ieee 2014 matlab eee project list

HYDERABAD | VIJAYAWADA | GUNTUR

Accords IEEE & International Standards Mobile: 9603150547

Vision Solutions

Uppal, Hyderabad | 4/13 Brodipet, Guntur | Benz Circle, Vijayawada

E-Mail:[email protected], call-9603150547

Web site: www.visiongroups.org

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S. No. IEEE TITLE ABSTRACT IEEE

YEAR

1.

A Boundary-Mode

Forward-Flyback

Converter With an

Efficient Active LC

Snubber Circuit

Abstract—This paper describes a boundary-mode

forwardflyback converter (BMFFC)with zero-voltage

switching that is able to process power efficiently. The

theoretical analysis and operating principle of the BMFFC

are presented in detail. A nondissipative LC snubber that

recycles energy to the input source is employed in order to

suppress the voltage spike caused by the leakage

inductance of the transformer. The relatively large

snubber capacitor also significantly reduces turn-off loss.

Following a detailed design procedure, a 200 W prototype

with a 25—50 V dc input and 230 V dc output was

constructed and tested in order to evaluate the

performance of the BMFFC.

2014

2.

A Cascaded Multilevel

Inverter Based on

Switched-Capacitor for

High-Frequency AC

Power Distribution

System

Abstract—The increase of transmission frequency reveals

more merits than low- or medium-frequency distribution

among different kinds of power applications. High-

frequency inverter serves as source side in high-frequency

ac (HFAC) power distribution system (PDS). However, it

is complicated to obtain a high-frequency inverter with

both simple circuit topology and straightforward

modulation strategy. A novel switched-capacitor-based

cascaded multilevel inverter is proposed in this paper,

which is constructed by a switched-capacitor frontend and

H-Bridge backend. Through the conversion of series and

parallel connections, the switchedcapacitor frontend

increases the number of voltage levels. The output

harmonics and the component counter can be significantly

reduced by the increasing number of voltage levels. A

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symmetrical triangular waveform modulation is proposed

with a simple analog implementation and low modulation

frequency comparing with traditional multicarrier

modulation. The circuit topology, symmetrical

modulation, operation cycles, Fourier analysis,

parameterdetermination, and topology enhancement are

examined. An experimental prototype with a rated output

frequency of 25 kHz is implemented to compare with

simulation results. The experimental results agreed very

well with the simulation that confirms the feasibility of

proposed multilevel inverter.

3.

A Center Point

Iteration MPPT

Method With

Application on the

Frequency Modulated

LLC Microinverter

Abstract—Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an

essential technique to harvest PV power under varying

environments. Perturb and observe (P&O) algorithms are

the most broadly used MPPT due to their effectiveness

and simplicity. However, it is difficult to balance the

tracking speed and oscillation requirements in the

conventional P&O with fixed perturb. Adaptive P&O

techniques have been proposed as a solution to these

problems. However, they are based on duty cycle

modulation for conventional pulse width modulation

converters. None of them deal with the variable

frequencymodulation for resonant converters. In this

paper, a center point iteration MPPT is proposed, with its

variable perturb in frequency. The proposed scheme

overcomes the drawbacks of conventional P&O with a

simple calculation. Moreover, it is suitable for various

power curves, especially the LLC microinverter power

curves, which may confuse conventional MPPT

algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed MPPT

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method was verified in theory. A 300 W prototype was

constructed, and the experimental results verified the

effectiveness of the proposed center point iteration MPPT.

An advanced version was also introduced in order to

accelerate the tracking speed.

4.

A Critical Review of

Recent Progress in Mid

RangeWireless Power

Transfer

Abstract—Starting from Tesla’s principles of wireless

power transfer a century ago, this critical review outlines

recent magneto inductive research activities on wireless

power transfer with the transmission distance greater than

the transmitter coil dimension. It summarizes the

operating principles of a range of wireless power research

into 1) the maximum power transfer and 2) the maximum

energy efficiency principles. The differences and the

implications of these two approaches are explained in

terms of their energy efficiency and transmission distance

capabilities. The differences between the system energy

efficiency and the transmission efficiency are also

highlighted. The review covers the two-coil systems, the

four-coil systems, the systems with relay resonators and

the wireless domino-resonator systems. Related issues

including human exposure issues and reduction of

winding resistance are also addressed. The review

suggests that the use of the maximum energy efficiency

principle in the two-coil systems is suitable for short-

range rather than mid-range applications, the use of the

maximum power transfer principle in the four-coil

systems is good for maximizing the transmission distance,

but is under a restricted system energy efficiency (<50%);

the use of the maximum energy efficiency principle in

relay or domino systems may offer a good compromise

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for good system energy efficiency and transmission

distance on the condition that relay.

5.

A Current Balancing

Scheme With High

Luminous Efficacy for

High-Power LED

Lighting

Abstract—The imbalance in the currents of strings of

LEDs will cause fast degradation or even failure in some

LEDs. Such current imbalance should be avoided. To

balance the common average current, a small duty cycle

may necessitate a large LED turn-on current amplitude,

which may cause temporal overheat and low luminous

efficacy of the LEDs. This paper presents a current

balancing method based on pulse-width modulation of a

common bus voltage to each LED string to achieve the

intended average current. An optimal feedback control

scheme is proposed to maximize the duty cycles and

minimize the bus voltage. As a result, at least one of the

LED strings is operating at unity duty cycle. The analysis,

implementation, and verification are detailed in this paper.

2014

6.

A Four-level Hybrid-

Clamped Converter

With Natural Capacitor

Voltage Balancing

Ability

Abstract—This paper presents a novel four-level hybrid-

clamped converter topology which is composed of eight

switches and one flying capacitor per phase. The

operating principle is introduced and phase-shifted pulse

width modulation is used to control this converter.

Adetailed analysis of the average currents through the

flying capacitor and neutral points of the dc-link is

presented. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that

the voltages across the flying capacitor and dc-link

capacitors can be naturally balanced under ideal and

steady-state condition. A low-power three-phase

prototype is built up and experimental results are

presented to validate the proposed topology and

modulation method.

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7.

A High Voltage Gain

DC–DC Converter

Integrating Coupled-

Inductor and Diode–

Capacitor Techniques

Abstract—The high-voltage gain converter is widely

employed in many industry applications, such as

photovoltaic systems, fuel cell systems, electric vehicles,

and high-intensity discharge lamps. This paper presents a

novel single-switch high step-up non isolated dc–dc

converter integrating coupled inductor with extended

voltage doubler cell and diode–capacitor techniques. The

proposed converter achieves extremely large voltage

conversion ratio with appropriate duty cycle and reduction

of voltage stress on the power devices. Moreover, the

energy stored in leakage inductance of coupled inductor is

efficiently recycled to the output, and the voltage doubler

cell also operates as a regenerative clamping circuit,

alleviating the problem of potential resonance between the

leakage inductance and the junction capacitor of output

diode. These characteristics make it possible to design a

compact circuit with high static gain and high efficiency

for industry applications. In addition, the unexpected

high-pulsed input current in the converter with coupled

inductor is decreased. The operating principles and the

steady state analyses of the proposed converter are

discussed in detail. Finally, a prototype circuit is

implemented in the laboratory to verify the performance

of the proposed converter.

2014

8. A Hybrid Symmetrical

Voltage Multiplier

Abstract—Voltage multiplier circuits are widely used in

many high-voltage/low-current applications. A

conventional symmetrical voltage multiplier (SVM) has

much better performance, when compared with its half-

wave counterpart. However, it requires a high-voltage

transformer (HVT) with center-tapped secondary to

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perform its push–pull kind of operation. The design of an

HVT with center-tapped secondary is relatively complex.

This paper proposes a hybrid SVM (HSVM) for dc high-

voltage applications. The multiplier is formed by

cascading a diode-bridge rectifier and an SVM with

diode-bridge rectifier as the first stage of multiplier. The

proposed topology saves two high-voltage capacitors and

requires only one secondary winding of HVT. Besides, it

has lesser voltage drop and faster transient response at

start-up, when compared with conventional SVM. The

feasibility of the proposed HSVM is validated both by

simulation and experimental results of a laboratory

scaled-down prototype.

9.

A Low Complexity

Control System for a

Hybrid DC Power

Source Based on

Ultracapacitor Lead–

Acid Battery

Configuration

Abstract—A dc hybrid power source based on the

combination of ultra capacitor and lead–acid battery is

considered in this paper. The various control systems for

such hybrid power source reported in the technical

literature thus far are rather complex. A low complexity

control system for such hybrid power source is proposed

in this paper. The key feature of the proposed control

system is its capability to maintain operation of the hybrid

power source within all important operational limits. The

proposed control system allows one to allocate the high-

frequency current demands to the ultra capacitor and

specify the current limits for both the battery and the ultra

capacitor. It also maintains operation of the battery within

its state of charge limits and the ultra capacitor voltage at

a predefined value while charging the ultra capacitor from

the battery rather than from the common dc bus. Presented

experimental results verify the satisfactory operation of

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the power source utilizing the proposed control system.

10.

A Novel Transformer-

less Adaptable Voltage

Quadrupler DC

Converter with Low

Switch Voltage Stress

Abstract—In this paper, a novel transformer-less

adjustable voltage quadrupler dc–dc converter with high-

voltage transfer gain and reduced semiconductor voltage

stress is proposed. The proposed topology utilizes input-

parallel output-series configuration for providing a much

higher voltage gain without adopting an extreme large

duty cycle. The proposed converter cannot only achieve

high step-up voltage gain with reduced component count

but also reduce the voltage stress of both active switches

and diodes. This will allow one to choose lower voltage

rating MOSFETs and diodes to reduce both switching and

conduction losses. In addition, due to the charge balance

of the blocking capacitor, the converter features automatic

uniform current sharing characteristic of the two

interleaved phases for voltage boosting mode without

adding extra circuitry or complex control methods. The

operation principle and steady analysis as well as a

comparison with other recent existing high step-up

topologies are presented. Finally, some simulation and

experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the

effectiveness of the proposed converter.

