n‡j evwKi †gqv`/mgq n‡e wiev bvmv hv nvivg| †Kvb ‡Kvb †dK¡vnq ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb cÿ Zvi µxZ gv‡ji `Lj wb‡Z wej¤^ Ki‡j wejw¤^Z mgq/†gqv` n‡e wiev Avj-Bqv`| Z‡e mKj dK¡xn G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ †h, FY I †`bvi †ÿ‡Î G weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| FY n‡”Q mv`vKvn; ZvB FY ‰ea| Avi Zuv‡ì g‡Z, evB-†gvqv¾j (evwK µq-weµq), evB-mvjvg (AwMÖg weµq), evB-BmwZmbv (Av‡`k µq) I BRvivn‡K we‡kl we‡ePbvq Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| dK¡xn‡ì g‡Z †gqv`/mgq n‡”Q FY I †`bvi Acwinvh© kZ©| myZivs GB †gqv` wiev bq; eis GB †gqv` êa| †Kvb †Kvb M‡elK Avevi mKj FY‡K êa ej‡Z ivRx bb; Zuv‡ì g‡Z, mvaviY FY/K`© wbwl× Ges †Kej K‡`© nvmvbvn ‰ea| mvaviY F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Avm‡ji Ici avh©K…Z e„w×‡K Zuviv wiev d`j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Avi Gi †gqv`‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev bvmv ev wiev bvmxqv; G‡Z GKwU AciwUi counter value1; wiev d`j n‡”Q bvmvi potential benefit-Gi g~j¨|2 †Kvb †Kvb ghnv‡e mKj cY¨ I gy`ªvi evwK µq-weµq‡K wbwl× bv e‡j ïay nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ QqwU cY¨mn IRb, cwigvc I MYbvi gva¨‡g µq-weµq Kiv nq Ggb cY¨ I A_©‡K wievenbKvix cY¨ (Ribawi Materials) AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges †Kej GB me cY¨ I A‡_©i evwK µq-weµq wbwl× e‡j ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb dK¡xn Avevi QqwU c‡Yï ga¨ †_‡K †mvbv‡K ev` w`‡q‡Qb Ges †mvbv Øviv FY †jb‡`b Kiv êa e‡j gZ w`‡q‡Qb| wewkó K‡qKRb dK¡xn Avevi gy`ªvi evwK µq-weµq‡K Aêa e‡j‡Qb| wiev bvmv nvivg nIqv m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wiev bvmv n‡”Q cÖ”Qbœ (concealed, hidden) wiev; Avi FY ev †`bvi Ici ewa©Z Ask n‡”Q cÖKvk¨ (overt, menifest) wiev| cÖK…Z wbwl× wiev n‡”Q cÖKvk¨ wiev; Avi cÖKvk¨ wievi Øvi iæ× Kivi Rb¨B cÖ”Qbœ wiev‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Bqv`vb weBqvw`b-Gi A_© m¤ú‡K© Bgvg mvivLmx wfbœ gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b-Gi A_© n‡”Q ÒGLb wba©vwiZ c‡Yï mv‡_ GLb wba©vwiZ cY¨ (present determined commodity (ayn) with present determined commodity (ayn). wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Gi A_© hw` `Lj ev n¯ÍvšÍi n‡Zv Zvn‡j ej‡Z n‡Zv, Ôwgb Bqvw`b Bjv Bqvw`bÕ (GK nvZ †_‡K Ab¨ nv‡Z)| myZivs Bqvw`b 1 wbqvRx, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb, c~‡e©v³, c„: 42 I 46|2 Dc‡iv³, c„: 10 I 12|

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weBqvw`b A_© n‡”Q, ÒZvCb Gi wewbg‡q ZvCbÓ (ascertained commodity for ascertained commodity.)1

m¤cÖwZ Gjwg gvngy` b~i e‡j‡Qb, ÒBqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q wba©viY Kiv (ascertainment), wewbg‡qi cY¨ `yÕwU wPwýZ Kiv (identification) Ges G‡ì ¸Y-gvb wbwðZ Kiv| µq-weµ‡q Dfq c‡ÿi gvj Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j †µZv-we‡µZv hvi hvi evwÃZ gvj †`‡L, ciL K‡i, G‡ì ¸Y-gvb wbwðZ K‡i, `vg-`¯‘i wVK Ges IRb, cwigvc ev MYbv K‡i ci¯úi n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †Kvb GK cÿ ev Dfq c‡ÿi gvj hw` Pzw³Kv‡j Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zvn‡j gv‡ji bg~bv (sample) ev weei‡Yi (specification) gva¨‡g D³ KvR mgvav Ki‡Z nq| myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi h_v_© Zvrch© n‡”Q wba©viY Kiv hv cwi`k©b (inspection) ev eY©bvi (specification) gva¨‡g Kiv nq| AZtci cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi ZvrÿwYK n‡Z cv‡i ev fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb wba©vwiZ mg‡qI n‡Z cv‡i| Rbve b~‡ii g‡Z, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kZ© jsNb Ki‡j wiev bq eis Nviv‡ii (A¯úóZv) m„wó nq|2

‡dK¡vwe` I M‡elK‡ì g‡a¨ D³iƒc gZcv_©K¨ ¯^Z:B e‡j w`‡”Q, µq-weµq I wiev m¤úwK©Z D³ e³e¨ ev¯ÍeZv cwicš’x, ci¯úiwe‡ivax I KziAvb mybœvni mv‡_ AmsMwZc~Y©|

cÖ_gZt FY n‡”Q mgRv‡Zi dvwÄej cY¨ ev gy`ªvi evwK µq-weµq| myZivs FY ‰ea, Avi mgRv‡Zi cY¨ evwK µq-weµq A‰ea, Giƒc gšÍe¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax I weåvwšÍKi| G‡Z GKB µq-weµq‡K GKevi FY AvL¨vwqZ K‡i Zv‡K êa ejv n‡q‡Q; Avevi mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï evwK µq-weµq e‡j G‡KB nvivg ejv n‡q‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e AmgRv‡Zi cY¨ I A‡_©i evwK µq-weµq †_‡K m„wó nq ‡`bv| myZivs †`bv êa Avi AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ evwK µq-weµq wbwl×; G e³e¨ ¯^we‡ivax| ZvQvov, evB-†gvqv¾j, evB-mvjvg, evB-BmwZmbv I BRvivn‡K Aby‡gv`b Kivi ci Avi †Kvb ai‡bi evwK µq-weµq Av‡Q hv‡K wbwl× ejv n‡q‡Q|

wØZxqZt mvaviY K`© †_‡K K‡`© nvmvbvn‡K c„_K Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kej GB hyw³‡Z †h, mvaviY K‡`© †gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K wKš‘ K‡`© nvmvbvnq †gqv` wba©viY Kiv êa bq| wKš‘ wewkó ‡dK¡vwe`MY e‡j‡Qb, K`© n‡”Q GK cÖKvi `vBb ev 1 mvivLmx, c~‡e©v³, c„: 5-6|2 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 133-134|

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†`bv| Avi Avj-KziAvb mKj cÖKvi `vB‡bi †gqv` wba©viY‡K ‰ea K‡i‡Q (2:282)| ZvQvov K‡`© nvmvbvn n‡”Q GK ai‡bi evwK µq-weµq| Avi mKj cÖKvi evwK µq-weµ‡qB evwK cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` wba©viY Kiv Acwinvh©| myZivs K`© A‰ea, Avi K‡`© nvmvbvn êa Giƒc ejvi †Kvb hyw³ †bB|

Z…ZxqZt wiev d`j‡K F‡Yi †gqv‡ì potential benefit-Gi g~j¨ Z_v wiev d`j I wiev bvmv‡K ci¯ú‡ii KvD›Ui f¨vjy ejv n‡j A‡_©i mg‡qi g~j¨ (time value of money) cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi c‡ÿ Avi †Kvb hyw³ Aewkó _v‡K bv| ZvQvov, KvD›Uvi f¨vjy bv _vKvB n‡”Q my` nvivg nIqvi g~j I cÖavb KviY| mg‡qi/†gqv‡ì potential benefit Av‡Q Ges Zv wievi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy- Giƒc K_v wiev nvivg nIqvi g~j KviY‡KB wZ‡ivwnZ K‡i †`q|

PZz_©Zt nv`x‡m QqwU c‡Yï D‡jøL _vK‡jI ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, mKj cY¨, gy`ªv I ‡mev µq-weµq †ÿ‡ÎB my` nq hw` µq-weµq Pzw³i mv‡_ wiev Pzw³ Kiv nq| myZivs wievex (ribawi materials) cY¨ e‡j wbw`©ó †Kvb cY¨ †bB|

cÂgZt wiev, bvmv/wiev Avj-Bqv` n‡”Q cÖ”Qbœ wiev Ges Zv nvivg, GwU GKwU Awfbe aviYv; Avj-KziAv‡b Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, GUv mybœvni Øviv wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ nv`x‡m hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q, Ôhv bvmxqv Zv wievÕ, Ôwiev nq †Kej bvmxqv‡ZÕ BZ¨vw`| nv`x‡mi Gme eY©bv GK_v eySvq bv †h, mgq ev †gqv`B wiev| e¯‘Zt mviv `ywbqvq †Kv_vI KLbI mgq ev †gqv`‡K wiev g‡b Kiv nq bv| myZivs †gqv` wbwl× bq| Z‡e AÁvZ ‡gqv` wbwl×|

lôZt ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) wgmjvb wewgmwjb e‡j mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I ‡mev µq-weµqKv‡j Dfq gv‡ji ¸YMZ gvb mgvb mgvb Kivi weavb w`‡q‡Qb| Avi mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb e‡j Dfq gv‡ji cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Avi AmgRv‡Zi cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mevi †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g `vg wba©viY Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb| G‡ZB gvb, cwigvY I `vg wba©viY n‡q hvq; Gici Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Øviv Avevi wZwb wba©viY Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb, GUv ¯^vfvweK bq| ZvQvov nv`x‡m my¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q Bqv`vb weBqvw`b n‡j Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB; wKš‘ hv bvmxqv Zv wiev| myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`b my` bq Nviv‡ii mv‡_ m¤ú„³, G K_v mwVK bq|

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m‡e©vcwi, G K_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, Bmjvg KLbI FY I evwK µq-weµq‡K wbwl× K‡iwb| eis Avj-KziAv‡b K‡`© nvmvbvn cÖ`vb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q; evwK µq-weµq‡K wj‡L †bIqvi wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) K`©‡K mv`vKvn AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb; K`© cÖ`vb‡K AwZ eo mIqv‡ei KvR †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| evwK µq-weµ‡q eiKZ i‡q‡Q e‡j wZwb Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb| Avjøvni ivm~j (mvt) wb‡R FY †jb‡`b K‡i‡Qb; Avi wb‡Ri eg© eÜK †i‡L GK Bû`xi KvQ †_‡K evwK‡Z Lv`¨ `ªe¨ wK‡bwQ‡jb hv †`bv n‡q g„Zz¨Kv‡jI Zuvi Ici †P‡c wQj| mvnvev‡q †KivgI FY †jb‡`b Ges evwK µq-weµq K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Zt mviv `ywbqvq me©Kv‡j FY I evwK †jb‡`b Pvjy wQj, Av‡Q Ges Avkv Kiv hvq _vK‡e| G e¨vcv‡i D¤§‡Zi BRgv (HKgZ¨) mycÖwZwôZ|1 K`© I evwK µq-weµq A‰ea n‡Z cv‡i bv|

‡dK¡vkv‡¯¿ my` Z_v Bqv`vb weBqvw`b cÖm‡½ G‡m evwK µq-weµq‡K wbwl× ejv n‡jI Ab¨Î cÖvq mKj ghnv‡eB evwK µq-weµq‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv I gvwjKx dK¡x‡ì GKUv Ask †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Qvov n‡jI evwK µq-weµq‡K ‰ea e‡j‡Qb| gvwjKx ghnv‡ei AwaKvsk dK¡xn Aek¨ gv‡ji †¯úwmwd‡Kkb Kiv n‡j evwK µq-weµq êa e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb| Bgvg Avng` Be‡b nv¤^j I Bgvg Be‡b nvhg Gi mv‡_ HK¨gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|2

Avj-Kvmvwb e‡j‡Qb, wbwl× wRwbm n‡”Q g~‡jï Ici evowZ hv Avj-d`j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î FY`vZv FY cÖ`vbKv‡jB Pzw³i gva¨‡g Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kivi AwaKvi m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ ¯^vfvweK µq-weµ‡q †Kvb c‡ÿi e¯‘ n¯ÍvšÍi ¯’wMZ (deferred) Kiv n‡j G‡Z AwZwi³ _v‡K bv; myZivs mywbw`©ó (specification/standard) gv‡bi I cwigv‡Yi †Kvb cY¨ evwK‡Z weµq Ki‡j G‡Z †Kvb wiev nq bv|3 G e¨vcv‡i wewkó dK¡xnMY GKgZ †h, mgm¨v µq-weµ‡q bq; eis mgm¨vi cÖK…Z KviY n‡”Q Avmj cwigv‡Yi Ici AwZwi‡³i Dcw¯’wZ| G Kvi‡Y Igi web Avãyj Avhxh e‡j‡Qb, mywbw`©ó gv‡bi (standardized) †Kvb cY¨ GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï wewbg‡q evwK‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j G‡Z my` nq bv| Avj-KziAvb mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q| Avj-KziAv‡bi 1 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 116|2 Dc‡iv³, c„: 135|3 Avj-Kvmvwb: ev`vB wj mvbvB dx Avj-ZiwZe Avj kiC, fwj- 5, c„: 18, D×„Z b~i.....

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GB mvaviY weavb †_‡KB D³ weavb ‡ei Kiv n‡q‡Q|1 Be‡bj Kvwq¨g G ch©šÍ e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒAvB‡bi e¨wZµg wn‡me bq, eis bxwZMZ weavb wn‡m‡eB evwK µq-weµq‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó2 myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Øviv Aek¨B G K_v eySvq bv †h, µq-weµ‡qi `ywU e¯‘ ZvrÿwYK bM` wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq Zv wievq ch©ewkZ n‡e|3

cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© wba©viY Kiv bq; Gi A_© bM` wewbgqI n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvn‡j Bqv`vb weBqvw`b‡bi cÖK…Z Zvrch© wK?

†dK¡vnwe`‡ì Av‡jvPbv‡ZB Gi DËi wbnZ i‡q‡Q| c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AwaKvsk dK¡xn Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi A_© K‡i‡Qb cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi ev wewbgq; Z‡e Gi mv‡_ Zuviv ZvrÿwYK bM‡ì kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, mKj mgm¨v, RwUjZv I gZcv_©‡Kï KviY n‡”Q bM‡ì GB kZ©| GB kZ© Zz‡j w`‡q Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© hw` †Kej cvi¯úwiK wewbgq ev cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq Zvn‡j Avi †Kvb mgm¨v _v‡K bv|

Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, µq-weµ‡qi `ywU †gŠwjK kZ© n‡”Q: 1) Dfq gv‡ji g~j¨ mgvb mgvb Kiv Ges 2) cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Kiv| mgRv‡Zi e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) cÖ_g †gŠwjK kZ© c~iY Kivi Rb¨ Dfq e¯‘i gvb I cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb; GKBfv‡e AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡qi †ejvq Avjøvni ivm~j (mvt) cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g g~j¨ wba©viY Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb; Avi Dfq †ÿ‡Î Bqv`vb weBqvw`b e‡j cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| bM` evwK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB D³ weavb cÖ‡hvR¨| e¯‘Zt g~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi ci cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Kiv bv n‡j µq-weµq nqB bv| µq-weµ‡q bM` n‡j ZvrÿwYK wewbgq K‡i µq-weµq m¤úbœ Kiv n‡e; Avi µq-weµq hw` evwK‡Z nq Zvn‡j wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ wewbgq Ki‡ZB n‡e| evwK µq-weµq m¤ú‡K© KziAvb gwR‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò†Zvgiv hLb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ evwK‡Z µq-weµq Ki|Ó Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q †h, evwK µq-weµq me©`vB †Kvb wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ n‡Z n‡e| nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAÁvZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ evwK µq-weµq êa 1 Igi web Avãyj Avhxh: Al-Riba wal Mu’amalat Al-Masrafiyya, 1st ed., H. 1414, p. 34, D×„Z, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„: 134|2 Ibn Qayyim: I’lam, 1, 359, D×„Z: Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 108| 3 b~i, B, Gg: Dc‡iv³, c„: 134|

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bqÕ| myZivs Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q, cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi hv bM` evwK Dfq cÖKvi µq-weµ‡qi Acwinvh© kZ©|GLv‡b †mB nv`xm KqwUi Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv Kiv ìKvi †h¸‡jvi wfwË‡Z m¤§vwbZ dwK¡nMY Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi A_© K‡i‡Qb bM` wewbgq|

bvmxqv, bvmxqvZvbivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, Òwiev nq †Kej bvmxqv‡ZÓ, Òbvmxqv e¨ZxZ wiev nq bvÓ, Òhv bvmxqvZvb Zv wievÓ, Òhv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvmxqvZvb Zv wiev|Ó

bvmxqv k‡ãi AwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q, FY (credit), wej‡¤^ g~j¨ cÖ`vb (delay of payment); Avi bvmxqvZvb A_© n‡”Q av‡i (on credit)|1 GB A‡_©i Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡mi Dc‡iv³ eY©bv †_‡K a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, bvmxqvB wiev, A_ev wiev †Kej FY I av‡i µq-weµ‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| wKš‘ nv`x‡m bM` µq-weµ‡q GKw`‡Ki AwZwi³ Ask‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr GKw`‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev nq †Kej evwK µq-weµ‡q; Aciw`‡K ejv n‡q‡Q, bM` µq-weµ‡qI wiev nq| Giƒc ci¯úi wecixZgyLx K_vi mgš^q Ki‡Z wM‡q ‡KD †KD e‡j‡Qb †h, D³ nv`xm KqwU‡Z bvmxqv ev bvmxqvZvb kã Øviv ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) GK_v eywS‡q‡Qb †h, bvmxqv n‡”Q wievi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †hgb, ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Ab¨Î e‡j‡Qb, Òn¾¡ n‡”Q AvivdvZÓ| bvmxqv msµvšÍ Dc‡iv³ nv`xm¸‡jv‡K wVK GB A‡_©B eyS‡Z n‡e|2 Avieiv mvaviYZ e‡j †h, Òhv‡q` Qvov kn‡i Avi †Kvb ¯‹jvi †bB Gi Øviv hv‡q‡ì cÖwZfvi ¸iæZ¡ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Zgwb bvmxqv Qvov Ab¨ wKQz‡Z wiev †bB K_vi Øviv wiev bvmxqv †h ¸iæZi Aciva Ges Gi mvRv †h fqsKi K‡Vvi n‡e ZvB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †KD †KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb †h, wiev bvmxqv n‡”Q ¯^vfvweK wiev, GUvB n‡”Q cvi‡d± (perfect) wiev| D³ K_vi Øviv wievi c~Y©v½ iƒc eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, mvnvev‡ì (ivt) hy‡M cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn-mvnvex Be‡b AveŸvmmn K‡qKRb mvnvev (ivt) ‡Kej FY I ‡`bvi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³‡KB wiev ej‡Zb; mgRv‡Zi cY¨ I A_© bM` 1 Cowan, J. M. c~‡e©D‡jøwLZ|2 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 35|

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µq-weµ‡q cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Ki‡j †mB e„w×‡K Zuviv wiev g‡b Ki‡Zb bv Ges G ai‡bi µq-weµq‡K Zuviv êa ej‡Zb| Ab¨vb¨ mKj mvnvev (ivt) Aek¨ Zuv‡ì G gZ‡K AcQ›` Ki‡Zb| †KD †KD G wel‡q mivmwi Be‡b AveŸvm‡K (ivt) cÖkœI K‡i‡Qb| (nv`x‡m Zvi D‡jøL Av‡Q) Z‡e wewfbœ eY©bv †_‡K Rbv hvq, wfbœgZ †cvlYKvix mvnvev‡ì (ivt) mK‡jB Zuv‡ì D³ gZ cÖZ¨vnvi K‡iwQ‡jb; †Kej Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) Zuvi G gZ cÖZ¨vnvi K‡iwQ‡jb wK bv, †m m¤ú‡K© ci¯úiwe‡ivax eY©bv cvIqv hvq| wfbœgZ †cvlYKvix mK‡jB Zuv‡ì gZ cÖZ¨vnvi Kivq, GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, Zuv‡ì wfbœZi gZ mwVK wQj bv|

ZvQvov ¯^qs ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) evwK µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI Bqv`vb weBqvw`b I bvmxqvZvb cwifvlvØq eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Aveyj wgbnvj †_‡K ewY©Z µq-weµq msµvšÍ nv`x‡mi 18 µwg‡K D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡m †`Lv hvq, n‡R¡i †gŠmy‡g `vg cwi‡kva Kivi k‡Z© evwK‡Z iƒcv weµq m¤ú‡K© eviAv Be‡b Avwh‡ei gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj| DË‡i eviAv Be‡b Avwhe (ivt) ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e³e¨ †ck K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒG ai‡bi µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ †hUv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †`vl ‡bB; wKš‘ µq-weµq bvmxqvZvb n‡j Zv wiev|Ó GLv‡b G ai‡bi µq-weµq e‡j hw` iƒcvi evwK µq-weµq‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Bqv`vb weBqvw`b‡K Avevi bM‡ì A‡_© eënvi Kiv ¯^vfvweK bq; †Zgwb evwK‡Z weµq eySv‡bvi Rb¨ bvmxqvZvb cwifvlv eënvi KivI A¯^vfvweK|

nv`xm ‡_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi wecixZ A_© eySv‡bvi Rb¨B bvmxqv ev bvmxqvZvb kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mw`K †_‡K Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© bM` wewbgq Kiv n‡j bvmxqvZvb A_© Aek¨B evwK‡Z wewbgq Kiv n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© hw` wewbgq (hv bM` evwK Dfq †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨) Kiv nq Zvn‡j, Gi wecix‡Z bvmxqvZvb A_© ùvovq wewbgqnxb (hv bM` evwK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB n‡Z cv‡i)| A_©vr Bqv`vb weBqvw`b n‡”Q wewbgq w`‡q †bIqv; Avi bvmxqvZvb n‡”Q wewbgq bv w`‡q †bIqv| wievi e¨vL¨v †_‡KI GUv ¯úó n‡q‡Q, wewbgq ev counter value bv _vKvB n‡”Q my` nIqvi g~j I GKgvÎ KviY|

µq-weµ‡q †Kvb cY¨, A_© ev †mevi †mB AskB wiev hvi wewbgq †Ìqv nq bv| FY I †`bvi Ic‡i ewa©Z Ask my`, KviY

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Acicÿ †mB As‡ki wewbgq †`q bv; †Zgwb bM` µq-weµ‡q GK c‡ÿi ewa©Z Ask my`, KviY Zv wewbgqnxb|

bvmxqv I bvmxqvZvb kã `yÕwU ÔbvmvÕ †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| Awfav‡b ÔbvmvÕ-Gi A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q, to put off, postpone, delay, defer, procrastinate1. ‡`Lv hv‡”Q, bvmvAv-Gi cÖ_g A_© n‡”Q to put off. Avi Put off gv‡b n‡”Q, evwZj Kiv (to cancel); weiZ ivLv (put somebody off something); evwZ wbwf‡q †Ìqv (to switch something off); wejw¤^Z Kiv (to delay); ¯’wMZ Kiv (postpone)| myZivs ÔbvmvAvÕ Gi A_© evwZjI n‡Z cv‡i, ¯’wMZ KivI n‡Z cv‡i, wejw¤^Z KivI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kvb KvR ¯’wMZ ev wejw¤^Z Ki‡Z n‡j wej‡¤î †gqv` Aek¨B D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e; Ab¨_vq Zv evwZj eySv‡e| †mB Rb¨B KziAvb gRx‡` FY/evwK †jb‡`‡bi mv‡_ wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ (Bhv AvRv‡j¤§yQv¤§vn) ejv n‡q‡Q| nv`x‡m AÁvZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ evwK µq-weµq ‰ea bq e‡j Rvwb‡q ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q| myZivs evwK µq-weµq ev FY me©`vB wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ n‡Z n‡e| Awba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ evwK †Ìqv Avi g~j¨ bv wb‡q †Ìqvi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb Zdvr †bB| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) bvmxqv/bvmxqvZvb kã Øviv webgq bv wb‡q †Ìqv‡K Bw½Z K‡i‡QbÑ GUvB Gi h_v_© Zvrch©| myZivs c~Y©v½ evK¨wUi A_© n‡”Q, hv wewbgq w`‡q †bIqv nq Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB; wKš‘ hv wewbgqnxb Zv wiev; wewbgqnxbZvB wiev, wewbgqnxbZv e¨ZxZ wiev nq bv BZ¨vw`|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó †h, ivm~jyjvn (mt) GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î wZbwU weavb w`‡q‡Qb| Zv n‡”Q, wgwmjvb wewgmwjb, mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb I Bqv`vb weBqvw`b| Av‡jvPbvq GUvI cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, wgwmjvb wewgmwjb Øviv Dfq c‡¶i cY¨, A_© ev †mevi ¸Y I gvbMZ mgZv weavb Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q; mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb Øviv G‡ì cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q; GB kZ© `yÕwU cvjb Ki‡j mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï g~j¨ mgvb nq| AZtci Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Øviv Dfq cY¨, A_© ev †mev cvi¯úwiK I ev¯—e n¯—vš—‡ii weavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GB wZbwU weavb bM` µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î †hgb cÖ‡hvR¨ †Zgwb evwK µq-weµ‡qi †ejv‡ZI Zv mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

1 Cowan, J. M. c~‡e©v³|

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AmgRv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavbµq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ hw` wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi (different kinds/heterogeneous) nq ‡hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j iƒcv, †LRy‡ii cwie‡Z© jeY, UvKvi wewbg‡q Mg, gvwK©b Wjv‡ii wewbg‡q ‡mŠw` wi‡qj, Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv BZ¨vw` †m ‡¶‡Î ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†Zvgiv B”Qv g‡Zv (`v‡g) weµq Ki‡Z cvi Z‡e nv‡Z nv‡Z (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b)|Ó m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY GLv‡b GKwU gvÎ kZ© Av‡Q e‡j e‡j‡Qb; Avi ‡mwU n‡”Q nv‡Z nv‡Z (Bqvw`b weBqvw`b) hvi A_© Zuviv K‡i‡Qb, Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbgq| wKš‘ GLv‡b kZ© GKwU bq, `yÕwUt GKwU n‡”Q ‡h †Kvb `vg ev cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ Avi wØZxqwU n‡”Q Bqv`vb weBqvw`b|

cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ (Mutual Consent) t Ò‡Zvgiv †h †Kvb (`v‡g) wewµ Ki‡Z cviÓ- m¤§vwbZ dK¡xnMY nv`x‡mi GB Ask‡K µq-weµ‡qi kZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ibwb| cÖK…Z c‡¶ we‡µZv †h †Kvb `v‡g Zvi cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †m †h †Kvb `vg nvK‡Z cv‡i gvÎ, GB AwaKvi Zvi Av‡Q; AZtci †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qB †h `v‡g m¤§Z nq †mB `v‡g †euPv-‡Kbv n‡q _v‡K| e¯‘Zt ivm~j (mt) GLv‡b GB bxwZB Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb †h, †µZv-we‡µZv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z †h `vg wba©viY Ki‡e †mUvB êa `vg, †mB `v‡gB †ePv-‡Kbv Kiv êa| Ôdv weq~ KvBdv wkÕZzgÕ- †Zvgiv †hfv‡e Lykx wewµ Ki‡Z cvi Ñ nv`x‡mi GB evK¨vsk Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z weav‡bi e¨vL¨v| Avj-KziAv‡bi wb‡`©k n‡”Q, Ò‡n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv G‡K A‡bï m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e f¶Y K‡iv bv; eis cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z eëmv Ki|Ó (4t29) GB Avqv‡Z `ywU wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Qt GK, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ KviI m¤ú` †bIqv n‡”Q evwZj cš’vq c‡ii m¤ú` f¶Y Kiv; GUv A‰ea ev wbwl×; `yB, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z m¤ú` ‡jb‡`b Kiv êa- GUv Kivi Rb¨ Av‡`k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡K µq-weµ‡qi Acwinvh© kZ© Kiv n‡q‡Q hv c~iY Kiv bv n‡j µq-weµq êa nq bv| nv`x‡m AZ¨š— ewjô fvlvq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAek¨B µq-weµq cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi Ici wfwËkxj|Ó1

Ab¨Î ejv n‡q‡Q, “Someone’s property will not be lawfully acquired by another unless it was given to him willingly.”2 A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡ZI cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡K µq-weµ‡qi GKwU Acwinvh© welq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

1 dZûj evwi, fwj-8, c„t 230, D×„Z, B.b~i. cÖv¸³, c„t 200|2 Bwe`|

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A_©bxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi (dissimilar, different or heterogeneous) e¯‘ µq-weµq Kv‡j ‡µZv GB wPš—v K‡i †h, †m †h cY¨, A_© ev †mev wKb‡Z hv‡”Q Zv †_‡K ‡m †h cwigvY Dc‡hvM, †ewbwdU ev Z…wß cv‡e Zvi g~j¨, Avi GRb¨ we‡µZv †h `vg (A_©, cY¨ ev †mev) `vex Ki‡Q Zvi g~j¨ mgvb wK bv| GUv n‡”Q †µZvi gvbwmK Ae¯’v, gvbwmK wPš—v| Gfv‡e †µZvi hw` aviYv nq †h, we‡µZv ‡h `vg cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q Zvi g~j¨ Ges cY¨, A_© ev †mevi g~j¨ mgvb n‡”Q bv, Zvn‡j †m we‡µZvi cÖ¯—vweZ `v‡g e¯‘wU µq Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvq Ges `vg Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ weKí cÖ¯—ve K‡i| Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZvI wPš—v K‡i, †m †h cY¨, A_© ev †mevwU wewµ Ki‡Q Zvi g~j¨ Avi ‡µZv †h `vg cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q Zvi g~j¨ mgvb wK bv| hw` Zvi g‡b nq †h, Zvi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi g~j¨ Ges †µZv KZ…©K cÖ¯—vweZ `v‡gi g~j¨ mgvb bq, Zvn‡j †m cY¨, A_© ev †mevwU cÖ¯—vweZ `v‡g wewµ Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvq Ges `vg AviI evov‡bvi Rb¨ weKí cÖ¯—ve †`q| AvaywbK fvlvq †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ Giƒc cÖ¯—ve I cvëv cÖ¯—ve‡K ejv nq ìKlvKwl (bargaining)| kiqx fvlvq G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q, BRve I Keyj| e¯‘Zt µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ `yÕwUi Pvwn`v I ‡hvMv‡bi wfwË‡ZB †µZv-we‡µZv ì KlvKwl K‡i| Be‡b Avj Avivex G m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, “If the need of the seller for the price or money is relatively stronger he would add more of his commodity or services for a given price. If on the other hand the relative need of the buyer for the commodity is stronger, he would add more of his price for a given commodity or service.”1

GBfv‡e ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g GK ch©v‡q †µZv hLb g‡b K‡i †h, cY¨, A_© ev †mevwU GB `v‡g wKb‡j Zvi cÖ`Ë `v‡gi ¶wZc~iY n‡e, ZLb †m ‡mB `v‡g wKb‡Z ivRx n‡q hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡µZvI hLb g‡b K‡i †h, cÖ¯—vweZ `vg Øviv Zvi cY¨ ev †mev nviv‡bvi ¶wZ c~iY n‡”Q, ZLb †m †mB `v‡g Zvi cY¨, A_© ev †mev wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx n‡q hvq| we‡µZv e‡j w`jvg, Avi †µZv e‡j wbjvg; AZxZKv‡ji kã Øviv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| A_©bxwZ‡Z GB Ae¯’v‡K ejv n‡q‡Q fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v equilibrium point| Avi GB `vg‡K ejv n‡q‡Q equilibrium price|

“The great philosophers, i.e. Hegel, Simmel etc. also recognized that the commodity exchange is such that the exchangeability of goods ultimately rests on the complementary acts of will by which the commodity owners choose to trade what each other owns. Of course to be exchangeable the goods must have conventional qualities of being objects

1 Ismail, Deferred Transaction in the Quran, in Introduction to Islamic Finance, Sh. Ghazali Sh. Ahud et (eds), 1992, D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 75|

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existing to satisfy specific market needs.”1 “What then gives the traded commodities both the common quality of exchangeability and specific exchange values are (is) nothing but the mutual acts by which the owners render them equivalently exchangeable.”2

myZivs Avj-KziAvb, mybœvn, A_©bxwZwe` I `vk©wbK‡ì g‡Z, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY Kivi weavb n‡”Q, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z `vg wba©viY Kiv| W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx GB K_vB e‡j‡Qb wbgœ fvlvq t“Perception in equality is acceptable in place of objective equality in exchange of dissimilar things, as money and commodity.”3

cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi kZ© Ab¨vb¨ nv`x‡m †µZv-we‡µZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z `vg wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ AviI K‡qKwU kZ© †Ìqv n‡q‡Q hv cwicvjb bv Ki‡j cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ `vg ‰ea nq bv| kZ©¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1) †µZv-we‡µZv Dfq‡KB cÖvß eq®‹, my¯’ gw¯Í®‹ I eyw×gvb n‡Z n‡e (Age of puberty, sound mind and age of majority) hv‡Z Zviv Pzw³i djvdj I cwiYwZ Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i;

2) †µZv-we‡µZv Dfq‡KB c~Y© ¯^vaxb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zviv †¯^”Qvq cÖ¯Íve MÖnY ev cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i; A_©vr Ggb †Kvb Pvc, evaëvaKZv, Rei`w¯Í _vK‡e bv hv‡Z †µZv-we‡µZvi †KD ev Df‡qB cÖ¯Íve MÖnY ev cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z eva¨ nq;

3) †Kvb cÖKvi wg_¨v, †avKv-cÖZviYv, RvwjqvwZ ev PvjvwK bv _vKv Ges

4) †Kvb cÖKvi Nvivi ev A¯úóZv, Ø¨_©‡evaKZv I AÁZv bv _vKv|

GQvov evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb hv‡Z ¯^vfvweK I w¯’wZkxj _v‡K, mKj cÖKvi weK…wZ I KjylZv gy³ nq Ges gvbyl †Kej ¯^vfvweK Pvwn`v-†hvMv‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ `v‡g µq-weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mRb¨ Bmjvg AviI KwZcq wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i‡Q| ‡m¸‡jv n‡”Q: 1) my` wbwl× Kiv; 2) Ryqv wbwl× Kiv; 3) mKj cÖKvi Ab¨vq fÿY wbwl× Kiv; 4) gRy``vix, †PvivKvievix wbwl× Kiv Ges 5) evB-Avj gyZZvi ev Riæix cÖ‡qvR‡bi my‡hv‡M Pov `vg nvKv BZ¨vw`|4

1 Richard D. Windfield, ‘The Just Economy’, Routledge, New York, 1988, p. 109: Quted by Nur, E. M. cÖv¸³, P. 147.2 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 147-148|3 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, cÖv¸³, p. 74.4 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„: 32|

88

Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z) t Bqv`vb weBqvw`b k‡Z©i wel‡q BwZc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b we‡klÁ‡ì Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Øviv †Kej Zvr¶wYK bM` n¯—vš—i eySvq bv; eis Gi Øviv Dfq c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i wbwðZ Kiv Ges ev¯—e n¯—vš—i Kiv eySvq| eo K_v n‡”Q, ev¯—e n¯—vš—i Qvov Ab¨ me¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Z n‡e µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e©| Avi cY¨ cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z nq Ôwbjvg-w`jvgÕ ejv A_©vr µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci hv m‡½ m‡½ Zvr¶wYKI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i A_ev kZ© Abymv‡i cieZx© †Kvb mg‡qI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡j hw` †Kvb GKwU ev Dfq cY¨ Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zvn‡j bg~bv ev ‡¯úwmwd‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g c‡Yï bvg, cwiwPwZ, ¸Y-gvb, cwigvY, `vg n¯—vš—‡ii wbðqZv, (security, guarantee BZ¨vw`), n¯—vš—‡ii ¯’vb, mgq BZ¨vw` wbwðZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| AZtci h_vmg‡q c‡Yï ev¯—e n¯—vš—i m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

evB-Gi AvIZv I cwiwanvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn& Cgvg Avj-mvivLmx evB‡K e¨vcK A_©‡evaK kã e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi msÁv w`‡q wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, “Permitted sale (bay halal) is the exchange of wealth having a value with wealth also having a value”1 GB A‡_© wdK¡vnex`MY BRvivn‡KI evB e‡j‡Qb| KviY BRvivnq †ewbwdU weµq Kiv nq| GgbwK, mKj cÖKvi FY I †`bvi †jb‡`b‡KI µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ kvwgj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|

m¤cÖwZ Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wj‡L‡Qb, “Any transaction between two people that is an exchange of two counter-values is bay.” “This meaning is not restricted to customary sale, but includes all that is included in this definition, and among these is debt whatever is its source, sale or loan.”2

