FREE, OPEN

SOURCE

SOFTWARE

(FOSS) :

Enabling Technology Through Freedom of

Choice and Open Innovation

Professor Dr R.Badlishah AhmadUniversiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

February 2014

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Introduction

● IT is advancing and changing at rapid pace because of Internet (TCP/IP)

● Access to Internet become necessity.. from fiber optic to 3G, 4G, WiMAX etc

● Everybody is getting connected and make themselves available and accessible anytime and anywhere

● This is achieved through advanced in software applications and technology use by Google, Twitter, Facebook etc..

● What are the software technology behind this?

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Internet (Based on TCP/IP)

1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching technology

1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract

1972: BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address need for establishing standard protocols

1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.

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Internet (Based on TCP/IP)

1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (Fathers of the Internet) publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP

1982: TCP and IP, as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. (IPv4 to IPv6)

1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router

1990: Tim Berners-Lee, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

1991: World Wide Web is introduced to the public

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Transmission Medium

● coaxial cable, the first broadband transmission medium, invented by AT&T in 1929 for Ethernet (Local Area Network (LAN)):

– at 400MHz, Cable Loss 5.5dB/100ft

– at 20GHz, Loss ~ 100dB/100ft

● Data Rate of 10-100Mbs

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Transmission Medium

● Twisted Pair cabling:

– Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) & Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

● UTP: most popular network cable in data networks for short/medium length (up to 100 meters or 328 feet) BW ~ 1GHz

– Loss ~20dB/100m at 100MHz

– Data Rate of 40Gbs (50m) – 1 pair of cable

– 100Gbs (15m) – 1 pair of cable

– 1 Gigabit Ethernet (GE) – 250Mb/s per pair (there are 4 pairs)

– 10GE? Heavier, difficult to maintain → Fibre is the best option

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Transmission Medium

● Fiber Optic

– BW 1THz, Loss ~ 0.93dB/1km

● 26 Terabit/s in 1 Wavelength channel at 50km

● Explosive of mass data! -> Internet of Things (IoT)

** Fiber Optics is chosen NOT because of signal speed in compare to any copper based medium.. speed of electron and photon are similar!!* It is chosen because of BW and low loss.

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Internet Evolution (Video)

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Freedom of Choice, Open Innovation

and Open Access:

In terms of Content, Knowledge and

Technology

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Examples of Open Content and Knowledge

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● Massachusetts Institute of Technology is leading the way

● MIT Open Courseware (OCW) shares free lecture notes, exams, and other resources from more than 1,700 courses spanning MIT's entire curriculum

● 40 million visits from virtually every country on earth

Education Gets IT & OPEN

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Education Gets IT & OPEN

● educational materials from its undergraduate- and graduate-level courses online, partly free and openly available to anyone, anywhere

● funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and MIT

● October 2012, over 2180 courses were available online

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Open Courseware (OCW)

● OpenCourseWare Consortium is a worldwide community of hundreds of higher education institutions and associated organizations

● committed to advancing open education and its impact on global education

● OCW Consortium helps to solve social problems through expansion of access to education

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Open Courseware (OCW)

● about free and open sharing

● Free, meaning no cost, and open, which refers to the use of legal tools (open licenses) that give everyone permission to reuse and modify educational resources

● Free and open sharing increases access to education and knowledge for anyone, anywhere, anytime

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Open Courseware (OCW)

● People want to learn

● free and open access to education and knowledge, people can fulfill these desire

– Workers can learn something that will help them on the job

– Faculty can exchange material and draw on resources from all around the world

– Teachers can find new ways to help students learn

– People can connect with others they wouldn’t otherwise meet to share information and ideas

– Materials can be translated, mixed together, broken apart and openly shared again, increasing access and allowing new approaches

– Anyone can access

– New Term: MOOC (Massive Online Open Courses)

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In Terms of Open Standard

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Important of an Open Standard?

Standards, instructions or “blueprints” that are created and maintained in an open manner.

Using a democratic approach where no single individual or company controls the standard.

Open standards provide choicechoice and interoperabilityinteroperability between systems.

* Note: Examples of media formatting, .doc, .docx, odt, mp3, mp4, ogg)

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In Terms of Open Technology

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● OSS == FS (at this moment..)

● A type of software defined by its collaborative development model, accessibility of code and distribution models.

– Examples are GNU/Linux OS, gcc, LibreOffice, Xpdf, GIMP etc.

● This is in contrast with proprietary software which is only available in a binary or “closed” format and typically carries a license fee.