2014

11. A Novel ZVT-ZCT-

PWM Boost Converter

Abstract—In this study, a new boost converter with an

active snubber cell is proposed. The active snubber cell

provides main switch to turn ON with zero-voltage

transition (ZVT) and to turn OFF with zero-current

transition (ZCT). The proposed converter incorporating

this snubber cell can operate with soft switching at high

frequencies. Also, in this converter all semiconductor

devices operate with soft switching. There is no additional

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voltage stress across the main and auxiliary components.

The converter has a simple structure, minimum number of

components, and ease of control as well. The operation

principle and detailed steady-state analysis of the novel

ZVT-ZCT-PWM boost converter are given. The presented

theoretical analysis is verified exactly by a prototype of

100 kHz and 1 kW converter. Also, the overall efficiency

of the new converter has reached a value of 97.8% at

nominal output power.

12.

A Pulse Igniting Circuit

for Electronic Ballast

With the ZVS-QSW

Converter

Abstract—In the paper, a novel pulse ignition circuit is

proposed for electronic ballast with the zero-voltage-

switching quasi-square wave (ZVS-QSW) converter; the

voltage pulse of the proposed igniting circuit contains

both a high frequency part and a low frequency part; the

high frequency part made it easy to exit the gas in the

ionization conduction state in the high-intensity discharge

lamp, and the low frequency part makes it easy to lower

the igniting potential and provides the continuous pulse

energy. The circuit is with few components, low costs,

high reliability, and easy to control. The circuit model is

analyzed in detail and the influence of the circuit

parameters on the pulse amplitude and width is given in

this paper. The peak current is limited and the amplitude

variation caused by the deviation of the parasitic capacitor

for the transformer is restricted by the auxiliary inductor.

The auxiliary inductor and the transformer parasitic

capacitor form another resonant circuit. As a result, an

igniting pulse sequence with two different frequencies is

applied to the lamp and both pulse amplitude and width

are guaranteed. In the laboratory, the circuit is used in a

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70-W metal halide lamp electronic ballast with the ZVS-

QSW converter, and the lamp can be ignited reliably.

13.

A Solar Power

Generation System

With a Seven-Level

Inverter

Abstract—This paper proposes a new solar power

generation system, which is composed of a dc/dc power

converter and a new seven-level inverter. The dc/dc

power converter integrates a dc–dc boost converter and a

transformer to convert the output voltage of the solar cell

array into two independent voltage sources with multiple

relationships. This new seven-level inverter is configured

using a capacitor selection circuit and a full-bridge power

converter, connected in cascade. The capacitor selection

circuit converts the two output voltage sources of dc–dc

power converter into a three-level dc voltage, and the full-

bridge power converter further converts this three-level dc

voltage into a seven-level ac voltage. In this way, the

proposed solar power generation system generates a

sinusoidal output current that is in phase with the utility

voltage and is fed into the utility. The salient features of

the proposed seven-level inverter are that only six power

electronic switches are used, and only one power

electronic switch is switched at high frequency at any

time. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the

performance of this proposed solar power generation

system.

2014

14.

A Space-Vector

Modulation Method for

Common-Mode

Voltage Reduction in

Current-Source

Converters

Abstract—The common-mode voltage (CMV) produced

from a converter system is a source of many problems,

e.g., in the motor drive system, CMV might appear at the

neutral point of the motor stator windings with respect to

the ground and induce destructive bearing current.

Reduced CMV space-vector modulation (RCMV SVM)

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methods have been proposed in both voltage-source

converter (VSC) and current-source converter (CSC)

systems. The available RCMV SVMs reduce the CMV by

avoiding using zero state vectors. However, this will lead

to some negative effects, such as shrink of modulation

index range, increase of switching frequencies, bipolar

line-to-line voltage pulse patterns in VSCs, and power

quality performance deterioration. In this paper, a RCMV

SVM method for CSCs is proposed. By allowing the use

of zero state vectors, the proposed RCMV SVM still

produces much lower CMV. However, its other

performance indices, such as switching frequency and

harmonic performance, are unaffected and comparable to

the conventional SVMs. The effectiveness of the

proposed RCMV SVM for CSCs is verified in the

simulations and experiments.

15.

A Switched Capacitor-

Based Active-Network

Converter With High

Voltage Gain

Abstract—The voltage gain of traditional boost converter

is limited due to the high current ripple, high voltage

stress across active switch and diode, and low efficiency

associated with large duty ratio operation. High voltage

gain is required in applications, such as the renewable

energy power systems with low input voltage. A high

step-up voltage gain active-network converter with

switched capacitor technique is proposed in this paper.

The proposed converter can achieve high voltage gain

without extremely high duty ratio. In addition, the voltage

stress of the active switches and output diodes is low.

Therefore, low voltage components can be adopted to

reduce the conduction loss and cost. The operating

principle and steady-state analysis are discussed in detail.

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A prototype with 20–40-V input voltage, 200-V output

voltage, and 200-W output power has been established in

the laboratory. Experimental results are given to verify the

analysis and advantages of the proposed converter.

16.

A Three-Level

Integrated AC–DC

Converter

Abstract—In this paper, a new integrated three-level ac–

dc converter is presented. The proposed converter

integrates the operation of the boost power factor

correction and the three-level dc–dc converter. The

converter is made to operate with two independent

controllers—an input controller that performs power

factor correction and regulates the dc bus and an output

controller that regulates the output voltage. The input

controller prevents the dc-bus voltage from becoming

excessive while still allowing a single-stage converter

topology to be used. The paper explains the operation of

the new converter in detail and discusses its features and a

procedure for its proper design. Experimental results

obtained from a prototype are presented to confirm the

feasibility of the new converter.

2014

17.

A Transformerless

Grid-Connected

Photovoltaic System

Based on the Coupled

Inductor Single-Stage

Boost Three-Phase

Inverter

Abstract—This letter presents a modulation technique for

the modified coupled-inductor single-stage boost inverter

(CL-SSBI)-based grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)

system. This technique can reduce the system leakage

current in a great deal and can meet the VDE0126-1-1

standard. To maintain the advantages of the impedance

network, only a diode is added in the front of the original

topology, to block the leakage current loop during the

active vectors and open-zero vectors. On the other hand,

the near state pulse width modulation (NSPWM)

technique is applied with one-leg shoot-through zero

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vectors in order to reduce the leakage current through the

conduction path in the duration of changing from and to

open-zero vectors. Simultaneously, the leakage current

caused by other transitions can also be reduced due to the

fact that the magnitude of common-mode voltages is

reduced. Simulation results of the transformer less PV

system are presented in two cases: modified CL-SSBI

modulated by maximum constant boost (MCB) control

method and NSPWM. Experimental results for both

CLSSBI topology modulated by the MCB control method

and modified CL-SSBI topology modulated by NSPWM

are also obtained to verify the accurateness of theoretical

and simulation models.

18.

A Two-Mode Control

Scheme With Input

Voltage Feed-Forward

for the Two-Switch

Buck-Boost DC–DC

Converter

Abstract—The two-switch buck-boost (TSBB) converter

is suitable for wide input voltage applications. In order to

achieve high efficiency over the entire input voltage

range, the TSBB converter is operated in buck mode at

high input voltage and boost mode at low input voltage.

Such operation is called the two-mode control scheme.

The objective of this paper is to propose an input voltage

feed-forward (IVFF) method to reduce the influence of

the input voltage disturbance on the output voltage. The

small-signal models of the TSBB converter are built, and

based on which, the IVFF functions under different

operating modes of the TSBB converter are derived. The

IVFF function in boost mode is simplified for easy

implementation. The two-mode control scheme with IVFF

compensation is then proposed for the TSBB converter,

which realizes automatic selections of operating modes

and the corresponding IVFF functions. Besides, nearly

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smooth switching between buck and boost modes is also

guaranteed. For exhibiting the advantages of the proposed

control scheme clearly, comparisons between the two-

mode control with and without IVFF compensation have

been presented in this paper, including the output signal

of the voltage regulator and input-to-output voltage

transfer function. Finally, a 250−500-V input, 360-V

output, and 6-kW-rated power prototype is fabricated to

validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme

in the laboratory, and the experimental results show that

the TSBB converter has an improved input transient

response and high efficiency over the entire input voltage

range with this proposed control scheme.

19.

A Two-Phase

Interleaved Power

Factor Correction

Boost Converter With a

Variation-Tolerant

Phase Shifting

Technique

Abstract—This paper presents a two-phase interleaved

critical conduction mode (CRM) power factor correction

boost converter with a variation-tolerant phase shifter

(VTPS), which ensures accurate 180◦ phase shift between

the two interleaved converters. A feedback loop similar to

a phase-locked loop controls the amount of the phase

shifting of the VTPS. The proposed VTPS has better

immunity of process, supply, and temperature variations

than the conventional phase shifter. A 320-W two-phase

interleaved CRM boost converter prototype has been

implemented, while the proposed VTPS and conventional

interleaving phase shifter can be selectively applied to

compare the performance of the proposed technique with

the conventional one. Experimental results show that the

two-phase interleaved CRM boost converter has better

performance with the proposed VTPS. The proposed

VTPS circuit can be applied to any type of interleaved

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switching power converter.

20.

A Unified Control

Strategy for Three-

Phase Inverter in

Distributed Generation

Abstract—This paper presents a unified control strategy

that enables both islanded and grid-tied operations of

three-phase inverter in distributed generation, with no

need for switching between two corresponding controllers

or critical islanding detection. The proposed control

strategy composes of an inner inductor current loop, and a

novel voltage loop in the synchronous reference frame.