ÒAvjvn µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb, Avi wiev‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivgÓ- GB Avqv‡Zi D×„wZ w`‡q nvwkg Kvgvwj wj‡L‡Qb †h, Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔevBÕ kãwU n‡”Q GK eP‡Y we‡kl¨ c`, Avi Gi c~‡e© hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Avj (Avwjd jvg); d‡j GLv‡b evB-Gi A_© n‡q‡Q mvaviY ev AvÕg| Gi Øviv mKj cÖKvi evB‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mKj evB-B êa| BDmyd Avj-Kvi`vfxi D×„wZ w`‡q wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Avj-KziAv‡bi mvaviY weav‡bi g‡a¨ mKj cÖKvi evB †hgb, GK c‡Yï wewbg‡q Avi GK cY¨ weµq (evU©vi), GK 1 mvivLmx, c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ|2 wbqvRx, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb, c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„: 5|

89

gy`ªvi e`‡j Ab¨ gy`ªv weµq (Avj-mid), A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq (bM` weµq), AwMÖg weµq (mvjvg), LiP `v‡g weµq (Avj-ZvIwjqv), jv‡f weµq (gyivevnv), †jvKmv‡b weµq (Avj-Iqvw`qvn&), †gv³v`v‡g weµq (gymvIqvgvn) Ges wbjv‡g weµq (Avj-gyhvBqv`vn&) meB kvwgj i‡q‡Q| GmeB êa, GgbwK wdDPvim µq-weµq hw` my` I Nvivi gy³ nq, Zvn‡j ZvI êa| ZvQvov, mybœvn Øviv mywbwÏ©ófv‡e wbwl× Kiv nq bvB Ggb mKj evB-B ‰ea|1

gybvdv ev jvfDc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GK_v Rvbv †Mj †h, evB ev µq-weµq n‡”Q †µZv KZ©„K we‡µZvi Ges we‡µZv KZ…©K †µZvi ¶wZc~iY Kiv hv‡Z KviI A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b bv nq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, Zv n‡j gybvdv ev jvf wKfv‡e nq?

gybvdv A_© I msÁv t Avj-KziAv‡b jvf‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ÔwieûbÕ(2:16) †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b Avevi jvf‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ÔbvdvÕ| (87:9) kã `ywUi A_© n‡”Q cÖe„w×, DØ„Ë, Aewkóvsk, evowZ Ask BZ¨vw`| cvwifvwlK A‡_© jvf n‡”Q cuywRi ewa©Zvsk; Avi Gi wecix‡Z †jvKmvb n‡”Q cuywRi ¶q cÖvß Ask| K¬vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe` wiKv‡W©vi g‡Z jvf n‡”Q, Òthe return to capital and its organization in production.”2 Exploitation ZË¡ Abymv‡i jvf n‡”Q, “residue after deducting the rental interest.3 Sraffa-Gi g‡Z jvf n‡”Q, ÒSurplus valueÓ.4 wdK¡vwe`‡ì g‡Z jvf n‡”Q cyuywRi cÖe„w× ev e„w× hv eëmvi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| Be‡b Avivex e‡j‡Qb, Òjvf n‡”Q †Kvb †mev ev c‡Yï weµq g~j¨ I µq g~‡jï eëavb|Ó5 myZivs jvf n‡”Q, “increase of value of assets actually realized in exchange. It is an incremental value accrued to the original capital or additional value of the initial capital.”6

gybvdvi Drm wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b t A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi A‡bK KviY eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q; †KD e‡j‡Qb, gybvdv n‡”Q D‡`¨vM I SzuwK MÖn‡Yi cvwi‡ZvwlK, ‡KD e‡j‡Qb jvf n‡”Q wewb‡qvM I cwikªg Kivi cyi®‹vi| Avm‡j gybvdv Av‡m

1 Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg, c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„: 143|2 David Ricardo: Works and Correspondence, Vol. 4, p. 4.3 Mark, K. : Theories of Surplus Value, Vol. 1, p. 48-49.4 P. Sraffa: Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, Cambridge University Press, 1960, p. 3-5.5 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 71|6 Bwe`, c„: 71|

90

wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b †_‡K| gvbyl wewb‡qvM K‡i Drcv`b I jvf Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨|

Drcv`b Kv‡K e‡jt Drcv`b Kiv gv‡b n‡”Q Dc‡hvM (utility) m„wó ev ms‡hvRb Kiv| Man cannot create anything and man cannot destroy anything. What man can create? Man can create utility only. myZivs “Producing means putting utility into” (fraser) and thereby adding value. Avi GB m„ó Dc‡hvM †_‡K cÖvß g~j¨B n‡”Q gybvdv| Dc‡hvM wewfbœ cš’vq m„wó Kiv hvq|Dc‡hvM m„wói cš’v t Dc‡hvM m„wó ev Drcv`b wZbfv‡e Kiv hvq|

1)AvK…wZ I iƒc cwieZ©b K‡it e¯‘i AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i Dc‡hvM m„wó ev ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq| gvbyl MvQ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; wKš‘ wewb‡qvM K‡i MvQ wK‡b KvV evwb‡q †Uwej ‰Zix Ki‡Z cv‡i| g‡b Kiv hvK, MvQ Lwi` eve` 2,000/- Ges Ab¨vb¨ LiP eve` 1,000/- †gvU 3,000/- UvKv LiP n‡jv| GUvB n‡jv †gvU wewb‡qvM| hw` D³ †Uwej 5,000/- UvKvq wewµ nq, Zvn‡j AwZwi³ 2,000/- UvKv cvIqv †Mj Mv‡Qi Dc‡hv‡Mi †P‡q †Uwe‡ji Dc‡hvM †ekx nIqvi Kvi‡Y| GUvB n‡”Q gybvdv hv Dcv`vb ev ms‡hvwRZ/ewa©Z Dc‡hv‡Mi `vg|

2)mgq ev Kvj cwieZ©b K‡it mgq cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gi Dc‡hvM m„wó/e„w× Kiv hvq| †hgb, †gŠmy‡gi mgq cÖwZ †KwR †Mvj Avjyi `vg nq 5.00 UvKv| G mg‡q wewb‡qvMKvix hw` A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i Avjy µq I †Kvì †óv‡i‡R msiÿY K‡i Ges Abv‡gŠmy‡g GB Avjy evRviRvZ K‡i Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq MÖvnKiv cÖwZ †KwR 40.00 UvKv `‡i Avjy µq Ki‡Q| A_©vr mg‡qi eëav‡b †Mvj Avjyi Dc‡hvM ‡e‡o ‡M‡Q| GUvB n‡”Q Drcv`b| aiv hvK, Avjy µq, msiÿY I Ab¨vb¨ hveZxq e¨q eve` wewb‡qvMKvixi †KwR cÖwZ 35.00 UvKv LiP n‡q‡Q| d‡j †m cÖwZ †KwR‡Z 5.00 UvKv †ekx cv‡”Q ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hv‡Mi `vg wn‡m‡e| GUvB Zvi jvf m„ó Dc‡hvM Z_v Drcv`‡bi g~j¨|

3)š’vb cwieZ©b K‡it ¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gI Dc‡hvM m„wó ev e„w× Kiv hvq| †hgb, gvj‡qwkqv‡Z Lye DbœZ gv‡bi wm‡g›U cvIqv hvq| †Kvb eëmvqx wewb‡qvM K‡i D³ wm‡g›U Avg`vwb Ki‡j G‡`‡ki wm‡g›U eënviKvix‡ì Kv‡Q Gi Dc‡hvM m„wó nq| aiv hvK, Zviv cÖwZ e¯Ív

91

wm‡g›U 550/- UvKvq wewµ Ki‡jv; Aciw`‡K wewb‡qvMKvixi cÖwZ e¯Ívq LiP n‡q‡Q 500/-| †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, cÖwZ e¯Ívq 50/- UvKv †ewk| GUvB wewb‡qvMKvixi gybvdv; wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„ó/ewa©Z Dc‡hv‡Mi `vg|

wewb‡qvM Kv‡K e‡jt wewb‡qvM n‡”Q, Drcv`b Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb cY¨-mvgMÖx, A_© ev †mev µq Kiv; AZtci Drcvw`Z m¤ú` wewµ K‡i jvf Kiv|| Ab¨ K_vq, wewb‡qvM gv‡b n‡”Q A_© ev cyuwR‡K wfbœZi A_©, cY¨ ev †mevq iƒcvšÍi Kiv| A_© ev cyuwR hZÿY Zvi wbR¯^ iƒ‡c _v‡K ZZÿY G‡Z †Kvb n«vm-e„w× nq bv Zv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ Gi Øviv wfbœZi wKQz µq Ki‡j µxZ cY¨, A_© ev †mevi Dc‡hvM e„w× ‡c‡Z cv‡i| Avi Dc‡hvM e„w× ev Drcv`b Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz µq KivB n‡”Q wewb‡qvM| K…lK, kªwgK, wkícwZ I eëmvqxMY wewb‡qvM I ewa©Z Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| K…lK Zvi A_© (cyuwR) e¨q K‡i exR, mvi, jv½j, kªg µq K‡i, Rwg Kl©Y K‡i Ges exR ecb K‡i| G‡Z Zvi A_© Gme cY¨ I ‡mevq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q hvq; AZtci Zv Avevi iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q nq dmj| g‡b Kiv hvK, K…lK wewb‡qvM eve` †gvU 5,000/- UvKv e¨q K‡i‡Q; Avi G †_‡K avb †c‡q‡Q ‡gvU 15 gb| A_©vr 5,000/- UvKv 15 gb av‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wewb‡qvMK…Z A_© I Drcvw`Z av‡bi RvZ wfbœ wfbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi †KvbwU †ewk, †KvbwU Kg Z_v G‡Z jvf n‡q‡Q bv †jvKmvb, Zv wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e bq| †mRb¨ Drcvw`Z avb wewµ K‡i g~j cyuwR A_©vr UvKvq wdwi‡q Avbv n‡j Dfq UvKvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e; Gfv‡e me© †k‡l cÖvß UvKv Avi c~‡e© e¨wqZ UvKvi cwigv‡Yi cv_©K¨ ØvivB Rvbv hv‡e jvf n‡q‡Q bv ‡jvKmvb, bvwK Avmj Avmj Av‡Q|

Ggwbfv‡e, wkícwZ cÖ_‡g Zvi UvKv‡K f~wg, †gwkb, KuvPvgvj, kªg BZ¨vw`‡Z Ges c‡i Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Ges me †k‡l G‡K cybivq g~j cyuwR UvKvq wdwi‡q Av‡b; †m Rvb‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖK…Z jvf-ÿwZi Ae¯’v|

GKBfv‡e mKj cY¨ eëmvqx, †mev Kvievix, gy`ªv eëmvqx Z_v mKj wewb‡qvMKvix‡KB Zv‡ì cyuwR‡K wfbœZi A_©, cY¨ ev †mevq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z Ges me‡kl ch©v‡q Avevi G‡K cÖ_g wewb‡qvwRZ cyuwRi AvKv‡i wdwi‡q Avb‡Z nq| Gfv‡eB jvf-ÿwZ †ei nq| GB †MvUv cÖwµqv‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z wbgœiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Qt

92

‘Investment means transformation of money/capital into another kind of money or goods and again transformation of that money/goods into original money. The difference between the quantity/amount of the last money received and the 1 st money spent is the profit/loss.’ myZivs “The aspect that matters is the conversion of, for example $1000.00, into an asset, in which that $1000.00 asset may be worth more or less in the future, a condition that will lead to a profit or loss.”1 “Islamic injunctions have clearly shown that the transformation process of objects and trading of goods one for another is itself the objective matter and it is considered as a necessary condition for seeking profit.”2

D‡`¨v³v wewb‡qv‡MKvixMY Zv‡ì wewb‡qvM e¨‡qi mv‡_ D³ ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ †hvM K‡i `vg avh© K‡i cY¨wU evRviRvZ K‡i GB g~jÜv †c‡Z Pvq| W. wmwÏKxi fvlvq, “Trade facilitates exchanges, exchange creates value. Traders try to capture part of value so created.”3

myZivs Drcv`b ev Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv †Kej wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e| Avi wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„ó/ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hvMB n‡”Q gybvdvi Drm| e¯‘Zt ewa©Z Dc‡hv‡Mi g~j¨ ev counter value n‡”Q gybvdv| myZivs gybvdvi KvD›Uvi n‡”Q wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„ó/ms‡hvwRZ/ewa©Z Dc‡hvM| gybvdv `v‡gi Ask Ges `v‡gi †fZ‡iB _v‡K|

†jvKmvb nq †Kbgybvdv n‡”Q wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„ó ev ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hv‡Mi `vg| G Ae¯’vq gybvdv †Zv wbwðZ nIqvi K_v| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq, KLbI KLbI wewb‡qvMKvix Zvi m„ó ev ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hv‡Mi g~j¨ cvq bv; eis †jvKmv‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi g~j cyuwRI †Lvqv hvq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Kiv m‡Ë¡I †jvKmvb nq †Kb? GB cÖ‡kœi mnR DËi n‡”Q, `ywbqvq †Kvb c‡YïB `vg wba©viY Kiv †bB; e¯‘Zt †Kvb c‡Yï `vg gv‡b †mB c‡Yï Dc‡hv‡Mi `vg| Avi ¯’vb, Kvj I cvÎ †f‡` GKB c‡Yï Dc‡hvM wfbœ wfbœ nq| Utility differs from person to person, time to time and place to place. wewb‡qvMKvix cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Zvi LiP g~‡jï mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hv‡Mi g~j¨ †hvM K‡i evRviRvZ K‡i| G‡Z ¯’vb, Kvj I cvÎ meB wfbœZi nq; G‡Z Dc‡hv‡Mi n«vm-e„w× nIqv A¯^vfvweK bq| †µZv‡ì Kv‡Q Dc‡hvM †e‡o †M‡j AvkvZxZ jvf 1 Avng`, Avey Igi I nvmvb, Gg, Kexi: The Time Value of Money Concept of Islamic Finance, in the American Journal of Islamic Social Science, 23:1, p. 85.2 b~i, B, Gg: c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„: 159|3 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb: cÖv¸³, c„: 45|

93

†hgb n‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb Avevi Dc‡hvM n«vm †c‡j †jvKmvbI n‡Z cv‡i| jvf I †jvKmv‡bi Avmj KviY GLv‡bB| Z‡e KLbI KLbI Drcv`b e¨q wbqš¿‡Y wewb‡qvMKvixi e¨_©Zvi ìæbI †jvKmvb n‡Z cv‡i|

wewb‡qv‡Mi ‰ewkó¨Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq cwi®‹vi n‡q‡Q †h, iƒcvšÍi Ges cybtiƒcvšÍi n‡”Q wewb‡qv‡Mi Acwinvh© cÖwµqv| G‡Z cyuwR e„w× †c‡q wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i Avevi Zv n«vm cvIqvI Am¤¢e bq; GgbwK, m¤ú~Y© cyuwR †Lvqv hvevi Avks¼vI i‡q‡Q| myZivs †jvKmv‡bi SzuwK MÖnY e¨ZxZ wewb‡qvM m¤¢e bq| GK K_vq jvf-‡jvKmvb DfqUv wewb‡qv‡Mi ¯^vfvweK cwiYwZ|Ó GR‡b¨B nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvj-LvivRy weRvgvbÓ– SzuwKi mv‡_ gybvdv m¤ú©³|

gybvdvi êwkó¨1) gybvdv ms‡hvwRZ g~‡jï wewbgq t Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„ó/ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hv‡Mi g~j¨B n‡”Q gybvdv|

2) gybvdv n‡”Q weµq g~j¨ I µq g~‡jï cv_©K¨ t “The margin between the price they paid and the price they charge, the difference between the sale price and the purchase price is called profit. The same is described as the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC), in order to cover things made/prepared by the seller as in the handicraft and manufacture. A peasant selling agricultural products grown on his own land can also be covered by the same, and so on.”1

cvðvZ¨ A_©bxwZi g‡Z f~wg, kªg, g~jab I msMVb Drcv`‡bi GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q Drcv`b Kivi ci Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i cÖvß †gvU Avq Total Revenue ev (TR) n‡Z f~wg‡K †Ìqv nq c~e© wba©vwiZ fvov, kªg‡K †Ìqv nq c~e© wba©vwiZ gRyix Avi aviK…Z g~ja‡bi Rb¨ †Ìqv nq c~e© wba©vwiZ my`; Pzw³e× Gme †`bv‡K ejv nq Total Cost ev (TC). GB TC cwi‡kva Kivi ci hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq gybvdv hv msMVb †c‡q _v‡K| myZivs gybvdv n‡”Q Aewkóvsk ev TR-TC=Profit. wKš‘ Bmjv‡g my` wbwl×| Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z ZvB cyuwRi Rb¨ my` w`‡Z nq bv; eis f~wg I kª‡gi cvIbv cwi‡kva 1 Bwe`, c„: 45|

94

Kivi ci hv Aewkó _v‡K cuywRi gvwjK I D‡`¨v³v Pzw³ Abymv‡i Zv fvM K‡i †bq| myZivs Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡ZI gybvdv n‡”Q Aewkóvsk wfbœZi A‡_©|

3) gybvdv SuywKc~Y© t G K_v †g‡b †bqv Qvov Dcvq †bB †h, mKj cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I †Kvb Kvi‡Y evRv‡i Pvwn`v n«vm cvIqvi A_ev †hvMvb †ekx nIqvi Kvi‡Y c‡Yï evRvi c‡o †M‡j wewb‡qvMKvix Zvi wba©vwiZ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg `v‡g cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z eva¨ nq Ges Zv‡K †jvKmvb w`‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K, †Kvb Kvi‡Y hw` cY¨wUi `vg e„w× cvq Ges evRvi ì D‡V hvq Zvn‡j wewb‡qvMKvix Zvi Avkvi †P‡qI ‡ekx jvf †c‡q hvq| W. wmwÏKx e‡j‡Qb, “Sometimes the difference between the sale price and the purchase price i.e., that between revenue and cost is negative. In that case it is called loss. Trade is subject to profits as well as losses. No language has different words for loss making trade and profit making trade. It is the nature of this activity to be subject to occasional losses.”1

4) gybvdv evRv‡ii `vb t jvfÑ‡jvKmv‡bi welqwU Avm‡j evRv‡ii IciB wbf©ikxj| GRb¨B eëmv‡q SuywK en‡bi cÖkœ Av‡m| Ab¨_vq wewb‡qvM Kiv, wewb‡qv‡M †gav I kªg LvUv‡bv, Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv I g~j¨ ms‡hvR‡bi wewbgq wn‡m‡e gybvdv †Zv wbwðZ neviB K_v| myZivs P~ovš—fv‡e jvf I †jvKmvb n‡”Q evRv‡ii `vb ev Gift of market or Result of market|

5) gybvdv c~e© wba©vwiZ nq bv t “Profit is residual, a surplus determined post facto and could very well be negative.”2 gybvdv KLbI BwZevPK, KLbI †bwZevPK n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs jvf KLbI c~e©wba©vwiZ (Predetermined) nq bv| A_©vr c~e©v‡ýB Pzw³i gva¨‡g gybvdvi cwigvY ev nvi wba©viY Kiv hvq bv|

6) gybvdv cÖwZg~‡jï Aš—f©y³ t Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv †Mj †h, gybvdv ev jvf n‡”Q wewb‡qvMKvix KZ…©K ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hvM, g~j¨ Ges SuywKi `vg hv evRvi Dcv`v‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| evRv‡i †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ ì KlvKwli Øviv cY¨-mvgMÖxi †h `vg wba©vwiZ nq, gybvdv ev †jvKmvb Zvi Aš—fy©³, `vg ewnfy©Z ev AwZwi³ wKQy bq|

7) gybvdv wewbgqnxb bq t gybvdv g~‡jï (counter-value) GKUv Ask ev Dcv`vb hvi wewbgq n‡”Q ms‡hvwRZ Dc‡hvM| 1 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb, c~‡e©v³, c„:45|2 Bwe`, c„: 63|

95

Avjvgv gI`~`x, G e¨vcv‡i e‡j‡Qb, Òeëmvq †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ mgvb mgvb g~‡jï wewbgq nq| †µZv we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K cY¨ µq K‡i gybvdv AR©b K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K we‡µZv †h eyw×, kªg I †gav e¨q K‡i †µZvi Rb¨ cY¨wU †RvMvo ev Drcv`b K‡i †m ZviB g~j¨ MÖnY K‡i|Ó1 G cÖm‡½ W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx e‡j‡Qb, Ògybvdv my‡ì b¨vq †Kvb AwZwi³ (excess) bq| µq-weµ‡q Dfq c¶B Zv‡ì wbR wbR ¯^vaxb ch©‡e¶Y, eyS I Dcjwä Abymv‡i mywbwÏ©ó DcKvi (advantage) †c‡q jvfevb nq| “In other words, there is always a counter value to profit in trade whereas there is no counter value to interest.”2

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi mvi K_v n‡jv, µq-weµq n‡”Q `ywU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbgq; hvi g‡a¨ jvf-‡jvKmvbI Aek¨B Aš—fy©³ _v‡K| jvf Drcv`b LiP ev µq-g~‡jï mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ g~j¨ Ges counter-value-Gi Ask| wKš‘ †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Zv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i avh©K…Z AwZwi³ (excess) I KvD›Uvi f¨vjynxb (without counter-value) bq|

µq-weµq I gybvdvi ¸i“Z¡µq-weµq gvbe mgv‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh© t µq-weµq I gybvdv gvbe mgv‡Ri Aw¯—-‡Z¡i Rb¨ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I AZ¨vek¨Kxq| `ywbqvq gvby‡li Afve Amxg I eûgyLx| wKš‘ c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb e¨w³, †Mvôx ev RvwZB Zvi mKj Afve c~iY Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq cY¨-mvgMÖx I ‡mev GKv wb‡RB Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ †h eûgyLx †hvM¨Zv-cÖwZfv, Dcvq-DcKiY I cwi‡ek ìKvi ZvI GKKfv‡e †Kvb e¨w³, †Mvôx I RvwZi Avq‡Z¡ †bB| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡K †Kej †mB cY¨-mvgMÖx ev †mev Drcv`b K‡i hv Drcv`b Kivq Zvi me©vwaK †hvM¨Zv-cÖwZfv i‡q‡Q, hvi cÖwZ Zvi ‡SvK-cÖeYZv †ekx, hvi Dcvq-DcKiY Zvi Rb¨ mnRjf¨ Ges cwi‡ek me‡P‡q †ekx AbyK‚j| GK K_vq, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³, †Mvôx I RvwZ †Kej †mB me cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mev Drcv`b K‡i hv †m me©vwaK `¶Zvi mv‡_ Ges Z~jbvg~jKfv‡e me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P Drcv`b Ki‡Z m¶g| AZtci ‡m Zvi Drcvw`Z cY¨-mvgMÖxi DØ„Ëvs‡ki wewbg‡q Ab¨ e¨w³, †Mvôx ev RvwZi KvQ †_‡K Acivci cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mev µq K‡i Zvi hveZxq Afve c~iY K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e me© wbgœ Li‡P

1 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv: cÖv¸³, 10 †Rj`, 1985, UxKv-318K|2 wmwÏKx, Gg, b~i, Dc‡iv³, c„: 46|

96

me©vwaK Drcv`b m¤¢e nq| Avi cvi¯úwiK wewbgq I µq-weµq n‡q I‡V AZ¨vek¨Kxq| cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` G¨Wvg w¯§_ I †WwfW wiKv‡W©vB n‡”Qb cvðv‡Zï me©cÖ_g A_©bxwZwe` huviv evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g mKj c‡¶i DcK…Z nIqvi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb Ges Zzjbvg~jK myweav Z‡Ë¡i ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Zt `ªe¨-mvgMÖx I †mevi ci¯úi wewbgq I µq-weµ‡qi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z e¨w³i Aw¯—Z¡ †hgb wecbœ n‡Z eva¨, †Zgwb µq-weµq eëmv-evwYR¨ Qvov †Mvôx I RvwZi Aw¯—Z¡I Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| myZivs µq-weµq †Kej ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bq, gvbe RvwZi Aw¯—‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

µq-weµq n‡”Q A_©bxwZi wfwË t µq-weµq n‡”Q gvbe mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK Kg©-Kv‡Ûi †K›`ªxq welq| µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡gB Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvwaZ nq Ges evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg myk„•Ljfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| µq-weµq n‡”Q evRvi A_©bxwZi wfwË I †gŠwjK êwkó¨|

gybvdv A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi PvwjKv kw³ t gybvdv n‡”Q hveZxq A_©‰bwZK ZrciZvi PvwjKv kw³; †Kej RxweKv AR©b bq, eis Dbœqb I mg„w×i evnbI n‡”Q gybvdv| K…lK nvofv½v LvUzwb †L‡U Rwg Pvl I exR ecY K‡i; Avkv †h, wewbg‡q †m AwaK dmj cv‡e| kªwgK gv_vi Nvg cv‡q †d‡j Zvi kªg wewb‡qvM K‡i; wewbg‡q gyRyix cvq, hvi Øviv †m RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| wkícwZ Zvi ‡gav I A_© LvwU‡q †QvU-eo KviLvbv M‡o †Zv‡j; Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ K‡i jvf KivB Zvi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨| eëmvqx cY¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡i †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q ‡`q‡Zv jvf cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨B| Acic‡¶ j¶¨ Kiv hvq †h, gybvdvi m¤¢vebv †bB Ggb Kv‡R nvZ w`‡Z †KD Drmvn ‡eva K‡i bv; †mme Kv‡R wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z †KD GwM‡q Av‡m bv|

gybvdv DbœwZ I mg„w×i PvweKvwV t evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi f~wgKv LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| gybvdvB n‡”Q RxweKv AR©‡bi ‰ea I m¤§vbRbK c_| gybvdvB A_©‰bwZK Kv‡R Drmvn †hvMvq I D×y× K‡i; `¶Zv e„w× I bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi-D™¢ve‡bi g~j †cÖiYvB n‡”Q gybvdv| gybvdv Qvov A_©‰bwZK KvR Kg© ¯’wei I APj n‡q co‡Z eva¨|

gybvdv Kj¨vYKi I AZ¨vek¨Kxq t RxweKv AR©b I m¤ú` Avni‡Yi c_ wn‡m‡e Bmjvg eëmv-evwYR¨ I gybvdvi Ici AZ¨š—

97

¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q Ges A_©‰bwZK Kvh©-Kjv‡ci g‡a¨ eëmv‡K me©vwaK jvfRbK I Kj¨vYKi Ges me‡P‡q gnr KvR e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z eëmv-evwYR¨ n‡”Q GKwU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ (Social obligation)|

eëmv-evwYR¨ di‡R wKdvqv t Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËvMY eëmv-evwYR¨‡K di‡R wKdvqqv1 †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| G `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv gymjgvb‡ì Ici mvgwMÖKfv‡e Aek¨ cvjbxq| mgv‡Ri mKj e¨w³ A_ev mK‡ji c¶ †_‡K †Kvb e¨w³ ev ‡Mvôx‡K G `vwqZ¡ Aek¨B AvÄvg w`‡Z n‡e; Ab¨_vq mgv‡Ri mKj‡KB G `vwqZ¡ Ae‡njv Kivi `v‡q `vqx n‡Z n‡e|

gybvdv Avjøvni AbyMÖn t gnvMÖš’ Avj-KziAv‡b Avjvn myenvbvû ZvÕqvjv gybvdv‡K Avjvni AbyMÖn AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges gvbe RvwZi DcKviv‡_© b`x, mvMi I gnvmvM‡i RvnvR, †bŠKvi gva¨‡g gvjvgvj cwien‡bi Ici evievi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡K RxweKv AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|

RxweKv AR©b Kiv diR t Avj-KziAv‡bi eû msL¨K Avqv‡Z Avjvn ZvÕqvjv gvbyl‡K Avjvni AbyMÖn iƒ‡c gybvdv AR©‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Avj-KziAvb evi evi gvbyl‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q‡Q †h, Avjvn Zv‡ì‡K RvnvR ˆZixi DcKiY `vb K‡i‡Qb Ges b`x, mvMi I gnvmvMi‡K Zv‡ì Kj¨vYv‡_© wbqwš¿Z K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Avjvn e‡j‡Qb, ÒwZwbB Ñ whwb †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ b`x-mgy`ª‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i †i‡L‡Qb, †hb †Zvgiv Zv n‡Z bZzb ZvRv †Mvk&Z AvniY K‡i †L‡Z cvi Ges Ggb me †mŠ›`h©-‡kvfvi wRwbm †ei K‡i wb‡Z cvi hv †Zvgiv cwiavb Ki| †Zvgiv †`LQ †h, †bŠKv-RvnvR b`x-mgy‡`ªi eyK `xY© K‡i PjvPj K‡i| Gme wKQy GRb¨ †h, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì Avjvni AbyMÖn mÜvb K‡i wb‡e Ges Zuvi cÖwZ K…ZÁ n‡e|Ó (16t14) Avevi m~iv ewb BmivB‡j Avjvn e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Zvgv‡ì ie †Zv wZwbB whwb b`x-mg~‡`ª †Zvgv‡ì †bŠKv-RvnvR Pvjv‡”Qb †hb †Zvgiv Zvi AbyMÖn mÜvb Ki‡Z cvi| Avmj K_v n‡”Q, wZwb †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ AZ¨š— `qvjy|Ó (17t66)

GQvov, gvbyl hv‡Z Zv‡ì Rxe‡bvcKiY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ Avjvn ZvÕqvjv c„w_exi hgxb‡K gvby‡li Aaxb K‡i †Ìqvi K_vI 1 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 69|

98

e‡j‡Qb| m~iv Avj-g~jK-G ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò‡mB AvjvnB‡Zv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ f~‡MvjK‡K Aaxb evwb‡q ‡i‡L‡Qb, hv‡Z †Zvgiv Gi e‡¶i Ici PjvPj Ki Ges Zv †_‡K Avjvni †`qv wihK LvI|Ó (67t15) e¯‘Zt Bmjvg cÖ‡Z¨K DcvR©bÿg e¨w³‡K Zvi wb‡Ri Ges Aaxb¯Í‡ì Rb¨ RxweKv AR©b Kiv‡K diR K‡i w`‡q‡Q|

cvw_©e Rxbe I Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxeb c„_K bq t m‡e©vcwi Bmjvg gvbeRxe‡bB Ava¨vwZ¥K Avi e¯‘MZ w`K‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v As‡k wef³ K‡i ‡`qwb; eis Ava¨vwZ¥K wccvmvi cvkvcvwk e¯‘MZ cÖ‡qvRb‡K mgvb ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| Avj-KziAvb w`‡bi †ejvi mgq‡K gybvdv AR©‡bi Kv‡R eënvi Kivi Rb¨ ZvwK` K‡i‡Q| GKw`‡K mgqgZ bvgvR, we‡kl K‡i, Rygqvi bvgvR Av`vq Ges Rygqvi bvgv‡Ri Avhvb n‡jB †ePv-‡Kbv eÜ K‡i †`qvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q; Ab¨w`‡K bvgvR m¤úbœ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ RxweKv A‡š^l‡Yi Kv‡R †j‡M hvIqvi Rb¨ Av‡`k K‡i‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒI‡n hviv Cgvb G‡bQ, Rygqvi w`b hLb bvgv‡Ri Rb¨ WvK †Ìqv n‡e, ZLb Avjvni ¯§i‡Yi w`‡K †`ŠovI Ges †Kbv-‡euPv †Q‡o `vI| GUv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ AwaK DËg, hw` †Zvgiv Rvb| c‡i hLb bvgvR m¤ú~Y© n‡e ZLb c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co Ges Avjvni AbyMÖn mÜvb Ki|Ó (62t9-10)

nv`x‡mi `„wó‡Z eëmv-evwYR¨ t ivm~jyjvni (mt) nv`x‡mI µq-weµq, eëmv-evwYR¨ I gybvdvi Ici h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb eëmvqx `j hw` mZ¨ K_v e‡j Ges Dc‡`k †`q Zvn‡j Zv‡ì eëmvq eiKZ nq; wKš‘ hw` Zviv VKvq Ges wg_¨v e‡j Zvn‡j Zv‡ì eëmv eiKZ ewÂZ nq|Ó1 bex (mt) AviI e‡j‡Qb, mZëv`x, AvgvbZ`vi, wek¦vmx eëmvqx e¨w³ (†Kqvg‡Zi w`b) bex, wmwÏK, I knx`‡ì `‡j _vK‡eb|Ó2 myZivs Bmjv‡g ¸i“‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K eëmv Avi wRnv`‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi †Kvb AeKvk †bB|

gybvdvi mxgv t cvðvZ¨ A_©bxwZ‡Z m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b‡K (Profit maximization) A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi wfwË MY¨ Kiv nq| GB A_©bxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb dv‡g©i cÖvwš—K Avq (MR) †hLv‡b Gi cÖvwš—K e¨‡qi (MC) mgvb nq †mLv‡b dv‡g©i gybvdv m‡e©v”P mxgvq †cuŠ‡Q| GB gybvdv AR©bB n‡”Q D‡`¨v³vi jÿ¨|1 eyLvix I gymwjg, D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 76|2 wZiwgRx, `vivgx, `vivKzZbx, D×„Z, wgkKvZ kixd, 2674|

99

wKš‘ G wel‡q Bmjvgx A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ weZK© Av‡Q| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ n‡”Q gyj¨‡eva wbi‡c¶ (secular/positive)| G A_©bxwZ‡Z gvbyl‡K g‡b Kiv nq Ôc~Y© ¯^vaxb i¨vkbvj B‡KvbwgK g¨vbÕ| †mLv‡b g‡bvcwj, Kv‡U©j BZ¨vw` m„wói gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì †kvlY K‡i A¯^vfvweK gybvdv jy‡U †bIqv nq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ Bmjvgx gyj¨‡ev‡ai Ici wfwËkxj| GLv‡b gvbyl n‡”Q ÔBmjvwgK i¨vkbvj g¨vbÕ| Zuv‡ì g‡Z gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY - cywRuev`x GB `k©‡bi ¯’vb Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z †bB| myZivs Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi mxgv wba©vwiZ _vKv DwPZ| Zv‡ì g‡Z, ÒGB mxgv †gvU cyuwRi 10% ev 33% Gi AwaK nIqv DwPZ bq| wKš‘ Bmjvgx kixq‡Z GB g‡Zi c‡¶ †Kvb `wjj-cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv|Ó1

Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z gybvdvi mxgv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q W. gvbœvb e‡j‡Qb †h, Bmjvg gybvdvi Aby‡gv`b w`‡q‡Q mxgve× A‡_©| myZivs Bmjv‡g gybvdv n‡e ¯^vfvweK (normal) gybvdv †hLv‡b †Kvb bZzb dv‡g©i Rb¨ Kviev‡i cÖ‡e‡ki cÖeYZv _vK‡e bv; Avevi cyivZb †Kvb dvg©I Kvievi †_‡K †ewi‡q hv‡e bv|2 W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx G‡¶‡Î m‡š—vlRbK (Satisfactory profits) gybvdvi Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z Bmjv‡gi †Kvb wewa-weavb jsNb bv K‡i m‡ev©”P †h gybvdv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e †mUvB n‡e gybvdvi D×©Zb mxgv| Aciw`‡K Drcv`bKvixi Rb¨ fvjfv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ges AZxZ †jvKmvb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó gybvdvB n‡”Q jv‡fi wbgœZg mxgv| Zuvi g‡Z GB D×©Zb I wbgœZg mxgvi gaëZ©x †h †Kvb cwigvY gybvdvB n‡”Q Ôm‡š—vlRbK gybvdvÕ|3 wKš‘ †ek wKQy msL¨K A_©bxwZwe` gybvdvi Gme aviYv‡K AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK (subjective) I A¯úó e‡j mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

gybvdvi mxgv m¤ú‡K© W. Avix‡di AwfgZ n‡”Q, MR=MC bq, eis †Kvb dv‡g©i AR (ev Mo Avq) †hLv‡b AC-Gi (ev Mo e¨‡qi) mgvb n‡e Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z †mUvB n‡e fvimvg¨ we›`y Ges GB ch©v‡q †h cwigvY gybvdv cvIqv hv‡e GKRb gymwjg D‡`¨v³vi gybvdv †mB cwigvYB nIqv DwPZ|4 Gjwg b~‡ii g‡Z, mvgvwRK wePv‡i GmeB n‡”Q mw`”Qv (good wishes); wKš‘ Gi 1 b~i, B, Gg, Dc‡iv³, c„: 76|2 Mannan, M. A. : Introduction of Islamic Economics, p. 168, b~i, B, Gg, Dc‡iv³, c„: 78|3 D×„Z, Bwe`|4 M. Ariff (ed), Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam, ICRIE, 1982, p. 8, D×„Z, Bwe`, c„: 71|

100

‡gŠwjK hyw³ I A_©‰bwZK e¨vL¨v cÖkœvZxZ bq| Zuvi g‡Z, gybvdv AR©‡bi cÖ‡Póv‡K åvZ„Z¡m~jf, gvbweK we‡ePbv ev Gnmvb I e`vb¨Zvi mv‡_ ¸wj‡q †djv wVK bq| KviY Bnmvb n‡”Q eëmvwqK Kvh©vejx I cÖ‡Póv †_‡K Avjv`v| Avi eëmvwqK Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q kixq‡Zi mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K AwaKZi gybvdv AR©b Kiv|1

‡RW, nvmv‡bi D×wZ w`‡q Rbve b~i wj‡L‡Qb †h, AvcvZ`„wó‡Z m‡e©v”P gybvdv jv‡fi D‡Ïk¨‡K A_©-wjáv Ges Bmjvgx ‰bwZK weav‡bi mv‡_ msNwl©K e‡j g‡b nq; wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ‡Z G Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY aviYvi GKwU mve©Rbxb êwkó¨ Av‡Q; †mRb¨ gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK AvPiY we‡klY Ges G m¤ú‡K© fwel¨r aviYv (predective) Kivi †¶‡Î m‡ev©”P gybvdv ZË¡B h_v_© ZË¡ e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| cwieZ©bkxj (dynamic) AwbwðZ cwiw¯’wZi gyKvwejvq GB aviYvB †Kvb dvg©‡K m„Rbkxj I m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡Z †cÖiYv †hvMvq|2

e¯‘Zt Bmjvg gybvdvi †Kvb mxgv wba©viY K‡i †`qwb| GgbwK, nv`x‡m †`Lv hvq †h, we‡kl Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z Avjvni ivm~j (mt) cY¨-mvgMÖxi `vg †e‡a w`‡ZI ivRx nbwb; eis wZwb Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq e‡j‡Qb †h, Ò`vg †Zv Avjvn wba©viY K‡ib, msKxY©Zv I cÖk¯—Zv`vbKvix GKgvÎ wZwbB Ges wZwbB wiwhK`vZvÕ|3 G Qvov Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Ò‡Zvgiv †h †Kvb `v‡g wewµ Ki‡Z cviÓ e‡j †µZv-we‡µZv KZ©„K wba©vwiZ †h †Kvb `vg‡KB êa K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| GB evYx Øviv wZwb evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ `v‡gi cÖwZB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| Avi GB c×wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ `v‡g hLb †h cwigvY gybvdv Av‡m †mB gybvdvB n‡”Q ¯^vfvweK I Aby‡gvw`Z gybvdv| Ab¨ Avi GK nv`x‡m bex (mt) G wel‡q AviI ®úó Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒRvwei (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvB‡n Iqv mvj-vg e‡j‡Qbt †Kvb knievmx †hb †Kvb cjxevmxi c‡¶ †Kbv‡ePv bv K‡i| ‡jvK‡ì ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †Q‡o `vI| Avjvn ZvÕqvjv Zv‡ì

1 b~i, B, Gg, Bwe`, c„: 79|2 Bwe`, c„: 79|3 wgkKvZ kixd, nv`xm bs 2768, Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, XvKv, 2q ms¯‹iY Ges wZiwgRx, Avey `vD`, `vivgx|

101

G‡Ki Øviv Ac‡ii wiwh‡Ki eë¯’v K‡ib|Ó1 GB nv`x‡mi wb‡`©k ¯úó; †jvK‡ì ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ Avi GKwU nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Kzievbxi eKix wKb‡Z wM‡q GK mvnvex (nvwKg web wnhvg ivt) kZKiv 100 fvM gybvdv K‡ib; Gi c‡iI ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) Zuvi eëmvq eiKZ †Ìqvi Rb¨ Avjøvni Kv‡Q †`vqv K‡i‡Qb|2

cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Bmjvg m¤ú‡ì e¨w³ gvwjKvbv‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q, Bmjvgx g~j¨‡ev‡ai AvIZvq D`¨g-D‡`¨v‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv w`‡q‡Q, gybvdv‡K Avjvni ‡bqvgZ ev AbyMÖn †NvlYv K‡i‡Q, `v‡gi (price) gva¨‡g m¤ú` eivÏ e›Ub I wewbg‡qi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q, evRv‡i Pvwn`v-‡hvMvb‡K ¯^vfvweK ivLvi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ wewa-weavb w`‡q‡Q, my`mn mKj cÖKvi Ryjygg~jK ‡jb‡`b wbwl× K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi BZ¨vKvi mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Kiv n‡j Zv A‰ea nIqvi †Kvb KviY †bB| ZvQvov gybvdvB n‡”Q A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKv kw³, Drcv`b, DbœwZ I mg„w×i Avmj Pvwe-KvwV| myZivs gybvdvi mxgv wba©viY K‡i †Ìqv Bmjv‡gi Kvg¨ bq| m‡e©vcwi cÖ‡Z¨K Kvievi Z_v wewb‡qv‡M m‡ev©”P jv‡fi m¤¢vebv †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb ‡jvKmv‡bi gva¨‡g mvKzj¨ cyuwR †Lvqv hvIqvi AvksKvI i‡q‡Q| Avi GK_v mZ¨ †h, †jvKmv‡bi †Kvb mxgv wba©viY K‡i †Ìqv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Gi wecix‡Z jv‡fi †Kvb mxgv bv _vKvUvB AwaK hyw³hy³|

G‡¶‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, b¨vq I mywePvi Kv‡qg KivB Bmjv‡gi D‡Ïk¨| myZivs †Kvb e¨w³ hv‡Z Zvi b¨vh¨ cvIbv †_‡K ewÂZ bv nq Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e; †m Rb¨ eëmv-evwY‡Rï g~j wfwË n‡Z n‡e cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, cvi¯úwiK Kj¨vY, mvgwóK ¯^v_© Ges b¨vqm½Z †jb‡`b I µq-weµq|

µq-weµ‡qi †kªYxweb¨vm¯‹jviMY wewfbœ `„wófw½ mvg‡b wb‡q wewfbœfv‡e µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx-web¨vm K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e ¯^qs Avjvn Ges Zuvi ivm~j (mt) µq-weµ‡qi †kªYx-web¨vm Kivi †h Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb Avgv‡ì Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ ‡mwUB me‡P‡q cÖvmw½K Ges wiev eySvi Rb¨ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

1 gymwjg, 5g LÛ, c„: 246, nv`xm bs 3684|2 wZiwgwR, Avey `vD`; b~i, B, Gg, Dc‡iv³, c„: 76|

102

m~ivZzj evKvivni 282 Avqv‡Z Avjvn Zvqvjv hveZxq µq-weµq‡K evwK I bM` GB `yB ‡kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb|

Gw`‡K Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ †_‡K ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn (mt) µq-weµq‡K `yB fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qbt mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq †hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv BZ¨vw` Ges wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq ‡hgb, †mvbvi wewbg‡q iƒcv, M‡gi wewbg‡q †LRyi BZ¨vw`|

myZivs Avj-KziAvb I nv`x‡mi gg© Abymv‡i mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq‡K wb‡gœv‡jwLZ Pvi cÖKv‡i †kªYxe× Kiv hvqt

1| mgRv‡Zi cY¨, †mev ev A_© bM` µq-weµq (Spot transaction of goods, services or currencies of same kind or same species under same genus) †hgb, ‡mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, UvKvi e`‡j UvKv, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi BZ¨vw`|

2| mgRv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© evwK µq-weµq (Deferred sale of goods, services or currencies of same kind or same species under same genus); †hgb, AvR †mvbv w`‡q GK gvm ci †mvbv ‡bIqv, AvR UvKv w`‡q GK gvm ci UvKv †bIqv, AvR †LRyi w`‡q GK gvm ci †LRyi †bIqv BZ¨vw`| G ai‡bi µq-weµq n‡”Q Avm‡j FY ev avi; KviY, FY n‡”Q †Kvb dvwÄej cY¨ GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Y¨i wewb‡q evwK‡Z weµq Kiv|

3| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© bM` µq-weµq (Spot sale of dissimilar, different or heterogeneous kinds of goods, services or currencies); †hgb, †mvbvi e`‡j iƒcv, UvKvi e`‡j Wjvi A_ev †LRy‡ii e`‡j Mg BZ¨vw`|

4| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© evwK µq-weµq (Deferred sale of dissimilar, different or heterogeneous kinds of goods, services or currencies); †hgb, AvR †mvbv w`‡q GK gvm ci iƒcv †bIqv, AvR UvKv w`‡q GK gvm ci †Uwej †bIqv, AvR UvKv w`‡q GK gvm ci Wjvi †bIqv BZ¨vw`| G ai‡bi evwK µq-weµ‡q †h KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivLv nq Zv‡KB ejv nq `vBb ev †`bv|

103

my`my‡`i A_©, msÁv, †kªYxweb¨vm I ‰ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv †c‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Z`vbxšÍb Rv‡njx Avi‡e †h wiev cÖPwjZ wQj, †h wiev D‡”Q` Kivi Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) †h wiev D‡”Q` K‡i‡Qb, †mB wievi aib-cÖK…wZ Rvbv `iKvi| Rvwnjx hy‡M wievm¤§vwbZ gydvm&mxix‡Y‡Kivg, dK¡xe„›`, M‡elK, ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe`MY Bmjvgc~e© hy‡M we‡kl K‡i, Avie †`‡k cÖPwjZ my`x †jb‡`‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq, †m hy‡M FY, †`bv, GgbwK bM` µq-weµ‡qI wiev †jb‡`b n‡Zv| wb‡P Zvi KwZcq Z_¨ †ck Kiv n‡jv t

FY ev K‡`©i Ici wievRvwnjx hy‡M F‡Yi Ici †h wiev †jb‡`b Kiv n‡Zv †m e¨vcv‡i Avj-dLi Avj-ivwh wj‡L‡Qb, ÒRvwnjx hy‡M Avieiv A_© avi w`‡Zv Ges Gi Ici gv‡m gv‡m wba©vwiZ cwigvY wiev Av`vq Ki‡Zv, wKš‘ Avmj cwigvYUv cvIbv ‡_‡KB †h‡Zv| AZtci †gqv` †kl n‡j FY`vZv Zvi Avmj †diZ PvB‡Zv| FYMÖnxZv Avmj †diZ w`‡Z bv

104

cvi‡j FY`vZv cvIbvi cwigvY e„w×i wewbg‡q mgq evwo‡q w`‡Zv| GUvB wQj Rvwnjx hy‡Mi wiev hv Zviv †jb‡`b Ki‡ZvÓ|1

Avey eKi Avj Rvm&mvm wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAvieiv †h wievi mv‡_ cwiwPZ wQj Ges †h wiev †jb‡`‡b Zviv Af¨¯— wQj Zv n‡”Q, Zviv wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ wìnvg I `xbvi FY w`‡Zv Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Ki‡Zv|Ó wZwb Avevi e‡j‡Qb, ÒGUv mycwiÁvZ †h, Rvwnjx wiev F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³, Avi GB AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡Zv cÖ`Ë †gqv‡ì wewbg‡q|Ó2

Be‡b Rwii Avj-Zvevwi hv‡q‡ì m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, ÒRv‡njx hy‡M †Kvb e¨w³ hw` KviI KvQ †_‡K DU avi KiZ, Zvn‡j †gqv` †k‡l FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi wbKU wM‡q ej‡Zv, ÔZzwg Avgvi cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki‡e, bv Gi cwigvY e„w× Ki‡eÕ? hw` FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q wKQy _vKZ †m Zv wb‡q wb‡Zv, Ab¨_vq FY`vZv Zvi cvIbv evwo‡q Gi cieZx© eq‡mi D‡U DbœxZ K‡i w`Z; cÖ`Ë DUwU web‡Z gvLv` n‡j wØZxq eQi †m web‡Z jveyb `vex KiZ, Zvi cieZx© eQi `vex KiZ wn°v, Gi c‡i Rvhvn, Gi c‡ii eQi cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j †m Pvi eQi eq‡mi DU `vex KiZ Ges Gfv‡e D‡Ui eqm evov‡Z _vKZ| ‡`bv hw` ÔAvBbÕ (`xbvi ev wìnvg) n‡Zv cvIbv`vi †`bv`v‡ii Kv‡Q wM‡q ej‡Zv, Zzwg cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki A_ev cieZx© GK eQi †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Zv wØ¸Y Ki| Gfv‡e cwi‡kva Kiv bv n‡j cÖwZ eQiB c~e©eZx© eQ‡ii cvIbvi cwigvY‡K wØ¸Y Kiv n‡Zv| cvIbv hw` 100 n‡Zv, wØZxq eQi Zv `y‡kv Kiv n‡Zv| c‡ii eQi GB cwigvY cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j Z…Zxq eQi G‡K PviÕk‡Z DbœxZ Kiv n‡Zv; Gfv‡e `vZv nq Zvi cvIbv Av`vq K‡i wb‡Zv A_ev cÖwZ eQi Gi cwigvY wØ¸Y K‡i avh© K‡i w`Z|Ó3

Avj-gyqvdvK¡v‡Z D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒRvwnjx wiev Ggb wQj hvi gva¨‡g †gqv` †k‡l FY cwi‡kva Kiv bv n‡j g~j †`bv‡K e„w× K‡i eo AvKv‡ii bZzb †`bv m„wó Kiv n‡Zv|Ó4

1 Avj-ivwh: Avj Zdmxi Avj Kexi, fwj-7, †Znivb, c„t 91; D×„Z Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZwK, c~‡e©v³, c„t 25|2 Avj-Rvm&mvm, AvnKvgyj KziAvb, fwj-1, jv‡nvi, 1980, c„t 465|3 Be‡b Rwii Avj-Zvevwi: Rvwg Avj eqvb, fwj-4, c„t 59; D×„Z: ev`vex, hvwK Avj-Øxb: Theory of Prohibited Riba; Bs‡iRx Abyev`: Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRx, [email protected], wW‡m¤î 4, 2000, c„t 38-39|4 Avj-kvwZex, Avey BmnvK, Avj-gyqvdv°vZ, fwj-4, c„t 40; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 39|

105


G cÖm‡½ Bgvg kIKvbx wj‡L‡Qb, Ò‡m Kv‡j †jv‡Kiv Pµe„w× nv‡i my`x Kvievi KiZ; Zviv GKUv wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ my‡ì wfwË‡Z g~jab jwMœ KiZ| †mB †gqv` †kl n‡q †M‡j g~jab‡K evwo‡q aiv n‡Zv ‡mB †gqv` ch©š— cÖvc¨ my`‡K g~ja‡bi mv‡_ †hvM K‡i| AZtci GB evowZ g~ja‡bi Ici my‡ì wnmve Kiv n‡Zv| Gfv‡e hZeviB †gqv` e„w× Kiv n‡Zv ZZeviB g~jab I my‡ì wnmve evwo‡q aiv n‡Zv|Ó

AvZvÕi m~‡Î Avj-Zvevwi AviI GKwU eY©bv wj‡L‡Qb †h, ÒRvwnwjq¨v‡Zi hy‡M ewb gyMxiv ‡MvÎ ewb mvwKd †Mv‡Îi KvQ †_‡K avi wb‡Zv| †gqv` †k‡l ewb mvwKd †MvÎ ewb gyMxiv‡K ej‡Zv, Ô‡Zvgiv hw` Avgv‡ì cvIbv cwi‡kva wejw¤^Z Ki Zvn‡j Avgiv †Zvgv‡ì †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q †`‡evÕ|Ó1

†`bvi Ici wievZvevwi KvZv`vni m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, Òwba©vwiZ mg‡q `vg cwi‡kva Kivi k‡Z© †Kvb e¨w³ Aci KviI Kv‡Q evKx‡Z cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq KiZ; ‡gqv` †k‡l ‡µZv e‡Kqv `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j †m Zvi †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`‡Zv Avi Aci c¶ †gqv` e„w× K‡i w`‡Zv|Ó2 Avj-hvn&nv‡Ki m~‡Î wZwb AviI wj‡L‡Qb, ÒRvwnjx hy‡M Zv‡ì µq-weµq †_‡K wiev D™¢~Z n‡Zv|Ó3

myq~wZ Zuvi Øvi Avj gvbmy‡i gyRvwn‡ì m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, ÒZviv (Rvwnjx hy‡Mi Avieiv) evKx‡Z µq-weµq Ki‡Zv| †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †k‡l GK c¶ Zv‡ì †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`Z Avi Aci c¶ cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w× K‡i w`Z|Ó4

mvC` Be‡b hyev‡qi †_‡K Be‡b Avwe nvwZg eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Ò†Kvb e¨w³i †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai mgq n‡j, †`bv`vi cvIbv`vi‡K ej‡Zv, ÒAvgvi Rb¨ †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai mgq evwo‡q `vI, Avwg †Zvgvi cvIbvi cwigvY e„w× K‡i †`‡evÕ| Zv‡ì‡K hLb ejv n‡Zv †h, GUv †Zv wiev; DË‡i Zviv ej‡Zv, ÒevKx weµ‡qi mg‡q `vg

1 Avj-Zvevwi: c~‡e©v³, c„t 5; Avj-Øvi Avj-gbmzi, fwj-2, c„t 71; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 39-40|2 Avj-Zvevwi: c~‡e©v³, fwj-3, c„t 67; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 41|3 Dc‡iv³|4 Avj-myq~wZ: c~‡e©v³, fwj-2, c„: 71; D×„Z, ev`vex, Dc‡iv³, c„:40|

106

evwo‡q aiv †nvK ev †gqv` †k‡l ‡`bvi cwigvY evov‡bv †nvK Dfq e„w× †Zv GKB|Ó1

gyRvwn‡ì m~‡Î Zvevwi AviI e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒRv‡njx hy‡M †Kvb e¨w³i hw` Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i Kv‡Q †Kvb †`bv _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j †gqv`v‡š— ‡`bv`vi cvIbv`vi‡K ej‡Zv ÔZzwg Avgvi Kv‡Q GB cv‡e| Avgv‡K cwikv‡ai mgq evwo‡q `vI, Avwg Avgvi †`bvi cwigvY GZ GZ evwo‡q †`‡evÕ|Ó2

myq~wZ wj‡L‡Qb, ÒBe‡b Avwe nvwZg †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, Be‡b hyev‡qi e‡j‡Qb, GK e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i Kv‡Q †Kvb m¤ú` cvIbv _vK‡j, †gqv`v‡š— cvIbv`vi †`bv`vi‡K Zvi cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z ej‡Zv| †`bv`vi ej‡Zv, Avgv‡K mgq evwo‡q `vI, Avwg Avgvi †`bvi cwigvY e„w× K‡i †`‡ev| Zuviv Df‡q G‡Z m¤§Z n‡q †h‡Zv| GUvB wQj wØ¸Y, eû¸Y wiev|Ó3

Gfv‡e evKx µq-weµ‡q cÖ_‡g c‡Yï `vg evwo‡q wba©viY Kiv n‡Zv hv Avmj `v‡gi mv‡_ GKxf~Z n‡q †hZ| AZtci †`bv`vi †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j cÖwZevi †gqv` e„w× Kivi wewbg‡q †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q ‡Ìqv n‡Zv hv‡K wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i wewbgqnxb e„w× ev wiev ejv n‡Zv| GRb¨ Avj-kvdx, Avj-evqnvwK I Avj-RviKvwbi b¨vq dK¡xn I nv`xm‡eËvMY e‡j‡Qb †h, Rvwnjx hy‡Mi wiev n‡Zv µq-weµq ev evB †_‡K|

bM` µq-weµ‡q wievBwZnvm I nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Z`vbxš—b Avi‡e AviI KwZcq wievi †jb‡`b cÖPwjZ wQj| Avieiv mPivPi †mme †jb‡`b KiZ; wKš‘ †mUv †h wiev Zv Zviv Rvb‡Zv bv Ges G‡K wiev ej‡Zv bv| ivm~jyjvn (mt) †mme †jb‡`b‡K wiev e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb Ges †miƒc †jb‡`b bv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Giƒc †jb‡`‡bi K‡qKwU D`vniY n‡”Qt

K)mgRvZxq gy`ªv bM` µq-weµ‡q wievt Rv‡njx hy‡M Avie †`‡k gy`ªv wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj `xbvi I wìnvg| `xbvi n‡jv ¯^Y© gy`ªv Avi wìnvg †iŠc¨ gy`ªv| Avieiv `xbv‡ii cwie‡Z© `xbvi Ges wìnv‡gi cwie‡Z© wìnvg cwigv‡Y Kg-1 Avj-myq~wZ: Dc‡iv³, fwj-1, c„: 365; D×„Z, Dc‡iv³, c„:40-41|2 Avj-Zvevwi: c~‡e©v³, fwj-3, c„: 67; D×„Z, Bwe`, c„:39|3 Rvjvj Avj-Øxb Avj-myq~wZ: Avj-Øvi Avj gbmyi, fwj-2, c„t 71; D×„Z, ev`vex, Dc‡iv³, c„: 39|

107

‡ekx K‡i bM` µq-weµq KiZ| Zviv Giƒc KiZ gy`ªvi ¸Y I gvbMZ cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y| Giƒc †Kbv-‡ePvi K_v nv`x‡mI D‡jL Av‡Q| dv`vjv Be‡b DevB` (iv) †_‡K ewY©Zt wZwb e‡jb, ÒLvBev‡ii w`b Avgiv ivm~jyjvni (mt) mv‡_ wQjvg| Avgiv Bû`x‡ì mv‡_ GK DwKqv ¯^Y© `yB A_ev wZb `xbv‡ii wewbg‡q ‡Kbv-‡ePv KiZvg| ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, †Zvgiv mgvb mgvb IRb Qvov ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó (gymwjg) (Pwjk wìnv‡gi mgvb IRb‡K GK DwKqv ejv nq|)

L) mgRv‡Zi cY¨ bM` µq-weµ‡q wievt Rv‡njx hy‡M Avie †`‡ki ‡jv‡Kiv †Kvb GKRv‡Zi wbgœgv‡bi c‡Yï mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i wewbgq KiZ| G cÖm‡½ we‡kl K‡i, wbgœgv‡bi †LRy‡ii mv‡_ DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi wewbg‡qi D‡jL †ek K‡qKwU nv`x‡m cvIqv hvq|

G cÖm‡½ mybœvni `„wó‡Z my` Aa¨v‡q my` msµvšÍ nv`x‡mi µwgK bs 53 †_‡K 63 b¤^‡i D×„Z nv`xm¸‡jv `ªóe¨|

M) wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ bM` µq-weµ‡q wievt nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Rv‡njx hy‡M Avieiv wbjv‡g gvj †ePv-‡Kbv KiZ| G e¨vcv‡i KLbI KLbI we‡µZvi c¶ †_‡K wb‡qvMK…Z `vjvj wg_¨v WvK w`‡q wbjv‡gi c‡Yï `vg evwo‡q w`Z| d‡j †µZv D³ Wv‡Ki Ic‡i `vg evwo‡q WvK w`‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv| Gfv‡e cÖZviYvg~jK Wv‡Ki gva‡g we‡µZv ‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖK…Z `v‡gi †P‡q †ekx `vg Av`vq K‡i wbZ| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Gfv‡e ewa©Z `vg‡K wiev AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges wg_¨v WvK `vZv‡K ÔAwfkß wiev MÖnxZvÕ e‡j wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| (nv`xm b¤î 83 `ªóe¨)

G Qvov mydvwi‡ki wewbg‡q Dcnvi MÖnY, cÖZviYv K‡i `vg †ekx †bIqv Ges AbewnZ †jvK‡K VKv‡bv n‡j Zv‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| nv`xm †_‡K GK_vI cvIqv hvq †h, wievi 70/73 wU aib i‡q‡Q| (nv`xm b¤î 79-83 Ges 97-98 `ªóe¨)

D‡jwLZ Z_¨vejx †_‡K GK_v ¯úó nq †h, Bmjvg c~e© hy‡M Avieiv A_© (wìnvg-`xbvi), †mvbv-iƒcv, Ab¨vb¨ cY¨-mvgMÖx GgbwK DU Øviv FY †jb‡`b KiZ Ges F‡Yi Ici wiev avh© KiZ| wØZxqZ, Zviv wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_© I cY¨-mvgMÖx evKx‡Z µq-weµq KiZ| †µZv wba©vwiZ mg‡q D³ †`bv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv

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cvi‡j we‡µZv cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w×i wewbg‡q Zvi cvIbvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`Z| Z…ZxqZ, GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev cY¨ cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i bM` †ePv-†Kbv Kiv n‡j ‡mB e„w×‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| PZz_©Z, cÖZviYvg~jK ewa©Z `vg I mydvwi‡ki cvwi‡ZvwlK‡KI Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wiev †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| nv`xm †_‡K GUvI cÖZxqgvb nq †h, wievi AviI eû aib Pvjy wQj|

D³ Z_¨vejx †_‡K GK_vI cÖgvwYZ nq †h, FY I †`bvi Ici wiev avh© I †jb‡`b Kivi c×wZ I iƒcI wQj wewfbœ|

cÖ_gZ, FY`vZv FY cÖ`v‡bi mgqB Zvi cvIbvi Ici AwZwi³ `vex KiZ Ges FYMÖnxZv AwZwi³ w`‡Z ivRx n‡j FY`vZv D³ ewa©Z cwigvYmn FY †di‡Zi k‡Z© FY cÖ`vb KiZ| AZtci wba©vwiZ mg‡q AwZwi³mn ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j FY`vZv Zvi †gvU cvIbvi (KvD›Uvi f¨vjy + AwZwi³) Ici Avevi AwZwi³ avh© K‡i mgq evwo‡q w`Z|

wØZxqZ, FY`vZv gvwmK wfwË‡Z AwZwi³ avh© KiZ Ges gv‡m gv‡m Zv Av`vq KiZ| Avi FY cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †kl nIqv ch©š— Avmj cvIbvi cwigvY AcwiewZ©Z _vKZ| AZtci †gqv`v‡š— FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j AveviI gv‡m gv‡m AwZwi³ cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© FY`vZv FY cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` evwo‡q w`Z|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, ÒmKj cÖKvi my`x †jb‡`‡bi mvaviY †h ˆewkó¨ wQj Zv n‡”Q, †`bvi Avm‡ji Ici GKwU AwZwi³ cwigvY avh© Kiv| ‡`bv KLbI evKx µq-weµq †_‡K m„wó n‡Zv; KLbI ev FY ev KR© †_‡K †`bv m„wó n‡Zv| me †¶‡ÎB ewa©Z AwZwi³ Ask‡K ejv n‡Zv wiev; KviY, wiev k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q e„w×|Ó1 GgbwK, mgRv‡Zi I AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµ‡q gv‡bi ZviZ‡g¨i Kvi‡Y ev cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e GK c‡ÿi wba©vwiZ `v‡gi Ici ewa©Z Ask‡KI ejv n‡q‡Q wiev|

G‡Z AviI j¶Yxq †h, GB e„w× avh© Kiv n‡Zv FYMÖnxZv ev †`bv`v‡ii †`bvi Ici hvi wewbg‡q cvIbv`vi †`bv`vi‡K wKQyB w`‡Zvbv; A_©vr wiev n‡”Q wewbgqnxb| 1 Igmvbx, †gvnv¤§` ZwKt c~‡e©v³, c„t 28|

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Avi wewbgq Qvov GB AwZwi³ †`bv`vi cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv ïaygvÎ Zvi m¤§wZi Kvi‡Y; FY`vZv ev evwK we‡µZv AwZwi³ `vex Ki‡Zv, FYMÖnxZv ev evwK †µZv m¤§Z n‡Zv| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AwZwi³ avh© I ‡jb‡`‡bi Pzw³ n‡q †h‡Zv| GB Pzw³ n‡”Q wievi Drm| wievi Ici FY`vZvi AwaKvi m„wó n‡Zv Pzw³ e‡j; Avi FYMÖnxZv wiev cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡Zv GB Pzw³i Kvi‡YB (Zvi m¤§wZi Kvi‡Y)|

myZivs wievi †gŠwjK ‡h êwkó¨ cvIqv †Mj Zv n‡”Qt K) wba©vwiZ g~‡jï Ici (evwK ev bM`) e„w× avh© Kiv;L) Acicÿ GB e„w×i wewbgq ev cÖwZg~j¨ bv †Ìqv; GesM) †µZv-we‡µZv Dfq cÿ G‡Z m¤§Z nIqv (Pzw³ Kiv)|

wievi AvwfavwbK A_©wbf©i‡hvM¨ Awfavbmn Avj-KziAv‡bi ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm wekvi`, wdK¡vwe`, ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe` mK‡jB GKgZ ‡h, wiev k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q e„w×, evowZ, AwZwi³, DØ„Ë (surplus), †ekx, m¤cÖmviY, cÖe„w×, DuPz nIqv, dz‡j DVv, jvf (gain), eû¸Y nIqv, Qvwo‡q hvIqv, cvIbvi †P‡q ‡ekx †bIqv, GKw`‡K e„w× Ab¨w`‡K e„w× QvovB BZ¨vw`|

weL¨vZ Aviex Awfavb wjmvb Avj-Avie wievi kvwãK A_© wj‡L‡Q, Òe„w×, AwZwi³, m¤cÖmviY I cÖe„w×|Ó1 Avj hvwew` Zuvi ZvR Avj-Avi“m Ges Bgvg ivwMe Avj B¯úvnvwb Zuvi gydiv`vZ Avj-KziAv‡bI wievi GB GKB A_© wj‡L‡Qb| GQvov cÖvPxb ZdmxiKvi‡ì mK‡jB wievi Abyiƒc A_© K‡i‡Qb|2

Advanced-Learner Dictionary-‡Z (1989:564) wiev k‡ãi A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q, “excess, addition and surplus”; Avi wµqvc‡` Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q “to increase, to exceed, to exact more than was due, to practise usury.”3

Lane’s Lexicon wievi A_© wj‡L‡Q, Òto increase, to augment, swelling, forbidden, addition, to take more than what is given, the practising or taking of usury or

1 Be‡b gbhyi, wjmvb Avj-Avie, 1968|2 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Prohibition of Interest: Does it Make Sense? Islamic Dawah Movement (IDM) Publications, Southern Africa, 2001, p. 2, Foot note-3.3 D×„Zt wmwÏKx, knx` nvmvb Riba, Usury and Interest- Historical and Quranic Concept, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, Oct.-Dec., 1993, p. 44.

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the like, an excess, or an addition, an addition over and above the principal sum (that is lent or expended).Ó1

Avjvgv gI`~`x e‡j‡Qb †h, Òwiev k‡ãi g~‡j Av‡Q Aviex fvlvi (Ôiv-ev-IqvIÕ) GB wZbwU nid| KziAvb gwR‡` GB g~j †_‡K wbM©Z kãvejx hZ RvqMvq eëüZ n‡q‡Q †mB mKj ¯’v‡bB G †_‡K e„w×, D”PZv, weKvk BZ¨vw` A_© cvIqv hvq|Ó2 G cÖm‡½ cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i kixqvn Avcx‡jU †e‡Âi HwZnvwmK iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, “In the Quran, the word signifies ‘to rise’, ‘at a height’, ‘to increase’, ‘to prosper’, ‘to swell’, ‘to nurture’, ‘to raise’, ‘to grow’, and ‘augmentation’ or ‘increase in power’.” Avevi ejv n‡q‡Q, “Federal Shariat Court records that the term riba, in its various linguistic forms, occurs at about twenty places in the Quran.”3 wb‡gœ Gi K‡qKwU D`vniY †ck Kiv n‡jvt

1| ÒhLb Avgiv Zvi Ici cvwb el©Y Kijvg ZLb Zv m‡ZR n‡jv I dz‡j DV‡jv (ivevZ)|Ó (m~iv Avj nR¡-22:5)

2| ÒAvjvn my`‡K wbwðý K‡i †`b Ges mv`vKvn‡K µge„w× (BDiwe) `vb K‡ib|Ó (m~iv Avj-evKvivn- 2:276)

3| ÒAvevi hLb cveb Avm‡jv ZLb Dcwifv‡M (ivweqvb) †dbvI †R‡M DV‡jv|Ó (m~iv Avj-ivqv`- 13:17)

4| Ò‡hb GK RvwZ Aci RvwZ A‡c¶v AMÖmi (Aviev) n‡q hvq|Ó (m~iv Avj-bvnj- 16:92)

5| ÒwZwb Zv‡ì‡K K‡Vvi-KwVbfv‡e (ivweqvZvb) cvKovI Ki‡jb|Ó (m~iv Avj-nv°vn&- 69:10)

6| ÒGes Zv‡ì‡K (gwiqg I Cmv) GKwU D”P ¯’v‡b (iveIqv‡Zb) Avkªq w`jvg|Ó (m~iv Avj-gy‡gbyb- 23:50)

7| Ò‡jvK‡ì A‡_©i mv‡_ kvwgj n‡q e„w× (BDiwe) cv‡e GRb¨ †Zvgiv †h my` `vI, Zv Avjvni Kv‡Q ev‡o (Bqviey) bv|Ó (m~iv Avj-iƒg- 30:39)

D×„Z AvqvZmg~‡n eëüZ kãvejx †_‡K wZb ai‡bi e„w×i Bw½Z cvIqv hvqt 1) wbR cwigv‡Y e„w×, 2) Zzjbvg~jK e„w× Ges 3) gvbMZ e„w×| mvwg nvgy` e‡j‡Qb, ÒGB e„w× LvuwU fvlvMZ A‡_© †Kvb e¯‘i wbR cwigvY †e‡o hvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, A_ev `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKwUi cwigvY A‡cÿv AciwUi

1 Lane’s Lexicon 1874; D×„Z, Bwe`|2 gI`~`x, my` I AvaywbK e¨vswKs, evsjv Abyev`, Avãyj gvbœvb Zvwje I AveŸvm Avjx Lvb, AvaywbK cÖKvkwb, XvKv, 1979, c„t 84|3 Shariat Law Report, Lahore, Pakistan, p. 10.