– Examples are Microsoft Mobile, Windows XP, Vista, 8 Microsoft Visual C/C++, Borland C, MS Office 2007, Adobe Photoshop etc.

Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software (FS)?

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Binary Format:

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Source Code (in C language):

# include <stdio.h>

int main (void)

{

Printf ("hello, world!\n");

return 0;

}

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Examples (THE BEST)

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GNU

GNU Project to implement a completely free Unix-like operating system

GNU is Not Unix (a recursive acronym!)

● Started by Richard Stallman in 1984, an MIT Richard Stallman in 1984, an MIT researcherresearcher, in a time when Unix sources were no longer free.

● Initial components: C compiler (gcc), make (GNU make), Emacs, C library (glibc), coreutils (ls, cp ...)

● However, in 1991, the GNU project was still missing a kernel and was running only on proprietary unice, until the invention of Linux kernel!!

Richard Stallman

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Linux

Linus Torvald

● Free Unix-like kernel created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds

● Linux is a kernel (a software that managing hardware and user applications)

● GNU + Linux = GNU/Linux OS

● The fastest growing OS in the whole world.

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History of GNU and LinuxTime1970 19901980 2000

Bell Labs (AT&T)

Ken ThompsonDennis Ritchie (C languagecreated to implement a portable OS)

BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)

Sun Solaris

SunOS (Stanford University Network)

NetBSD

NextStep

 AIX (IBM)

HP­UX

IRIX (SGI)

SRV5

OpenBSD

FreeBSD

MacOS X

Bill Joy

Richard Stallman

Linus Torvalds

BSD family

System V familyRitchie, Thompson

GNU

Bill Joy

GNU / Linux

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Linux Kernel Evolution (video from Linux Foundation)

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Distributions (Distros)

* Most of them using GNU/Linux OS

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What is it? Complete distribution of software/packages

● GNU/Linux OS

● LibreOffice.org: word processing, spreadsheet & presentation

● Thunderbird+Lightning: email & calendaring

● Firefox, Chrome: Web browsing → try the add-ons!

● Pidgin: instant messaging

● Gimp: image manipulation, animations

● Blender: 3D imaging, rendering and animations

● Exaile: music manager and player

● VLC: video & music player

● Many more...

** Compare to proprietary, 1 CD for 1 software/applications (e.g. MS Windows, MS Office, Adobe Photoshop etc)

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More Sample of FOSS

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GIMP

The GNU Image Manipulation Programhttp://gimp.org

● License: GPL

● Main developers: community

● Extremely powerful image processorSimilar to Photoshop

● Platforms: Unix/Linux/MacOS, Windows

● Extensible and scriptable through plugins

● Alternative to Adobe Photoshop

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LibreOffice (latest version 4.2)

● Main developer: The Document Foundation

● A fork of OpenOffice.org.

● use Open Document Format (ODF) to provide freedom

● LibreOffice has been downloaded approximately 7.5 million times since its first stable launch in January 2011.

● Default office suite in many different Linux distributions, such as Fedora, Linux Mint, openSUSE and Ubuntu.

● Google also supports the LibreOffice project

● LibreOffice is licensed under the terms of the LGPLv3

● Alternative to Microsoft Office

http://www.libreoffice.org/

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Inkscape

A vector graphics editor http://inkscape.org

● License: GNU GPL

● Developers: community

● Supported platforms: Linux/Unix, Windows and MacOS X

● Alternative to Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator

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Mozilla Firefox

Most advanced and friendly web browser & No 1 browserhttp://mozilla.org/projects/firefox

● License: MPL (copyleft type)

● Main developers: Mozilla Foundation, community

● Supported platforms: Unix / Linux, Windows, MacOS X

● Market share (March 2007): 24% in Europe. It even reaches 44% in Slovenia, 41% in Finland and 36% in Germany! More statistics on http://www.xitimonitor.com.

● Alternative to IE

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Eclipse

● Integrated development environment (IDE) for computer programming

● written mostly in Java and able to compile JAVA

● other programming languages including Ada, C, C++, COBOL, Fortran, Haskell, JavaScript, Lasso, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby (including Ruby on Rails framework), Scala, Clojure, Groovy, Scheme, and Erlang

● Alternative to Borland C/C++, Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual

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Scilab

● Alternative to MATLAB

● cross-platform numerical computational package

● high-level, numerically oriented programming language

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KiCAD

● software suite for electronic design automation (EDA)

● integrated environment for all of the stages of the design process:

– Schematic Capture

– PCB layout

– Gerber file generation/visualization and library editing

● cross-platform program, written with wxWidgets to run on

– GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X

● Alternative to OrCAD

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Android

● A software platform and operating system (OS) for mobile devices

● Based on the Linux kernel

● Found way back in 2003.