The inverter is regulated as a current source just by the

inner inductor current loop in grid-tied operation, and the

voltage controller is automatically activated to regulate

the load voltage upon the occurrence of islanding.

Furthermore, the waveforms of the grid current in the

grid-tied mode and the load voltage in the islanding mode

are distorted under nonlinear local load with the

conventional strategy. And this issue is addressed by

proposing a unified load current feed forward in this

paper. Additionally, this paper presents the detailed

analysis and the parameter design of the control strategy.

Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy

is validated by the simulation and experimental results.

2014

21.

A Zero-Voltage

Switching Three-Phase

Inverter

Abstract—A new modulation scheme for the active

clamping zero-voltage switching (ZVS) inverter is

proposed. With the proposed modulation scheme, the

inverter can realize ZVS operation in all switching

devices and can remarkably suppress the reverse recovery

current in insulated-gate bipolar transistor’s anti parallel

diodes as well. All the switches can operate at a fixed

frequency in the new modulation scheme. Also, with the

new modulation scheme, the ZVS inverter has some

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voltage boost capability, which is suitable for renewable

energy generation. The inverter can achieve ZVS in all the

switches under the grid current power factor angle from

zero to ±π/6. The soft-switching condition of this inverter

is analyzed. The operation principal and design guideline

are described in detail. The previous theory is verified in a

30-kW inverter prototype.

22.

Active Islanding

Detection for Multiple

Parallel-Connected

Inverter-Based

Distributed Generators

Using High-Frequency

Signal Injection

Abstract—This paper proposes a method for islanding

detection in micro grids with multiple parallel-connected

inverters using high-frequency signal injection. In the

proposed method, a master inverter injects the high-

frequency signal which is used by the rest of inverters for

islanding detection, with two distinguishing features: 1)

The slave inverters work in a high-frequency current

cancellation mode, what prevents interference and 2) in

case of master failure or significant changes in the grid,

the remaining inverters will dynamically reassign roles,

the new master inverter being self-selected, based on a

deterministic performance criteria and without the need of

communications.

2014

23.

An FPGA-Based Gain-

Scheduled Controller

for Resonant

Converters Applied to

Induction Cooktops

Abstract—Domestic induction heating appliances have

become popular due to their advantages such as

efficiency, fast heating, cleanliness, and safety. In order to

achieve high efficiency, induction cook tops usually

features resonant converters in which the inductor-vessel

system is a part of the resonant tank. Thus, the inductor-

vessel system impedance sets the point of operation of the

power converter. Due to the variability of the load with

multiple parameters such as temperature, geometry, and

material, the resonant converter has to work with highly

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varying operating conditions. When designing a classical

controller, the controller gain is selected to assure the

system stability in the whole range of operation and for a

large amount of vessels. This study proposes an FPGA-

based gain scheduled controller which makes use of the

information of the modulation parameters and an online

impedance identification system. As a result, the proposed

controller significantly improves the converter dynamic

response, improving the performance and safety operation

of the power converter. The proposed control algorithm

has been experimentally verified using a domestic

induction heating prototype, proving the feasibility of this

proposal.

24.

An Improved Droop

Control Method for DC

Microgrids Based on

Low Bandwidth

Communication With

DC Bus Voltage

Restoration and

Enhanced Current

Sharing Accuracy

Abstract—Droop control is the basic control method for

load current sharing in dc microgrid applications. The

conventional dc droop control method is realized by

linearly reducing the dc output voltage as the output

current increases. This method has two limitations. First,

with the consideration of line resistance in a droop

controlled dc microgrid, since the output voltage of each

converter cannot be exactly the same, the output current

sharing accuracy is degraded. Second, the dc-bus voltage

deviation increases with the load due to the droop action.

In this paper, in order to improve the performance of the

dc microgrid operation, a low-bandwidth communication

(LBC)-based improved droop control method is proposed.

In contrast with the conventional approach, the control

system does not require a centralized secondary

controller. Instead, it uses local controllers and the LBC

network to exchange information between converter units.

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The droop controller is employed to achieve independent

operation, and the average voltage and current controllers

are used in each converter to simultaneously enhance the

current sharing accuracy and restore the dc bus voltage.

All of the controllers are realized locally, and the LBC

system is only used for changing the values of the dc

voltage and current. Hence, a decentralized control

scheme is accomplished. The simulation test based on

MATLAB/Simulink and the experimental validation

based on a 2 × 2.2 kW prototype were implemented to

demonstrate the proposed approach.

25.

An Improved ZVT–

ZCT PWM DC–DC

Boost Converter With

Increased Efficiency

Abstract—A new active snubber cell is proposed for a dc–

dc boost converter. Zero voltage transition (ZVT) turn on

and zero current transition (ZCT) turn off are provided by

this active snubber cell. There is no extra current or

voltage stresses on the main switch. Also, zero current

switching (ZCS) turn on and ZCT turn off are provided

for the auxiliary switch. Although there is no extra

voltage stress on the auxiliary switch, a current stress is

present. However, auxiliary switch current stress is

decreased by coupling inductance. The coupling

inductance transfers the part of the current stress to the

output load according to the transform ratio. In this paper,

the ZVT–ZCT PWM dc–dc boost converter’s steadystate

analysis is proposed for one switching cycle.

Experimental application and theoretical analysis are

proved by 300 W prototype with 100 kHz switching

frequency. As a result, an improved ZVT–ZCT

PWMboost converter reaches 98.7% total efficiency at

full load with lowered current stress.

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26.

Analysis and

Implementation of an

Improved Flyback

Inverter for

Photovoltaic AC

Module Applications

Abstract—Flyback inverter has the advantages such as

compact conformation, simple control loop, electric

isolation, high step-up ratio, high efficiency, etc.,

therefore is an attractive solution for photovoltaic ac

module applications. In this topology, BCM is more

preferred compared to DCM and CCM, because of its

higher power level, higher efficiency and wider switching

frequency bandwidth. However, the control of BCM is

more complicated due to its variable switching frequency.

This also leads to the difficulty to get the accurate

mathematical model between the output current iout and

the reference current iref , which has a great influence on

the THD of iout . This paper analyzes and proposes a

mathematical model between iout and iref in BCM

through theoretical derivation, and proposes a novel

control strategy to generate the reference current that can

decrease THD of output current. Meanwhile the

realization of MPPT based on the mathematical model is

also investigated. Finally, simulation and experiment

results based on an improved fly back-inverter prototype

are presented, which validates the proposed mathematical

model and the control strategy.

2014

27.

Analysis of Unified

Output MPPT Control

in Subpanel PV

Converter System

Abstract—Photovoltaic (PV) systems frequently suffer

disproportionate impacts on energy production due to

mismatch cases. To remedy this, academia proposed a

distributed max power point tracking (MPPT) solution

and has been implemented commercially. Taking the

trend of the “distributed MPPT” concept a step further,

this paper discusses and analyzes an MPPT converter that

connects to each PV cell string, called a subpanel MPPT

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converter (SPMC), to better address the real-world

mismatch issues. The SPMC system with a unified output

MPPT control structure is also proposed in order to

reduce the cost and simplify the distributed MPPT system.

The proposal saves A/D units, current sensors, and MPPT

controllers on the premise of guaranteeing that the SPMC

is working on its optimal maximum power point

regardless of th mismatch case. This is favorable for the

further integration and makes the whole SPMC system

less expensive and easier to realize. Finally, the

effectiveness of the proposal is confirmed experimentally.

28.

Asymmetrical Grid

Fault Ride-Through

Strategy of Three-

Phase Grid-Connected

Inverter Considering

Network

ImpedanceImpact in

Low-Voltage Grid

Abstract—This letter presents a new control strategy of

three phase grid-connected inverter for the positive

sequence voltage recovery and negative sequence voltage

reduction under asymmetrical grid faults. Unlike the

conventional control strategy based on an assumption that

the network impedance is mainly inductive, the proposed

control strategy is more flexible and effective by

considering the network impedance impact, which is of

great importance for the high penetration of grid-

connected renewable energy systems into low-voltage

grids. The experimental tests are carried out to validate

the effectiveness of the proposed solution for the flexible

voltage support in a low-voltage grid, where the network

impedance is mainly resistive.

2014

29.

Class-D Zero-Current-

Switching Rectifier as

Power-Factor Corrector

for Lighting

Applications

Abstract—An analysis and design of a zero-current-

switching (ZCS) Class-D current-source driven rectifier

for the lighting applications is presented, which is one of

the resonant rectifiers as a power-factor corrector to

improve a poor power-factor and high line current

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harmonic of a single-stage converter. A high power factor

is achieved by the utilization of output characteristics of a

Class-D ZCS rectifier, which is inserted between the

front-end bridge rectifier and the bulk-filter capacitor. The

conduction angle of the bridge rectifier diode current was

increased and a low-line current harmonic and a power-

factor near unity can be obtained. The design procedure is

based on the principle of the Class-D ZCS rectifier, which

also ensures more accurate results and the proposed

scheme provides a high efficiency and amore systematic

and feasible analysis methodology. The active switches

can be operated under the soft-switching condition. The

validity of this approach was confirmed by simulation and

experimental results.

30.