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cwigvY e„w× cvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, A_ev ¸Y-gv‡bi Zzjbvq GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘ n‡Z DbœZZi nIqvI Gi A_© n‡Z cv‡i|Ó1

Bgvg Avj-Iqvwn`x Ic‡i 1 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ AvqvZ e¨vL¨v K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, GLv‡b gvwU Ôdz‡j-DV‡jvÕ‡K ÔivevZÕ ejv n‡q‡Q; G ivevZ ‡_‡K gvwUi wbR¯^ AvK…wZ m¤cÖmvwiZ I e„w× cvIqv A_© cvIqv hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e 2 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z ÔBDiweÕ kã Øviv hvKv‡Zi wbR¯^ cwigvY e„w× cvIqv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, 4 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔAvievÕ kã Øviv GK RvwZi Zzjbvq Aci RvwZ msL¨vq †ekx Ges gv‡b DbœZi nIqv eySv hvq| GLv‡b cwigvYMZ I gvbMZ Dfq e„w×‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|2 G cÖm‡½ Avj-Zvevwi e‡j‡Qb, Aviex‡Z mvaviYZ ejv nq †h, AgyK e¨w³ Agy‡Ki †P‡q fvj (Aviev); GB ev‡K¨ ÔAvievÕ kã Øviv gvbMZ AMÖmiZvi K_vI eySv‡bv nq|3 Z…ZxqZ, 5 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔivweqvZvbÕ kã Øviv AvjøvnZvÕqvjv Ab¨vb¨ Acivax‡ì kvw¯Íi Zzjbvq †divD‡bi kvw¯Í †h AwaK KwVb I K‡Vvi wQj ZvB eywS‡q‡Qb|4 G cÖm‡½ Avj-Zvevwi e‡j‡Qb †h, cvnvo‡K ÔivweqvÕ ejv nq; KviY cvnvo f~wgi †P‡q D”PZvq eo|5

ivm~jyjøvni (mt) nv`x‡mI wiev k‡ãi GBiƒc wewfbœ w`K †_‡K e„w× A_© cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯îƒc, GK nv`x‡m KwZcq mvnvex eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒGKevi ivm~jyjøvn (mt) Zuv‡ì LvIqvi `vIqvZ w`‡jb| Zuviv hLb Lvw”Q‡jb ZLb †`L‡jb, Lv`¨ e„w× cv‡”Q| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb mvnvex D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, cvÎ †_‡K †h cwigvY Lvevi Zz‡j †bIqv nw”Qj, wbP †_‡K Lvevi e„w× †c‡q ZZ cwigvY Avevi c~iY nw”Qj|Ó6 D³ mvnvex GLv‡b ÔivevÕ kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi Øviv Lv‡`ï wbR¯^ cwigvY †e‡o hvIqv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Aci GK nv`x‡m ivm~jyjøvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvj-†di‡`Šm n‡”Q Avj-iveIqvn|Ó7 GLv‡b iveIqvn& kã

1 Sami Hamaud (1985), Islamic Banking, Arabian Information, London, p. 67, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|2M. Al-Sharaf Al-Nawawi, al-Tahzib Al-Asthma Wallughat; Section-2, Vol. 1, p. 118, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|3 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 34|4 M. Al-Sharaf Al-Nawawi, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|5 Avj-Zvevwit Avj-nvK¡, AvqvZ 10, fwj-12, c„t 34, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 22|6 Avj-eyLvix, gyqvwK¡Z, c„t 79; D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|7 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 22|

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Øviv Rvbœv‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bi Zzjbvq †di‡`Š‡mi DËg I m‡e©v”P nIqv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|†`Lv hv‡”Q, wiev k‡ãi A‡_©i g‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ wZb ai‡bi e„w×B mwbœwnZ Av‡Q| A_©vr wiev A_© e„w×; GB e„w× cwigvYMZ n‡Z cv‡i, gvbMZ n‡Z cv‡i; e¯‘i wbR cwigvY e„w× cvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi Aci e¯‘i Zzjbvq cwigvY I ¸YMZfv‡e e„w× cvIqvI Gi A_© n‡Z cv‡i|

Acivci fvlvq wievi cÖwZkãwewfbœ ag©MÖ‡š’ eëüZ cÖwZkã †_‡KI wievi GB GKB A_© cvIqv hvq| kª‡×q gydvm&‡mi‡ì A‡b‡KB e‡j‡Qb ‡h, Bû`x‡ì Ici †h wiev wbwl× wQj Zv Z`vbxšÍb Avi‡e cÖPwjZ wievi Abyiƒc wQj| Avj-Zvevwi Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ wbwl× wievi e¨vL¨v w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÒZviv (Bû`xiv) ‡h wiev MÖnY Ki‡Zv Zv F‡Yi Avmj cwigv‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e avh© Kiv n‡Zv|Ó1 ...FY I µq-weµq †_‡K m„ó `v‡qi Ici avh© Kiv n‡Zv|Ó2

ev`vex G cÖm‡½ ewb CmivBj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ wiev (ZIiv‡Z wbwl× wiev) Ges Rv‡njx hy‡M cÖPwjZ (Avj-KziAv‡b wbwl×) wievi Zzjbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Dfq wiev wQj GK I Awfbœ| wZwb e‡j‡Qbt

ÒAvj-KziAvb †mB wiev‡KB wbwl× K‡i‡Q hv Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj| Avi AvRI Bû`x‡ì g‡a¨ †mB wievB Pvjy i‡q‡Q; KviY cÖvPxbKv‡j wievi cÖK…wZ I êwkó¨ hv wQj GLbI ZvB Av‡Q- G‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb| Gfv‡e Bû`x‡ì g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b †h wiev Pvjy Av‡Q Zv n‡”Q, F‡Yi Ic‡i mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z AwZwi³, hwÌ wievi nv‡i cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| myZivs Avj-KziAvb †h wiev‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q Zv AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB cwiwPZ wQj|Ó M‡elKMY c„w_exi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ag©MÖš’mg~‡n eëüZ wewfbœ kã/cwifvlvi A‡_©i mv‡_ wievi A‡_©i wgj _vKvi K_vI Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|

G‡KªvWvm I wWUv‡ivbwg‡Z evB‡ejxq wneª“ fvlvq my`‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Ô†b‡kLÕ; Avi †jwfwUKv‡m ÔUviweUÕ ev ÔgviweUÕ k‡ãi mv‡_B Ô†b‡kLÕ kã emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|3 Ò‡b‡kL A_© n‡”Q gain hv A_©, cY¨-mvgMÖx ev †h †Kvb cÖKvi m¤ú`-m¤úwË FY 1 Avj-Zvevix, Rvwg Avj-eqvb, fwj-6, c„t 17; D×„Z, ev`vex , c~‡e©v³, c„t 78|2 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 79-80|3 †gneye Dj nvmvb, c~‡e©v³, c„: 75|

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w`‡q Zvi Ici AR©b Kiv nq|Ó1 GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv RyWvBKvq †b‡k‡Li A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔbiteÕ; Avi kãwU my` LvIqv A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡Zv|2

wievi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã n‡”Q Interest I Usury. Interest ga¨ hyMxq j¨vwUb kã Interesse †_‡K wbM©Z n‡q‡Q| Avi j¨vwUb kã usura †_‡K G‡m‡Q Usury|3 Interesse A_© n‡”Q Avm‡ji Ici e„w×| Usura gv‡b n‡”Q cÖ`Ë FY †_‡K AwR©Z Dc‡fvM (enjoyment); K¨vbb jÕ‡Z Gi gv‡b n‡”Q A_© avi w`‡q Zvi wewbg‡q Avmj cvIbvi Ici AwZwi³ MÖnY Kiv|4 Encyclopaedia of Religions and Ethics-G ejv n‡q‡Q Usury I Interest kã `ywU GK I Awfbœ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡Zv|Ó5

G‡Z AviI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AZx‡Z KLbI BDmvix‡K AvaywbK Kv‡ji b¨vq D”P nv‡ii B›Uv‡i÷ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡Zvbv| The New Encyclopaedia Britannica-q Bs‡iR †`‡k cÖPwjZ c~e©Zb AvBb Abymv‡i ÔBDmvixiÕ e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Òc~e©Zb Bs‡iR AvBb Abymv‡i BDmvixi A_© n‡”Q A_© eënv‡ii ÿwZc~iY, ÿwZc~i‡Yi cwigvY Kg-†ekx hvB †nvK|Ó Encyclopaedia Americana- International Edition (1970)-G ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒB›Uv‡ió n‡”Q A_© eënv‡ii g~j¨ (Charge)| ga¨ hy‡Mi †kl bvMv` F‡Yi Ici Av‡ivwcZ †h †Kvb cwigvY AwZwi³‡KB mvaviYZ BDmvix MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv|Ó Encyclopaedia Americana-q ejv n‡q‡Q Òc~‡e© (Previously) BDmvix ejv n‡Zv B›Uv‡ió‡K hv FY`vZv‡K Zvi ÿwZc~iY Kiv eve` †`qv n‡Zv| Aciw`‡K, A_© (ev †Kvb dvwÄej cY¨) eënv‡ii wewbgq wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë g~j¨‡K ejv n‡Zv BDmvix|Ó Gfv‡eB g~jZt (Originally) BDmvix kã Øviv B›Uv‡i‡ói wfwË‡Z FY ‡jb‡`b Kiv‡KB eySv‡Zv Ges ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ A_© eënv‡ii wewbg‡q M„nxZ Kg-†ekx †h †Kvb cwigvY B›Uv‡ió‡K BDmvix ejv n‡Zv Ges G‡KB BDmywiqvm (my`‡Lvix) AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡Zv| myZivs GK_v ¯úó †h, g~j A‡_©i w`K †_‡K F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z B›Uv‡ióB n‡”Q BDmvix, BDmvix Qvov Ab¨ wKQz bq| ‡mKv‡j mKj B›Uv‡ió‡K BDmywiqvm e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‘ ciewZ©Kv‡j eëmv-evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmviY NU‡j F‡Yi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq Ges 1 Siddiqui, Dr. Shahid Hasan, Riba, Usury and Interest – Historical & Quranic Concept, Journal of Islamic Banking & Finance, Vol. 10, No. 04, October-December 1993, p. 44.2 Cohn. H. Harvey, USURY: Encyclopedia Judaica, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, p. 17. D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Mehboob ul Hassan, c~‡e©v³, c„t 75|3 Qureshi. A. Iqal, Islam and the Theory of Interest, Lahore: Ashraf Publication, 1991, p. 2.4 Cohn, H. Harvey, c~‡e©v³|5 D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, wmwÏKx, knx` nvmvb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 44|

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BDmvixi msÁvq cwieZ©b Avbv Acwinvh© g‡b Kiv nq| d‡j 13k kZ‡K hy³iv‡R¨ my`‡K êa K‡i AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvB‡b GKUv mywbw`©ó nvi ch©šÍ BDmvix‡K ei`v¯Í Kivi K_v ejv nq Ges AvBb Øviv êaK…Z GB mxgv ch©šÍ BDmvixi nvi‡K B›Uv‡ió bvg †Ìqv nq| GB m~Î a‡iB The Concise Oxford Dictionary-‡Z D”P nv‡ii B›Uv‡ió‡K BDmvix ejv n‡q‡Q| Zuv‡ì cÖ`Ë BDmvixi msÁv n‡”Q, Usury is “the practice of lending money at exorbitant interest, especially at higher interest than is legal.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica-q B›Uv‡i‡ói msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, B›Uv‡ió n‡”Q ÒFY A_ev A_© eënv‡ii wewbg‡q cÖ`Ë `vg|Ó Avi BDmvixi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, Òga¨ hy‡Mi b¨vq Avw_©K F‡Yi Ici AwZ D”P nv‡i B›Uv‡ió avh© Kiv n‡”Q BDmvix| g~jZt AZx‡Z mKj nv‡ii B›Uv‡ió‡KB BDmywiqvm MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘ 13k kZ‡K eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ BDmvix‡K bZzbfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv Riæix n‡q D‡V|Ó

myZivs B›Uv‡ió I BDmvixi g‡a¨ †gŠwjKfv‡e †Kvb cv_©K¨ KL‡bv wQj bv Ges †bB| weªwUk AvB‡b GZ`yf‡qi g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q †mUvI †Kej nv‡ii cv_©K¨, PwiÎ I êwkó¨MZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bq|

my` kãwU GB GKB A‡_© eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Avjvgv gI`~`x wj‡L‡Qb, ÒKziAvb gRx‡` my‡ì cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e wiev kãwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó1 my` A_© n‡”Q FY w`‡q Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³ †bIqv| hvKx Avj Øxb ev`vexI GKBfv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, Òwiev GK we‡kl ai‡bi AwZwi³‡K eySvq|2

myZivs eyrcwË I kãv‡_©i w`K †_‡K wiev, †b‡kL, UviweU, gviweU, B›Uv‡i÷, BDmvix I my` meKwU kã mgv_©‡evaK| “Riba, Usury and Interest, therefore, have one and the same meaning and have a common factor of pre-determined positiveness.”3 cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, “Biaj, neshec, sood, Interest, Usury or riba, whatever name be ascribed to an ‘increase’ ‘addition’, ‘excess’, or ‘gain’, accruing on the principal amount loaned, the notion is practically as old as civilization itself. Essence of the transaction has been and remains a fixed or pre-determined and thus predictable, return for the use of money lent or advanced in a purely time related arrangement”4

1 gI`~`x, c~‡e©v³, c„t 84|2 ev`vex, hvwK Avj-Øxb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 34|3 wmwÏKx, knx` nvmvb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 47|4 kixqZ jÕ wi‡cvU©m, jv‡nvi, 2000, c„t 7|

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wievi cvwifvwlK A_©wievi kãv_© Z_v AvwfavwbK A‡_©i e¨vcv‡i we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ c~Y© HK¨gZ¨ i‡q‡Q; wKš‘ wievi cvwifvwlK ev †UKwbK¨vj A_© wb‡q ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm wekvi`, wdK¡vnwe`, we‡klÁ ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK gZcv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| wewfbœ ghnv‡e wiev‡K wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡c msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Gi d‡j Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z wiev Ges nv`x‡m ewY©Z wiev wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡c cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ‡ÿ‡Î wievi AvwfavwbK A_© Ges Gi cvwifvwlK A‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q; GgbwK, GK msÁvi mv‡_ Aci msÁvi Ggb AmsMwZ m„wó n‡q‡Q †h, †h ‡Kvb †jv‡Ki c‡ÿ `yB ci¯úi we‡ivax aviYvi m¤§yLxb n‡q nZeyw× nIqv Qvov †Kvb Dcvq _v‡K bv| †KD †KD Avevi Ggbfv‡e wiev‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb †h, wiev bvmxqv msÁvi AvIZvq G‡jI wiev d`j m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c D‡cwÿZ n‡q‡Q; Zviv Avevi B›Uv‡ió I BDmvixi †h A_©, ûeû †mB GKB A‡_© wiev‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ‡Kvb †Kvb msÁvq Avevi wievi AvIZv-cwiwa GZ e¨vcKZv †c‡q‡Q †h, hv wiev bq ZvI Gi AvIZvq G‡m †M‡Q| hv †nvK, GZme wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv G †jLvq m¤¢e bq| GLv‡b ‡Kej wewkó dK¡xn‡ì msÁv Ges Zvi e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡e|

wievi msÁvdK¡xn I we‡klÁMY wievi †hme msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Z¤§‡a¨ Bgvg mvivLmx Ges Zuvi mv‡_ Aci KwZcq dK¡xni cÖ`Ë msÁv‡KB me©e¨vcx, DËg I MÖnY‡hvM¨ msÁv ejv hvq| Zuviv wievi A_© K‡i‡Qb AwZwi³, e„w×, excess, wewbgqnxb e„w×, excess without counter value, GKw`‡K e„w× Aciw`‡K e„w× QvovB BZ¨vw`| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, Òµq-weµ‡q cÖwZg~j¨ (counter value) bvB Ggb cÖwZwU e„w×B n‡”Q wiev|Ó1 Bgvg mvivLmx my¯úó fvlvq e‡j‡Qb, “riba in Shariah is the stipulated excess in one of the two counter values without counter value in transaction of exchange (bay)”2. A_©vr Òkixq‡Z wiev n‡”Q µq-weµ‡q `ywU cÖwZg~‡jï †Kvb GKwUi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ hvi †Kvb wewbgq †bB|Ó Avj wbnvqv dx kinx wn`vqv-‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, “Riba is a specific increase entitled to either party without counter

1 mvivLmx, Avj-gvemyZ, fwj-12, c„t 109; D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 163-164|2 mvivLmx, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 164|

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value”1 A_©vr Òwiev n‡”Q mywbw`©ó e„w× hv †Kvb GK c¶ Aci c¶‡K KvD›Uvi f¨vjy bv w`‡qB MÖnY K‡i|Ó

gvwjKx ghnv‡ei cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn Be‡b Avivex e‡j‡Qb, “every increase which is without an ‘iwad’ or an equal counter value is riba” A_©vr Òe`jv ev mgvb cÖwZg~j¨ †Ìqv nq bv Ggb cÖ‡Z¨K e„w×B wiev|Ó wZwb AviI wj‡L‡Qb, “riba literally means an increase and in the Qur’anic verse riba is meant every kind of increase ‘Ziadah’ in an exchange which is without an equivalent counter value or return ‘iwad.”2 A_©vr Òwievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w×, Avi KziAv‡bi Avqv‡Z wiev Øviv µq-weµq †¶‡Î mKj cÖKvi e„w× Ôwhqv`vÕ-‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q hvi mgg~‡jï †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev wewbgq ÔBIqvRÕ bvB|Ó

G e¨vcv‡i mvbÕAvbx wj‡L‡Qb, “riba literally means any ‘fadal’ or excess which by stipulation does not bring any ‘iwad’ or any equivalent return to the other party in a contract of ‘muawada’ barter or exchange of commodities and services.”3 A_©vr ÒfvlvMZ A‡_© wiev n‡”Q d`j ev AwZwi³ hv gyqvev`v evU©vi ev cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mev µq-weµq Pzw³i kZ© Abymv‡i Acic‡¶i Rb¨ †Kvb e`jv (BIqv`) ev mgg~‡jï cÖwZ`vb e‡q Av‡b bv|Ó

m¤cÖwZ Gm. G. †PŠayixI wiev‡K GKwU mvaviY cwifvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges mKj cÖKvi µq-weµ‡q g~‡jï Ic‡i AwZwi³‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi fvlvq, “riba is a generic Quranic terminology for all kinds of excess above the value of a thing.”4 B, Gg, b~‡ii g‡Z, GB msÁvbymv‡i g~‡jï Ici †h †Kvb e„w× ev cÖe„w×B n‡”Q wievi AvIZvfy³|5

Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wiev D™¢~Z nIqvi †¶Î n‡”Q µq-weµq| `ywU GKRv‡Zi A_©, cY¨ ev †mev evKx‡Z µq-weµq Ki‡j ¯’wMZK…Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq FY, F‡Yi Ici mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z wewbgqnxb (gvMbv) AwZwi³‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev; Abyiƒcfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_©, cY¨ ev †mev evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j ¯’wMZK…Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq †`bv/cvIbv| GB 1 Avj-wbnvqv dx kinx wn`vqv, fwj-2, c„t 524; D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 31|2 Be‡b Avivex, AvnKvgyj KziAvb, fwj-1, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, 1952, c„t 241, DØ„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 164|3 mvbAvwb, myeyj mvjvg, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 164|4 M. A. Chowdhury, Riba Financial Interest, Foundation for Islamic Economics, c„t 103, D×„Z, Bwe`, c„t 45|5 B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 45|

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†`bv/cvIbvi Ici mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z AwZwi³‡KI ejv nq wiev| Aciw`‡K GKRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµ‡q wba©vwiZ †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgqnxb evowZ †bIqv n‡j Zv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev; Abyiƒcfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici gvMbv evowZ †bIqv n‡j †mB evowZ‡KI ejv n‡q‡Q wiev| e¯‘Zt wiev n‡”Q evKx I bM` Dfq µq-weµ‡q GK c‡ÿi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgqnxb (gvMbv) e„w×| cv_©K¨ n‡”Q evKxi †ÿ‡Î wiev avh© Kiv nq mg‡qi Kvi‡Y, mg‡qi ¶wZc~iY ev g~j¨ wn‡m‡e| Avi bM‡ì †ÿ‡Î wiev avh© nq mgq Qvov Ab¨wea Kvi‡Y| D³ msÁvq mKj cÖKvi µq-weµ‡q D™f~Z mKj my`B AšÍfy©³ n‡q‡Q| µq-weµq Pzw³‡Z c„_K k‡Z©i d‡j †h wiev D™f~Z nq, †m K_vI msÁvq G‡m‡Q| GK K_vq, wievi mKj ‰ewkó¨B D³ msÁvq i‡q‡Q|

wievi ‡kªYx-web¨vm†dK¡v kv‡¯¿ wiev‡K cÖavbZ wiev bvmxqv I wiev d`j GB `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi wievi msÁv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, BwZc~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, bvmxqv/bvmxqvZ A_© n‡”Q wewbgqnxb; GUvB n‡”Q mKj cÖKvi wievi g~j êwkó¨| Avi d`j A_© n‡”Q e„w× ev AwZwi³| GB `„wó‡Z mKj cÖKvi wievB n‡”Q d`j I wewbgqnxb; GK K_vq, wiev n‡”Q webgqnxb d`j| myZivs wKQz wiev‡K wiev bvmxqv Avi wKQz wiev‡K wiev d`j wn‡m‡e †kªYxe× Kiv wVK bq| Z‡e bvmxqv k‡ãi Avi GKwU A_© n‡”Q, AeKvk ev †gqv`, †mB wn‡m‡e wdK¡vkv‡¯¿i D³ wefw³‡K MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB `„wó‡ZB GLv‡b cÖ_‡g wiev bvmxqv I wØZxq ch©v‡q wiev d`‡ji A_© I msÁv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q|

wiev bvmxqvt A_©Aviex ÔbvmvqvÕ kã †_‡K bvmxqv kãwU D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q|1 J. M. Cowan, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic-G bvmvqv A_© wj‡L‡Qb t

bvmv - to put off, postpone, delay, defer, procrastinate.bvmvAv - to allow time to pay, grant credit.bvmvAv - long life, longevity.

1 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Towards A Just Monetary System, Islamic Foundation, U.K., c„t 57|

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Avj-gybRv`-G wjLv n‡q‡Q: bvmvAv KvD‡K F‡Y AeKvk †Ìqv|1

AvaywbK Aviex-evsjv Awfav‡b ÔbvmxqvnÕ A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q, cwi‡kv‡a wej¤^, cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mgq, evKx, avi|2

W. Pvciv wj‡L‡Qb, bvmvqv k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q mgq, †gqv` ev AeKvk| FY ev †`bv cwi‡kva Kivi Rb¨ avh©K…Z/cÖ`Ë †gqv`‡K ejv nq bvmvqv|3 Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡K ejv nq waiting Avi evsjvq ejv nq cÖZx¶v| FY I evKx cÖ`vb K‡i Zvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †diZ cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq GRb¨ ‡`bv I FY‡K ejv nq waiting ev cÖZx¶v| K`y©i wiev ev my`x F‡Y FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZv GB g‡g© Pzw³e× nq †h, FY ev ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †gqv` Ges cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j cieZx©‡Z ewa©Z †gqv‡ì Ici GZ nv‡i my` avh© Kiv n‡e| Gfv‡e mgq ev ‡gqv‡ì wewbgq wn‡m‡e G wiev avh© Kiv nq e‡j G‡K ejv nq wiev bvmxqv ev †gqv`x my`| Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡K ejv nq reward for waiting or time value of money| ejv n‡q‡Q, “Riba in deferred transaction is nothing but a charge for the period of indebtedness...This charge is also called a time value of money.”4 nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, “riba is in nasiah’ A_ev ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒThere is no riba except in nasiah;Ó Ab¨ nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, Òhv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Zv‡Z ‡Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvmxqv Zv wiev|Ó

myZivs FY ev †`bvi Ici †gqv` ev mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z wiev n‡”Q wiev bvmxqv| “Riba al-nasiya arises where a borrower, in any form, enters into a contract to repay to the lender a pre-agreed amount in addition to the principal that was borrowed, due to delay in period of time of payment or delivery.”5

Rv‡njx hy‡M GB ai‡bi wiev e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ wQj Ges mK‡jB G‡K wiev e‡j RvbZ| †mB Rb¨ †KD †KD G‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Zuvi we`vq n‡¾i HwZnvwmK fvl‡YI G‡K wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| K`© (FY) I `vB‡bi (‡`bv) Ici avh© Kiv nq, GRb¨ †KD †KD G‡K e‡j‡Qb, wiev Avj-K`©, †KD †KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb wiev Avj-`vBb| Avj-KziAv‡b m~ivZzj evKvivq my` P~ovš—fv‡e wbwl× K‡i †h wewa-weavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Z`vbxš—bKv‡j e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ wiev bvmxqvi cÖwZB Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov 1 W. gynv¤§` dRjyi ingvb, AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„t 884|2 Pvciv, Gg, Igit c~‡e©v³, c„: 57|3 Muhammad Anwar: Islamicity of Banking and Modes of Islamic Banking, p. 2. The Article was received by the IERB for publication in its journals, Thoughts on Economics.4 eyLvix, gymwjg, gymbv‡` Avng`|5 Mehboob ul-Hassan, c~‡e©v³, c„t 79|

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m~iv Av‡j-Bgiv‡bi 130 Avqv‡Z wØ¸Y, Pvi¸Y, eû¸‡Y ewa©Z my` ej‡ZI gyL¨Z wiev bvmxqv‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡KB aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Avj-KziAvb †Kej wiev bvmxqv‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ A‡b‡KB G‡K wiev Avj-KziAvb AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| myZivs wiev Avj-Rv‡nwjq¨vZ, wiev Avj-K`©, wiev Avj-`vBb, wiev Avj-KziAvb Øviv Avm‡j wiev bvmxqv‡KB eySvq|

wiev bvmxqvi msÁvZdmxiKvi, wdK¡vwe`, A_©bxwZwe`, we‡klÁ I ¯‹jviMY wiev m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zviv mK‡jB wbR wbR fvlvq wiev bvmxqvi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| GLv‡b KwZcq msÁv †ck Kiv n‡jv| G K_v cy‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AwaKvsk ¯‹jv‡ii msÁvq †Kej wiev bvmxqv‡KB wiev ejv n‡q‡Q, wiev d`j Gme msÁvi AvIZvq Av‡mwb| GRb¨ Gme msÁv‡KI wiev bvmxqv wk‡ivbv‡gi Aax‡b †ck Kiv n‡jv|

Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z my` msµvš— wewa-wb‡l‡ai Av‡jv‡K Avj-Rvmmvm Zuvi cÖL¨vZ Zdmxi AvnKvgyj KziAv‡b wbgœ fvlvq wievi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb tÒRv‡nwjq¨vZ hy‡Mi wiev n‡”Q, F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici FYMÖnxZv KZ…©K †`q †mB AwZwi³ hvi wewbg‡q FY`vZv wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ FY cÖ`vb KiZ|Ó1

cÖL¨vZ Zdmxiwe` Avj-KzZz©ex wj‡L‡Qb, ÒgymwjgMY G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ †h, F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici e„w×B n‡”Q wiev, †m e„w× hw` nq GK gy‡Vv Lo, †hgb Be‡b gvmy` e‡j‡Qb, wKsev hw` k‡m¨i GKwU KYvI nq, Zvn‡jI Zv wievB|Ó2

Avjvgv iv‡Me wj‡L‡Qb, ÒFY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi wbKU ‡_‡K F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e ev cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w×i wewbg‡q g~j cwigv‡Yi AwZwi³ hvB MÖnY K‡i ZvB wiev|Ó3

Avjvgv Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwi e‡j‡Qb, Òwievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w× : Z‡e wdK¡vni cwifvlvq mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j c‡Y¨i cwigv‡Y Kg †ekx Kiv n‡j Ges AwZwi³ As‡ki wewbgq ev 1 Avj-Rvmvm, c~‡e©v³, c„t 469| D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZKx, my` wbwl×t cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i HwZnvwmK ivq, evsjv ZiRgv, gynv¤§` kixd ûmvBb, c„t 28|2 Zdmxi Avj KzZ©zex, 1967, 3q LÛ, c„t 241|3 Zdmx‡i AvqvZzj AvnKvg, 1g LÛ, c„t 383|

120

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Avjvgv gI`~`x wievi e¨vL¨vq wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAviex fvlvq Gi A_© n‡”Q e„w×| cvwifvwlK A‡_© Avieiv Ggb GK ewa©Z As‡ki A_©‡K wiev ej‡Zv hv FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K GKwU w¯’wiK…Z nvi Abyhvqx FY eve` cÖ`Ë g~j A‡_©i evB‡i Av`vq KiZ| Avgv‡ì fvlvq Avgiv G‡KB ewj my`| KziAvb bvwh‡ji mgq Avi‡e wb‡gœv³ wZb ai‡bi my`x †jb‡`‡bi cÖPjb wQj t

1) GK e¨w³ Ab¨ GK e¨w³i wbKU †Kvb wRwbm wewµ Ki‡Zv Ges `vg cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgqmxgv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Zv| †mB mgqmxgv †kl nIqvi ci hw` `vg cwi‡kva bv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j Zv‡K Avevi AwZwi³ mgq w`‡Zv Ges cÖvc¨ `v‡gi cwigvY evwo‡q w`‡Zv|

2) GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K FY w`‡Zv| FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Pzw³ n‡Zv †h, AgyK mg‡qi g‡a¨ Avmj †_‡K GZ cwigvY A_© †ekx †diZ w`‡Z n‡e; Ges

3) FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl mgqmxgvi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl nvi w¯’wiK…Z n‡q †h‡Zv| †mB mgq mxgvi g‡a¨ ewa©Z A_©mn Avmj A_© cwi‡kva bv n‡j c~‡e©i

1 Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwit Avj-wdK¡n& Avjv Avj-gvhvwne Avj-Avievqvn, D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Towards A Just Monetary System, The Islamic Foundation, U.K., p. 241.2 Avmv`, †gvnv¤§`, The Message of the Quran|

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†P‡q ewa©Z nv‡i cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© AwZwi³ mgq †Ìqv n‡Zv|1

Ab¨Î wZwb wj‡L‡Qb †h, my‡ì êwkó¨ n‡”Q 3wU;Ò1) F‡Yi Avmj cwigvY e„w× cvIqv; 2) mg‡qi Abycv‡Z Avmj e„w×i mxgv, cwigvY ev nvi

wba©vwiZ nIqv Ges 3) Dc‡ii `ywU‡K kZ© wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv|Ó

wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒFY msµvš— †h †Kvb †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î G wZbwU ‰ewkó¨ cvIqv †M‡j Zv wbtm‡›`‡n my`x †jb‡`‡b cwiYZ n‡e| G‡Z F‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ Ges FYMÖnxZv abx ev `wi`ª hvB †nvK Zv‡Z Kviev‡ii Avmj Pwi‡Î †Kvb cv_©K¨ n‡e bv|Ó2

W. †bRvZzjvn wmwÏKx Avj-ev`vexi D×„Z w`‡q wj‡L‡Qb, ÒGUv me©m¤§Z †h, wiev A_© n‡”Q e„w× ev cÖe„w×| ....... Z‡e AwaKvs‡ki gZ n‡”Q †h, wiev n‡”Q FY cÖ`vb-MÖnY Kv‡j K…Z Pzw³ Abymv‡i Avm‡ji Ici avh©K…Z my` (Interest) ; G Qvov †`bv`vi hw` FY ev †`bvi Pzw³‡Z wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ FY/†`bv cwikv‡a e¨_© nq Zvn‡j cÖwZ ewa©Z †gqv‡ì Rb¨ FY/†`bvi Avm‡ji Ici Av‡ivwcZ mKj AwZwi³B wievi g‡a¨ kvwgj|Ó3

G cÖm‡½ mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx` wj‡L‡Qb, Ò‡h wiev ev my` Rv‡njx hz‡M cwiwPZ wQj Ges hv D‡”Q` Kivi Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ¸‡jv bvwhj n‡q‡Q; Zv wQj cÖavbZ, FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖ`Ë A_© ev `ªe¨ †diZ †bqvi mg‡q †ekx †bqv| ‡jb‡`‡bi mgq GKB wRwbm ‡ekx †bqv ev †ekx †Ìqv, Avmj c‡Yï Ici AwaK MÖnY Kiv| Avi AeKvk ej‡Z †mB mgq‡K eySvq hvi Rb¨ AwZwi³Uv †bIqv nq| Avi GB dvq`v †jb‡`‡bi kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡j ZLb Zv my` n‡q hvq| A_©vr †Kvb gv‡ji cwie‡Z© mg‡kªYxi gvj wKQy †ekx †bqv n‡Zv †Zv GB mg‡qi Kvi‡YB|Ó4

1 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj Avjv; Zvdnxg~j KziAvb; m~ivZzj evKvivn&, UxKv-315|2 gI`~`x, mvC‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv, my` I AvaywbK e¨vswKs; evsjv Abyev`, AveŸvm Avjx Lvb I Avãyj gvbœvb Zvwje, AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1979, c„t 88|3 wmwÏKx, Gg, Gb: c~‡e©v³, c„: 37-38|4 mvB‡q¨`, KzZze knx` t Zdmxi dx whjvwjj KziAvb t evsjv Abyev`, Avj-KziAvb GKv‡Wgx, jÛb, 4_© LÛ, 2001, c„t 469-472|

122

W. Igi Pvciv wj‡L‡Qb, Òwievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w×, AwZwi³, m¤cÖmviY, ev cÖe„w×| Avi kiqx cwifvlvq, wiev †mB AwZwi³‡K (premium) eySvq hv F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e A_ev F‡Yi ‡gqv` e„w×i ì“b FYMÖnxZv FY`vZv‡K Zvi cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Avmjmn cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|Ó1

AvaywbK we‡k¦i cÖL¨vZ Ijvgv‡q wKivg, we‡klÁ I ¯‹jvi‡ì wewfbœ m‡¤§jb I êVK n‡ZI me© m¤§wZµ‡g wievi Abyiƒc msÁv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ W. Pvciv wj‡L‡Qb, ÒcÖv_wgK hyM †_‡KB gymwjg we‡klÁMY wiev‡K me©m¤§Zfv‡e GB A‡_©B ey‡S Avm‡Qb| AvaywbK Kv‡j Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËv‡ì †ek KqwU Avš—R©vwZK m‡¤§jb AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| Gme m‡¤§j‡bi g‡a¨ gyZvgvi Avj-wdK¡n Avj-Bmjvgxi GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq c¨vwi‡m 1951 mv‡j; Avi GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1965 mv‡j Kvq‡iv‡Z| Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’v (OIC) I iv‡eZv wdK¡n KwgwUi mfv AbywôZ nq 1985 mv‡j Kvq‡iv‡Z Ges 1986 mv‡j g°vq| G mKj m‡¤§jbmn m¤cÖwZ AbywôZ mKj m‡¤§jb †_‡K me©m¤§Zfv‡e wiev m¤ú‡K© D³iƒc ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| myZivs wiev‡K wfbœZi A‡_© e¨vL¨v Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|Ó2

cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i kixqvn Avcx‡jU †eÂ-Gi iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Qt ÒwePvicwZ Lwjjyi ingvb Lvb, wePvicwZ IqvRxûÏxb Avn‡g` I wePvicwZ gvIjvbv gynv¤§` ZKx Imgvbx KZ…©K wjwLZ c„_K c„_K wZbwU iv‡q we¯—vwiZfv‡e wjwce× KviYmg~‡ni †cÖw¶‡Z G g‡g© †NvlYv Kiv hv‡”Q †h, †fvM ev Drcv`b †h D‡Ï‡k¨B †nvK, wbwe©‡k‡l mKj FY ev †`bvi Pzw³‡Z Avm‡ji Ici avh©K…Z, Kg †nvK †ekx †nvK, †h †Kvb AwZwi³B n‡”Q Avj-KziAv‡b nvivg †NvwlZ wiev|Ó3

W. wRqvDj nK wj‡L‡Qb, gymwjg AvBb‡eËvMY G‡K wiev bvmxqv e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GUv n‡”Q ¯’wMZ e„w× (deferred increase) ev mg‡qi wfwË‡Z AwZwi³ (excess in time), FYMÖnxZv hvi †Kvb ¶wZc~iY (recompense) ev mgg~j¨ (equivalence) (Iwad, Badal) cvq bv; myZivs Òmy` n‡”Q AbycvwR©Z Avq, hv‡Z

1 Pvciv, W. Gg. Ici : The Nature of Riba, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, Vol. 6, No. 3, July-Sept., 1989; p. 7.2 Pvciv, W. Gg, Igi : Prohibition of Interest : Does it Make Sense? Islamic Da’wa Movement, IDM Publications, South Africa, 2001, pp. 2-3.3 Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZKx, c~‡e©v³, c„t 127|

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FYMÖnxZv‡ì‡K †Kvb wewbgq (return) ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ‡Ìqv nq bv| gymwjg AvBb‡eËv‡ì GUvB AwfgZ|Ó4

we‡klÁ‡ì D‡jwLZ msÁvmg~‡ni wfwË‡Z ejv hvq †h, FY I †`bvi Ici Pzw³ Abymv‡i avh©K…Z †h †Kvb AwZwi³, hvi †Kvb wewbgq †Ìqv nq bv, hv mg‡qi mv‡_ ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cvq Ges Kviev‡ii mv‡_ hvi †Kvb m¤úK© bvB ZvB n‡”Q wiev bvmxqv| GK K_vq, mg‡qi Kvi‡Y F‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy/†`bvi Ici e„w×B n‡”Q wiev bvmxqv|

Ab¨ K_vq FY‡K hLb AwZwi‡³i KviY evbv‡bv nq, Z_v AwZwi³‡K F‡Yi wewbgq, F‡Yi `vg ev price of credit evbv‡bv nq A_ev AwZwi³ †Ìqvi k‡Z© hLb FY †Ìqv nq ZLb †mB AwZwi³ nq wiev bvmxqv ev †gqv`x my`| GB e„w× ev AwZwi³ †h AvKv‡iB †nvK, GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï AwZwi³ †Kvb cwigvY ‡nvK ev Ab¨ †Kvb A_© ev c‡Yï †Kvb cwigvY †nvK, Ggb wK, hw` †Kvb †mev, †ewbwdU (benefit), Dcnvi, Dc‡XŠKb ev `vbI nq, Zvn‡jI Zv my` e‡j MY¨ n‡e| myZivs F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e Avm‡ji AwZwi³ hvB †bqv †nvK ZvB n‡”Q wewbg‡qi AwZwi³ Z_v wiev bvmxqv| D`vniY ¯îƒc, †KD hw` 100/- UvKv GB k‡Z© avi †`q †h, FYMÖnxZv 1 eQi ci 100/- UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡e Ges Zvi mv‡_ AviI 10/- UvKv †ekx ‡`‡e A_ev 100/- UvKvi mv‡_ 1 †KwR †cu‡c †`‡e ev Zvi Mvox‡Z K‡i FY`vZv‡K Zvi evmvq †cuŠ‡Q †`‡e, Zvn‡j AwZwi³ GB 10 UvKv ev 1 †KwR †cu‡c ev Mvoxi †mev n‡e wiev bvmxqv ev ‡gqv`x my`|

F‡Yi AwZwi³ hvB †nvK, Zv n‡e wewbgqnxb ev gvMbv, Avi gvMbv e‡jB GB 10/- UvKv ev 1 †KwR †cu‡c ev Mvoxi †mev n‡e wiev ev my`| FYMÖnxZv hw` GK eQi wba©vwiZ ‡gqv‡ì g‡a¨ Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy I Gi mv‡_ gvMbv ev AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e 10% my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j AwZwi³ mg‡qi Rb¨ Pzw³ Abymv‡i evwl©K 10/- UvKv wn‡m‡e cÖwZw`b my‡ì AsK e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡e Ges hZw`b FYMÖnxZv Zvi g~j FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡e ZZw`bB e„w×i MwZ Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| GgbwK Zv wØ¸Y, PZz©¸Y, eû¸YI n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB mKj ewa©Z AskB n‡e gvMbv I GKZidv (unilateral)| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb FY`vZv hw` FYMÖnxZv‡K 1 wK‡jv jeY GB k‡Z© avi †`q †h,

4 nK, W. wRqvDj : Riba and Interest, Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, Vol. 6, No. 4, October-December, 1989, Autumn Issue, p. 8, 9.