● Developed in Palo Alto, California.

● Developed by the Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White.

● Purchased by GOOGLE in AUGUST, 2005 for $50million

● GNU/Linux != Android but using the same kernel

● Alternative to MS Mobile, IOS, Blackberry

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Android Market Share

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Android - Open Handset Alliance (OHA)

● It’s consortium of several companies.

● This group of companies are allowed to use source code of Android and develop applications.

● Nokia, Blackberry and Apple - not part of OHA.

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FOSS only for PC and Smartphone?

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FOSS is used in Embedded System

Beagle Board

Arduino

Rasberry Pie

using GNU/LinuxMAS Infotainment SystemAstro Beyond...

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So Why FOSS?Cost?

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Free Software (Open Source Software)

Free Software grants the below 4 freedoms to the user:

● The freedom to run the program, for any purpose● The freedom to study how the program works,

and adapt it to one's needs● The freedom to redistribute copies to help others● The freedom to improve the program, and release one's

improvements to the public

See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

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Proprietary Software

Microsoft & EULA (End User License Agreement)

● You give up all rights

● You accept all obligations placed on you for limited benefit

● You may not share the software

● You may not change the software

● You do not own the software

● You may only install the software to one device

● We reserve the right to change the license for any reason or purpose at any time

● You may only run the software as specifically spelled out in the EULA

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It is because of FREE!!

Not because free of Cost BUT FREEDOM!

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Government Adoption Trends

● Worldwide, 265 government policy initiatives ranging from pilot projects to preferences (and even mandates) for the use of OSS (Center for Strategic and International Studies – April 2006)

● Most OSS policy initiatives are in Europe (47%), Asia (27%), LATAM (15%) followed by N. America (9%)

● Local/state level more likely to be approved by council/legislative action

***Data taken from CSIS Study on Government Open Source Policies

* Policy for N. America is low but the usage is HIGH

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● U.S. Air Force

● DISA

● Army

● Navy

● Marine Corp

● Coast Guard

● NASA

● FAA

U.S. Federal Government OSS users

● DHS

● NOA

● Census Bureau

● DOJ

● GSA

● Energy

● PTO

● U.S. Courts

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Sampling of 5,000+ users in the U.S.

● City of New York DoITT

● City of Chicago

● Penn State University

● University of Michigan

● City of Houston

● Louisiana Health & Human Services

● City of Philadelphia

● Los Angeles County

● State of North Carolina ITS

● Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

● California DOJ

● Johns Hopkins University

● University of Phoenix

● Miami-Dade County, FL

● University of Chicago

● Massachusetts ITD

● Wisconsin DET

● Georgia University System

● NY State Insurance Dept.

● MD Anderson

● Connecticut DoIT

● Indiana University

● Florida EPA

● NC DPI

● Minnesota DOT

● Pennsylvania OIT

● DeKalb County, GA

● NC University System

● Henrico County, VA

● City of Seattle

● Purdue University

● Arizona State University

● MIT

● CUNY & SUNY

● University of Texas

● Florida Department of Health

● Carnegie Mellon University

● Baltimore County, MD

● Emory University

● City of Los Angeles

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Why US Governments move to open source

● Public sector organizations must cut costs in an environment of software upgrades, security issues and piracy

● The level of acceptance of open source has been raised

● The need to provide increased access for business and people

● To promote a local software industry● The software can be shared

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● Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS

– “The number one reason for this change is economic” - Sergio Amadeu, National Institute for Information Technology (BBC, 2005)

● Plan open source when digitizing the Federal court system

● State of Parana

– adopting eGroupWare, MySQL solution for its 10,000 users

● “The world of technology is opening up; there are hundreds of thousands of people working to improve free software. The old, closed model must adapt in order to survive.”

– Cerqueira Cesar, Head of IT, Banco do Brasil

● Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS

● All Schools will be using Linux PC (825,000 installation – 2008), 2009 another 150,000 – LXF Magazine July 2008.

Brazil's government

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● State Government of Kerala

– Announced in 2006 it will be a completely FLOSS zone

– Deploying linux in 12,500 schools● Goa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal using Linux to save costs on

e-governance

● Sam Pitroda, National Knowledge Commission: “... we must actively encourage wherever possible open source software implementations and open standards.”