Classification and

Comparative

Evaluation of PV

Panel-Integrated DC–

DC Converter

Concepts

Abstract—The strings of photovoltaic panels have a

significantly reduced power output when mismatch

between the panels occurs, as, e.g., caused by partial

shading. With mismatch, either the panel integrated

diodes are bypassing the shaded panels if the string is

operated at the current level of the un shaded panels, or

some power of the un shaded panels is lost if the string

current is reduced to the level of the shaded panels. With

the implementation of dc–dc converters on panel level,

the maximum available power can be extracted from each

panel regardless of any mismatch. In this paper, different

concepts of PV panel-integrated dc–dc converters are

presented and their suitability for panel integration is

evaluated. The buck–boost converter is identified as the

most promising concept and an efficiency/power density

(η-ρ) Pareto optimization of this topology is shown. Based

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on the optimization results, two 275W converter

prototypes with either Silicon MOSFETs with a switching

frequency of 100 kHz or gallium nitride FETs with a

switching frequency of 400 kHz are designed for an input

voltage range of 15 to 45 V and an output voltage range of

10 to 100 V. The theoretical considerations are verified by

efficiency measurements which are compared to the

characteristics of a commercial panel-integrated

converter.

31.

Common-Mode and

Differential-Mode

Active Damping for

PWM Rectifiers

Abstract—Modern pulse-width-modulated (PWM)

rectifiers use LCL filters that can be applied in both the

common mode and differential mode to obtain high-

performance filtering. Interaction between the passive L

and C components in the filter leads to resonance

oscillations. These oscillations need to be damped either

by the passive damping or active damping. The passive

damping increases power loss and can reduce the

effectiveness of the filter. Methods of active damping,

using control strategy, are lossless while maintaining the

effectiveness of the filters. In this paper, an active

damping strategy is proposed to damp the oscillations in

both line-to-line and line-to-ground. An approach based

on pole placement by the state feedback is used to actively

damp both the differential- and common-mode filter

oscillations. Analytical expressions for the state-feedback

controller gains are derived for both continuous and

discrete-time model of the filter. Tradeoff in selection of

the active damping gain on the lower order power

converter harmonics is analyzed using a weighted

admittance function. Experimental results on a 10-

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kVAlaboratory prototype PWM rectifier are presented.

The results validate the effectiveness of the active

damping method, and the tradeoff in the settings of the

damping gain.

32.

Comparative

Performance Analysis

of High Density and

Efficiency PFC

Topologies

Abstract—In this paper, the efficiency and power factor

performance of improved power factor correction (PFC)

topologies suitable for a high density and efficient design

are compared. Several topologies, including a

conventional average current mode control boost PFC, an

interleaved boost PFC, a back-to-back bridgeless boost

PFC, and a semi-bridgeless boost PFC, are assessed

through loss analysis and simulation using whole height 1

U and 2 kW class prototypes. Based on this, an optimal

topology is selected for which an additional comparative

analysis involving input line measure improvement

control is conducted. The results of these experiments can

be adapted for use in the circuit selection of high

performance converters with power factor improvement

circuits.

2014

33.

Control Strategy of

Three-Phase Battery

Energy Storage

Systems for Frequency

Support in Microgrids

and with Uninterrupted

Supply of Local Loads

Abstract—Frequency control in autonomous micro grids

(MG) with high penetration of renewable energy sources

represents a great concern to ensure the system stability.

In this regard, this paper presents an enhanced control

method for battery energy storage systems (BESS) to

support the frequency of MG and with the ability of

disconnecting from the MG to supplying in the island

mode a local consumer. A frequency controller,

combining a conventional droop control with an inertia

emulation function, governs the BESS active power

transfer during the primary frequency control level. The

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BESS may also provide voltage support in the point of

common coupling with the MG. Moreover, the proposed

BESS may compensate, partially or totally, the power

absorbed by the local loads in order to improve the MG

frequency response. When the MG power quality worsens

below a certain level, in terms of voltage and frequency,

the BESS detaches from the MG and continues to operate

islanded. The reconnection is accomplished following a

smoothly resynchronization of the local voltage with the

MG, without disturbing the local loads supply.

Additionally, this paper also discusses about the aspects

related to the BESS management and its integration

within the proposed system. The simulation and

experimental results assess the feasibility of the proposed

control solutions.

34.

Design and

Implementation of a

High-Efficiency

Multiple-Output

Resonant Converter for

Induction Heating

Applications Featuring

Wide Bandgap Devices

Abstract—Efficiency is a key design parameter when

designing the power converters for domestic induction

heating applications, since it determines not only the

environmental impact of the power converter but also its

final performance and reliability. In this paper, he design

of high-efficiency converters for induction heating

applications is discussed, focusing on the advantages of

using wide band gap devices. As a conclusion, a multiple-

output boost resonant ac–ac converter is proposed,

significantly improving current state of- the-art efficiency

and achieving a reduced component-count solution for

multiple-load systems. The proposed converter has been

tested through a dual-output boost resonant inverter for

domestic induction heating applications. The design

procedure is detailed, including the design of an

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optimized gate drive circuit for this application.

Experimental results show significant improvements in

efficiency in the whole operating range, and an accurate

output power control, proving the benefits and feasibility

of the proposed SiC-based converter.

35.

Design and

Implementation of a

High-Power-Factor

LED Driver With Zero-

Voltage Switching-On

Characteristics

Abstract—This paper proposes a novel light-emitting

diode (LED) driver consisting of a buck-boost converter

and a buck converter. Each converter adopts a power

MOSFET as the active switch. With no need to use any

auxiliary switches or snubber circuits, both active

switches can operate at zero-voltage switching on (ZVS)

by freewheeling the inductor current of the converters to

flow through the intrinsic diodes of the MOSFETS. The

buck-boost converter is operated at discontinuous-

conduction mode (DCM) to perform the function of

power-factor correction to ensure almost unity power

factor at the input line. The buck converter steps down the

output voltage of the buck-boost converter to drive LEDs.

It could be designed to operate at either DCM or

continuous conduction mode. The detailed circuit

operations and analysis are provided. A prototype 60-W

LED driver was built and tested. Experimental results

show that the switching losses can be effectively reduced

by operating the active switches at ZVS. The measured

power factor and circuit efficiency are as high as 0.99%

and 93%, respectively.

2014

36.

Design and

Implementation of

Energy Management

System With Fuzzy

Abstract—This paper presents the design and

implementation of an energy management system (EMS)

with fuzzy control for adc microgrid system. Modeling,

analysis, and control of distributed power sources and

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Control for DC

Microgrid Systems

energy storage devices with MATLAB/Simulink are

proposed, and the integrated monitoring EMS is

implemented with Lab VIEW. To improve the life cycle

of the battery, fuzzy control manages the desired state of

charge. The RS-485/ZigBee network has been designed to

control the operating mode and to monitor the values of

all subsystems in the dc microgrid system.

37.

Determining the Value

of DC-Link

Capacitance to Ensure

Stable Operation of a

Three-Phase

Photovoltaic Inverter

Abstract—Grid interfacing of photovoltaic generators

using three-phase inverters offers the advantage of

constant power flow allowing smaller capacitance values

to be used in the dc-link compared to single-phase

inverters. Electrolytic capacitors, used in the dc-link, are

often considered to decrease reliability. Reliability could

be improved by using film capacitors, but their usage is

limited by high cost and low capacitance. Much research

has been done to minimize the dc-link capacitance value,

particularly, in the field of drives and wind turbines. It has

been shown that motor drive in regenerative mode

contains a right-half-plane (RHP) pole in its control

dynamics having a significant effect on the required dc-

link capacitance. The RHP pole can cause instability as

has been observed in wind turbine applications.

Photovoltaic inverters have been reported to suffer from

instability of the dc-link-voltage control, but the origin of

the observed problems is poorly understood. This paper

shows explicitly that an RHP pole is present in the control

dynamics also in photovoltaic inverters affecting the

minimum required dc-link capacitance. The paper

proposes a minimum value for the dc-link capacitance that

is required for stable operation. Design rules are given for

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single- and two-stage inverters. Moreover, it is shown that

a source having constant power output effectively

removes the RHP pole from the dc-link-voltage control

dynamics.

38.

Development of an

FPGA-Based SPWM

Generator for High

Switching Frequency

DC/AC Inverters

Abstract—The digital implementations of Sinusoidal

Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) generators have

dominated over their counterparts based on analog

circuits. In this paper, an FPGA based SPWM generator is

presented, which is capable to operate at switching

frequencies up to 1 MHz (requiring FPGA operation at

100–160 MHz), thus it is capable to support the high

switching frequency requirements of modern single-phase

dc/ac power converters. The proposed design occupies a

small fraction of a medium-sized FPGA and, thus, can be

incorporated in larger designs. Additionally, it has a

flexible architecture that can be tuned to a variety of

single-phase dc/ac inverter applications. The post layout

simulation and experimental results confirm that

compared to the past-proposed SPWM generation

designs, the SPWM generator presented in this paper

exhibits much faster switching frequency, lower power

consumption, and higher accuracy of generating the

desired SPWM waveform.

2014

39.

Digital DCM Detection

and Mixed Conduction

Mode Control for

Boost PFC Converters

Abstract—This paper presents a novel mixed conduction

mode (MCM) digital controller with a digital signal

processor (DSP)- based discontinuous conduction mode

(DCM) detection technique to realize total harmonic

distortion (THD) and power factor improvements in boost

power factor correction (PFC) converters operating in

both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and DCM

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during a single ac line half-cycle. By using the integrated

comparators found on many DSPs, simplification and

cost-reductions over existing DCM and zero-current

detection methods are made possible. Additionally,

performance improvements over a conventional CCM

digital control technique are possible with simple software

modification, and can be extended to existing boost PFC

converter designs provided a compatible DSP is present.

At an output power of 98 W, an experimental 650 W

boost PFC converter operating in the MCM controlled by

a TMS320F28035 provides a THD reduction of 40.2%

and power factor improvement of 1.5% over a

conventional digital controller.

40.