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FYMÖnxZv GK gvm ci 1.50 wK‡jv jeY †diZ †`‡e, Zvn‡j GB .50 wKt jeY n‡e g~j je‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i AwZwi³ I gvMbv, myZivs wiev|

Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK (ivt) ewY©Z GKwU nv`xm †_‡KI Gi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| D³ nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Zvgv‡`i †KD hw` Ab¨ KvD‡K FY †`q, AZtci FYMÖnxZv hw` FY`vZvi mvg‡b Lvevi wWk †ck K‡i, Zvn‡j FY`vZvi DwPZ †mUv MÖnY bv Kiv; Avi FYMÖnxZv hw` FY`vZv‡K Zvi evnb cïi Ici Av‡ivnb Kivi cÖ¯—ve K‡i, Zvn‡j FY`vZvi DwPZ Zv MÖnY bv Kiv, hw` bv Zviv c~e© †_‡KB ci¯úi Abyiƒc AvbyK~j¨ I myweav wewbg‡q Af¨¯— nq|Ó (mybvb Avj-evqnvwK)

nv`xm †_‡K GUv ¯úó n‡q‡Q, hw` Ggb nq †h, FYMÖnxZv FY MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© Rxe‡b KLbI FY`vZv‡K LvIqvq bvB, A_ev KLbI Zvi †Nvovq D‡V ågY Kivi my‡hvM †`q bvB; wKš‘ Zvi wbKU †_‡K FY †bIqvi ci †m Zv‡K Lvevi †m‡a‡Q Ges Zvi evn‡b ågY Kivi cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q, G‡Z ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvksKv nq †h, FY †`Iqvi Kvi‡YB †m GLb FY`vZv‡K GB me my‡hvM-myweav w`‡Z AvMÖnx| Avi hw` ZvB nq, Zvn‡j FY n‡e GB myweav¸‡jvi KviY| AvksKv ‡h, G Ae¯’vq myweav¸‡jv wiev n‡q hv‡e| wKš‘ FYMÖnxZv I FY`vZvi g‡a¨ hw` c~e© †_‡KB ci¯úi‡K LvIqv‡bv ev GKRb Avi GKR‡bi evn‡b DVvi e¨vcv‡i Af¨¯— n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j FY MÖn‡Yi c‡i LvIqv ev evn‡b DVvi cÖ¯—ve Ki‡j Zv F‡Yi Kvi‡Y bq eis cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I Af¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges my‡` cwiYZ nIqvi AvksKv _vK‡e bv| GRb¨ ivm~jyjvn (mt) c~e© †_‡K Af¨¯— bv n‡j D‡jwLZ Advi (offer) MÖnY Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, AwZwi³ hw` F‡Yi Kvi‡Y ev F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e nq Zvn‡j Zv nq wiev|

Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡m Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK †_‡K ewY©Z Av‡Q, bex (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb e¨w³ hw` KvD‡K FY †`q, Zvn‡j (FYMÖnxZvi c¶ †_‡K †`qv) †Kvb Dcnvi (gift) MÖnY Kiv Zvi DwPZ bq|Ó (wgkK¡vZ, †evLvixi m~‡Î D×„Z|)

Avey eyi`v Be‡b Avey g~mv †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q, wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvwg g`xbvq G‡m Avãyjvn Be‡b mvjv‡gi mv‡_ mv¶vr Kijvg| wZwb (Avãyjvn Be‡b mvjvg) e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvcwb Ggb GK †`‡k evm K‡ib †hLv‡b Aev‡a Ges

125

e¨vcKfv‡e (rampant) wiev ‡jb‡`b Pvjy Av‡Q| myZivs Avcbvi Kv‡Q FYx †Kvb e¨w³ hw` Avcbv‡K GK †evSv Lo A_ev mvgvb¨ wKQz he, A_ev GK AuvwU ï®‹ Z„Y Dcnvi †`q, Zvn‡j Avcwb Zv MÖnY Ki‡eb bv, KviY GUv wiev|Ó (wgkK¡vZ, †evLvixi m~‡Î D×„Z|)

D‡jwLZ nv`xm †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, F‡Yi k‡Z© AwZ Zz”Q I bMY¨ wRwbmI hw` Avm‡ji AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j Zv Aek¨B wiev; ivm~jyjvn (mt) Gi wewkó mvnvex nhiZ dv`vjvn Be‡b DevB` m¤¢eZ GR‡b¨B e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒThe benefit derived from any loan is one of the different aspects of ribaÓ- (mybvb Avj evqnvwK)|

jÿYxq †h, †Kvb †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái msÁvq mgRv‡Zi A_© ev cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Kiv n‡j wiev D™¢~Z nIqvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G K_v wVK †h mgRv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq †_‡K F‡Yi m„wó nq Ges GB F‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev| wKš‘ †Kej F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bq †`bvi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³I wiev nq| Avi †`bvi m„wó nq wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªv ev c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq †_‡K| D`vniY¯îƒc, aiv hvK K GKRb Pvj we‡µZv Avi L n‡”Q Pv‡ji †µZv| L K-Gi KvQ †_‡K 40 ‡KwR Pvj GK gv‡mi Rb¨ evKx‡Z wKb‡Z PvB‡jv| K evKx‡Z Pvj wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx n‡jv| Df‡q ì KlvKwl K‡i w¯’i Ki‡jv cÖwZ ‡KwR Pv‡ji `vg n‡e 30/- UvKv A_©vr 40 †KwR Pv‡ji †gvU `vg ùvov‡jv 1,200/- UvKv| GB 1,200/- UvKv n‡jv 40 †KwR Pv‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy, K-Gi cvIbv Ges L-Gi †`bv| GB evKx µq-weµ‡qi mg‡q A_ev cieZx©‡Z K I L m¤§Z n‡q GUvI w¯’i Ki‡jv †h, L wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j cieZx© ewa©Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ D³ †`bvi Ici evwl©K 10% wn‡m‡e my` avh© Kiv n‡e Ges L Zv cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _vK‡e| AZtci L hw` wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zvi †`bv m¤ú~Y© cwi‡kva K‡i †`q Zvn‡j ‡jb‡`b †kl n‡q hv‡e Ges L-‡K †Kvb my` w`‡Z n‡e bv| wKš‘ hw` Zvi †`bv m¤ú~Y© ev Gi †Kvb Ask cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© nq Zvn‡j wba©vwiZ GK gvm ci n‡Z Zvi Acwi‡kvwaZ †`bvi Ici cÖwZw`b my‡ì AsK †hvM n‡Z _vK‡e hZ w`b †m m¤ú~Y© g~j †`bv I my` cwi‡kva bv Ki‡e| myZivs GKRv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq Z_v F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wiev D™¢~Z nq GK_v †hgb h_v_© †Zgwb wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_©, cY¨ ev †mevi evKx µq-weµ‡q m„ó †`bvi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j ZvI wiev nq, GK_vI mZ¨|

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wiev d`jt A_© Aviex d`j k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q AwZwi³, evowZ, †ekx BZ¨vw`| nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, GK `xbv‡ii e`‡j `yB `xbvi, GK wìnv‡gi cwie‡Z© `yB wìnvg, GK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ †LRyi, nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` µq-weµq Kiv n‡j `xbvi, wìnvg ev †LRy‡ii AwZwi³ cwigvY nq wiev (gymwjg)| GQvov wbjv‡g cÖZviYvg~jK Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g `vg evov‡bv n‡j, cvwi‡Zvwl‡Ki wewbg‡q KviI Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv n‡j A_ev cÖZviYv K‡i `vg †ekx †bIqv n‡j `v‡gi †mB me ewa©Z Ask I cvwi‡ZvwlK‡KI Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wiev †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| †dK¡vn kv‡¯¿ GB ai‡bi hveZxq wiev‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev d`j| myZivs wiev bvmxqvi b¨vq FY I †`bvi †¶‡Î bq, eis nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` wewbgq I µq-weµ‡q wiev d`‡ji D™¢e N‡U| A_©vr wiev bvmxqv I wiev d`‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q, wiev bvmxqv nq FY I †`bvi †¶‡Î Z_v evKx µq-weµ‡q; Aciw`‡K wiev d`j nq bM` wewbgq I µq-weµ‡q| AviI ¯úó K‡i ejv hvq †h, wiev bvmxqvq †bIqv I †Ìqvi gv‡S _v‡K mg‡qi eëavb Z_v wiev bvmxqv n‡PQ mg‡qi wewbgq; Avi wiev d`‡j †bIqv I †Ìqvi gv‡S mg‡qi eëavb _v‡K Abycw¯’Z| bM` wewbgq ev µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î GB wiev nq, GRb¨ †KD †KD G‡K wiev Avj-eyq~ ev µq-weµ‡qi wiev AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Avevi G‡K wiev Avj-bK` ev bM` wiev e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GB ai‡bi wievq mgq bvB, ïay e„w× Av‡Q| GRb¨ †KD †KD G‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev Avj-d`j| GB wievi D‡jL nv`x‡m Kiv n‡q‡Q; GB Rb¨ †KD †KD G‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev Avj-mybœvn| myZivs wiev Avj-eyq~, wiev Avj-bK`, wiev Avj-mybœvn I wiev Avj-d`j GKB ai‡bi wiev A_©vr wiev Avj-d`‡jiB wewfbœ bvg gvÎ|

wiev d`jt msÁvIjvgv‡q‡Kivg I we‡klÁMY wiev d`j‡K wbgœiƒ‡c msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨ †h, wiev d`‡ji msÁvq mK‡jB mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i bM` µq-weµ‡q wiev d`j D™¢~Z nIqvi K_v eywS‡q‡Qb| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© bM` µq-weµ‡q wievi welqwU KviI Kv‡QB ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb| D`vniY ¯îƒc, Be‡b nvRvi Avm-Kvjvbx wj‡L‡Qb, ÒcY¨ ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q AwZwi³ cY¨ ev A_©B n‡”Q wiev| ‡hgb, GK `xbv‡ii wewbg‡q `yB `xbvi|Ó1

GLv‡b wewbgq ej‡Z wZwb †Kej bM` nv‡Z nv‡Z wewbgq‡K

1 D×„Z, AvdRvjyi ingvb, B‡KvbwgK WKwUªbm Ae Bmjvg|

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eywS‡q‡Qb| GQvov GKRv‡Zi gy`ªv, A_©vr `xbv‡ii mv‡_ `xbvi wewbg‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb|

GKBfv‡e mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx` Zvi dx whjvwjj KziAv‡b wj‡L‡Qb, ÒnhiZ wejvj (ivt) Gi NUbvq Zv cwi¯‹vi n‡q †M‡Q, wZwb Lvivc `yB mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q GK mvÕ fvj †LRyi wb‡q‡Qb| †h‡nZz GKB †LRyi †_‡K Ab¨ †LRy‡ii Rb¥ n‡jv, †mR‡b¨B ivm~jyjvn (mt) GUv‡K wiev e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|Ó1

mvB‡q¨` gI`~`xI wiev d`‡ji Abyiƒc msÁv w`‡q‡Qb; wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGKB RvwZfy³ `ywU wRwb‡mi nv‡Z nv‡Z †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î †h e„w× nq Zv‡K ejv nq wiev Avj-d`j|Ó2

Avjvgv Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwi e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡jb‡`‡bi g‡a¨ mg‡qi eëavb bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw` (GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨) Kg cwigv‡Yi wewbg‡q †ekx cwigvY †bIqv nq Ges AwZwi³ As‡ki g~‡jï ¶wZc~iY Kiv bv nq, Zvn‡j †mB evowZ Ask nq wiev Avj-d`j|Ó3

cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i kixqvn Avcx‡jU ‡e‡Âi iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Òbex Kixg (mt) KwZcq †jb‡`b‡K wiev AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb hv wb‡gœ D‡jL Kiv n‡jvt

1) A‡_©i wewbg‡q A_© ‡jb‡`‡b Dfq c‡¶i A_© hw` GKB RvZ I †kªYxfy³ nq Ges Dfq c¶ hw` mgvb mgvb cwigv‡Yi A_© ‡jb‡`b bv K‡i, Zvn‡j wewbgq Zvr¶wYK nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` †nvK (spot transaction) A_ev evKxi wfwË‡Z †nvK, †m †jb‡`b n‡e wiev|

2) evU©vi ev c‡Yï mv‡_ cY¨ wewbg‡q mswkó cY¨¸‡jv hw` IRb ev cwigvc‡hvM¨ nq Ges GKB RvZ I ‡kªYxfy³ nq Ges hw` Dfq c‡¶i c‡Yï cwigvY Amgvb nq A_ev †Kvb GK c¶ hw` Zvi cY¨ cÖ`vb fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ev evKx iv‡L Zvn‡j Giƒc †jb‡`b wiev †jb‡`‡b ch©ewkZ n‡e|

3) evU©vi ev c‡Yï mv‡_ cY¨ wewbg‡q cY¨ hw` wfbœ wfbœ RvZ I †kªYxfy³ nq Ges †m¸‡jv hw` IRb I cwigvc‡hvM¨ nq Avi †Kvb GK c¶ hw` Zvi cY¨ cÖ`vb

1 mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx`, c~‡e©v³, c„t 471|2 gI`~`x, c~‡e©v³, c„t 96|3 Avjvgv Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwi, Avj-wdK¡ Avjv Avj gvhvwne Avj-Avievqvn&, D×„Z, Pvciv, c~‡e©v³, c„t 241|

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¯’wMZ ev evKx iv‡L Zvn‡j Zv wiev †jb‡`‡bi Aš—f©y³ n‡e|Ó1

nvbvdx dK¡x‡ì g‡Z, ÒGKB Rv‡Zi (similarily) e¯‘MZ m¤ú` µq-weµq Pzw³‡Z, AvBbZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ cwigv‡ci wfwË‡Z, †Kvb AwZwi³ cwigvY avh© Kiv n‡j †mB AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev d`j|Ó “It is an excess of tangible property stipulated in the exchange contract on the basis of legal criteria in the similarity of two items.”2

kv‡dqx AvBb‡eËv‡ì g‡Z, “It is an exchange with an increase in one of the trade items over the other.” A_©vr Òµq-weµ‡q `ywU c‡Yï †Kvb GKwUi cwigvY AciwUi †P‡q †ekx K‡i µq-weµq KivB n‡”Q wiev d`j|Ó3

nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei dK¡x‡ì `„wó‡Z, “It is an increase in one of the exchange items identical in kind of measurable and weighable goods.” A_©vr Òwiev d`j GKB Rv‡Zi cwigvc I IRb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï µq-weµ‡q †Kvb GKwU c‡Yï cwigvY †ekx Kiv|Ó4

D³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, nvbvdx ghnv‡ei g‡Z wiev n‡”Q, ev¯—e A‡_© AwZwi³ (excess) ev e„w× (increase)| h_v, GK wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q `yB wìnvg wewµ Kiv| GLv‡b GK c‡¶i AwZwi³ GK wìnvg n‡”Q wiev| Avi Ôwithout a corresponding counter valueÕ K_vi Zvrch© n‡”Q, D³ evowZ GK wìnv‡gi †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †bB ev †Ìqv nq bvB ev Zv gvMbv †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GQvov, msÁv‡Z evKxi †gqv`‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B wewkó †dK¡vnwe`‡ì gZ D×„Z K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wbwl× n‡”Q d`j ev e„w×; mgq wbwl× bq| m‡e©vcwi GBme msÁv Abymv‡i wiev d`j D™¢~Z nq mgRv‡Zi cY¨-mvgMÖx bM` µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î| wKš‘, c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjøvn (mt) nv`x‡m wbjvg µq-weµ‡q `vjvj KZ©„K wg_¨v Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g `vg evov‡bv n‡j, cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g `vg †ekx wb‡j, evRvi m¤ú‡K© AbewnZ ‡jvK‡K VwK‡q `vg †ekx wb‡j I cvwi‡Zvwl‡Ki wewbg‡q KviI c‡ÿ mycvwik Kiv n‡j, Gme ewa©Z `vg I cvwi‡ZvwlK‡K wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| Gme µq-weµq n‡”Q wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi c‡Yï bM` µq-weµq| Gme wiev‡KI msÁvi AvIZvq Avbv DwPZ| 1 Imgvbx, gynv¤§`, ZKx, c~‡e©v³, c„t 127-128|2 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 35|3 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 36|4 Bwe`, c„t 36|

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myZivs bM` µq-weµ‡q cÖwZg~‡jï Ici Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³ hvi †Kvb wewbgq †Ìqv nq bv ZvB n‡”Q wiev d`j| GB msÁvq bM` µq-weµq ej‡Z mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mevi bM` µq-weµq Ges wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mevi bM` µq-weµq meB kvwgj i‡q‡Q|

Avj-wiev A_©AvjøvnZvÕqvjv Avj-KziAv‡b e‡j‡Qb, ÒIqv Avnvjøvûj evBqv Iqv nviivgvi wievÓ A_©vr Avjøvn evB‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb; Avi wiev‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivg| GB Avqv‡Z AvjøvnZvÕqvjv ÔevBÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔAvjÕ †hvM K‡i ÔAvj-evBÕ e‡j‡Qb; Avi wiev k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔAvjÕ ewm‡q e‡j‡Qb ÔAvj-wievÕ| mKj we‡klÁ G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ †h, ÔevBÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ms‡hvwRZ ÔAvjÕ Øviv mgMÖ ev RvwZ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| evB-Gi msÁvi AvIZvfy³ mKj evB‡K eySv‡bvB Gi D‡Ïk¨| myZivs Avqv‡Zi GB As‡k Avjøvn mKj cÖKvi evB‡K (µq-weµq‡K) nvjvj †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© emv‡bv ÔAvjÕ-Gi A_© wb‡q we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ we‡klÁMY cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|

`vD` Avj-hvwnix, ZwK Avj-Øxb Avj-myewK, Avj-Zvnvfx, Avãyj nvwg` Avj-evqhvex, Avj-Zvevix, kvn& Iqvwj Djøvn †`njfx I Be‡bj Kvwq¨g Avj-RvIwhqvn cÖg~L ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm‡eËv I †dK¡vwe`MY e‡j‡Qb, wiev k‡ãi c~‡e© ms‡hvwRZ ÔAvjÕ kãwU we‡kl A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q; Z`vbxšÍb Avieiv †h wiev †jb‡`b KiZ, †h wievi mv‡_ Zviv cwiwPZ wQj, †mB we‡kl cwiwPZ (Previous Familiarity) wiev‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨B ÔAvjÕ kã emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB wiev‡K wiev bvmxqvI ejv nq| A_©vr Avqv‡Zi GB As‡k gnvb Avjøvn †Kej wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ ev wiev bvmxqv‡KB nvivg †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| D³ we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z, Ab¨vb¨ mKj cÖKvi wiev wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q nv`xm Øviv|

Aci GK `j we‡kl‡Ái AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, GLv‡b wievi c~‡e© hy³ ÔAvjÕ kãwU mgwó, mvaviY (general/mujmal) I RvZ (genus) BZ¨vw` A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, c~e© cwiwPwZ A‡_© bq| Avj-wKqv Avj-nvwimx, Bgvg kvdx cÖg~L wewkó AvBb‡eËvMY GB AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, GLv‡b Avj-wiev ej‡Z mKj cÖKvi

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wiev‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avj-KziAv‡bi GB wb‡lavÁv AvBbZ wbwl× mKj cÖKvi wievi †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨|

Avj-Rvm&mvm, Avj-dLi Avj-Bmjvg, Avj ev`vex, Be‡b iƒk` Avj-gvwjKx I nvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji dK¡xMY wfbœZi Avi GK Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, Avj-KziAv‡b eëüZ wiev kãwU n‡”Q A¯úó (Ijmal/obscure/undetailed); AvBb cÖ‡YZv KZ©„K cÖ`Ë e¨vL¨v e¨ZxZ Gi cªK…Z A_© eySv m¤¢e bq|

Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, wievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w×| wKš‘ kixq‡Z mKj cÖKvi e„w×‡K wiev ejv nqwb; eis GK we‡kl ai‡bi e„w×‡K nvivg †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avj-Rvm&mvm G wel‡q e¨vL¨v w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, Avieiv wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ wìnvg I `xbvi avi w`‡Zv Ges F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici mg‡qi wewbgq wn‡m‡e ÔAwZwi³Õ avh© Ki‡Zv| kixq‡Z GB e„w×‡K wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv ev iƒcvi mv‡_ iƒcv cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx K‡i bM` wewbgq Kiv n‡j GK c‡ÿi evowZ Ask †h wiev nq, Avieiv Zv Rvb‡Zv bv; ZvQvov, †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j evKxi †gqv` †h wiev (wiev Avj bvmv) nq †mUvI Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj bv| wKš‘ AvB‡b evowZ Ask I evKxi †gqv` G `y‡Uv‡KB wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Zt wiev kãwU Ab¨vb¨ A¯úó we‡kl¨ c‡ì k‡ãi b¨vq GKwU A¯úó we‡kl¨ c‡ì kã; G‡K h_v_© A‡_© eyS‡Z n‡j kixqZ cÖ‡YZvi cÿ †_‡K e¨vL¨v Qvov eySv m¤¢e bq| ivm~jyjøvn (mt) Avjøvni AwfcÖvq Abyhvqx my¯úó wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g Gi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v ‡ck K‡i‡Qb| myZivs nv`x‡m hZ cÖKvi wievi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi meB Avj-wievi Aš‘f©y³|

Avj-KzZz©ex GB GKB AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb wfbœZi hyw³‡Z| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒAvqv‡Z eëüZ Avj kãwU c~e© cwiwPwZ eySv‡”Q, Avi Zv n‡”Q, Avieiv ‡h wiev †jb‡`b Ki‡Zv †mB wiev; AZtci Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) †hme wiev wbwl× K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jvI Gi Aš‘f©y³......|Ó1

Avj-kvwZex e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒGB Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g Avjøvn Rvwnwjq¨v‡Zi wiev‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Qb| AZtci wievi GKwU aib e¨vL¨v K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgqnxb AwZwi³ _vKvi Kvi‡YB GB µq-weµq‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q; Avi 1 Zdmxi Avj-KzZz©ex, fwj-3, c„t 357, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 124|

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mybœvn GKB A‡_© mKj cÖKvi wiev‡K Gi mv‡_ kvwgj K‡i‡Q|Ó1

ev`vex wØZxq I Z…Zxq Awfg‡Zi g‡a¨ Zzjbv K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, GB `yB g‡Zi cÖKvk fw½‡Z cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Dfq g‡Z GKB K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv n‡”Q mKj cÖKvi wievB Avj-wiev k‡ãi Aš‘f©y³| Z‡e wZwb wb‡R cÖ_g A_©vr Avj-KziAvb ‡Kej wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ ev wiev Avj-bvmxqv‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q, GB gZ‡K AwaKZi cQ›`bxq e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb|2

e¯‘Zt ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm‡eËv I wdK¡vnwe`‡ì e¨vL¨v Abymv‡i Avj-KziAv‡b wbwl× wiev I Avj-nv`x‡m wbwl× wiev wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn Kivi Kvi‡YB Avj-wievi A_© I AvIZv-cwiwa wb‡q D³ gZcv_©‡Kï m„wó n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, ‡dK¡vn kv‡¯¿ evKxi †gqv`‡K wiev ejvi Kvi‡Y GB wiev‡K Avj-wievi g‡a¨ kvwgj Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q; ZvQvov Avj-KziAv‡bi wiev msµvšÍ AvqvZmg~‡n †h Bw½Z cvIqv hvq Zvi Av‡jv‡K a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, Avj-KziAvb †Kej wiev bvmxqv‡KB wbwl× K‡i‡Q hv Rv‡nwjq¨v‡Zi hy‡M cÖPwjZ wQj; Avi Gi evB‡i wiev Avj-d`j I wiev Avj-bvmv‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q nv`x‡mi Øviv|kvn Iqvwj Djøvn †`njfx e‡j‡Qb, wiev n‡”Q `yB cÖKvit GK cÖKvi n‡”Q cªK…Z wiev Ges AciwU n‡”Q iƒcK wiev (figurative/metaphorical); cÖK…Z wiev n‡”Q †`bvi Ici wiev hv Rvwnjx hy‡M Avieiv e¨vcKfv‡e †jb‡`b Ki‡Zv; cÖK…Z wiev‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q Avj-KziAvb; Avi wØZxq cÖKv‡ii wiev n‡”Q Ôwiev Avj-d`jÕ; wiev Avj-d`j‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q nv`x‡m| wiev-d`j n‡”Q Avmj wievi m¤cÖmviY (extension); G‡K †Kej iƒcK A‡_© wiev (as a metaphor/figurative) ejv n‡q‡Q|3

G e¨vcv‡i `vD` Avj-Rvwnix e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖK…Zc‡ÿ wiev n‡”Q ‡Kvb e¯‘i wbR¯^ cwigvY †e‡o hvIqv (excess in the thing itself); ZvB cÖwZg~‡jï Ici e„w× wiev bq eis Giƒc e„w×‡K †Kej iƒcK A‡_© wiev ejv hvq|4

1 Avj-gyqvd&dvK¡vZ, fwj-4, c„t 41; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 127|2 ev`vex, Bwe`, c„t 55|3 Hujjat Allah Al-Balighah, Vol-2,p. 106-107, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 33, UxKv b¤ît 12|4 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 33, UxKv b¤ît 11|

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e¯‘Zt F‡Yi Ici e„w×‡K GKB e¯‘i wbR cwigv‡Yi e„w× MY¨ K‡i Zv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q cÖK…Z wiev| wKš‘ bM` µq-weµ‡q GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï †ekx cwigvY‡K ejv n‡q‡Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici e„w×; G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q iƒcK A‡_© wiev| GwU GKwU ci¯úiwe‡ivax Ae¯’v| KviY, FYMÖnxZv FY wn‡m‡e †h Rv‡Zi A_© ev cY¨ MÖnY K‡i Zv LiP K‡i wbt‡kl K‡i †d‡j| AZtci Abyiƒc A_© ev cY¨ †hvMvo K‡i †diZ †`q| myZivs F‡Y GKB e¯‘ †jb‡`b nq GK_v Av‡`Š wVK bq; eis GKB Rv‡Zi wfbœ wfbœ e¯‘ †jb‡`b nq hvi GKwU nq AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| Avi F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GB KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev bvmxqv| GKBfv‡e †Kvb e¯‘ wfbœ Rv‡Zi Aci †Kvb e¯‘i wewbg‡q evKx‡Z wewµ Kiv n‡j evKx `vg nq GK c‡ÿi †`bv, Acic‡ÿi cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| GB KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv‡KI ejv nq wiev bvmxqv| myZivs cÖK…Z wiev Avm‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡iB avh© Kiv nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb A_© ev cY¨ GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï wewbg‡q bM` µq-weµq Kiv n‡j Zvi GKwU nq AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| Avi †Kvb GKwU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j (cwigv‡Y †ekx Kiv n‡j) Zv nq wiev d`j| FY I evKx µq-weµ‡qi b¨vq bM` †jb‡`‡bI AwZwi³ Avm‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi IciB avh© Kiv nq, g~j e¯‘i Ici bq| GK_v FYmn mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq †ÿ‡ÎB mZ¨| myZivs F‡Y g~j e¯‘ e„w× cvq, Avi Ab¨vb¨ µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici e„w× avh© Kiv nqÑ GB cv_©K¨ mwVK bq|

cÖK…Z K_v n‡”Q FYI GK ai‡bi µq-weµq; Avi FYmn †h †Kvb µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| GUvB n‡”Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wbR cwigvY e„w× cvIqvÑ excess in the thing itself. wiev Øviv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi cwigvY e„w× cvq; g~j e¯‘i cwigvY bq|

D‡jøL¨ †h, nv`xm ev mybœvn n‡”Q Avj-KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨v| ivm~‡ji (mt) `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q, Avjøvn hv wKQz ÔInxÕ K‡ib Zvi meUzKz, †Kvb cÖKvi evwoZ-KgwZ bv K‡i, `ywbqvevmxi Kv‡Q ûeû †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv Ges wb‡Ri K_v I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zvi h_v_© A_© I e¨vL¨v gvbyl‡K eywS‡q ‡Ìqv| Avjøvn Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb, “And we have sent down unto thee Message (dhikr); that thou Mayest explain clearly to men what is sent for them.” (Avj-KziAvb)| e¯‘Zt Avj-KziAv‡b †bB Ggb †Kvb wiev‡K Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) wbwl× K‡ibwb| myZivs KziAv‡b eëüZ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© Avj

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ewm‡q AvjøvnZvÕqvjv wievi msÁvi AvIZvi g‡a¨ c‡o Ggb me wiev‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb; Avi GB wiev wbwl× K‡i †gŠwjK wewa-weavb Avjøvn wb‡R bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| ZviB wfwË‡Z Avjøvni ivm~j (mt)-Gi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v I wewa-weavb Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb µq-weµ‡qi wewa-weavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Ges Gme wewa-weavb j•Nb Kiv n‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi µq-weµ‡q wKfv‡e wiev D™f~Z nq ZviI e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb|

e¯‘Zt ÔevBÕ †hgb GK ai‡bi Pzw³ ‡Zgwb wievI Avi GK ai‡bi Pzw³| Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ kZ© gyZv‡eK Pzw³ Kiv n‡j Zv nq evB ev µq-weµq Pzw³, hv Avjøvn nvjvj K‡i‡Qb| Avi Gi †Kvb GKwU, `ywU ev wZbwU kZ© j•Nb K‡i Pzw³ Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev Pzw³, Avjøvn hv‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb| nv`x‡m ewY©Z evB msµvšÍ mKj wewa-weavb Avj-KziAv‡b †bB; †Zgwb wievi hveZxq AvBb-weavbI Avj-KziAv‡b †bB| Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡mi e³e¨ wg‡jB Avj-evB Ges Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡mi e¨vL¨v wgwj‡qB Avj-wiev| myZivs Avj-wievi g‡a¨ KziAv‡b ewY©Z wiev †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb nv`x‡m ewY©Z wievI Gi AšÍf©y³| ‘Al-Riba is all inclusive.’

Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔevBÕ I ÔwievÕ `ywU kãB n‡”Q GK eP‡b (singular number), we‡kl¨ c` (noun); Avi Dfq k‡ãi c~‡e© emv‡bv n‡q‡Q ÔAvjÕ|1 ZvQvov cvi¯úwiK Zzjbvg~jK A‡_© kã `ywU eëüZ n‡q‡Q| we‡klÁMY e‡j‡Qb, “a singular noun with a confined meaning preceeded by the definite article denotes generality.”2 c~‡e© µq-weµq Av‡jvPbvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GLv‡b evB A_© n‡”Q µq-weµq; Avi Gi c~‡e© Avj †hvM Kivq Gi A_© ùvov‡”Q mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq; A_©vr µq-weµ‡qi msÁvi AvIZvfz³ hveZxq µq-weµq n‡”Q ÔAvj-evBÕ| Abyiƒcfv‡e Zzjbvg~jK A‡_© Avj-wievi A_©I mKj cÖKvi wiev nIqv evÃbxq; myZivs wievi msÁvi AvIZvq Av‡m Ggb mKj wievi mgwóB n‡”Q ÔAvj-wievÕ| GLv‡b Avj-wievi Ab¨wea A_© Kiv hyw³-hy³ bq|

1 Kvgvwj, Gg, nvwkg: c~‡e©v‡jøwLZ, c„: 142|2 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 55, UxKv b¤ît 47|

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my‡ì êwkó¨c~e© cÖKvwkZ As‡k D‡jøwLZ my‡ì msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j my‡ì KwZcq Acwinvh© ‰ewkó¨ cvIqv hvq| ‰ewkó¨¸‡jv n‡”Qt

1) my‡ì †ÿÎ µq-weµq;2) my` A‰ea Pzw³i dj;3) my` µq-weµ‡q GKw`‡Ki KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Av‡ivwcZ

AwZwi³;4) my‡ì †Kvb wewbgq ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev g~‡jï mgZv

‡bB (no equivalence);5) my‡` cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b †bB (no reciprocity);6) my` ¸‡Y ¸‡Y ev‡o;7) Kvievi ev Kviev‡ii djvd‡ji mv‡_ my‡ì †Kvb m¤úK©

†bB;8) my` c~e© wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ;

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9) my‡` †Kvb evwYwR¨K SzuwK †bB|wb‡gœ G m¤ú‡K© mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

1) my‡ì †ÿÎ µq-weµqt Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, my‡ì mswkøóZv n‡”Q µq-weµ‡qi mv‡_| µq-weµq n‡”Q wewbgq w`‡q †bIqv; wKš‘ my` n‡”Q wewbgq bv w`‡q †bIqv| wewbgq bv w`‡q c‡ii m¤ú` †bIqvi eû aib Av‡Q| ‡hgb, Pzwi, WvKvwZ, wQbZvB, ivnvRvwb, Rei-`Lj, †avKvevwR, cÖZviYv, RvwjqvwZ, gRy``vix, gybvdv‡Lvix, †Pviv Kvievix, Nyl, `ybx©wZ, Ryqv, †PvivPvjvbx, BZ¨vw`| GmeB n‡”Q c‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e fÿY ev MÖvm Kiv| wKš‘ µq-weµ‡qi mv‡_ Gme Ab¨vq fÿ‡Yi †Kvb mswkøóZv †bB| ZvB Gi †KvbUv‡KB wiev ejv nqwb| wiev n‡”Q †Kej †mB Ab¨vq fÿY hv µq-weµq †ÿ‡Î GKw`‡Ki KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici avh© K‡i wewbgq bv w`‡q †bIqv nq|

2) my` A‰ea Pzw³i djt my`x †jb‡`‡b cÖK…Z c‡ÿ `ywU Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nqt GKwU µq-weµq Pzw³ Avi wØZxqwU wiev ev my` Pzw³| †µZv-we‡µZv hLb †Kvb wba©vwiZ cY¨, A_© ev †mev wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbg‡q ci¯úi †jb‡`b K‡i ZLb Zv nq µq-weµq Pzw³; wKš‘ †µZv-we‡µZv hw` µq-weµ‡q wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi f¨vjyØ‡qi †Kej GKwUi Ici †Kvb AwZwi³ avh© I †jb‡`b Ki‡Z ivRx nq ZLb †mB Pzw³ nq my` ev wiev Pzw³| GB Pzw³‡Z GK c‡ÿi †`q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© I ‡jb‡`‡bi K_v ejv nq wKš‘ Aci c‡ÿi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Abyiƒc AwZwi³ avh© I wewbgq Kivi K_v ejv nq bv| d‡j wiev Pzw³i e‡j GK c‡ÿi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ n‡q c‡o wewbgqnxb ev gvMbv| Avi GRb¨B Zv nq my` ev wiev| D`vniY¯îƒc, FY †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î `vZv ev gnvRb FY cÖv_©xi Kv‡Q cÖ¯ÍvweZ F‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici KLbI ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnK, gvwmK ev evwl©K mij ev Pµ e„w× nv‡i my` `vex K‡i (my` cÖ`v‡bi BRve ev cÖ¯Íve K‡i); Avi cÖv_©x D³ cÖ¯Ív‡e ivRx (Keyj) nq| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ FY Z_v µq-weµq Pzw³i mv‡_ wiev Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev evKx µq-weµqKv‡j we‡µZv ¯’wMZK…Z ev evKx KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici ¯’wMZ †gqv` I AcviMZvq cieZx© ewa©Z †gqv‡ì Rb¨ hw` my` `vex K‡i Avi †µZv hw` Zv‡Z m¤§Z nq Zvn‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ evwK µq-weµq Pzw³i mv‡_ wiev Pzw³I m¤úvw`Z n‡q hvq| AZtci wiev Pzw³i kZ©vbymv‡i FYMÖnxZv I evwK †µZv KZ©„K †`q wba©vwiZ

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KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici cÖwZw`b my` †hvM n‡Z _v‡K| Pzw³‡Z mij my` Av‡iv‡ci kZ© _vK‡j mij nv‡i, Avi Pµe„w× nv‡i my` avh© Kivi K_v _vK‡j Pµ e„w× nv‡iB my` evo‡Z _v‡K| FYMÖnxZv †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy bv cvIqv m‡Ë¡I GKgvÎ Pzw³i Kvi‡YB GB my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

G cÖm‡½ Lvb I wgiv‡Lvi e‡j‡Qb, “Interest is regarded as representing an unjustified creation of instantaneous property rights: unjustified, because interest is a property right claimed outside the legitimate framework or recognized property rights; instantaneous, because as soon as the contract for lending upon interest is concluded, a right to the borrower’s property is created for the lender”1

A_©vr Òmy` n‡”Q m¤ú‡ì Ici m„ó Ab¨vq I ZvrÿwYK AwaKvi; G AwaKvi Ab¨vq (unjustified) GRb¨ †h, b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi cÖwZôvi hveZxq êa I ¯^xK…Z cš’v †_‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K I ¯^Zš¿ GK c×wZ‡Z m¤ú‡ì Ici G AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ Kiv nq; Avi G AwaKvi ZvrÿwYK m„ó GRb¨ †h, my‡ì wfwË‡Z FY cÖ`vb Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B FYMÖnxZvi m¤ú‡ì Ici FY`vZvi G AwaKvi m„wó nq|Ó GUv wVK Ryqvi Pzw³i gZ| Ryqv‡Z mswkøó cÿØq GB g‡g© Pzw³e× nq †h, †Ljvq †h cÿ nvi‡e †m cÿ Aci cÿ‡K, aiv hvK, 10,000/- UvKv w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| AZtci †h nv‡i †m Aci cÿ‡K 10,000/- UvKv w`‡q †`q; GgbwK, A‡bK mgq Rwg-Rgv, evox-Ni ¯¿x-mšÍvb wewµ K‡i n‡jI Ryqvi A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| Gfv‡e †eKj Pzw³i Kvi‡Y GKR‡bi m¤ú` webvg~‡j¨ Ac‡ii Kv‡Q P‡j hvq| my‡ì †ejv‡ZI wVK ZvB nq| e¯‘Zt my` avh© I cvIbv nIqvi GKgvÎ KviY n‡”Q wiev Pzw³| GB Pzw³i e‡jB AbwaKvi‡K AwaKv‡i Avbv nq| myZivs my` n‡”Q A‰ea Pzw³i dj|

GLv‡b cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Avjøvn †Zv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z eëmv Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| my`x Kvievi GK ai‡bi eëmv| `vZv-MÖnxZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡ZB my`-Pzw³ Kiv nq| Zvn‡j G Pzw³ A‰ea n‡e †Kb?

GK_v wVK †h, eëmv-evwY‡R¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kZ©| wKš‘ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi 1 Khan Mohsin S. and Abbas Mirakhor, (Editors) 1987, Theoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance, The Institute for Research and Islamic Studies, p. 4, quoted by Siddiqui, M. N., Riba, Bank Interest and the Rationale of its Prohibition, Islamic Research and Training Institute, 2004, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, KSA, P. 43.

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gva¨‡g †Kvb nvjvj‡K nvivg ev †Kvb nvivg‡K nvjvj evbv‡bv hvq bv| D`vniY¯îƒc, †R¡bv I Ryqvi K_v ejv hvq| †R¡bv I Ryqv Bmjv‡g nvivg; †Kvb bvix-cyiæl hw` ci¯úi m¤§Z n‡q †R¡bvq wjß nq A_ev KwZcq †L‡jvqvo GKgZ n‡q hw` Ryqvi AvÇv emvq Zvn‡j GB †R¡bv ev Ryqv nvjvj n‡q hvq bv| GgbwK, `ywbqvi mKj gvbyl GKgZ n‡qI hw` †R¡bv I Ryqv‡K nvjvj e‡j Zvn‡j Gme nvivg KLbI nvjvj nq bv| Abyiƒfv‡e µq-weµq I wewbgq gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I nvjvj| Avi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ Qvov µq-weµq m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j GKR‡bi m¤ú` wewbgq bv w`‡q †Kej Pzw³i e‡j Avi GK R‡b wb‡q †M‡j Zv‡K µq-weµq ejv hvq bv| eis G‡K eo †Rvi c‡ii m¤ú` gvMbv †bIqv, evwZj cš’vq c‡ii m¤ú` fÿY Kiv ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| GB eë¯’v gvbe mgv‡Ri Rb¨ wKQz‡ZB wnZKi n‡Z cv‡i bv; ZvB nvjvj n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avj-KziAv‡bi †h Avqv‡Z Avjøvn cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z eëmv Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb †mB Avqv‡Zi cÖ_gvs‡k Avjøvn GUvI e‡j‡Qb †h, Ò‡Zvgiv †KD Ac‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e fÿY K‡ivbvÓ| eëmv Ki‡Z n‡j µq-weµq Riæix; Avi µq-weµq n‡”Q Dfq c‡ÿi m¤ú‡ì cvi¯úwiK wewbgq| my‡` cvi¯úwiK wewbgq †bB; my` µq-weµqB bq; cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi cÖkœ GLv‡b AevšÍi|

3) my` KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³t wievi msÁv Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡q wewfbœ ghnv‡ei †bZ„¯’vbxq dK¡x, we‡kl K‡i, Bgvg mvivLmxi D×„wZ w`‡q Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Òwiev n‡”Q µq-weµ‡q `ywU cÖwZg~‡jï †Kvb GKwUi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ hvi †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †bB|Ó AZtci wewfbœ cÖKvi I ai‡bi µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb D‡jøL K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, weavb Abymv‡i wba©vwiZ †Kvb GKwU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i, mg‡qi Kvi‡Y †nvK, A_ev †avKv cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g ‡nvK, †Kvb cÖKvi AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Ges Acicÿ †mB AwZwi‡³i wewbgq bv w`‡j, †mB AwZwi³ nq wiev| GLv‡b Avevi †mB Av‡jvPbvi cybive„wË bv K‡i †Kej GZUzKz e‡j ivLv hvq †h, wiev n‡”Q GK we‡kl ai‡bi AwZwi³ hv µq-weµq †ÿ‡Î †Kej GK c‡ÿi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Av‡ivc K‡i Av`vq Kiv nq, Avi Aci cÿ Gi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †`q bv|

4) my‡ì †Kvb wewbgq, KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev g~‡jï mgZv †bB (no equivalence)t Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, my` Pzw³‡Z †Kej GK c‡ÿi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv nq Aci c‡ÿi

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KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici mgg~‡jï e„w× QvovB| ZvB my‡ì †Kvb wewbgq _v‡K bv| myZivs my`/wiev n‡”Q wewbgqnxb e„w×| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, A_©bxwZwe`MY bvbv ai‡bi hyw³ w`‡q my` †Kb w`‡Z n‡e Zvi †hŠw³KZv ‡`Lv‡bvi AccÖqvm Pvwj‡q‡Qb| Gme hyw³ Øviv mvgwqKfv‡e wKQz †jvK‡K weåvšÍ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ Gi Øviv my‡ì ‡hŠw³KZv Z_v my‡ì KvD›Uvi f¨vjy Av‡Q, †m K_v cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| Gme hyw³i AmviZv eyS‡Z n‡j `xN© Av‡jvPbv ìKvi| ZvB c„_Kfv‡e G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi B”Qv iB‡jv Bbkvjøvn&|

5) my‡` cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b †bBt my` GK cÿ †`q, Aci cÿ †bq| †h †bq †m Gi wewbg‡q wKQz †`q bv; Avi †h †`q †m Gi wewbg‡q wKQz cvq bv| my` n‡”Q GKZidv †Ìqv I GKZidv †bIqv| Gi wecix‡Z µq-weµ‡q Dfq cÿ ‡`q Ges Dfq cÿ †bq| GLv‡b †jb‡`b DfqUvB cvi¯úwiK; wKš‘ my‡` cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b nq bv| mKj cÖKvi my‡ìB GUv Ab¨Zg êwkó¨|6) my` ¸‡Y ¸‡Y ev‡ot my`, we‡kl K‡i, wiev bvwmqvi ¯^fveRvZ êwkó¨ n‡”Q mg‡qi mv‡_ ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cvIqv| m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b AvjøvnZvÕqvjv ÔAv`qvdv gy`vqvdvÕ kã Øviv my‡ì GB cÖeYZvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| my‡ì nvi Lye wbgœ ‡nvK ev Lye D”P †nvK, mg‡qi mv‡_ Zv ¸‡Y ¸‡Y e„w× cv‡eB, GgwbK, my` hw` mij nv‡ii nq ZeyI| Avi Pµe„w× nv‡ii †ÿ‡Î my‡ì e„w× AviI †ekx n‡e Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB|

7) Kviev‡ii djvd‡ji mv‡_ my‡ì †Kvb m¤úK© †bBt K…wl, wkí, evwYR¨ BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z my` K…wl, wkí I evwY‡R¨ AwR©Z cÖK…Z djvdj Z_v jvf-†jvKmv‡bi Ici wfwËkxj bq| eis jvf-ÿwZ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj Ae¯’v‡ZB my` Aek¨B cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| GQvov, my` †Kej Drcv`bkxj I evwYwR¨K F‡Yi IciB avh© Kiv nq Zv bq; eis Pig Afv‡e wbcwZZ †jvK‡ì †fvM¨ FY, GgbwK, ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y M„nxZ F‡Yi IciI my` avh© Kiv nq| m‡e©vcwi, ïay FY I †`bv bq, eis mKj cÖKvi µq-weµ‡q my` wba©viY Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| myZivs µq-weµ‡qi aib, D‡Ïk¨ I djvdj my‡ì kZ© bq|

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8) my` c~e©wba©vwiZ I wbwðZt my` n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Pzw³; Avi Pzw³‡Z my` wba©vwiZ _vKvUvB ¯^vfvweK| GRb¨B ejv nq my` c~e© wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ| AvaywbKKv‡j cÖPwjZ my‡ì floating rate m¤ú‡K©I GK_v cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY, Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Pzw³‡Z GK_vB ejv nq †h, G F‡Y floating rate Abymv‡i my` avh© Kiv n‡e| GLv‡b floating rate-B my‡ì c~e©wba©vwiZ nvi, hv Aek¨B FYvZ¥K I wbwðZ| †Kvb †Kvb FY I †`bvi †ÿ‡Î Pzw³ Kivi mg‡q my‡ì Pzw³ Kiv nq bv, wKš‘ wba©vwiZ wgqv‡ì g‡a¨ FY/†`bv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wgqv` e„w×i wewbg‡q my` avh© Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡ÎI my` c~e©wba©vwiZ; KviY, Giƒc †ÿ‡Î my` Pzw³ hLb Kiv nq ZLbB my` wba©viY Kiv nq| myZivs my` c~e©wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ|

9) my‡` evwYwR¨K SzuwK †bBt c~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Drcv`b I jvf KivB n‡”Q wewb‡qv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨; wKš‘ Pvwn`v-†hvMv‡bi n«vm-e„w×i d‡j wewb‡qv‡M KLbI AvkvZxZ jvf †hgb nq, †Zgwb Avevi †jvKmvb, GgbwK, A¯^vfvweK †jvKmvbI n‡q _v‡K| wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †jvKmv‡bi GB SzuwK‡K ejv nq evwYwR¨K SzuwK| wKš‘ my` n‡”Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Av‡ivwcZ e„w× hv me©`vB FYvZ¥K (positive)| myZivs my‡` evwYwR¨K SzuwK ‡bB|

µq-weµ‡q wieve¯‘Zt µq-weµq n‡”Q Ggb GK Pzw³ (Contract) †hLv‡b mgg~‡jï cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mev cvi¯úwiK wewbgq Kiv nq; Aciw`‡K, wiev n‡”Q Ggb Pzw³ hv Øviv †µZv-we‡µZv †Kvb GK cÿ Aci c‡ÿi †`q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© I Av`vq K‡i †bq, wKš‘ †mB AwZwi‡³i `vg ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †`q bv| †Kvb †jb‡`‡b GB `yÕwU Pzw³ GKwÎZ n‡jB Zv my`x †jb‡`‡b ch©ewkZ nq|

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Avjøvn µq-weµ‡q‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb; Avi wiev‡K nvivg K‡i‡QbÓ– G ‡NvlYv Øviv Avjøvn nvjvj µq-weµq Pzw³i mv‡_ wiev Pzw³ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| ivm~jyjøvn (mvt)-Gi nv`x‡m wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Gi e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q; ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒGK weµ‡q `yB †jb‡`b wbwl×Ó; ÒGK †jb‡`‡b `yB weµq wbwl×Ó; ÒGK wW‡j `yB `vg wbwl×Ó; Ò‡h GK †jb‡`‡b `yB weµq K‡i Zvi DwPZ †Kej g~jUv MÖnY Kiv, Ab¨_vq †m my` LvqÓ; Ò‡h GK †jb‡`b `yB weµq K‡i Zv‡K Aek¨B Kg `vgwU MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, A_ev my` †L‡Z n‡e|Ó Be‡b gvmy` e‡j‡Qb ÒGK wW‡j `yB `vg my` Rb¥ †`q|Ó AwaKvsk ghnv‡eI GB GKB K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒGK †jb‡`‡b `yB weµq Kiv n‡j Zv wiev nq|Ó1 wewfbœ cÖKvi nvjvj µq-weµ‡q wKfv‡e my` D™f~Z nq cieZx© Av‡jvPbvq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

evwK µq-weµ‡q wievevwK µq-weµq `yB iK‡ig nqt 1) mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ evwK µq-weµq; I 2) AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ evwK µq-weµq; cÖ_g †ÿ‡Î evwK _vKv KvD›Uvi f¨vjy‡K ejv nq FY, K`© Avi wØZxq †ÿ‡Î evwK _vKv KvD›Uvi f¨vjy‡K ejv nq †`bv ev `vBb| wb‡P K`© I †`bvi cv_©K¨, K`© I †`bv Kv‡K e‡j Ges K`© I †`bvi Ici c„_K Pzw³ Øviv wKfv‡e my` avh© Kiv nq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt

K`© I `vB‡bi cv_©K¨K`© I `vBb kã `ywU Aviex| K`© A_© n‡”Q FY, loan, debt, liability; `vB‡biI A_© n‡”Q †`bv, loan, debt, liability. wKš‘ GZ`yf‡qi g‡a¨ wKQy cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| `vBb-Gi cwiwa I AvIZv K`© A‡c¶v e¨vcKZi| `vBb n‡”Q mvaviY (general): K`© (loan), AwMÖg weµq (evB mvjvg), evKx weµq (evB-‡gvqv¾j) BZ¨vw` meB `vB‡bi Aš—f©y³| Al-Raghib al-Ispahani, Ibn Athir and Wajhi al-Din al-Thanwi determined that dayn includes qard.2 It is obvious… about qard that the word dayn applies to it. This is maintained by the majority of the jurists, and those who oppose it are few3. †Kvb e¨w³ Aci e¨w³i mv‡_ Pzw³e× nIqvi Kvi‡Y ev †Kvb Kv‡R wjß nIqvi `i“b A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y †mB e¨w³i Ici †h Avw_©K ev A-Avw_©K `vq eZ©vq, hv †_‡K gy³ nIqv Zvi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK nq, †mB mKj `vq‡KB ejv nq `vBb ev †`bv| Be‡b bvwRg e‡j‡Qb, ÒKv‡iv `vwq‡Z¡ †Kvb nK (AwaKvi) Av`vq Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK n‡j Zv‡K `vBb ejv nqÓ|4 myZivs Avw_©K, A-1 b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 244|2 Avj-Rvmmvm, AvnKvg Avj †KviAvb: D×„Z, ev`vex, Dc‡iv³, c„: 43| 3 ev`vex, Dc‡iv³, c„: 42|4 Be‡b bvwRg: Avj-gvDmyqv Avj-wdK¡vwnq¨vn, Kz‡qZ|

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Avw_©K mKj cÖKvi `vqB `vB‡bi Aš‘f©y³| GgbwK, Avjvni nK, †hgb, Abv`vqx ÔmvjvZÕ, ÔhvKvZÕ I Ô†ivRvÕ n‡”Q Avjvni wbKU †gv‡g‡bi `vBb| Avjvni nK RwbZ GB `vBb‡K ejv nq ÔKvhvÕ| †hgb, Kvhv †ivRv, Kvhv bvgvR, Kvhv nR¡ BZ¨vw`| Aciw`‡K †Kvb e¨w³ Aci †Kvb e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K A_© ev cY¨ avi wb‡j FY`vZvi wbKU FYMÖnxZvi †h ‡`bv nq Zv‡K ejv nq K`©| “During the period between its delivery and satisfaction, it is established as a liability against a person and falls under the definition of dayn”1. Avevi †Kvb cY¨-mvgMÖx evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j †µZvi Kv‡Q we‡µZvi c‡Yï `vg cvIbv _v‡K| GB cvIbv n‡”Q †µZvi `vBb ev `vq, liability, debt or loan. myZivs mvaviYfv‡e ‡Kvb cY¨, A_© ev †mev mgRv‡Zi (similar or homogeneous) A_©, cY¨ ev †mevi wewbg‡q evKx‡Z weµq †_‡K m„wó nq K`©; Avi ‡Kvb cY¨,A_© ev †mev wfbœZi (dissimilar or heterogeneous) †Kvb A_©, cY¨ ev †mevi wewbg‡q evKx‡Z weµq †_‡K D™¢~Z nq `vBb| wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

wb‡P FY Kv‡K e‡j Ges F‡Y wKfv‡e wiev nq, Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| cieZx©‡Z †`bv Kv‡K e‡j Ges †`bvq wKfv‡e my` nq, Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡e|

K`© ev FYmgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi evKx µq-weµ‡qi GKgvÎ aib n‡”Q ÔK`©Õ ev FY| Aek¨ mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev ‡jb‡`‡bi AviI KwZcq aib Pvjy Av‡Q| †hgb, AvgvbZ, Iqv`xqvn, Avwiq¨vn BZ¨vw`| Z‡e Gme †jb‡`b h_v_© A‡_© µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ c‡o bv Ges Gme †¶‡Î my` m„wó nIqvi Avk¼vI †Zgb GKUv †bB| hv †nvK, FY wK, F‡Y wKfv‡e my‡ì D™¢e N‡U †m wel‡q wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q| cieZx©‡Z Iqvw`qvn I Avwiq¨vn m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e|

K‡`©i A_© I msÁvt K‡`©i AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q †K‡U Avjv`v Kiv (to cut off)|2 mvaviY A‡_© fwel¨‡Z Abyiƒc wRwbm †diZ cvIqvi k‡Z© †Kvb wKQy Aci‡K †Ìqv n‡”Q K`©|3 Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡K ejv nq loan, credit, debt, liability; evsjvq Avgiv ewj FY, avi,

1 Al-Hamawi, D×„Z, ev`vex, Dc‡iv³, c„: 43| 2 Avãyjøvn Avjfx nvRx nvmvb; (1994), Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Law, Islamic Research

Institute, IIUC, P. 117; D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 115|3 Igi web Avãyj AvRxR gywÎKt Al-Riba Wal Muamalat Al-Masrafiyyah, 1st Edition, H. 1414, D×„Z, Bwe`, c„t 115|

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nvIjvZ, BZ¨vw`| †jb-Gi Aviex Bs‡iRx Awfav‡b K‡`©i msÁv wbgœ fvlvq ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Qt

“Loan in legal context is defined as a contract whereby one of the two parties transfers or passes the ownership of a definite amount of his property to the other party, so that the other party returns to the lender what is equivalent thereto in respect of quantity, kind and description.”1

Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi `„wó‡Z “it is a contract by which the lender transfers something to the borrower in return for the latter’s liability to give back the same thing, or its equivalence, or price/value in the market.”2 “It is also defined as a contract by which the lender transfers the ownership of something in return for its real equivalent or consideration.”3 m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY e‡j‡Qb †h, mvaviYfv‡e K`© kã Øviv A_© I dvwÄej c‡Yï FY‡K eySvq; FYMÖnxZv eënvi Kivq G A_© ev cY¨ wbt†kl n‡q hvq; d‡j Zv‡K †h cY¨ ev A_© avi †Ìqv n‡qwQj †mB GKB cY¨/A_© (same goods) †m †diZ w`‡Z cv‡i bv; eis weeiY Abyhvqx Abyiƒc cY¨ (goods of identical description) ev A_© †diZ †`q|4 ÒmyZivs K`© ej‡Z c‡Yï gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i Kiv Ges †gqv` †k‡l Abyiƒc (similar) cY¨ †diZ †Ìqv eySvq|Ó5

myZivs K`© n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wewbgq ev µq-weµq Pzw³ (contract) †hL‡b mgRvZ I gv‡bi (identical, similar or homogeneous) A_© (gy`ªv), dvwÄej cY¨ ev †mev evwK‡Z µq-weµq Kiv nq| “both in common usage of the term or in jurists’ technical interpretation, the loan transaction represents a credit sale of this particular exchange (transference of the same good).”6

†mvbvi wewbg‡q †mvbv, iƒcvi wewbg‡q iƒcv, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, h‡ei wewbg‡q he, †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi, je‡Yi wewbg‡q jeY BZ¨vw` Z_v †h †Kvb cY¨, A_© ev †mev GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi wewbg‡q evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j †µZvi Kv‡Q Gi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev wewbgq g~j¨ wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ evKx ev cvIbv _v‡K| GB evKx ev cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyB n‡”Q †µZv ev MÖnxZvi K`©, FY, `vq, debt, liability or deferred liability|1 E. W. Lane, Arabic English Lexicon, Vol. 11, P. 25-151 D×„Z, Bwe`, c„t 116|2 Nabel Saleh, Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit, 1992, p. 87, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 116|3 B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 116|4 dviæK, Avey Igi Ges nvmvb, Gg, Kexi; c~‡e©v³, c„t 83|5 dviæK, Avey Igi Ges nvmvb, Gg, Kexit The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 23:1, p. 82.6 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj Avjvt ZiRgv‡q KziAvb gRx`, dvjvn-B-Avg Uªvó, XvKv, evsjv‡`k, cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1982, c„t 68, UxKvt 102|

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K‡`©i kZ© I êwkó¨Dc‡iv³ msÁv we‡klY Ki‡j F‡Yi †hme kZ© I êwkó¨ cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Qt

1| wewbg‡qi cY¨ dvwÄej ev gv‡j dvwb nIqv;2| gvwjKvbvmn cY¨wU FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv;3| Abyiƒc cY¨ mgcwigv‡Y (counter value) cwi‡kva Kivi kZ© _vKv I cwi‡kva Kiv;4| KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` wba©vwiZ _vKv;5| hveZxq SzuwK MÖnxZvi Ici _vKv; 6| cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici †Kvb evowZ ev Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠK‡bi kZ© bv _vKv|

wb‡P G m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv ‡ck Kiv n‡jvt

1| wewbg‡qi cY¨ dvwÄej ev gv‡j dvwb nIqvt K`© ev F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wewbg‡qi cY¨ `ywU mvaviYZ dvwÄej cY¨ n‡Z nq| Aviex Ôgv‡j dvwb‡KÕ Bs‡iRx‡Z ÔFungible goodsÕ ejv nq| Fungible goods Ggb cY¨‡K ejv nq hv wbt†kl bv K‡i Zv †_‡K DcKvwiZv (benefit) jvf Kiv m¤¢e bq| Ab¨ K_vq, †h cY¨ eënvi Ki‡j c‡Yï Dc‡hvM (utility) ev usufruct Ges †Lv` cY¨wU GKB w`‡K P‡j Ges DfqwU GKB mv‡_ wbt†kl n‡q hvq †mB cY¨B n‡”Q dvwÄej cY¨| mnR K‡i ejv hvq, †h cY¨ (GKevi) eënvi Ki‡jB wbt†kl ev iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q hvq †mB cY¨B n‡”Q dvwÄej cY¨| dvwÄej c‡Yï êwkó¨ n‡”Q wZbwU| h_vt

1| (GKevi) eënvi Ki‡jB wbt†kl ev iƒcvš—wiZ nIqv;2| †mev cÖevn ev flow of service bv _vKv Ges3| cY¨ †_‡K c‡Yï †mev (service) c„_K‡hvM¨ bv nIqv|

D`vniY¯îƒc Pv‡ji K_v ejv hvq; GKevi eënvi Ki‡jB Pvj Avi Pvj _v‡K bv; wbt†kl ev iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q hvq| wØZxqZ, Pv‡ji †mev Av‡Q; wKš‘ †mevi cÖevn †bB; A_©vr GKB Pvj GKvwaKevi fvZ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Z…ZxqZ, Pv‡ji †mev‡K Pvj †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv; A_©vr Pvj †_‡K ‡mev †bIqv n‡j Pvj _v‡K bv; Avi hZ¶Y Zv Pvj _v‡K ZZ¶Y G ‡_‡K †Kvb †mev †bIqv hvq bv| A_© ev gy`ªv, †hgbt UvKv, `xbvi, wìnvg, Wjvi BZ¨vwì †¶‡ÎI GB GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| Gme cY¨, A_© ev †mev KvD‡K w`‡j MÖnxZvi c‡¶ G †_‡K GKev‡ii †ekx DcKvi †bIqv m¤¢e nq bv| GKevi eënvi Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_B Gme cY¨ wbt†kl ev iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q hvq Ges Gi

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KvD›Uvi f¨vjy `vq n‡q MÖnxZvi Nv‡o †P‡c e‡m| GB `vq‡KB ejv nq K`© ev FY| MÖnxZv‡K cybivq mgcwigv‡Yi Abyiƒc cY¨ †hvMvo K‡i D³ FY ev evKx KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq; Ab¨_vq F‡Yi `vq †_‡K gy³ nIqv hvq bv| dvwÄej cY¨ bv n‡j Giƒc `vq m„wó nq bv|

2| gvwjKvbvmn cY¨wU MÖnxZvi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Kivt FY eve` †Kvb A_© (gy`ªv) ev cY¨ KvD‡K ‡Ìqvi A_© n‡”Q cY¨wUi gvwjKvbv MÖnxZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i K‡i ‡Ìqv hv‡Z gvwjK n‡q wbR B”QvgvwdK †m cY¨wU eënvi Ki‡Z ev Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—‡ii e¨vcv‡i †KD †KD wØgZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ FY n‡”Q GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï wewbg‡q evKx‡Z †Kvb dvwÄej cY¨ weµq Kiv| Avi ci¯úi gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i e¨ZxZ evKx µq-weµq nq bv| FY †jb‡`‡b FY`vZv gvwjKvbvmn Zvi cY¨, A_© ev ‡mev Zvr¶wYK MÖnxZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i K‡i †`q| d‡j cÖ`Ë cY¨, A_© ev †mevi Ici †_‡K Zvi gvwjKvbv wbt†kl n‡q hvq Ges Gi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Zvi gvwjKvbv cÖwZwôZ nq, hv wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ evKx ev cvIbv wn‡m‡e MÖnxZvi wR¤§vq _v‡K| Aciw`‡K FYMÖnxZv gvwjK nq M„nxZ cY¨, A_© ev †mevi, hvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq Zvi FY, †`bv, debt, credit, liability| myZivs FY eve` cÖ`Ë cY¨, A_© ev †mevi gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i KivB evÃbxq| Ab¨_vq Zv FY ev evKx µq-weµq e‡j MY¨ nq bv|

3| Abyiƒc cY¨ mgcwigv‡Y (counter value) cwi‡kva Kivi kZ© _vKv I cwi‡kva Kivt FY †jb‡`‡b mvaviYZ fwel¨‡Z Avmj †diZ †Ìqvi k‡Z©i K_v ejv ev wjLv nq| GB Avmj ej‡Z g~j cÖ`Ë A_© ev c‡Yï mgcwigvY ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy‡K eySvq| F‡Y cÖK…Z c‡¶ ûeû Avmj bq, eis Avm‡ji `vg ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kva Kiv nq| Avi †h‡nZz †jb‡`‡bi `ywU e¯‘B GKRv‡Zi †m‡nZz Df‡qi gvb I cwigvY mgvb n‡jB †Kej G‡ì cvi¯úwiK g~j¨ mgvb n‡e| nv`x‡m Avjvni ivm~j (mt) c‡Yï RvZMZ wgj _vK‡j A_©vr †mvbvi cwie‡Z© †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv...... BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î wgmjvb wewgmwjb (gvbMZ mgZv) I mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb (cwigvYMZ mgZv) GB `ywU weavb w`‡q‡Qb| GB weavb bM` I evKx Dfq µq-weµ‡qB cÖ‡hvR¨| m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY e‡j‡Qb, F‡Y mggv‡bi (wgmwjq¨vZ) e¯‘ mgcwigv‡Y †diZ bv w`‡j FY êa nq bv| myZivs F‡Y GKRv‡Zi, mggvb I mgcwigv‡Yi e¯‘ ØvivB Avm‡ji `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| G cÖm‡½ c~‡e© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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4| KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` wba©vwiZ _vKvt FY †jb‡`‡b Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cÖ`vb fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ivLv nq; Avi GRb¨ Zv F‡Y cwiYZ nq| ‡h‡nZz FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi e¯‘ Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi K‡i wbt‡kl K‡i †d‡j| AZtci Gi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †hvMvo K‡i cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| myZivs KvD›Uvi f¨vjy msMÖn Kivi Rb¨B mgq ev ‡gqv` _vKv Ri“ix| †Kvb †Kvb we‡klÁ e‡j‡Qb, FY cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` wba©vwiZ nIqv Ri“ix bq| wKš‘ FY n‡”Q evB-‡gvqv¾‡ji gZ evKx weµq| cv_©K¨ ïay GZUzKz †h, evB-‡gvqv¾‡j †jb‡`‡bi e¯‘ `ywU wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq; Avi K‡`© e¯‘ `ywU nq GKB Rv‡Zi| `vg I Zv cwi‡kv‡ai ‡gqv` wba©viY e¨ZxZ evKx weµq ‰ea nq bv| F‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| AvjvnZvÕqvjv KziAvb gwR‡` e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡n Cgvb`viMY, hw` †Kvb wbw`©ó ‡gqv‡ì Rb¨ †Zvgiv `vB‡bi †jb‡`b Ki, Z‡e Zv wj‡L wbI (Avj-evKvivn, 282)|Ó ÒGi †_‡K G weavb wbM©Z nq †h, `vB‡bi e¨vcv‡i gxqv` (mgq-mxgv) wbw`©ó _vKv Avek¨K|Ó1 Avi FYI `vB‡bi AšÍfz©³| nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAÁvZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ evwK‡Z ‡ePv-†Kbv êa bq|Ó myZivs F‡Yi †¶‡Î †gqv` wba©vwiZ _vKvB evÃbxq|

5| hveZxq SuywK MÖnxZvi Ici _vKvt ‡h †Kvb ai‡bi µq-weµ‡q µxZ gvj ey‡S †bIqvi ci †µZvB †m gv‡ji gvwjK nq Ges Gi hveZxq SzuwK I `vwqZ¡ Zv‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq; F‡Yi †¶‡Î FYMÖnxZv GKRb ‡µZv| myZivs FY eve` M„nxZ cY¨, A_© ev †mev ey‡S †bIqvi ci †µZv/MÖnxZvB Zvi gvwjK nq, GUv nq ZviB m¤ú` Ges Gi hveZxq SyuwK Zv‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| M„nxZ cY¨ ev A_© nvwi‡q hvIqv, †Pvi-WvKv‡Z wb‡q hvIqv, †Kvb `y‡h©v‡M webó ev aŸsm nIqv A_ev †jvKmv‡b †Lvqv hvIqv BZ¨vw`, MÖnxZvi wbqš¿Y ÿgZvi AvIZvfy³ ev AvIZv ewnfy©Z, †h †Kvb Kvi‡Y A_ev Zvi wb‡Ri Ae‡njv I Î“wUi ìæb webó, aŸsm ev ¶wZ n‡j gvwjK wn‡m‡e Gi mKj `vwqZ¡ †µZv/MÖnxZv‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq, FY`vZv/we‡µZv Gi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ ‡bq bv, KviY G m¤ú` GLb Zvi bq|

6| cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici †Kvb evowZ ev Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠK‡bi kZ© bv _vKv t c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q, FY †j‡b‡`‡b †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi cY¨, A_© ev †mev GKB RvZ, GKB gvb I cwigv‡Y mgvb mgvb nIqv we‡aq| GB weavb cÖvK…wZK, 1 Avj-Kvmvwb: ev`vB, fwj-7, c„t 395-6|

146

wPiš—b I kvk¦Z| GB weav‡bi e¨wZµg Kivi GLwZqvi-AwaKvi gvbyl‡K †Ìqv nq bvB| myZivs FY`vZv, AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ GB KvD›Uvi f¨vjy fwel¨‡Z †diZ cv‡e GB k‡Z©B FY †`q| GUvB Zvi wba©vwiZ cvIbv| GUvB Zvi AwaKvi, nK; Gi AwZwi³ wKQy Zvi cvIbv bq, Zvi nK bq| GgbwK, AwZwi³ hw` Lo-KzUvi b¨vq AwZ Zz”Q I bMY¨ e¯‘I nq, FY‡K Dcj¶ evwb‡q †Kvb `vb, Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠKb nq, †Kvb †mev-‡ewbwdU nq, Zv †bIqviI AwaKvi FY`vZvi †bB| BwZc~‡e© D‡jwLZ Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK ewY©Z nv`xm †_‡K G cÖm‡½ my¯úó wb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq| Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK †_‡K Aci GK nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q, ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb e¨w³ hw` KvD‡K FY †`q Zvn‡j †Kvb Dcnvi MÖnY Kiv Zvi DwPZ bq|Ó (wgkKvZ, wKZveyj eyq~)|