● Several national and local government projects to distribute OSS freely in local languages

India's government

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● Approved by the Government IT and Internet Committee on 19th February 2004

● Announcement of OSS Master Plan 16th July 2004

● Formulated through consultative process involving government agencies, institutions of higher learning, nonprofit organizations

● Institute of Microelectronic Systems established OS R&D group; maintain Asian Open Source Centre

● Administration Modernization and Management Planning Unit created Open Source Competency Centre (OSCC) and wrote a government-approved OSS plan

– Migration roadmap for e-mail, browsers first, then databases● 2014, OSCC is closed: no more budget (organization should be ready

and self sustain)

Malaysia's government

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Does FOSS cut cost?

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FOSS in Education - 1/2

Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following:

● The OLPC XO-1 (previously called the MIT $100 laptop and The Children's Machine), is an inexpensive laptop running Linux, which will be distributed to millions of children as part of the One Laptop Per Child project, especially in developing countries.

● Republic of Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182 computer labs (December 2005). Later in 2007, another 180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed.

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FOSS in Education - 2/2

● Schools in Bolzano, Italy, with a student population of 16,000, switched to a custom distribution of Linux, (FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux), in September 2005.

● Brazil has around 20,000 Linux desktops running in elementary and secondary public schools.

● Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer education, starting with the 2,650 government and government-aided high schools.

● 22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux Workstations at their high schools in 2006.

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It took 10 years (2003-2013)to do the transformation

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FOSS do cut cost..... (only if you plan it well)

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Linux Foundation Report 2010

● Linux is poised for growth in the coming years (2011):

– 77% of companies are planning to add more GNU/Linux servers in the next twelve months

– only 41% of respondents are planning to add Windows servers in the next year

– while 44% say that they will decreasing or maintaining the number of Windows servers in their organizations over the same time period

– over the next five years, 80% of respondents plan on adding more GNU/Linux, relative to other operating systems, compared to only 21% planning on adding more Microsoft servers in the same period.

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Microsoft Commitment

● (Microsoft Malaysia presentation at Malaysian Open Source Conference (MOSC) 2011)

– to achieve Openness and Interoperability with OSS

– designing products to support OSS

– collaboration with OSS vendors to ensure interoperability between products

– contributing to OSS projects

– releasing some technologies under approved Open Source licenses

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Summary of FOSS

• Everybody wants to SHARE

• Free Software provide FREEDOM

• provide access, choice and allows innovations

• Internet (TCP/IP) is FOSS

• FOSS technology been around for ~ 40 years

• FREEDOM best describe as Free Software and not Open Source Software

• Software is Free ($$) but services (installation, training, consultation) is not!

• The world is accepting FOSS and going towards “Openness”

• avoid unethical attitude if using PIRATE SOFTWARE

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Next Slide (if we have more time) is on FOSS Licences (Brief)

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FOSS Licences

Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work:

● includes the right to copy, reproduce, distribute and adapt the work.

Copyright owners have the exclusive right to:

● exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time.

● Anyone requiring to exploit and use any copyrighted work requires permission to use that work.

● Can grant permission and grant license for exploitation of the work.

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FOSS Licences

Copyleft is a term used in respect of FOSS licensing which is used for copyright:

● Copyleft is a practice of using copyright law to offer the right to distribute copies and modified versions of a work and requiring that the same rights be preserved in modified versions of the work.

Main idea behind copylefting the open source software was:

● to not let the product fall into the domain of proprietary software. If open source software is put into public domain with no copyright, people can make the said software proprietary and it would defeat the whole purpose of open source freedom.

● To guarantees that every user has the freedom.

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FOSS Licences

Copyright law has been used to withhold permission:

● to copy, modify or distribute software,

Copyleft ensures that the project remains free, and all modified and extended versions of the program remains free as well.

Proprietary software developers use copyright to:

● take away the users' freedom;

Copyleft guarantees their freedom.

That's why the name has been reversed from “copyright” to “copyleft”

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FOSS Licences

FOSS licenses are categorized as:

● strong,

● weak or

● with no copyleft provisions

Non-copyleft licenses, also known as permissive licenses, allows those using the software to re-license it under any terms as they want.

The most popular copyleft license is GPL.

The most popular non-copyleft license is BSD style. These licenses place no restriction on licensing for modified works.

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The strength of the copyleft governing a work is an expression of the extent that the copyleft provisions can be efficiently imposed on all kinds of derived works

FOSS Licenses - Copyleft

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FOSS License - Copyleft

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THE END

THANK YOU...