Direct AC–AC

Resonant Boost

Converter for Efficient

Domestic Induction

Heating Applications

Abstract—Domestic induction heating (IH) is currently

the technology of choice in modern domestic applications

due to its advantages regarding fast heating time,

efficiency, and improved control. New design trends

pursue the implementation of new cost-effective

topologies with higher efficiency levels. In order to

achieve this aim, a direct ac–ac boost resonant converter

is proposed in this paper. The main features of this

proposal are the improved efficiency, reduced component

count, and proper output power control. A detailed

analytical model leading to closed-form expressions of the

main magnitudes is presented, and a converter design

procedure is proposed. In addition, an experimental

prototype has been designed and built to prove the

expected converter performance and the accurateness of

the analytical model. The experimental results are in good

agreement with the analytical ones and prove the

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feasibility of the proposed converter for the IH

application.

41.

Direct Grid Current

Control of LCL-

Filtered Grid-

Connected Inverter

Mitigating Grid

Voltage Disturbance

Abstract—A direct grid current control strategy for LCL-

filtered grid-connected inverters is proposed in this paper.

The conventional current control strategies are analyzed

and compared, and then the necessity of direct grid

current control is presented to mitigate the grid voltage

disturbance. In the proposed control strategy, the virtual

resistance based on the capacitance current is used to

realize active damping, zero compensation is brought in to

enhance the stability, and the proportional resonant (PR)

controller under two-phase static coordinate is designed to

track the ac reference current as well as to avoid the

strong coupling brought by the coordinate transformation.

Under the distortion grid voltage, the PR plus harmonic

compensator (PR+HC) structure is adopted to restrain the

distortion of the grid current. Finally, the proposed control

strategy is verified by the experimental results.

2014

42.

Direct Voltage Control

of DC–DC Boost

Converters Using

Enumeration-Based

Model Predictive

Control

Abstract—This paper presents a model predictive control

(MPC) approach for dc–dc boost converters. A discrete-

time switched nonlinear (hybrid) model of the converter is

derived, which captures both the continuous and the

discontinuous conduction mode. The controller synthesis

is achieved by formulating an objective function that is to

be minimized subject to the model dynamics. The

proposed MPC strategy, utilized as a voltage-mode

controller, achieves regulation of the output voltage to its

reference, without requiring a subsequent current control

loop. Furthermore, a state estimation scheme is

implemented that addresses load uncertainties and model

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mismatches. Simulation and experimental results are

provided to demonstrate the merits of the proposed

control methodology, which include a fast transient

response and a high degree of robustness.

43.

DTC of B4-Inverter-

Fed BLDC Motor

Drives With Reduced

Torque Ripple During

Sector-to-Sector

Commutations

Abstract—The paper deals with the direct torque control

(DTC) of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives fed by four-

switch inverters (also known as B4-inverters) rather than

six-switch inverters (also known as B6-inverters) in

conventional drives. The B4-inverter could be regarded as

a reconfigured topology of the B6-inverter in case of a

switch/leg failure which represents a crucial reliability

benefit for many applications especially in electric and

hybrid propulsion systems. The principle of operation of

the BLDC motor is firstly recalled considering both cases

of B6- and B4-inverters in the armature, with emphasis on

the two- and three-phase conduction modes. Then, the

DTC of B4-inverter-fed BLDC motor drives is treated

considering three strategies, such as: 1) DTC-1: a strategy

inspired from the one intended to B6-inverter-fed BLDC

motor drives; 2) DTC-2: a strategy that considers a

dedicated vector selection sub table in order to

independently control the torques developed by the phases

connected to the B4-inverter legs during their

simultaneous conduction; and 3) DTC-3: a proposed

strategy that eliminates the torque dips penalizing DTC-2

during sector-to sector commutations. Following the

design of the corresponding vector selection tables and

sub tables (if any), an experimentally based comparative

study of the three DTC strategies is carried out

considering, in the first step, the BLDC motor steady-state

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operation under DTC-1 and DTC-3. Then, the comparison

is extended to the BLDC motor features during sector-to-

sector commutations, underDTC-2 andDTC-3. The

experimental results clearly validate the predicted

performance of the proposed DTC strategy.

44.

Dual Angle Control for

Line-Frequency-

Switched Static

Synchronous

Compensators Under

System Faults

Abstract—Voltage-sourced converter (VSC)-based static

synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) are used for

voltage regulation in transmission and distribution

systems. Unlike PWM controlled STATCOMs, angle-

controlled STATCOMs are switched at line frequency to

limit the system losses. In recent years, angle controlled

STATCOMs have been deployed by utilities for the

purpose of transmission system voltage regulation,

voltage stability improvement, and increasing operational

functionality. Despite the superior feature on voltage

waveform quality and efficiency, the practical angle-

controlled STATCOMs suffer from the over current (and

trips) and possible saturation of the interfacing

transformers caused by negative sequence current during

unbalanced conditions and faults in the utility. This paper

specifically proposes a control structure to improve the

angle-controlled STATCOMs performance under

unbalanced conditions and faults. The main improvement

is a substantial decrease in the negative sequence current

and dc-link voltage oscillations under power system faults

by the proposed control. This eliminates the need to

redesign the STACOM power components to operate

under fault current and dc link voltage oscillations. The

proposed control structure is designed based on adding

appropriate oscillations to the conventional angle

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controller output that is the control angle by which the

VSC voltage vector leads/lags the line voltage vector.

Since this control structure uses two angles for controlling

the VSC output voltage, it is called dual angle control

(DAC). PSCAD/EMTDC and experimental results verify

the validity of the proposed control structure under

unbalanced system conditions and faults. The experiments

were conducted on a transient network analyzer, a unique

hardware-based flexible ac transmission system simulator

which was designed to study system faults and transients

for a 2 × 100 MVA STATCOM field installation.

45.

Ga-Optimized

Parameters of Sliding-

Mode Controller Based

on Both Output voltage

and Input Current With

an Application in the

PFC of AC/DC

Converters

Abstract—In this work, analysis and optimization of

sliding mode controller parameters are treated, in order to

govern a static power converter. In this case, an ac–dc

boost power factor corrector is used; generally, these

kinds of converters are applied to obtain a power factor

near to unity. Advantage that the designed controller can

give is the improvement of dynamic and static

performances in cases of large disturbances. Simple

sliding surface contains, in most cases, only one variable;

in this study, analyzed surface includes two variables,

which are continuous output voltage and rectified

sinusoidal input current; the benefit of this surface is

getting react against various disturbances, as be at the

input power parameters, or the value of the load. The

whole controller and converter is tested by simulation and

experimentally for steady-state and transient responses.

2014

46.

H6 Transformerless

Full-Bridge PV Grid-

Tied Inverters

Abstract—Transformer less inverters are widely used in

grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, due to the

benefits of achieving high efficiency and low cost.

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Various transformer less inverter topologies have been

proposed to meet the safety requirement of leakage

currents, such as specified in the VDE-4105 standard. In

this paper, a family of H6 transformer less inverter

topologies with low leakage currents is proposed, and the

intrinsic relationship between H5 topology, highly

efficient and reliable inverter concept (HERIC) topology,

and the proposed H6 topology has been discussed as well.

One of the proposed H6 inverter topologies is taken as an

example for detail analysis with operation modes and

modulation strategy. The power losses and power device

costs are compared among the H5, th HERIC, and the

proposed H6 topologies. A universal prototype is built for

these three topologies mentioned for evaluating their

performances in terms of power efficiency and leakage

currents characteristics. Experimental results show that

the proposed H6 topology and the HERIC achieve similar

performance in leakage currents, which is slightly worse

than that of the H5 topology, but it features higher

efficiency than that of H5 topology.

47.

High Efficiency Dual-

Mode Current

Modulation Method for

Low-Power DC/AC

Inverters

Abstract—Boundary conduction mode (BCM) zero

voltage switching (ZVS) current control is a promising

soft switching method for micro inverter applications. In

this letter, different BCM ZVS current control modulation

schemes are compared based on power losses breakdown,

switching frequency range, and current quality. Compared

to continuous conduction mode current control, BCM

ZVS control decreases MOSFET switching losses and

filter inductor conduction losses but increases MOSFET

conduction losses and inductor core losses. Based on the

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loss analysis, a dual-mode current modulation method

combining ZVS and zero current switching schemes is

proposed to improve the efficiency of the micro inverter.

The experimental results show that by using this proposed

current modulation scheme, higher efficiency of 0.5% can

be achieved with no additional cost for a 400-W three-

phase micro inverter.

48.

High Gain Soft-

Switching Bidirectional

DC–DC Converter for

Eco-Friendly Vehicles

Abstract—This paper proposes a non isolated soft-

switching bidirectional dc–dc converter suitable for high

step-up and step-down applications. The proposed

converter can achieve zero voltage switching turn on of

all switches and zero-current-switching turn off of some

switches in continuous conduction mode in both forward

and reverse modes. An optimized switching strategy is

presented to minimize switch current rating and achieve

soft switching in wider range. An intermediate switching

pattern is introduced to carry out seamless mode change.

Experimental results from a 5-kW prototype are provided

to validate the proposed concept.

2014

49.

High Power Density

Series Resonant

Inverter Using an

Auxiliary Switched

Capacitor Cell for

Induction Heating

Applications

Abstract—This paper proposes a unique topology of

voltage-fed high-frequency series load resonant inverter

with a lossless snubber capacitor and an auxiliary

switched cell for induction heating appliances. The main

objective of this paper is to demonstrate how high power

density can be achieved by including a switched capacitor

cell with the capacitor-clamped half-bridge zero voltage

switching high-frequency inverter circuit using the PWM

control scheme. The operation principle of the proposed

inverter circuit is based upon an asymmetrical duty cycle

pulse width modulated (PWM) control scheme. The

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operating performances of high-frequency ac regulation

and power conversion efficiency characteristics are shown

through experiments with their soft-switching operating

ranges.

50.