G e¨vcv‡i kª‡×q BgvgMY K‡Vvi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i †M‡Qb| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv m¤ú‡K© ewY©Z Av‡Q, GKevi wZwb mdi †_‡K wdiwQ‡jb| `xN© md‡ii Kvi‡Y wZwb Lye K¬vš— n‡q c‡owQ‡jb| wZwb c‡_i cv‡k¦© GK evoxi Qvqvq wekªvg †b‡eb e‡j gb¯’ Ki‡jb| wKš‘ D³ evoxi gvwjK Zuvi KvQ †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i‡Q Rvb‡Z †c‡i wZwb wekªvg MÖn‡Yi B”Qv cwiZ¨vM K‡i P‡j †M‡jb| Zuvi Avk¼v n‡qwQj FYMÖnxZvi evoxi Qvqvq wekªvg wb‡j Zv Zuvi cvIbvi AwZwi³ wiev n‡q hv‡e| myZivs F‡Yi wecix‡Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i †Kvb AwZwi³ †bIqv †Zv êa bqB, †Kvb Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠKb, Zz”Q bMY¨ `vb, GgbwK, †Kvb †mev, †ewbwdU †bIqvI ‰ea bq| mKj ghnv‡ei dK¡xn&‡ì g‡a¨ G e¨vcv‡i c~Y© HKgZ¨ i‡q‡Q|

K‡`©i êaZvKziAvb, mybœvn I D¤§‡Zi BRgv (HKgZ¨) Abymv‡i K`© †jb‡`b Kiv m¤ú~Y© êa| Avj-KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò‡n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv hw` wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ ci¯úi Ô`vBbÕ †jb‡`b Ki, Z‡e Zv wj‡L bvI|Ó (2:282) we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z GLv‡b Ô`vBbÕ kã Øviv mKj cÖKvi `vq‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|1 Avi FY n‡”Q GK cÖKvi `vq ev `vBb|

KziAvb gRx‡` Kgc‡¶ QqwU ¯’v‡b (2:245, 5:12, 57:11, 57:18, 64:17 Ges 73:20) Ki‡` nvmbvni K_v D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q; Avi me KqwU Avqv‡ZB gvbyl‡K Ki‡` nvmvbvn& †Ìqv n‡j Zv Avm‡j gvbyl‡K bq, eis ¯^qs Avjvn‡K K`© †Ìqv nq e‡j †NvlYv Kiv 1 Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg: c~‡e©v³, c„: 142|

147

n‡q‡Q| AvjvnZvÕqvjv GB K`©‡K eû¸‡Y ewa©Z K‡i `vZv‡K †diZ †`‡eb Ges Zvi mv‡_ DËg cÖwZdj (AvRi“b Kixg) `vb Ki‡eb e‡j wZwb Iqv`v K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Zt Avjvn K‡`©i AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb †Kej ZvB bq, eis K`© cÖ`vb‡K wecyjfv‡e DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

ivm~jyjvni (mt) nv`x‡mI Ki‡` nvmvbvn‡K mv`vKvn e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖ‡Z¨K K`©B Avm‡j mv`vKvn|Ó1 Be‡b gvmy` †_‡K ewY©Z, ivm~j (mt) e‡j‡Qb, “No Muslim provides a Muslim a loan for two times, if he does it is like charity of once”2

ivm~j (mt) wb‡RI K`© wb‡q‡Qb Ges cwi‡kva K‡i‡Qb|

ivm~jyjvni (mt) RxeÏkvq, AZtci mvnvev‡q †Kiv‡gi hyM, Zv‡eqxb-Zv‡eZv‡eqxb‡ì Avgj, gyRZv‡n`xb I AvB‡q¨gv‡q gyRZv‡n`xb‡ì Kvj, GgbwK AvR Aewa gymwjg mgv‡R FY ‡jb‡`b n‡q Avm‡Q; wKš‘ †Kvb w`b †KD G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb AvcwË K‡ibwb| AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx, eÜz-evÜe I wbKURb‡ì g‡a¨ F‡Yi cÖPjb wPiw`bB wQj Ges Av‡Q| ejv hvq FY †jb‡`b GKwU mvaviY (common) I mve©Rbxb (universal) welq| myZivs KziAvb, mybœvn& I BRgvi wfwË‡ZB K`© ‰ea I weivU mIqv‡ei KvR| Ògymwjg D¤§vn& G e¨vcv‡i m¤ú~Y© GKgZ|Ó3

K‡`©i Ici wievt K`© n‡”Q µq-weµq Pzw³| G †ÿ‡Î cÖ`Ë Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici mij ev Pµe„w× nv‡i my` †jb‡`‡bi Pzw³ Kiv n‡j †MvUv †jb‡`bwU n‡q hvq K`y©i wiev ev my` wfwËK FY| my`‡Lvi gnvRb, cÖPwjZ e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ FY`vZv‡ì A‡b‡KB K`y©i wiev ev my`x F‡Yi eëmv K‡i| Giv wKfv‡e FY Pzw³i mv‡_ wiev Pzw³ ms‡hvRb K‡i cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki my`x FY `vb I my`x wW‡cvwRU MÖnY cÖwµqv †_‡KB Zv ¯úó n‡q I‡V|

aiv hvK, K GKRb eëmvqx; eëmvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi 5.00 jvL UvKv ìKvi; †m cÖPwjZ avivi GKwU e¨vsK L-Gi Kv‡Q 5.00 jvL UvKv `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ FY †P‡q GKwU Av‡e`b Kij (BRve)| e¨vsK L Zv‡K Rvbv‡jv †h, G ai‡bi F‡Yi Ici Zviv 15% mij my` wb‡q _v‡K (BRve)| K my` w`‡Z ivRx n‡jv (Keyj)| e¨vsK FY w`‡Z ivRx n‡jv (Keyj)| Gfv‡e K I L-Gi g‡a¨ GB g‡g© K`y©i wiev ev my`x FY Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡jv ‡h, L KÑ†K `yB eQi †gqv‡ì evwl©K 15% 1 2 D×„Z, b~i, B, Gg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 116|3 Dc‡iv³, c„: 116|

148

my‡`i wfwË‡Z 5.00 jvL UvKv FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Q; K `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨ avh©K…Z my`mn D³ Avmj (Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy hv me©‡Zvfv‡e Avm‡ji mgvb) cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e|

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AZtci `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ evwK I MÖnxZvi wR¤§vq _vKv KvD›Uvi f¨vjy 5.00 jvL UvKvi Ici evwl©K 15% my‡`i †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi RvZ (wRwbm), gvb (wgmjvb wewgmwjb) I cwigvY (mvIqvqvb wemvIqvwqb) mgvb mgvb Kiv Ges cvi¯úwiK wewbgq (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) Kiv Gi kZ©wUI c~iY nqwb| myZivs G Pzw³wU n‡”Q, webv g~‡j¨ c‡ii m¤ú` MÖvm Kivi A‰ea wiev Pzw³| ÒAvi (Avjøvn) wiev‡K nvivg K‡i‡QbÓ– G K_v Øviv GBiƒc Pzw³‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K ¯úó eySv hvq †h, Ab¨vb¨ Ab¨vq fÿ‡Yi mv‡_ wievi cv_©K¨ GUvB †h, wiev LvIqv nq KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici avh© K‡i|

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149

cÖPwjZ avivi e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì mÂqx I †gqv`x wnmve mg~‡n †h wW‡cvwRU MÖnY K‡i †hLv‡bI GB GKBfv‡e µq-weµq I wiev Pzw³i mw¤§jb NUv‡bv nq| Avm‡j wW‡cvwRU n‡”Q FY| e¨vsK wewfbœ nv‡i wba©vwiZ my‡ì wfwË‡Z wewfbœ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Gme FY MÖnY K‡i; (Aek¨ mÂqx wW‡cvwR‡U †gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K bv|) AZtci F‡Yi †gqv` c~Y© n‡j Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kva K‡i †`q; Avi my` Pzw³ Abymv‡i avh©K…Z my` †`q hvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy e¨vsK cvq bv|FY †jb‡`‡bi e¯‘ hw` ‡Kvb cY¨ ev †mev nq Zvn‡j GKBfv‡e `yÕwU Pzw³ Kiv n‡j Zvi GKwU n‡e my` Pzw³| D`vniY¯îƒc †KD hw` 40 †KwR bvwRi kvBj avb Aci KvD‡K 1 gv‡mi Rb¨ avi †`q Zvn‡j `vZvi cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq 40 †KwR mggv‡bi bvwRi kvBj avb| AZtci GB KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici hw` 5 †KwR bvwRi kvBj avb †ekx avh© Kiv nq Zvn‡j cÖ_g Pzw³wU nq êa µq-weµq ev FY Pzw³; Avi wØZxqwU nq A‰ea wiev Pzw³|

Abyiƒcfv‡e †KD hw` †Kvb Mvoxi (Car) gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ GB g‡g© Pzw³e× nq †h, Mvoxi gvwjK AvR Zv‡K XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg †cuŠ‡Q ‡`‡e; Avi Gi wewbg‡q wVK GK gvm (30 w`b) c‡i †m D³ Mvoxi gvwjK‡K XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg †cuŠ‡Q †`‡e Ges Zvi Ic‡i AviI 100/- UvKv ‡`‡e, Zvn‡j XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqvi mvwf©‡mi cvi¯úwiK wewbgq n‡e †mev †jb‡`b ev µq-weµq Pzw³ hv êa| Avi 100/- UvKv AwZwi³ †jb‡`b Pzw³wU n‡e KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgq bv w`‡q †bIqvi A‰ea wiev Pzw³|

GB n‡”Q, F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gy`ªv, cY¨ ev †mevi cwigvY e„w×i gva¨‡g my` wKfv‡e D™f‚Z nq Zvi D`vniY| wKš‘ ïay cwigvY bq, gy`ªv, cY¨ ev †mevi gv‡b ZviZg¨ Kiv n‡j A_ev we`¨gvb ZviZ‡gï ìæb Dfq gy`ªv, cY¨ ev †mevi wewbgq ‡iwkI‡Z n«vm-e„w× Kiv n‡jI Dfq g~‡jï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡e Ges GK c‡ÿi evowZ g~jÜzKz n‡e wewbgqnxb AwZwi³ ev wiev|

mKj ghnv‡ei m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY G‡K wiev Ges A‰ea e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb| D`vniY¯îƒc, nvbvdx ghnv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒbxwZMZfv‡e K`© Pzw³‡Z FY`vZv‡K †Kvb myweav †Ìqvi kZ© Kiv DwPZ bq, Ab¨_vq Zv wiev n‡e|Ó1 nv¤^jx ghnv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒK`© n‡”Q `vb Ges Zv `vbB _vKv DwPZ| G‡Z ¸YMZ ev cwigvYMZ †Kvb e„w×i kZ© Kiv n‡j Zv F‡Yi D‡Ïk¨‡K e¨vnZ 1 Avj-Kvmvwb: ev`vB, fwj-7, c„t 395-6|

150

Ki‡e|Ó1 gv‡jKx ghnv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒK`© Pzw³‡Z hw` ejv nq †h, †h iƒc cY¨ †Ìqv n‡jv, Zvi †P‡q fvj cY¨ †diZ w`‡Z n‡e, A_ev FY`vZv‡K †Kvb Dcnvi w`‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j Zv A‰ea n‡e|Ó2

kv‡dqx ghnv‡ei g‡Z, ÒFY`vZv‡K cwigv‡Yi †ekx I gvbMZ w`K †_‡K DËg cY¨ †diZ †Ìqv BZ¨vw` †Kvb myweav cÖ`vb Kiv êa bq|Ó3

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1 Be‡b Kz`vgvt Avj-gyNwb, fwj-4, c„t 354-7|2 Dc‡iv³|3 Avj-wmivRx, Avj-gyRvhvnve, fwj-1, c„t 306|

151

Ab¨vb¨ F‡Yi b¨vq Gme FYc‡Îi gva¨‡g M„nxZ FYI n‡”Q mgRvZxq gy`ªvi evKx µq-weµq| Bmy¨Kvix KZ…©c¶ Gme c‡Îi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì‡K wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ FY cÖ`v‡bi cÖ¯—ve (BRve) K‡i; Avi †µZv †gqv` c~wZ©‡Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †diZ cvIqvi k‡Z© FY cÖ`v‡b ivRx (Keyj) nq| GBwU ci¯úi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbgq ev µq-weµq Pzw³| wØZxqZ, FYMÖnxZv M„nxZ A‡_©i KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i wba©vwiZ my` cÖ`vb Ki‡e e‡j Iqv`v (BRve) K‡i; Avi FY`vZvMY D³ my` MÖn‡Y ivRx (Keyj) n‡q FY †`q| GBwU GK Zidv my` cÖ`vb I MÖn‡Yi Pzw³| my` MÖnxZv M„nxZ my‡ì †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †`qbv| myZivs GwU gvMbv cÖ`vb I MÖn‡Yi Pzw³| ZvB A‰ea|

wej µq-weµq I evÆvKi‡Y wievt wej gv‡b n‡”Q wewbgq wej ev Bill of Exchange| wewbgq wej cÖavbZ `yB iKg n‡q _v‡Kt we‡`kx wewbgq wej ev Foreign Bills I †`kx wewbgq wej ev Local Bills| ‡`kx gvj we‡µZv KZ©„K we‡`kx †µZvi Ici we‡`kx gy`ªvi As‡K K…Z wej‡K ejv nq we‡`kx wej| Avi †`kx we‡µZv KZ©„K †`kx †µZvi Ici †`kxq gy`ªvi As‡K wej Ki‡j Zv nq †`kx wej| ‡`kx-we‡`kx Dfq cÖKvi wej Avevi `yB ai‡bi nq: Dc¯’vcb gvÎ cwi‡kva‡hvM¨ wej ev Demand Bills Ges †gqv`x wej| †gqv`x we‡j cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv GB mKj wejB µq K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZt wWgvÛ we‡ji †ÿ‡Î Zviv wej µq ev Purchase of Bills cwifvlv eënvi K‡i; Avi †gqv`x wej µq‡K Zviv wej evÆvKiY ev Discounting of Bills e‡j _v‡K| Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB wej we‡µZvMY e¨vs‡Ki wbKU †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e ZvrÿwYKfv‡e we‡ji A_© †c‡q hvq, Zv‡ì‡K e¨vsK KZ©„K we‡ji A_© msMÖn Kiv ch©šÍ cÖZxÿv Ki‡Z nq bv|

wWgvÛ wej µ‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì gÄyiK…Z †gvU FY †_‡K †mevg~j¨ I Kv‡jKkb e¨q †K‡U †i‡L we‡ji Aewkó A_© ZvrÿwYKfv‡e MÖvnK‡K (Zvi wnmv‡e) cwi‡kva K‡i †`q| Ges ¯^íZg mg‡qi g‡a¨B mswkøó Drawee-Gi KvQ †_‡K G me we‡ji A_© msMÖn K‡i †bq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK mvaviYZ cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Ici †Kvb AwZwi³ ev my` †bq bv; e¨vsK KZ©„K FY cÖ`vb Ges Drawee-i wbKU †_‡K D³ we‡ji g~j¨ Av`vq K‡i FY mgš^q Kivi gvSLv‡b mg‡qi †Zgb eëavb bv _vKvq ¯^í mg‡qi wewbg‡q my` avh© Kiv nq bv|

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wKš‘ ‡gqv`x we‡ji †ÿ‡Î gÄyiK…Z FY n‡Z e¨vsK Zv‡ì †mevg~j¨ I we‡ji A_© msMÖn LiP QvovI we‡ji †gqv` c~Y© nIqvi w`b ch©šÍ mg‡qi Rb¨ my` wb‡q _v‡K| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU Pzw³ nqt GKwU wej µq-weµq Pzw³; Avi AciwU n‡”Q wiev ev my` Pzw³| cÖ_g Pzw³ Øviv e¨vsK we‡ji cÖvcK‡K mgg~‡jï A_© we‡j wba©vwiZ ‡gqv‡ì Rb¨ FY †`q; kZ© _v‡K ‡h, wej`vZv wba©vwiZ †gqv` c~Y© n‡j mgg~‡jï †h A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡e Zvi ØvivB GB F‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kva ev mgš^q Kiv n‡e| Avi wØZxq Pzw³ Øviv FY`vZv e¨vsK we‡ji wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Ici we‡j wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ my` avh© K‡i, Avi FYMÖnxZv Zv cwi‡kv‡a ivRx nq I cwi‡kva K‡i| GB my` n‡”Q wiev bvmxqv| G‡K Ôwej evÆvKiYÕ ejvi KviY n‡”Q e¨vsK we‡ji cÖvcK FYMÖnxZv‡K we‡ji g~‡jï mgcwigvY A_© FY wn‡m‡e gÄyi K‡i; AZtci my`-Pzw³ Abymv‡i wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Ici avh©K…Z mvKzj¨ my` ‡K‡U †i‡L gÄyiK…Z †gvU F‡Yi Aewkóvsk we‡ji cÖvcK‡K cÖ`vb K‡i| we‡ji †gvU g~j¨ †_‡K my` †K‡U ivLv‡KB ejv nq wej evÆvKiY| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi wej †`kxq gy`ªvq µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK mvaviYZ FY gÄyi Kivi w`b we`¨gvb nvi Abymv‡i ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi `vg wba©viY K‡i _v‡K|

GLv‡b GKwU K_v ejv Riæix hv‡Z e¨vsK I wej cÖvcK Df‡qB my‡ì †jb‡`b †_‡K euvP‡Z cv‡i| we‡`kx gy`ªvi wej hLb †`kxq gy`ªvq µq-weµq Kiv nq, ZLb µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ `ywU (gy`ªv `ywU) Avm‡j wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î †µZv I we‡µZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g gy`ªv `ywUi wewbgq nvi wba©viY Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †µZv-we‡µZv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z †h †Kvb `v‡g Zv µq-weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs FY I my‡ì w`‡K bv wM‡q e¨vsK cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z we‡`kx gy`ªvi `vg wba©viY K‡i we‡µZv‡K cy‡iv g~j¨ bM` cwi‡kva K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z we‡ji we‡`kx gy`ªv msMÖn K‡i Zv D”PZi nv‡i wewµ K‡i gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

D‡jøL¨ †h, cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z wewbgq nvi wba©viY †Kej AmgRv‡Zi gy`ªvi †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| wKš‘ Dfq gy`ªv hw` mgRv‡Zi nq, A_©vr †`kxq gy`ªvi wej hw` †`kxq gy`ªvq µq-weµq Kiv nq Zvn‡j we‡j wjLv gy`ªvi †gvU cwigvY Ges Gi g~j¨ ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy eve` cÖ`Ë gy`ªvi cwigvY Aek¨B mgvb mgvb n‡Z n‡e; G‡Z e¨Z¨q NUv‡bvi †Kvb GLwZqvi †µZv-we‡µZvi

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†bB| G‡ÿ‡Î g~j¨ †_‡K evÆv K‡i hw` g~j¨ cwigv‡Y Kg †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j †gvU we‡ji cwigvY Gi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi cwigv‡Yi cv_©KÜv n‡e KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i evowZ I wewbgqnxb; myZivs wiev| GLv‡bI mgvb mgvb g~‡jï wewbgq n‡e µq-weµq Pzw³; Avi evowZ †jb‡`b n‡e wiev Pzw³|†`‡k-we‡`‡k A‡bK PvKzixRxwe, we‡kl K‡i, ‡`‡k cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi eû wkÿK Zv‡ì †eZ‡bi wej AwMÖg Kg cwigvY UvKvq wewµ K‡i bM` UvKv msMÖn K‡i _v‡Kb| GUv Avm‡j wej evÆvKiY Ges my‡ì g‡a¨ kvwgj|

Avwiq¨vn I wievAviex ÔAvwiq¨vnÕ k‡ãi AwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q avi, borrowing ev loan. wKš‘ AvwfavwbK A_© Awfbœ n‡jI ev¯—‡e K`© Ges Avwiq¨vni g‡a¨ †ek cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| BwZc~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mgRv‡Zi dvwÄej (Fungible) cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mev evKx µq-weµq †_‡K F‡Yi m„wó nq| wKš‘ gv‡j MvB‡i dvwb ev Non-Fungible cY¨ eënvi Kivi Rb¨ webv g~‡j¨ avi †Ìqv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq Avwiq¨vn|

gv‡j MvB‡i dvwb ev non-fungible goods n‡”Q †mB me e¯‘, eënvi Kiv m‡Ë¡I hvi Aw¯—Z¡ eZ©gvb _v‡K, wbt†kl ev iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q hvq bv| mnR K_vq, †hme cY¨, asset, property-‡K Gi wbR iƒ‡c envj †i‡L evievi eënvi Kiv Ges DcKvi †bIqv hvq ‡mme cY¨, G‡mU I cÖcvwU©‡K ejv nq non-fungible goods| †hgb, Mvox, evox, kvox BZ¨vw`| dvwÄej c‡Yï b¨vq bb-dvwÄej c‡YïI êwkó¨ n‡”Q wZbwU, hv dvwÄej c‡Yï êwk‡óï m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| bb-dvwÄej c‡Yï ‰ewkó¨ 3wU n‡”Qt

1| eënvi Kivi ciI Aw¯—Z¡ envj _vKv;2| †mev cÖevn ev flow of service _vKv Ges3| e¯‘ †_‡K Gi †mev (service) c„_K‡hvM¨ (separable) nIqv|

D`vniY¯îƒc, GKwU Mvoxi K_v aiv hvK| GKevi bq evi evi eënvi Kivi ciI MvoxwU h_vh_ (AePq Qvov) we`¨gvb _v‡K| hZw`b Aw¯—Z¡ _v‡K ZZw`b Mvox †_‡K †mev MÖnY K‡i DcK…Z nIqv hvq| m‡e©vcwi MvoxwUi Aw¯—Z¡ h_vh_ envj †i‡LB G‡_‡K ‡mev †bIqv hvq; GgbwK, Mvox wewµ bv K‡iI Avjv`vfv‡e Mvoxi †mev wewµ Kiv hvq|

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myZivs Avwiq¨vn n‡”Q, g~j¨ ev wewbgq Qvov †Kvb Ôgv‡j MvB‡i dvwbÕ ev bb-dvwÄej e¯‘ KvR †k‡l †diZ †Ìqvi k‡Z© KvD‡K eënvi Ki‡Z †Ìqv| †hgb, L-Gi Kb¨vi we‡q‡Z †gngvb Avc¨vq‡bi Rb¨ K Zvi WvBwbs Ûwej I †Pqvi¸‡jv Abyôvb †k‡l †diZ †Ìqvi k‡Z© L-‡K avi w`j| Giƒc avi‡K ejv nq Avwiq¨vn|

e¯‘Zt ÒAvwiq¨vn n‡jv Ggb e¯‘ avi †Ìqv, hv wbt†kl bv K‡iI Zv †_‡K DcKvwiZv (benefit) †bIqv m¤¢e|Ó1 wgki `vi“j BdZvi kvBL gynv¤§` dv‡Zi e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvwiq¨vn n‡”Q wewbgq e¨ZxZ †Kvb e¯‘i DcKvwiZvi gvwjKvbv cÖ`vb Kiv, g~j e¯‘i bq| .....Avwiq¨vni g~j K_v n‡”Qt g~j e¯‘wU †_‡K DcKvwiZv †bIqvi ci e¯‘wU †diZ †Ìqv|Ó

Avwiq¨vni gvj Avwiq¨vn MÖnxZvi Kv‡Q AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq; gv‡ji gvwjKvbv Zvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i Kiv nq bv| MÖnxZv †h Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gvjwU MÖnY K‡i †m Kv‡R eënvi Kivi ciI e¯‘wU Zvi Kv‡Q eZ©gvb _v‡K Ges kZ© Abyhvqx †m gvwjK‡K Zv †diZ w`‡q †`q| GQvov gvjwU eënvi K‡i G ‡_‡K †h DcKvi †m †bq ZviI †Kvb g~j¨ ev wewbgq Zv‡K w`‡Z nq bv| myZivs Avwiq¨vnq M„nxZ gvj Ges gv‡ji eënvi I DcKvi Gi †KvbUvi Rb¨B †Kvb `vq MÖnxZvi Ici eZ©vq bv| Aek¨ msiw¶Z AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e Avwiq¨vni e¯‘ h_vh_ †ndvRZ Kiv Zvi `vwqZ¡| Z‡e h_vh_ †ndvhZ Kiv m‡Ë¡I hw` Zvi wbqš¿Y ewnf~©Z †Kvb Kvi‡Y gvj webó ev aŸsm nq Zvn‡jI Gi ¶wZc~iY Kivi `vwqZ¡ MÖnxZvi Ici eZ©vq bv| Aek¨ Zvi Mv‡djwZ ev Î“wUi Kvi‡Y gv‡ji ¶wZ n‡j Zvi `vwqZ¡ Zvi IciB eZ©v‡e| myZivs Avwiq¨vn µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ kvwgj bq| G‡Z my` nIqvi AvksKv †bB| GgbwK, gvj eënv‡ii g~j¨ †bIqv n‡j Zv nq AvRi ev fvov; Avi Pzw³wU n‡q hvq BRvivn| BRvivn m¤ú‡K© c‡i Av‡jvPbv Avm‡Q|

Avj-Iqvw`qvn I wiev Avj-Iqvw`qvn gv‡b wbivc` msiÿY| Avj-Iqvw`qvn n‡”Q m¤ú‡ì gvwjK Ges wR¤§v`v‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³ ‡hLv‡b wR¤§v`vi gvwj‡Ki Mw”QZ m¤ú‡ì wbivc` †ndvRZ K‡i| †dK¡vnkv‡¯¿ Avj-Iqvw`qv‡K `yB †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Qt 1) Avj-Iqvw`qvn Avj-Avgvbvn 2) Avj-Iqvw`qvn Avj-Rvgvbvn|

1 dK¡xn Kzbyext Avwbmyj dzK¡vnv, c„t 625|

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1) Avj-Iqvw`qvn Avj-Avgvbvnt m¤ú‡ì gvwjK hw` Pvwnev gvÎ ûeû GKB m¤ú` †diZ †Ìqvi k‡Z© †Kvb m¤ú` Kv‡iv Kv‡Q wbivc` †ndvR‡Zi Rb¨ Mw”QZ iv‡L Zvn‡j †mB Pzw³‡K ejv nq Avj-Iqvw`qvn Avj-Avgvbvn| mvaviYfv‡e G‡K ejv nq AvgvbZ| AvgvbZ µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ kvwgj bq, G‡Z wewbgq †bB; GKB e¯‘ †h Ae¯’vq ivLv nq †m Ae¯’v‡ZB msiÿY Kiv nq Ges gvwjK PvB‡j Zvi e¯‘ ûeû Zv‡K †diZ †Ìqv nq| wR¤§v`vi †Kej †ndvRZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i; GRb¨ †mevg~j¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Zv nq †mev µq-weµq| Aciw`‡K AvgvbZKvix ev gvwjK Zvi Mw”QZ m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv cvq Ges ìKvi n‡j Zv †diZ wb‡q hvq| Zv‡K †Kvb AwZwi³ cÖ`vb Kivi cÖkœB Av‡m bv| myZivs Avgvb‡Z my‡ì D™¢e NUvi †Kvb Avk¼v †bB|

2) Avj-Iqvw`qvn Avj-Rvgvbvnt mvaviYfv‡e GwU RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| m¤ú‡ì gvwjK hLb eënv‡ii AbygwZ I Pvwnev gvÎ Abyiƒc m¤ú` mgcwigv‡Y †diZ †Ìqvi k‡Z© †Kvb A_© ev cY¨ KviI Kv‡Q wbivc` †ndvh‡Zi Rb¨ Mw”QZ iv‡L ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Avj-Iqvw`qvn Avj-Rvgvbvn ev RvgvbZ| †h RvgvbZ ivLvi Rb¨ †`q Zv‡K ejv nq gvwjK ev RvgvbZKvix, Avi †h msiÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq wR¤§v`vi|

Avj-Iqvw`qv Avj-Rvgvbvn I FY t Avj-Iqvw`qv Avj-Rvgvbvn-Gi mv‡_ FY Z_v GKRv‡Zi cY¨ evKx µq-weµq Ges Avwiq¨vni h‡_ó wgj Av‡Q| Z‡e FY I Iqvw`qvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ ïay GZUzKz †h, F‡Y `vZv e¯‘wU weµq K‡i Ges gvwjKvbvmn Zv MÖnxZvi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i †`q; AZtci e¯‘i mKj cÖKvi SzuwK Gi bZzb gvwjK FYMÖnxZvi Ici eZ©vq| wKš‘ Iqvw`qvq gvwjK e¯‘i Ici Zvi gvwjKvbv envj †i‡L ïay `Lj (possession) n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i Ges MÖnxZv‡K Zv eënvi Kivi AbygwZ †`q| wR¤§v`vi e¯‘i hveZxq SuywK enb K‡i Ges e¯‘ ev Zvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ‡di‡Zi M¨vivw›U †`q I †diZ w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K; Z‡e Zvi wbqš¿Y ewnf©~Z †Kvb Kvi‡Y m¤ú` webó n‡j Zv ÿwZc~i‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Zvi Ici eZ©vq bv| wKš‘ F‡Yi †ejvq Giƒc SzuwK MÖnxZv‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq|

G‡K‡Zv dvwÄej cY¨ Zvici Avevi F‡Yi mv‡_ cÖvq wg‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y Avj-Iqvw`qvni e¯‘ eënv‡ii Rb¨ `vg †bIqvi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| `vZv-MÖnxZv hw` gvwjK‡K Giƒc †Kvb AwZwi³ cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³ K‡i Zvn‡j Pzw³wU cwiYZ nq FY Pzw³‡Z Avi AwZwi³ nq wiev Pzw³|

156

`vBbGLv‡b `vBb wK, `vBb wKfv‡e m„wó nq Ges G‡Z wKfv‡e wiev ev my‡ì D™¢e N‡U ‡m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q|

`vBb A_©t BwZc~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Ô`vBbÕ kãwU Aviex; Gi `vBb A_© n‡”Q †`bv, FY, debt, liability.

`vB‡bi msÁvt e¯‘Zt evKx µq-weµq n‡”Q Ggb weµq Pzw³ (sale contract) ‡hLv‡b wewbg‡qi `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ GKwU A_ev `ywU e¯‘B Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Ges Pzw³Kv‡j Gi/G‡ì n¯—vš—i I mieivn ey‡S (acquisition) ‡bIqv nq bv; Z‡e mswkó c¶/c¶Ø‡qi Ici h_v mg‡q Zv cwi‡kva Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK _v‡K| Gfv‡e KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivLvi d‡j mswkó c‡¶i Ici Zv cwi‡kv‡ai †h `vq eZ©vq Zv‡K ejv nq `vBb|

nvwkg Kvgvwj m~iv Avj-evKvivni 282 Avqv‡Z eëüZ Ô`vBbÕ k‡ãi e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, Avqv‡Z D‡jwLZ ÔZv`vBqvbZzgÕ n‡”Q wµqv c`| kãwU eZ©gvb Kvj, eûePb I cvi¯úwiK gy‡W (reciprocal mood) eëüZ n‡q‡Q| fvlvMZ w`K †_‡K Gi Øviv GKw`‡K cvi¯úwiKZv (reciprocity) Ges Aciw`‡K ¯’wMZK…Z `v‡qi (deferred liability) wfwË‡Z cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mevi µq-weµq eySvq| myZivs `vBb n‡”Q ¯’wMZK…Z `vq hv cY¨-mvgMÖx, A_© I †mevi evKx µq-weµq †_‡K m„wó nq| µq-weµ‡q `vg cÖ`vb hw` fwel¨‡Z cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ivLv nq A_ev weµxZ cY¨ fwel¨‡Z cÖ`vb (delivery) Kiv n‡e e‡j cÖwZkÖ“wZ †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j ¯’wMZ `vq‡K (deferred liability) `vBb| “Dayn represents a charge or a personal commitment, on the dhimmah (legal personality) of its bearer”. ejv nq Ô`vBbÕ Øviv Ggb e¯‘‡K (asset) eySvq Pzw³Kv‡j hvi ev¯—e Aw¯—Z¡ (tangible existence) _v‡K bv|

`vBb µq-weµ‡qi êaZvt `vBb µq-weµ‡qi êaZv Av‡jvPbvq nvwkg Kvgvwj ‡`wL‡q‡Qb †h, `vBb µq-weµ‡qi êaZv Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ Øviv mycÖwZwôZ| m~ivZzj evKvivni 282 Avqv‡Z Avjvn ¯úófv‡e ci¯úi `vBb †jb‡`‡bi K_v e‡j Zv wj‡L †bIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Avqv‡Z G K_v ®úó †h, `vq †QvU †nvK ev eo †nvK, Zv Aek¨B †Kvb wbwÏ©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges GZ`msµvš— hveZxq welqmn mswkó c¶mg~‡ni

157

`vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi my®úófv‡e D‡jL K‡i Pzw³cÎ Z_v `jx‡j wjL‡Z n‡e| AZtci Kvgvwj AvBb‡eËv‡ì wewfbœ gZvgZ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb; Gi mvims‡ÿc n‡jvt

nhiZ Be‡b AveŸvm (ivt) e‡j‡Qb †h, AvqvZwU ÔmvjvgÕ (AwMÖg µq-weµq) m¤ú‡K© bvwhj n‡q‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨ evKx µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î G AvqvZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|

Avi Bgvg ivRxi gZvbymv‡i GB AvqvZ †Kej `yB ai‡bi µq-weµq †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨; GK cÖKvi n‡”Q evKx weµq †hLv‡b `vg fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb w`‡b cwi‡kva Kiv nq; Avi GK cÖKvi n‡”Q AwMÖg weµq (evB-mvjvg)| GB Dfq cÖKvi µq-weµ‡q †Kej †Kvb GK c‡¶i Ici `vq eZ©vq| myZivs evwK µq-weµ‡q Dfq c‡ÿi g~j¨ cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivLv êa bq|

Kvgvwj e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖPwjZ wdK¡vn&q G wel‡q Ggb i“wjs †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †h, Gi d‡j Avm‡j hveZxq wi‡qj (real) I ev¯—e (tangible) e¯‘ `vBb µq-weµ‡qi AvIZv †_‡K ev` c‡i †M‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GKwU Mvox ev GKwU evox weµq Kiv n‡j Dfq c‡¶i KvD›Uvi f¨vjy Aek¨B Zvr¶wYKfv‡e wewbgq I n¯—vš—i K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †Kej †µZv Zvi `vg cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivL‡Z cv‡i hw` we‡µZv Zv‡Z m¤§Z nq| wKš‘ Mvox ev evoxi we‡µZv‡K wKQy‡ZB Zvi Mvox ev evox n¯—vš—i ¯’wMZ ivLvi my‡hvM †Ìqv hv‡e bv| eis Zv Aek¨ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Gi bZzb †µZvi Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z n‡e| nvwkg Kvgvwj e‡jb, AvBbMZ GB Ae¯’vb Lye `„p I Abgbxq; BR‡Znv`x G welqwU ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv Ri“ix; Avi GRb¨ bZzbfv‡e M‡elYv nIqv ìKvi| ZvQvov wdK¡vn&i G wm×vš— nv`x‡m my¯úófv‡e ewY©Z e³‡ei cwicš’x| nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, ivm~‡ji (mt) Ab¨Zg mvnvex Rvwei (ivt) ivm~‡ji (mt) Kv‡Q Zuvi DU wewµ Ki‡jb; AZtci wZwb Avjvni bex‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb †h, wZwb wK g`xbvq ‡cuŠQvi ci DUwU bexi (mt) wbKU n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| bex (mt) G‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡jb| nv`x‡m D‡jL Av‡Q †h, Rvwei (ivt) g`xbvq †cuŠQvi ci D³ DUwU Avjvni ivm~‡ji (mt) Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i K‡iwQ‡jb| GB nv`x‡mi D×„wZ w`‡q Be‡bj Kvwq¨g e‡j‡Qb †h, Bgvg Avng` Be‡b nv¤^j Ges Zuvi Abymvixe„›` G e¨vcv‡i GB AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡q m¤§Z n‡j c‡Yï n¯—vš—iI wejw¤^Z Kiv †h‡Z

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cv‡i; GgbwK mgv‡R hw` wejw¤^Z Kivi cÖ_v Pvjy _v‡K, Zvn‡j cÖ_v gyZvweKI Zv wejw¤^Z Kiv hv‡e|

Be‡b Av‡e`xb e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒKvD›Uvi f¨vjyØ‡qi Zvr¶wYK n¯—vš—i KivB n‡”Q µq-weµ‡qi wbqg; Z‡e evKx µq-weµ‡q cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` hw` Ggbfv‡e wba©viY Kiv nq †h, Zv ‡Kvb we‡iv‡ai m„wó Ki‡e bv Zvn‡j evKx µq-weµq Aby‡gvw`Z|

gvwjKx ¯‹y‡ji dK¡xe„›Ì evKx µq-weµq‡K êa e‡j‡Qb| Z‡e Nvivi (A¯úóZv, Ø^¨v_©‡evaKZv) I wievi AvksKvq Zuviv †ek KwZcq ai‡bi evKx µq-weµ‡qi Aby‡gv`b †`b bvB| BDmyd Avj-Kvi`vfx Gi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒGme µq-weµq wbwl× ZvwjKvfy³ Kivi welqwU KziAvb A_ev mybœvni wfwË‡Z Kiv nqwb; eis Gi wfwË n‡”Q BR‡Znv`| G Kvi‡Y G wel‡q wewfbœ gZvgZ i‡q‡Q|Ó

nv¤^jx wd°vnwe`MYI evKx µq-weµq‡K êa e‡j‡Qb hw` Zv wiev I Nvivi gy³ nq| Be‡b ZvBwgqv Ges Be‡b Avj-Kvwq¨g Avj-RIwhq¨vn evKx µq-weµq‡K êa †NvlYv K‡iB ¶vš— nbwb; eis huviv Zvr¶wYK n¯—vš—i‡K µq-weµ‡qi g~j wbqg I kZ© e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì G Awfg‡Zi K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvI K‡i‡Qb|

Bgvg kvwd G e¨vcv‡i D`vi `„wó fw½ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, G wel‡q Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZwU n‡”Q mvaviY I e¨vcK| mKj cÖKvi `vBbB Gi g‡a¨ kvwgj| Gi A_© n‡”Q, †h †Kvb `vqB (debt) wejw¤^Z Kiv êa; †hgb, AwMÖg weµ‡qi †¶‡Î Zv êa nq| Be‡b AveŸv‡mi e³e¨ m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, mvjvg A_ev mvjvd Øviv m¤¢eZt wZwb (Be‡b AveŸvm) †Kvb mgq wfwËK FY (periodic loan) ev Ab¨ wKQy eywS‡q _vK‡eb| Avgiv Avqv‡Zi D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i GbvjwRi (analogy) wfwË‡Z KziAv‡bi D³ weavb‡K mKj `vq ch©š— m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cvwi|Ó Be‡b KvwQiI Abyiƒc AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, GB AvqvZ Øviv Avj-KziAvb Cgvb`vi‡ì‡K ci¯úi wej‡¤^ cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z µq-weµq Kivi AbygwZ Ges Zv wj‡L †bIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q|

Dc‡iv³ gZvgZ D×„Z K‡i nvwkg Kvgvwj e‡j‡Qb †h, Ò`vBb-Gi e¨vL¨vq we‡klÁMY wewfbœ AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD `vBb‡K mxwgZ A‡_© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges gvÎ K‡qK cÖKvi `vq

159

†jb‡`‡bi g‡a¨ `vBb‡K mxwgZ ‡i‡L‡Qb|| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ ¯‹jviMY `vBb‡K mvaviY I e¨vcK A_©‡evaK wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb Ges mKj cÖKvi ¯’wMZ `vqB `vBb-Gi g‡a¨ kvwgj e‡j AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Zt Avj-KziAvb Ô`vBbÕ ev Ôgy`vBq¨vbvnÕ-Gi eënvi mvaviY A‡_©B K‡i‡Q, Gi A_© wbwÏ©ó (specify) K‡i †`qwb; Avi GB mvaviY A‡_©i cwie‡Z© wfbœZi A_© MÖn‡Y eva¨ K‡i Ggb †Kvb cÖgvYI †bB| myZivs G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡ì mywPwš—Z AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, Avj-KziAv‡bi fvlv n‡”Q mvaviY I kZ©nxb (unqualified); Avi GB A‡_©B `vBb‡K MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|Ó Be‡b AveŸv‡mi e¨vL¨v m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvqvZwU evB-mvjvg m¤ú‡K© bvwhj nIqvi K_v hw` †g‡b †bIqv nq Zvn‡jI †Kvb Amyweav †bB| KviY †mUv wQj AvqvZ bvwh‡ji †cÖ¶vcU ev kv‡Y b~hyj| Avi Dm~‡j wd°vni wbqg n‡”Q, †Kvb wbwÏ©ó NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvqvZ bvwhj n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ GRb¨ Avqv‡Zi Aš—©wbwnZ mvaviY A_© Ges Gi weavb mxwgZ n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i bv| AvqvZwU evB-mvjvg m¤ú‡K© bvwhj n‡q _vK‡jI Gi A_© mvaviY Ges mKj `v‡qi †¶‡ÎB Zv cÖ‡hvR¨| myZivs mKj cÖKvi `vBb-B kixq‡Z êa, Aek¨ hw` my`, Ryqv I Nvivi msµvš— KziAvb I mybœvq ewY©Z †Kvb wewa jsNb Kiv bv nq|

m~ivZzj evKvivni 275 AvqvZ, ÒAvjvn µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb Avi my`‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivg,Ó Gi D×„wZ w`‡q Kvgvwj wj‡L‡Qb †h, Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔevBÕ kãwU n‡”Q GK eP‡b we‡kl¨ c`, Avi Gi c~‡e© mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvjÕ (Avwjd jvg); d‡j GLv‡b evB Gi A_© n‡q‡Q mvaviY ev AvÕg| Gi Øviv mKj cÖKvi evB‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| myZivs mKj evB-B ‰ea|

Avj-KziAv‡bi GB mvaviY weav‡bi g‡a¨ mKj cÖKvi evB †hgb, GK c‡Yï wewbg‡q Avi GK cY¨ weµq (barter) GK gy`ªvi e`‡j Ab¨ gy`ªv µq (al-Sarf), A‡_©i wewbg‡q cY¨ µq-weµq (cash sale), AwMÖg weµq ev mvjvg, LiP `v‡g weµq (al-Tawliyah), jv‡f weµq (gyivevnv), †jvKmv‡b weµq (al-Wadiah), ‡gvU `v‡g weµq (gymvIqvgvn&) Ges wbjv‡g weµq (al-Muzayadah) meB kvwgj i‡q‡Q| G me evB-B êa, GgbwK wdDPvim& µq-weµq hw` my` I Nvivi gy³ nq, Zvn‡j ZvI ‰ea| ZvQvov mybœvn Øviv mywbwÏ©ófv‡e wbwl× Kiv nq bvB Ggb mKj evB-B êa|1

`vB‡b wiev1 Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg, c~‡e©v³, c„: 131-144|

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wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡qi cÖPwjZ cÖavb cÖavb aib n‡”Q, evB-‡gvqv¾j (evKx weµq), evB-gyivevnv wej AvRj (evKx gyivevnv), evB-mvjvg (AwMÖg weµq), evB-BmwZmbv (Av‡`k µq), BRvivn (fvov); GQvov AvaywbK Kv‡j e¨vcKfv‡e Pvjy nIqv wdDPvim I Ackbm µq-weµq‡KI evKx µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ kvwgj e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Gme evKx µq-weµ‡q wKfv‡e my` D™¢~Z nq †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv wb‡P †ck Kiv n‡jvt

evB-‡gvqv¾j I evB-gyivevnvt kiqx w`K †_‡K `vg wba©vi‡Yi †ejvq evB-‡gvqv¾j-G µq g~j¨ I gybvdv Avjv`v K‡i D‡jL Kiv Ri“ix bq; wKš‘ evB-gyivevnvq µq g~j¨ I gybvdv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e D‡jL Kivi kZ© i‡q‡Q| GQvov G‡ì g‡a¨ c×wZMZ Avi †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| †mRb¨ G `ywU GK mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q|

evB-‡gvqv¾j I evB-gyivevnv µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi nq| myZivs G‡¶‡Î †µZv-we‡µZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi weavb cÖ‡hvR¨| evB-‡gvqv¾j I evB-gyivevnv c×wZ‡Z weµxZ cY¨ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ‡µZvi Kv‡Q mieivn Kiv nq; wKš‘ wba©vwiZ `vg ev LiP + gybvdv n¯—vš—i fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ev evKx ivLv nq| D‡jL¨ †h, µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nIqv mv‡_ mv‡_ weµxZ c‡Yï Ici we‡µZvi gvwjKvbv _v‡K bv, †m gvwjK nq wba©vwiZ `v‡gi hv †µZvi Kv‡Q cvIbv _v‡K| Avi wba©vwiZ `v‡gi Ici †µZvi gvwjKvbv _v‡K bv, †m gvwjK nq µxZ c‡Yï hv †m Zvr¶wYK ey‡S †bq| †h‡nZz weµxZ c‡Yï Ici we‡µZvi gvwjKvbv †bB, †m‡nZz GB cY¨ Avevi weµx Kiv ev Gi `vg e„w× Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi we‡µZvi _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GZ`m‡Z¡I hw` we‡µZv Zvi cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici †Kvb AwZwi³ avh© K‡i Zvn‡j †mB AwZwi³ nq wiev|

D`vniY¯îƒc, aviv hvK K Pv‡ji GKRb we‡µZv Avi L Pv‡ji GKRb †µZv| Zviv Df‡q ì KlvKwl I cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z cÖwZ †KwR 30/- UvKv `‡i 40 †KwR Pv‡ji †gvU `vg 1,200/- UvKv avh© Ki‡jv; Zviv AviI w¯’i Ki‡jv †h, GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `vg cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© K L-Gi Kv‡Q 40 †KwR Pvj evKx‡Z weµx Ki‡e, Z‡e L hw` wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© nq Zvn‡j

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cieZx©‡Z ewa©Z †gqv‡ì Rb¨ D³ †`bvi Ici evwl©K 15% my` avh© n‡e Ges L Zv cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _vK‡e|

GLv‡b cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ 40 †KwR Pvj n‡”Q 1,200/- UvKvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy, Avi 1200/- UvKv n‡”Q 40 †KwR Pv‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| GLv‡b g~‡jï mgZv I cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi `ywU kZ©B c~Y© n‡q‡Q| myZivs GB Pzw³wU n‡”Q µq-weµq Pzw³| wKš‘ cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j evwl©K 15% my` avh© Kivi Pzw³wU n‡”Q ¯^Zš¿ Avi GKwU Pzw³Ñ wiev Pzw³| GB Pzw³ Abymv‡i (L) Zvi †`bvi Ici eQ‡i 15% AwZwi³ K-‡K †`‡e, Avi K Zv †b‡e wKš‘ Zvi †Kvb wewbgq ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †`‡e bv| myZivs GB Pzw³‡Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi mgZv †bB (L w`‡”Q 15%, K w`‡”Q 0%) Avi cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`‡bi kZ©I c~iY nqwb (L w`‡”Q, wKš‘ K wKQyB w`‡”Q bv)| myZivs G Pzw³wU c‡ii m¤ú` gvMbv †bIqvi A‰ea wiev Pzw³|

Abyiƒcfv‡e ejv hvq †h, gyivevnv Pzw³I evKx µq-weµq Pzw³| wKš‘ evKx _vKv LiP + jvf Z_v †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j mg‡qi wfwË‡Z Zvi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kivi Pzw³ Kiv n‡j †mB Pzw³ nq wiev Pzw³ Ges nvivg| GB Pzw³ Øviv cvIbv`vi Zvi gvwjKvbvq †bB Ggb wRwbm wewµ K‡i‡Q Ges Zvi wba©vwiZ cvIbvi †P‡q Ab¨vqfv‡e †ekx †bIqvi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q Ges Ac‡ii m¤ú‡ì Ici A‰ea AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ K‡i wb‡q‡Q|

evB-mvjvgt evB-mvjvg gv‡b AwMÖg weµq| evB-mvjv‡g wba©vwiZ `vg Zvr¶wYK bM` cwi‡kva Kiv nq; wKš‘ wba©vwiZ (specified) cY¨ fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ evKx ivLv nq|

evB-mvjv‡g `ywU wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ wewbgq Kiv nq| myZivs G‡¶‡ÎI †µZv-we‡µZv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z †h cwigvY cY¨ Ges Zvi †h `vg wba©viY K‡i ZvB nq ci¯úi êa KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| AZtci µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci KvD›Uvi f¨vjyØ‡qi gvwjKvbv cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq; A_©vr wba©vwiZ c‡Yï gvwjK nq †µZv, Avi wba©vwiZ `v‡gi gvwjK nq we‡µZv| we‡µZv Zvr¶wYKfv‡e `vg bM` ey‡S †bq, wKš‘ cY¨ wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ we‡µZvi wR¤§vq evKx _v‡K| GB cY¨B n‡”Q we‡µZvi †`bv Avi †µZvi cvIbv| cÖ`Ë `v‡gi Ici †µZvi gvwjKvbv †bB ïay ZvB bq,

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Zv we‡µZv‡K eywS‡q †ÌqvI n‡q ‡M‡Q; myZivs `vg Avevi n«vm Kiv Z_v c‡Yï cwigvY e„w× Kivi AwaKvi †µZvi _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GZ`m‡Ë¡I †`bv`vi I cvIbv`vi m¤§Z n‡q hw` †`bv-cvIbvi (evKx cY¨) Ici †Kvb evowZ avh© K‡i Zvn‡j †mB evowZ n‡e KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ GKZidv I gvMbv, myZivs wiev|

D`vniY wn‡m‡e aiv hvK K GKRb avb we‡µZv Ges L av‡bi GKRb †µZv| Zviv Df‡q w¯’i Kij †h, cÖwZ †KwR 20 UvKv `‡i 40 †KwR av‡bi `vg 800/- UvKv| Zviv AviI wm×vš— Ki‡jv †h, L 40 †KwR av‡bi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy 800/- UvKv Zvr¶wYK bM` K-‡K cwi‡kva K‡i †`‡e; Avi K †¶‡Zi avb †Zvjvi ci wW‡m¤î gv‡mi 1 Zvwi‡L L-‡K 40 †KwR avb mieivn Ki‡e| Z‡e K hw` wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L avb n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Zvn‡j cÖwZ wejw¤^Z w`‡bi Rb¨ 1 †KwR avb ev 20/- UvKv K‡i AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡e Ges K Zv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| GLv‡b cÖ_g Pzw³wU A_©vr 800/- UvKvi wewbg‡q 40 †KwR avb AwMÖg weµq Pzw³ n‡”Q †µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z evB-mvjvg Pzw³| KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi mgZv Ges cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`‡bi kZ© c~Y© nIqvq GB Pzw³wU m¤ú~Y© ‰ea| wKš‘ cÖwZ wejw¤^Z w`‡bi Rb¨ 1 †KwR avb ev 20 wU UvKv avh© Kivi Pzw³ n‡”Q wfbœZi Avi GKwU Pzw³ hv µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci (cÖ_gwUi ciB wØZxqwU nq) cvIbv`vi K Ges †`bv`vi L Gi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| GB Pzw³ Abymv‡i wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì ci hZw`b K 40 ‡KwR avb cwi‡kva bv Ki‡e ZZw`b ch©š— cÖZ¨n 1 †KwR avb ev 20 UvKv nv‡i L-‡K w`‡Z _vK‡e; Avi L Zv †b‡e †Kvb wewbgq, KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev `vg bv w`‡q| myZivs GB Pzw³ wiev Pzw³ Ges m¤ú~Y© A‰ea|

evB-BmwZmbvt GK K_vq evB-BmwZmbv‡K ejv nq Av‡`k µq (order sale)| wba©vwiZ `v‡g mywbw`©ó c‡Yï Av‡`k MÖnY c~e©K Avw`ó cY¨ Drcv`b ev cÖ¯‘Z K‡i mieivn Kiv n‡j †mB µq-weµq‡K ejv nq evB-BmwZmbv ev Av‡`k µq (order sale)| BwZc~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q, evB-‡gvqv¾j I evB-gyivevnvq weµxZ cY¨ Zvr¶wYK bM` mieivn Kiv nq, wKš‘ `vg evKx _v‡K; Avi evB-mvjv‡g `vg bM` cwi‡kva Kiv nq, wKš‘ cY¨ evKx _v‡K| evB-BmwZmbvq Avw`ó cY¨ Drcv`b ev ‰Zix Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M, myZivs cY¨ mieivn wejw¤^Z Ki‡ZB nq; Avi †µZv-we‡µZv m¤§Z n‡j `vgI evKx ivLv hvq| myZivs BmwZmbvq cY¨ I `vg Dfq KvD›Uvi f¨vjyB evKx _vK‡Z cv‡i|

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evB-BmwZmbv‡Z µq-weµ‡qi e¯‘ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi weavq G‡¶‡Î †µZv-we‡µZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wbiƒcY I wba©viY Kiv we‡aq| Ab¨vb¨ evKx µq-weµ‡qi b¨vq KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wbiƒcY I wba©viY Ges µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ci KvD›Uvi f¨vjyØ‡qi gvwjKvbv ci¯úi n¯—vš—wiZ n‡q hvq| d‡j we‡µZvi †`bv nq Avw`ó cY¨, Avi †µZvi †`bv nq wba©vwiZ `vg| we‡µZv Av‡`kgZ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i cY¨ mieivn Ki‡j we‡µZv Pzw³i kZ© g‡Z `vg cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _v‡K| myZivs we‡µZv (cÖ¯‘ZKviK) Zvi gvwjKvbv †bB †mB c‡Yï cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wKš‘ cÖ¯‘ZKviK (Av‡`k MÖnxZv) wba©vwiZ mg‡q mieivn Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j Zvi wba©vwiZ cvIbv `vg n«vm Kiv ev Zvi Ici Rwigvbv Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e wK bv?

G e¨vcv‡i AvaywbK dK¡xMY evB-BmwZmbvi Av‡`k‡K Kvh©v‡`k wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Qb Ges h_v mg‡q KvR bv Kivi kvw¯—¯îƒc (punishment for non performance) Rwigvbv Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb| GB Rwigvbv wiev bq e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib| Z‡e welqwUi Ici AviI M‡elYv nIqv ìKvi| ZvQvov, GKw`‡K Avw`ó cY¨ Ab¨w`‡K A_©; GKwU AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| A_© cwi‡kv‡a wej¤^ Ki‡j Ges GRb¨ Zvi Ici †Kvb e„w× Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev; wKš‘ Avw`ó cY¨ (Aci KvD›Uvi f¨vjy) cÖ`v‡b wej¤^ Ki‡j Zvi Ici avh©K…Z Rwigvbv wiev bq| G wel‡q Mfxi wPšÍv-fvebv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

Acic‡¶ Pzw³‡Z hw` kZ© Kiv nq †h, †µZv wba©vwiZ mg‡q Zvi †`bv (wba©vwiZ `vg) cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j wejw¤^Z mgq Kv‡ji Rb¨ D³ †`bvi Ici wbw`©ó nv‡i AwZwi³ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡e Zvn‡j GB kZ©wU n‡”Q wiev Pzw³ hv‡Z wewbgqnxb AwZwi³ GKZidvfv‡e †jb‡`b Kivi K_v w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D`vniY¯îƒc, g‡b Kiv hvK, K †m¸b Kv‡Vi GKwU WvBwbs †Uwej Avi mv‡_ 8wU †Pqvi evwb‡q wb‡Z Pvq| †m KvV wg¯¿x L-Gi Kv‡Q Zvi cÖ¯—ve †ck Ki‡jv| Df‡q m¤§Z n‡q †Uwej-‡Pqv‡ii †gvU `vg (gRyixmn) wba©viY Ki‡jv 50,000/- UvKv| L GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zv ‰Zix K‡i w`‡Z ivRx n‡jv| Avi K mieivn †bqvi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡e e‡j w¯’i Kiv n‡jv| AZtci Df‡q m¤§Z n‡q AZxZ Kv‡ji µq-weµq Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡jv| Zviv ci¯úi

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GB kZ© Ki‡jv ‡h, †Uwej-‡Pqvi ey‡S †bqvi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ †µZv cy‡iv `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j wejw¤^Z mgq-Kv‡ji Rb¨ Zv‡K kZKiv evwl©K 15/- UvKv nv‡i AwZwi³ w`‡Z n‡e|GLv‡b cÖ_g Pzw³wU n‡PQ BmwZmbv µq-weµq Pzw³| G‡¶‡Î we‡µZv L-Gi †`bv n‡jv †Uwej-‡Pqvi hv †m GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i w`‡e Ges †µZv K Gi †`bv n‡jv wba©vwiZ `vg 50,000/- UvKv| hw` L wba©vwiZ GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡`k Abymv‡i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ‡Uwej mieivn K‡i Ges K mieivn MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `vg cwi‡kva K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡ì ci¯ú‡ii †`bv-cvIbv Pz‡K hv‡e Ges †jb‡`b mgvß n‡e|

wKš‘ wØZxq Pzw³wU n‡”Q †`bv`vi I cvIbv`v‡ii g‡a¨K…Z wiev Pzw³| †µZv hw` mieivn †bqvi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zvi †`bv †kv‡a e¨_© nq Zvn‡j wejw¤^Z mg‡qi Rb¨ g~‡jï Ici kZKiv evwl©K 15 UvKv nv‡i cÖ`Ë mvKzj¨ AwZwi³ n‡e GKZidv I wewbgqnxb Avi GRb¨ wiev|

gy`ªv µq-weµq (mid)t wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªv, †hgb evsjv‡`kx UvKvi wewbg‡q Av‡gwiKvi Wjvi, †mŠ`x wi‡q‡ji wewbg‡q hy³iv‡Rï cvDÛ ÷viwjs BZ¨vw` evKx µq-weµ‡q my` I Nvivi _vKvi Avk¼v K‡iB m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY Giƒc µq-weµq bM‡` bM‡` (on the spot) Kivi c‡¶ ivq w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ BwZc~‡e© µq-weµq Av‡jvPbvq AvaywbK M‡elK nvwkg Kvgvwji AwfgZ Zz‡j a‡i †`Lv‡b n‡q‡Q †h, wiev I Nvivi gy³ n‡j wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªvi evKx µq-weµq Kiv êa| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªv evKx‡Z µq-weµq †¶‡Î wKfv‡e wiev nq †m welqwU Rvbv _vKv ìKvi|

µq-weµ‡qi `ywU gy`ªv wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi n‡j mswkó weavb Abymv‡i †µZv-we‡µZv Dfq c‡ÿi m¤§wZµ‡g G‡ì wewbgq †iwkI ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci †Kvb GKwU KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cÖ`vb wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ivLv n‡j Zv n‡e evKx µq-weµq| wKš‘ †µZv-we‡µZv m¤§Z n‡q ¯’wMZK…Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wejw¤^Z mg‡qi wfwË‡Z hw` AwZwi³ avh© I †jb‡`b K‡i Zvn‡j †mB AwZwi³ n‡e GKZidv I gvMbv †jb‡`b; myZivs wiev|

BRvivnt BRvivn g~jZt `yB cÖKvi| GK cÖKvi n‡”Q gvbyl (human beings) I cïi (animals) kªg ev eënvi weµx Kiv; kiqx cwifvlvq G‡K

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ejv n‡q BRvivn Avj wR¤§vn; Avi GK cÖKvi n‡”Q bb-dvwÄej cY¨ ev m¤ú`-m¤úwËi †mev (service) ev BDmvd«v± (usufruct) weµx Kiv; kixq‡Zi fvlvq G‡K ejv nq BRvivn Avj-AvBb; Bs‡iRx‡Z ÔleasingÕ I evsjvq ÔfvovÕ n‡”Q Gi cÖwZkã| †Kvb wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wba©vwiZ gRyix ev †eZ‡bi wewbg‡q kªwgK fvov Kiv, Awd‡m Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Kiv, wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Wv³vi, gvgjvi Rb¨ DwKj, wk¶vi Rb¨ wk¶K BZ¨vw` fvov Kiv A_ev we‡kl †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb cï fvov Kiv n‡”Q BRviv Avj-wR¤§vni D`vniY| Avi Rwg, Mvox, evox, †gwkb, hš¿cvwZ, †cvlvK BZ¨vw` fvov Kiv n‡”Q BRvivn Avj-AvBb| we`y¨r, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, B-‡gBj BZ¨vw` mvwf©m weµx Kiv n‡”Q BRvivn Avj-AvB‡bi Aš—fy©³|

‡gvU K_v fvov `vZv I fvov MÖnxZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ fvovi wewbg‡q †Kvb gvbyl, cï ev m¤ú` mywbw`©ó Kv‡R eënv‡ii Rb¨ KvD‡K cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq BRvivn| GLv‡b fvov I eënvi n‡”Q G‡K Ac‡ii KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| wKš‘ h_vmg‡q fvov cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j Ges wejw¤^Z mg‡qi Rb¨ fvovi Ici †Kvb AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j ‡mB AwZwi³ nq KvD›Uvi f¨vjynxb AwZwi³ ev wiev|

D`vniY¯îƒc, evoxi gvwjK K Ges fvovwUqv L cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z gvwmK 20,000/- UvKv fvov avh© K‡i cÖwZ cieZ©x gv‡mi 1 Zwi‡L fvov cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© evox‡Z emevm Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ K L-Gi Kv‡Q Zvi evox fvov w`j| Zviv AviI kZ© Ki‡jv †h, fvov Kvh©Ki nIqvi w`b †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡mi 1 Zvwi‡L c~e©eZx© gv‡mi fvov cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j wejw¤^Z cÖwZ w`‡bi Rb¨ L fvovi Ici 1% AwZwi³ cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _vK‡e| GLv‡b cÖ_g Pzw³wU n‡”Q ci¯úi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wewbgq Z_v BRvivn ev evoxi †mev µq-weµq Pzw³| GB Pzw³wU êa| wKš‘ wØZxq Pzw³wU n‡”Q wiev Pzw³ ev fvovwUqv L-Gi m¤ú` webvg~‡j¨ n¯—MZ Kivi A‰ea Pzw³|

Abyiƒcfv‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z wba©vwiZ g~‡jï wewbg‡q we`y¨r, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, B-‡gBj ev B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi n‡PQ BRvivn Pzw³| wKš‘ fvov wej‡¤^ cwi‡kv‡ai Kvi‡Y g~‡jï Ic‡i Avevi Rwigvbv, my` BZ¨vw` bv‡g †Kvb AwZwi³ avh© I Av`vq Kiv n‡j ‡mB AwZwi³ †jb‡`b n‡e KvD›Uvi f¨vjynxb evowZ ev wiev|

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wdDPvm©, Ackbm µq-weµq I wievt wdDPvm© I Ackbm µq-weµq mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji D™¢veb| eZ©gv‡b wdDPvm© I Ackbm& e¨vcKfv‡e †jb‡`b Kiv n‡”Q; BwZg‡a¨ Gi A‡bK aib Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| wdDPvm© I Ackbm Kv‡K e‡j, Gi †gvWvm Acv‡iwÛ (Modus Operandi) wK Ges G‡Z wiev wKfv‡e D™f~Z nq, Gme wel‡q Bbkv Avjøvn cieZ©x†Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

bM` µq-weµ‡q wievAvj-KziAv‡bi cwifvlvq bM` µq-weµq n‡”Q Ô‡ZRvivZvb nvwRivZvbÕ; A_©vr Dcw¯’Z µq-weµq; Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡K ejv nq spot exchange ev cash transaction. G ‡¶‡Î µq-weµq Pzw³ Ges cY¨ †jb‡`‡bi gv‡S †Kvb mgq _v‡K bv; ZvQvov KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †bIqv I †Ìqvi gv‡SI mgq _v‡K Abycw¯’Z| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb wej¤^ bv K‡i †µZv-we‡µZv Zv‡ì wbR wbR cY¨ †mev ev A_© ci¯úi n¯—vš—i K‡i| GK K_vq GLv‡b Pzw³ I Dfq c‡¶i cvi¯úwiK n¯—vš—‡ii KvR GKB ‰eV‡K m¤úbœ K‡i µq-weµq mgvß Kiv nq| GRb¨ G ai‡bi µq-weµq wj‡L †bIqv ev Gi `jxj `¯—v‡eR ˆZix Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| AvjvnZvÕqvjv gvbyl‡K Giƒc µq-weµq wj‡L †bIqvi `vwqZ¡ †_‡K †invB w`‡q‡Qb| (Avj-KziAvbt 2:282) bM` µq-weµ‡h `yB iKg n‡Z cv‡it mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµq Ges AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµq|

mgRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µ‡q weµ‡q wievt cÖ_gZt GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, †mev I A_© bM` wewbg‡q G‡ì gvbMZ mgZvi wewa-jsNb Kiv n‡j G‡ì g~‡j¨ Aek¨B cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡e| g‡b Kiv hvK, GKRb †µZv 24 K¨v‡i‡Ui 1 †Zvjv †mvbv we‡µZv‡K w`j; Avi we‡µZv 20 K¨v‡i‡Ui 1 †Zvjv †mvbv †µZv‡K Zvr¶wYK n¯—vš—i Kij| GLv‡b cwigv‡Y (IRb) mgvb mgvb nIqv m‡Ë¡I gvbMZ cv_©‡Kï ì“b Dfq †mvbvi `vg mgvb bq| d‡j Dfq †mvbvi `v‡gi eëavbUvB n‡”Q wiev| wKš‘ c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GKB Rv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï ci¯úi mivmwi wewbgq nq e‡j G‡ì `v‡gi cv_©K¨ Rvbv hvq bv| †mRb¨ GLv‡b wiev wK cwigvY Zv ejvI m¤¢e bq| Avi GKvi‡YB Dfq c‡Yï gvbMZ cv_©K¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ n‡j, †m‡¶‡Î ivm~jyjvn (mt) G‡ì mivmwi wewbgq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb Ges wfbœZi †Kvb cY¨ ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q Lvivc cY¨ (†LRyi) wewµ K‡i weµqj× cY¨ ev A_© Øviv DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ (†LRyi) µq Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|

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wØZxqZ, GKB Rv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï g‡a¨ we`¨gvb gvbMZ cv_©K¨‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q G‡ì wewbgq ‡iwkI‡Z Kg-‡ekx Kiv n‡jI G‡Z wiev nIqvi Avk¼v †_‡KB hvq| ‡hgb `yB mv Lvivc ‡LRy‡ii e`‡j 1 mv DbœZ gv‡bi †LRy‡ii mivmwi wewbg‡q Dfq †LRy‡ii `vg mgvb n‡q‡Q GK_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv| myZivs m¤§vwbZ dK¡xMY mK‡jB GB ewa©Z 1 mv Lvivc †LRyi‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb| nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒG‡Zv wievi gZB, G‡Zv wievB|Ó

Z…ZxqZ, GKRv‡Zi `ywU c‡Yï gvb GK iKg nIqv m‡Ë¡I hw` G‡ì cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx Kiv nq †hgb, 1 †KwR †jsov Av‡gi wewbg‡q 1.50 †KwR †jsov Av‡gi µq-weµq n‡j 1 †KwR Av‡gi `vg n‡e 1 ‡KwR Avg| GUvB ci¯ú‡ii KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| G‡Ì cvi¯úwiK wewbgq n‡”Q µq-weµq Pzw³| AZtci GK c¶ Zvi cÖ`Ë KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i .50 †KwR †ekx w`‡q‡Q; Gi ‡Kvb wewbgq ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †m cvq bvB| Acic‡¶ MÖnxZv Zvi cÖ`Ë 1 †KwR Av‡gi wewbg‡q cÖvc¨ KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici .50 †KwR Avg †ekx wb‡q‡Q hvi †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †m †`q bvB; GBwU wiev Pzw³| GLv‡bI `y‡Uv Pzw³ Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q|

AmgRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµ‡q wievt we‡klÁ‡ì A‡b‡KB e‡j‡Qb, AmgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev bM` µq-weµ‡q wiev nq bv; KviY G †ÿ‡Î ivm~jyjøvn (mvt) †h †Kvb `v‡g µq-weµq Kivi AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ BwZc~‡e© mybœvni `„wó‡Z my` wk‡ivbv‡g cÖZviYv, mydvwik, BRve, bvwRk BZ¨vw` wel‡q D×„Z nv`xm KqwU †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµ‡qI wiev D™f‚Z n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

cÖZviYv†KD hw` cÖZviYv K‡i `vg †ewk †bq Zvn‡j †mB ewa©Z AskUzKz Zvi Rb¨ wiev| D`vniY¯îƒc, g‡b Kiv hvK GKRb †µZv GKwU wRwb‡mi `vg ej‡jv 100/- UvKv Ges Rvwb‡q w`j Gi ‡ewk †m †`‡e bv| G Ae¯’vq we‡µZv wg_¨v K_v ej‡jv †h Zvi †Kbv `vg Av‡Q 105/- UvKv; AZGe †µZv hw` Avi 5/- UvKv ‡`q Zvn‡j AšÍZ Avmj `v‡g wRwbmwU Zv‡K w`‡Z cv‡i| †µZv AMZ¨v 105/- UvKv w`‡q wRwbmwU µq Ki‡jv| D`vni‡Y GUv ¯úó †h, 100/- UvKv n‡”Q wRwbmwUi `vg; AZtci ewa©Z 5/- n‡”Q wg_¨v K_vi `vg| we‡µZvi Rb¨ GB 5/- UvKv n‡”Q wiev|

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Abyiƒcfv‡e evRvi ì m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bB Ggb †Kvb †jv‡Ki KvQ †_‡K †Kvb cY¨ µqKv‡j Zvi AÁZvi my‡hv‡M hw` `vg Kg w`‡q Zv‡K VKv‡bv nq Zv n‡j cÖ`Ë †mB `v‡g evRvi ì Abymv‡i †h cwigvY cY¨ nq Zvi Ic‡i c‡Yï ewa©Zvsk n‡e KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgqnxb e„w× ev wiev| GKBfv‡e bvRvk K‡i c‡Yï `vg evwo‡q †ÌqvI GK ai‡bi cÖZviYv| bvwRk µq Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq, eis `vg evov‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ c‡Yï `vg K‡i hv‡Z cÖK…Z †µZv D³ cÖ¯ÍvweZ `v‡gi †P‡q †ewk `vg w`‡q µq Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Gfv‡e bvwRk KZ…©K wg_¨v ì`v‡gi gva¨‡g ewa©Z `vgUzKz nq cÖK…Z `v‡gi Ici wewbgqnxb e„w×; myZivs wiev|mydvwikmydvwi‡ki wewbg‡q Dcnvi/Dc‡XŠKb MÖnY Ki‡j †mB Dcnvi/Dc‡hvRb nq wewbgqnxb; Avi wewbgqnxb n‡jB Zv nq wiev|

BRvecvKvi c~‡e© dj wewµ Kiv n‡j, Acwic°Zvi ìæb †m dj eënv‡ii A‡hvM¨ n‡q hvIqvi AvksKv i‡q‡Q| Avi hw` Zv nq Zvn‡j d‡ji wewbg‡q M„nxZ `vg wewbgqnxb wievq ch©ewkZ n‡e|

cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q †µZv-we‡µZv KZ…©K cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©viYKv‡j †avKv, cÖZviYv, RvwjqvwZi Avkªq wb‡q †Kvb c‡ÿi cÖK…Z `v‡g n«vm-e„w× Kiv n‡j `v‡gi Ici ewa©Z Ask nq wiev|

Dc‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi µq-weµq Pzw³i mv‡_ wKfv‡e wiev Pzw³ Kiv nq Ges Zvi d‡j wKfv‡e wiev D™f~Z nq Zv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, µq-weµ‡q †Kvb GKwU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Ges GB AwZwi‡³i wewbgq ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †Ìqv bv n‡j †mB wewbgqnxb AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev ev my`| my‡ì ‰ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j welqwU AviI cwi®‹vi n‡e Avkv Kiv hvq|

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