High Step-Up

Interleaved Converter

With Built-In

Transformer Voltage

Multiplier Cells for

Sustainable Energy

Applications

Abstract—In this paper, the built-in transformer voltage

multiplier cell is inserted into each phase of the

conventional interleaved boost converter to provide

additional control freedom for the voltage gain extension

without extreme duty cycle. The voltage multiplier cell is

only composed of the built-in transformer windings,

diodes and small capacitors. And additional active

switches are not required to simplify the circuit

configuration. Furthermore, the switch voltage stress and

the diode peak current are also minimized due to the built-

in transformer voltage multiplier cells to improve the

conversion efficiency. Moreover, there is no reverse-

recovery problem for the clamp diodes and the reverse

recovery current for the regenerative and output diodes

are controlled by the leakage inductance of the built-in

transformer to reduce the relative losses. In addition, the

switch turn-off voltage spikes are suppressed effectively

by the ingenious and inherent passive clamp scheme and

zero current switch (ZCS) turn-on is realized for the

switches, which can enhance the power device reliability.

Finally, a 40 V-input 380 V-output 1 kW prototype is

built to demonstrate the clear advantages of the proposed

converter.

2014

51.

High-Voltage Gain

Boost Converter Based

on Three-State

Abstract—This paper presents a novel high-voltage gain

boost converter topology based on the three-state

commutation cell for battery charging using PV panels

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Commutation Cell for

Battery Charging Using

PV Panels in a Single

Conversion Stage

and a reduced number of conversion stages. The presented

converter operates in zero-voltage switching (ZVS) mode

for all switches. By using the new concept of single-stage

approaches, the converter can generate a dc bus with a

battery bank or a photovoltaic panel array, allowing the

simultaneous charge of the batteries according to the

radiation level. The operation principle, design

specifications, and experimental results from a 500-W

prototype are presented in order to validate the proposed

structure.

52.

I2 Average Current

Mode Control for

Switching Converters

Abstract—Constant frequency average current mode

(ACM) control is a widely used control scheme for

converters requiring precise current control. However, its

transient response is relatively slow, while the switching

loss and driving loss significantly diminish the light load

efficiency. To solve these issues, the I2 control ACM is

proposed. By combining the fast direct current feedback

and integral feedback, the I2 control achieves both wide

bandwidth and accurate current control. As a particular

embodiment of this concept, by adopting constant on-time

modulation, constant on-time I2 control needs no artificial

ramp, and has a fast dynamic response. Moreover, due to

the decrease of the switching frequency, constant on-time

I2 control improves the efficiency in discontinuous

conduction mode. The concept of I2 control can be

extended to other modulations. A small-signal model

using the describing function- based equivalent circuit

model is proposed. The model is accurate up to 1/2

switching frequency. Based on the model, the design

guidelines are discussed. The proposed control is verified

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with simulation and hardware measurement results.

53.

Integrated

Inverter/Converter

Circuit and Control

Technique of Motor

Drives With Dual-

Mode Control for

EV/HEV Applications

Abstract—A new integrated circuit for motor drives with

dual mode control for EV/HEV applications is proposed.

The proposed integrated circuit allows the permanent

magnet synchronous motor to operate in motor mode or

acts as boost inductors of the boost converter, and thereby

boosting the output torque coupled to the same

transmission system or dc-link voltage of the inverter

connected to the output of the integrated circuit. In motor

mode, the proposed integrated circuit acts as an inverter

and it becomes a boost-type boost converter, while using

the motor windings as the boost inductors to boost the

converter output voltage. Moreover, a new control

technique for the proposed integrated circuit under boost

converter mode is proposed to increase the efficiency. The

proposed control technique is to use interleaved control to

significantly reduce the current ripple and thereby

reducing the losses and thermal stress under heavy-load

condition. In contrast, single phase control is used for not

invoking additional switching and conduction losses

under light-load condition. Experimental results derived

from digital-controlled 3-kW inverter/converter using

digital signal processing show the voltage boost ratio can

go up to 600Wto 3 kW. And the efficiency is 93.83%

under full-load condition while keeping the motor

temperature at the atmosphere level. These results fully

confirm the claimed merits for the proposed integrated

circuit.

2014

54. Isolated High Step-Up

DC–DC Converter

Abstract—Fuel cell stacks and photovoltaic panels

generate rather low dc voltages and these voltages need to

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With Low Voltage

Stress

be boosted before converted to ac voltage. Therefore, high

step-up ratio dc– dc converters are preferred in renewable

energy systems. A new Z-source-based topology that can

boost the input voltage to desired levels with low duty

ratios is proposed in this paper. The topology utilizes

coupled inductor. The leakage inductance energy can

efficiently be discharged. Since the device stresses are

low in this topology, low-voltage MOSFETs with small

RDS (on) values can be selected to reduce the conduction

loss. These features improve the converter efficiency.

Also, the converter has a galvanic steady-state analysis of

continuous and discontinuous conduction modes are

discussed in detail. Finally, experimental results are given

for a prototype converter that converts 25 V dc to 400 V

dc at various power levels with over 90% efficiency to

verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.

55.

Magnetic Integration of

the LCL Filter in Grid-

Connected Inverters

Abstract—This letter investigates the magnetic integration

of the LCL filter in grid-connected inverters. By sharing

an ungapped core and arranging the windings properly,

the fundamental fluxes generated by the two inductors of

an LCL filter cancel out mostly in the common core.

Thus, the common core with low flux level can be

dramatically reduced. Although the reluctance of the

common core can hardly be zero, which implies an

inevitable coupling between the integrated inductors, the

proposed magnetic integration scheme is still attractive if

the cross-section area and magnetic material of the

common core are made reasonable. Experimental results

from both single-phase and three-phase grid-connected

inverters verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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56.

Maximum Power Point

Tracking Using Model

Reference Adaptive

Control

Abstract—This paper proposes an adaptive control

architecture for maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

in photovoltaic systems. MPPT technologies have been

used in photovoltaic systems to deliver the maximum

available power to the load under changes of the solar

insolation and ambient temperature. To improve the

performance of MPPT, this paper develops a two-level

adaptive control architecture that can reduce complexity

in system control and effectively handle the uncertainties

and perturbations in the photovoltaic systems and the

environment. The first level of control is ripple correlation

control (RCC), and the second level is model reference

adaptive control (MRAC). By decoupling these two

control algorithms, the system achieves MPPT with

overall system stability. This paper focuses mostly on the

design of the MRAC algorithm, which compensates the

under damped characteristics of the power conversion

system. The original transfer function of the power

conversion system has time-varying parameters, and its

step response contains oscillatory transients that vanish

slowly. Using the Lyapunov approach, an adaption law of

the controller is derived for the MRAC system to

eliminate the under damped modes in power conversion.

It is shown that the proposed control algorithm enables

the system to converge to the maximum power point in

milliseconds.

2014

57.

Mode-Adaptive

Decentralized Control

for Renewable DC

Microgrid With

Abstract—A mode-adaptive decentralized control strategy

is proposed for the power management of a dc microgrid

with multiple renewable distributed generators and energy

storage systems. In the presented solution, the dc bus

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Enhanced Reliability

and Flexibility

voltage signal is used not only to enable power sharing

among different sources, but also to designate microgrid

operation modes and facilitate seamless mode transitions.

With this mode-adaptive operation mechanism, a greater

control freedom can be achieved than the conventional dc

voltage droop control scheme. More importantly, this

approach features fully self-disciplined regulation of

distributed converters without an extra control center or

communication link. Therefore, both reliability and

flexibility can be enhanced. Meanwhile, a novel mode

definition criterion is also provided to highlight the

special characteristics of the dc microgrid which is

different from an ac one. Three typical operation

conditions are summarized according to which type of

sources are dominating the power balance. Finally, the

effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified

experimentally based on a composite dc microgrid test

system.

58.

Model Reference

Adaptive Control-

Based Speed Control of

Brushless DC Motors

With Low-Resolution

Hall-Effect Sensors

Abstract—A control system with a novel speed estimation

approach based on model reference adaptive control

(MRAC) is presented for low cost brushless dc motor

drives with low-resolution hall sensors. The back EMF is

usually used to estimate speed. But the estimation result is

not accurate enough at low speeds because of the divided

voltage of stator resistors and too small back EMF.

Moreover, the stator resistor is always varying with the

motor’s temperature. A speed estimation algorithm based

on MRAC was proposed to correct the speed error

estimated by using back EMF. The proposed algorithm’s

most innovative feature is its adaptability to the entire

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speed range including low speeds and high speeds and

temperature and different motors do not affect the

accuracy of the estimation result. The effectiveness of the

algorithm was verified through simulations and

experiments.

59.

MPPT and Voltage

Balancing Control

With Sensing Only

Inductor Current for

Photovoltaic-Fed,

Three-Level, Boost-

TypeConverters

Abstract—In the literature, both photovoltaic voltage and

PV current need to be sensed to perform maximum power

point tracking (MPPT) control. For three-level boost

converter, both capacitor voltages need to be sensed and

an additional voltage balancing control loop is required to

balance the capacitor voltages. In this paper, the MPPT

control and the voltage balancing control with sensing

only inductor current is proposed. The provided

simulation and experimental results demonstrate the

proposed method.

2014

60.

New Extendable

Single-Stage Multi-

input DC–DC/AC

Boost Converter

Abstract—This paper presents a new extendable single-

stage multi-input dc–dc/ac boost converter. The proposed

structure comprises of two bidirectional ports in the

converter’s central part to interface output load and

battery storage, and several unidirectional input ports to

get powers from different input dc source. In fact, he

proposed topology consists of two sets of parallel dc– dc

boost converters, which are actively controlled to produce

two independent output voltage components. Choosing

two pure dc or two dc-biased sinusoidal values as the

converter reference voltages, situations of the converter

operating in two dc–dc and dc–ac modes are provided,

respectively. The proposed converter utilizes minimum

number of power switches and is able to step up the low-

level input dc voltages into a high-level output dc or ac

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voltage without needing any output filter. The converter

control system includes several current regulator loops for

input dc sources and two voltage regulator loops for

generating the desired output voltage components,

resulting in autonomously charging/discharging the

battery to balance the power flow. Due to the converter

inherent multi-input multi output control system, the

small signal model of the converter is extracted and then

the pole-placement control strategy via integral state

feedback is applied for achieving the converter control

laws. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed

converter and its control performance are verified by

simulation and experimental results.

61.

Novel Three-Port

Converter With High-

Voltage Gain

Abstract—In this paper, a novel three-port converter

(TPC) with high-voltage gain for stand-alone renewable

power system applications proposed. This converter uses

only three switches to achieve the power flow control.

Two input sources share only one inductor. Thus, the

volume can be reduced. Besides, the conversion ratio of

the converter is higher than other TPCs. Thus, the degree

of freedom of duty cycle is large. The converter can have

a higher voltage gain for both low-voltage ports with a

lower turns ratio and a reasonable duty ratio. The voltage

stress of switches is low; thus, conduction loss can be

further improved by adopting low Rds(on) switches.

Therefore, the converter can achieve a high conversion

ratio and high efficiency at the same time. The operation

principles, steady-state analysis, and control method of

the converter are presented and discussed. A prototype of

the proposed converter with a low input voltage 24 V for

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photovoltaic source, a battery port voltage 48 V, and an

output voltage 400 V is implemented to verify the

theoretical analysis. The power flow control of the

converter is also built and tested with a digital signal

processor.

62.

Optimal Trajectory

Control of LLC

Resonant Converters

for LED PWM

Dimming

Abstract—In this paper, a novel three-port converter

(TPC) with high-voltage gain for stand-alone renewable

power system applications is proposed. This converter

uses only three switches to achieve the power flow

control. Two input sources share only one inductor. Thus,

the volume can be reduced. Besides, the conversion ratio

of the converter is higher than other TPCs. Thus, the

degree of freedom of duty cycle is large. The converter

can have a higher voltage gain for both low-voltage ports

with a lower turns ratio and a reasonable duty ratio. The

voltage stress of switches is low; thus, conduction loss

can be further improved by adopting low Rds(on)

switches. Therefore, the converter can achieve a high

conversion ratio and high efficiency at the same time. The

operation principles, steady-state analysis, and control

method of the converter are presented and discussed. A

prototype of the proposed converter with a low input

voltage 24 V for photovoltaic source, a battery port

voltage 48 V, and an output voltage 400 V is implemented

to verify the theoretical analysis. The power flow control

of the converter is also built and tested with a digital

signal processor.

2014

63.

Parallel-Operation of

Discrete SiC BJTs in a

6-kW/250-kHz DC/DC

Abstract—This paper describes issues related to parallel

connection of SiC bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in

discrete packages. The devices are applied in a high-

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Boost Converter frequency dc/dc boost converter where the switching

losses significantly exceed the conduction losses. The

design and construction of the converter is discussed with

special emphasis on successful parallel-operation of the

discrete BJTs. All considerations are experimentally

illustrated by a 6-kW, 250-kHz boost converter (300

V/600 V). A special solution for the base-drive unit, based

on the dual-source driver concept, is also shown in this

paper. The performance of this driver and the current

sharing of the BJTs are both presented. The power losses

and thermal performance of the parallel-connected

transistors have been determined experimentally for

different powers and switching frequencies. An efficiency

of 8.23% (±0.02%)was measured using a calorimetric

setup, while the maximum temperature difference among

the four devices is 12 ◦C.

64.

Scalability of Quasi-

Hysteretic FSM-Based

Digitally Controlled

Single-Inductor Dual-

String Buck LED

Driver to Multiple

Strings

Abstract—There has been growing interest in single-

inductor multiple-output (SIMO) dc–dc converters due to

its reduced cost and smaller form factor in comparison

with using multiple single output converters. An

application for such a SIMO-based switching converter is

to drive multiple LED strings in a multichannel LED

display. This paper proposes a quasi-hysteretic finite-state

machine-based digitally controlled single-inductor dual-

output buck switching LED driver operating in

discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and extends it to

drive multiple outputs. Based on he time -multiplexing

control scheme in DCM, a theoretical upper limit of the

total number of outputs in a SIMO buck switching LED

driver for various backlight LED current values can be

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derived analytically. The advantages of the proposed

SIMO LED driver include reducing the controller design

complexity by eliminating loop compensation, driving

more LED strings without limited by the maximum LED

current rating, performing digital dimming with no

additional switches required, and optimization of local

bus voltage to compensate for variability of LED forward

voltage VF in each individual LED string with smaller

power loss. Loosely binned LEDs with arger VF variation

can, therefore, be used for reduced LED costs.

65.

Self-Compensation of

the Commutation

Angle Based on DC-

Link Current for High-

Speed Brushless DC

Motors With Low

Inductance

Abstract—As low-resolution position sensors, a high

placement accuracy of Hall-effect sensors is hard to

achieve. Accordingly, a commutation angle error is

generated. The commutation angle error will inevitably

increase the loss of the low inductance motor and even

cause serious consequence, which is the abnormal

conduction of a freewheeling diode in the unexcited phase

especially at high speed. In this paper, the influence of the

commutation angle error on the power loss for the high-

speed brushless dc motor with low inductance and non

ideal back electromotive force in a magnetically

suspended control moment gyro (MSCMG) is analyzed in

detail. In order to achieve low steady-state loss of an

MSCMG for space application, a raight forward method

of self-compensation of commutation angle based on dc-

link current is proposed. Both simulation and

experimental results confirm the feasibility and

effectiveness of the proposed method.

2014

66. Sensorless Control of

BLDC Motor Drive for

Abstract—This paper develops the brushless dc (BLDC)

motor sensorless control system for an automotive fuel

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an Automotive Fuel

Pump Using a

Hysteresis Comparator

pump. The sensorless techniques that are based on a

hysteresis comparator and a potential start-up method

with a high starting torque are suggested. The hysteresis

comparator is used to compensate for the phase delay of

the back EMFs due to a low-pass filter (LPF) and also

prevent multiple output transitions from noise or ripple in

the terminal voltages. The rotor position is aligned at

standstill for maximum starting torque without an

additional sensor and any information of motor

parameters. Also, the stator current can be easily adjusted

by modulating the pulse width of the switching devices

during alignment. Some experiments are implemented on

a single chip DSP controller to demonstrate the feasibility

of the suggested sensorless and start-up techniques.

67.

Single Power-

Conversion AC–DC

Converter With High

Power Factor and High

Efficiency

Abstract—This paper proposes a single power-conversion

ac–dc converter with high power factor and high

efficiency. The proposed converter is derived by

integrating a full-bridge diode rectifier and a series-

resonant active-clamp dc–dc converter. To obtain a high

power factor without a power factor correction circuit,

this paper proposes a novel control algorithm. The

proposed converter provides single power-conversion by

using the novel control algorithm for both power factor

correction and output control. Also, the active-clamp

circuit clamps the surge voltage of switches and recycles

the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the

transformer. Moreover, it provides zero-voltage turn-on

switching of the switches. Also, a series-resonant circuit

of the output-voltage doubler removes the reverse-

recovery problem of the output diodes. The proposed

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converter provides maximum power factor 0.995 and

maximum efficiency of 95.1% at the full load. The

operation principle of the converter is analyzed and

verified. Experimental results for a 400 W ac–dc

converter at a constant switching frequency of 50 kHz are

obtained to show the performance of the proposed

converter.

68.

Single-Phase High

Step-up Converter

With Improved

Multiplier Cell Suitable

for Half-Bridge-Based

PVInverter System

Abstract—In this paper, a single-phase high step-up

converter is proposed, designed not only to boost the

relatively low photovoltaic (PV) voltage to a high bus

voltage with high efficiency, but also to offer a neutral

point terminal for the half-bridge-based inverters. First

and foremost, two symmetrical high step-up converters

are combined and integrated to derive an improved

converter with neutral point terminal, which is strongly

expected for the half bridge-based inverters. Secondly, the

voltage gain of the converter is extended and the narrow

turn-off period is avoided by using the coupled inductor

multiplier. Furthermore, the coupled inductor multiplier

reduces the voltage stress of all the power devices. As a

result, the low voltage-rated power devices can be

employed to minimize the conduction losses. More

importantly, all the active switches work in the zero-

voltage-switching condition, which reduces the switching

losses effectively. All these factors improve the circuit

performance in the high step-up applications, especially

for the half-bridge based PV inverter systems. Finally, the

experimental results from a 500W, 48 –760 V prototype

at 100 kHz switching frequency are provided to verify the

effectiveness of the proposed converter. The highest

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efficiency of the prototype is 96.5% and the efficiency is

over 94% in a wide load range.

69.

Soft-Switching

Current-Fed Push–Pull

Converter for 250-W

AC Module

Applications

Abstract—In this paper, a soft-switching single-inductor

push–pull converter is proposed. A push–pull converter is

suitable forlow-voltage photovoltaic ac module systems,

because the step-up ratio of the high-frequency

transformer is high, and the number of primary-side

switches is relatively small. However, the conventional

push–pull converter does not have high efficiency because

of high-switching losses due to hard switching and

transformer losses (copper and iron losses) as a result of

the high turn ratio of the transformer. In the proposed

converter, primary-side switches are turned ON at the

zero-voltage switching condition and turned OFF at the

zero-current switching condition through parallel

resonance between the secondary leakage inductance of

the transformer and a resonant capacitor. The proposed

push–pull converter decreases the switching loss using

soft switching of the primary switches. In addition, the

turn ratio of the transformer can be reduced by half using

a voltage-doubler of secondary side. The theoretical

analysis of the proposed converter is verified by

simulation and experimental results.

2014

70.

Space Vector

Pulsewidth Amplitude

Modulation for a

Buck–Boost

Voltage/Current Source

Inverter

Abstract—This paper proposes a space vector pulsewidth

amplitude modulation (SVPWAM) method for a buck–

boost voltage/current source inverter. For a voltage source

inverter, the switching loss is reduced by 87%, compared

to a conventional sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation

(SPWM) method. For a current source inverter, the

switching loss is reduced by 60%. In both cases, the

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power density is increased by a factor of 2 to 3. In

addition, it is also verified that the output harmonic

distortions of SVPWAM is lower than SPWM, by only

using one-third switching frequency of the latter one. A 1-

kW boost-converter-inverter prototype has been built and

tested using this modulation method. The maximum

overall system efficiency of 96.7% has been attained at

full power rating. The whole system power density

reaches 2.3 kW/L and 0.5 kW/lb. The numbers are

remarkable at this power rating.As a result, it is feasible to

use SVPWAM to make the buck–boost inverter suitable

for applications that require high efficiency, high power

density, high temperature, and low cost. Such applications

include electric vehicle motor drive or engine

starter/alternator.

71.

Supervisory Control of

an Adaptive-Droop

Regulated DC

Microgrid With Battery

Management

Capability

Abstract—DC power systems are gaining an increasing

interest in renewable energy applications because of the

good matching with dc output type sources such as

photovoltaic (PV) systems and secondary batteries. In this

paper, several distributed generators (DGs) have been

merged together with a pair of batteries and loads to form

an autonomous dc microgrid (MG). To overcome the

control challenge associated with coordination of multiple

batteries within one stand-alone MG, a double-layer

hierarchical control strategy was proposed. 1) The unit-

level primary control layer was established by an adaptive

voltage-droop method aimed to regulate the common bus

voltage and to sustain the states of charge (SOCs) of

batteries close to each other during moderate

replenishment. The control of every unit was expanded

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with unit-specific algorithm,i.e., finish-of-charging for

batteries and maximum powerpoint tracking (MPPT) for

renewable energy sources, with which a smooth online

overlap was designed and 2) the supervisory control layer

was designed to use the low-bandwidth communication

interface between the central controller and sources in

order to collect data needed for adaptive calculation of

virtual resistances (VRs) as well as transit criteria for

changing unit-level operating modes. A small-signal

stability for the whole range of VRs. The performance of

developed control was assessed through experimental

results.

72.

Switching Frequency

Derivation for the

Cascaded Multilevel

Inverter Operating in

Current Control Mode

Using Multiband

Hysteresis Modulation

Abstract—In this paper, a generalized expression of the

switching frequency is obtained for the cascaded H-bridge

multilevel inverter tracking a reference current. The

inverter is considered connected to the grid and operates

in current control mode using the generalized algorithm of

multiband hysteresis modulation. The results are derived

based on the time-domain current error dynamics which is

applicable for any levels of the cascaded multilevel

inverter. The generalized expression explicitly shows the

relationship between the instantaneous switching

frequency with the net hysteresis band, system

parameters, and number of levels. The expression can be

used for the determination of the net hysteresis band

required for a given desired effective maximum switching

frequency for the multiband hysteresis modulation. The

value of maximum, minimum, and average switching

frequencies can be obtained from the instantaneous

switching frequency expression. The results are useful for

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the design of the multiband hysteresis controller for

tracking of the desired reference current and can be used

to evaluate the performance characteristics of the

multilevel inverter. The simulation and experimental

verification of the results are obtained through single-

phase, three- and five-level cascaded H-bridge inverters.

73.

Switching Strategy

Based on Model

Predictive Control of

VSI to Obtain High

Efficiency and

Balanced Loss

Distribution

Abstract—This paper proposes the switching strategy

based on finite control set model predictive control (FCS-

MPC) method, to reduce switching losses and obtain

balanced loss distribution of the voltage-source inverters

(VSIs). Unlike the conventional FCSMPC method with

no explicit information of the reference voltage, the

developed voltage-based FCS-MPC scheme produces the

future reference voltage vector with the Lyapunov

function every sampling period. With information of both

the future reference voltage and the future load current

vectors, the proposed switching strategy instantaneously

determines one optimum clamped phase among the three

legs in the VSI every sampling period. By optimally

determining the clamping phase and its duration on the

basis of every sampling period, the proposed switching

strategy can successfully reduce the VSI switching losses.

In addition, the proposed switching method can yield a

balanced loss distribution among the switches in the VSI,

contrary to the conventional FCSMPC. The balanced loss

generation as well as the switching loss reduction by the

proposed method, which is optimal at the sampling period

scale, is directly incorporated with the platform of the

FCS-MPC algorithm, since the FCS-MPC operates on the

basis of the sampling period. Thus, the proposed

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switching operation based on the voltage-based FCS-

MPC algorithm enables the future VSI output currents to

track the future reference current vector, as well as results

in the reduced switching losses and the balanced loss

performance.

74.

Synthesis of Canonical

Elements for Power

Processing in DC

Distribution Systems

Using Cascaded

Converters and Sliding-

Mode Control

Abstract—Switched power converters are used to

interface the dc output in modern distributed power

generation systems, which are usually aggregated to the

main grid to yield the necessary power using

interconnected modules. Synthesis, modeling, and

stability analysis of interconnected systems using

cascaded converters working under sliding-mode control

are considered in this paper. A systematic procedure to

synthesize cascaded connection of dc–dc boost converters

is introduced. The approach is based on making each

module to behave as a suitable canonical element for

power processing. Three different elements are

considered, which are the dc power gyrator, the dc

transformer, and the dc loss-free resistor. These canonical

elements are designed by means of a sliding-mode control

theory and then their dynamic behavior is studied in

detail.The sliding-mode conditions for each case are

derived in closed form to obtain design-oriented criteria

for selecting the parameters of the system. The

aforementioned canonical elements are compared to select

the most suitable one for a distributed power system.

Simulation results ensure the correctness of the proposed

approach. Experimental measurements corroborate the

theoretical predictions and the numerical simulations.

2014

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Single-Phase Universal

Active Power Filter for

Harmonic and Reactive

Power Compensation

harmonic and reactive power compensation for single-

phase systems applications. The proposed system is a

combination of parallel and series active filters without

transformer. It is suitable for applications where size and

weight are critical factors. The model of the system is

derived and it is shown that the circulating current

observedin the proposed active filter is an important

quantity that must be controlled. A complete control

system, including pulsewidth modulation (PWM)

techniques, is developed. Comparisons between the

structures are made from weighted total harmonic

distortion (WTHD). The steady-state analysis is also

presented in order to demonstrate the possibility to obtain

an optimum voltage angle reducing the current amplitude

of both series and parallel converters and, consequently,

the total losses of the system. Simulated and experimental

results validate the theoretical considerations.

2014

76.

Two- and Three-

Dimensional

Omnidirectional

Wireless Power

Transfer

Abstract—Non identical current control methods for 2-

and 3-D omnidirectional wireless power systems are

described. The omnidirectional power transmitter enables

acmagnetic flux to flowing all directions and coil

receivers to pick up energy in any position in the

proximity of the transmitter. It can be applied to wireless

charging systems for low-power devices such as radio-

frequency identification devices and sensors. Practical

results on 2-D and 3-D systems have confirmed the

omnidirectional power transfer capability.

2014

77.

Universal Digital

Controller for Boost

CCM Power Factor

Abstract—Continuous conduction mode power factor

correction (PFC) without input current measurement is a

step forward with respect to previously proposed PFC

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Correction Stages

Based on Current

Rebuilding Concept

digital controllers. Inductor volt-second (vsL)

measurement in each switching period enables digital

estimation of the input current; however, an accurate

compensation of the small errors in the measured vsL is

required for the estimation to match the actual current.

Otherwise, they are accumulated every switching period

over the half-line cycle, leading to an appreciable current

distortion. A vsL estimation method isproposed,

measuring the input (vg ) and output voltage (vo).

Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) occurs near input

line zero crossings and is detected by measuring the drain-

to-source MOSFET voltage vds. Parasitic elements cause

a small difference between the estimated voltage across

the inductor based on input and output voltage

measurements and the actual one, which must be taken

into account to estimate the input current in the proposed

sensorless PFC digital controller. This paper analyzes the

current estimation error caused by errors in the ON-time

estimation, voltage measurements, and the parasitic

elements. A new digital feedback control with high

resolution is also proposed. It cancels the difference

between DCM operation time of the real input current, (T

g DCM) and the estimated DCM time (T reb DCM).

Therefore, the current estimation is calibrated using

digital signals during operation in DCM. A fast feed

forward coarse time error compensation is carried out

with the measured delay of the drive signal, and a fine

compensation is achieved with a feedback loop that

matches the estimated and real DCM time. The digital

controller can be used in universal applications due to the



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ability of the DCM time feedback loop to autotune based

on the operation conditions (power level, input voltage,

output voltage. . .), which improves the operation range in

comparison with previous solutions. Experimental results

are shown for a 1-kW boost PFC converter over a wide

power and voltage range.

78.

Virtual Impedance-

Based Selective

Harmonic

Compensation (VI-

SHC) PWM for

Current Source

Rectifiers

Abstract—To mitigate the line current harmonics of a

highpower current source rectifier (CSR) system, the

selective harmonic elimination (SHE) scheme is

frequently used due to its low switching frequency and

superior harmonic performance. However, the SHE

scheme only focuses on the harmonics generated by the

converter itself. It cannot cope with the line current

harmonics caused by the background grid voltage

harmonics. In this paper, a selective harmonic

compensation scheme using the virtual impedance

concept (VI-SHC) is presented. This method compensates

for the preexisting grid background harmonics using only

the line current measurement, and provides superior line

current harmonic performance. The proposed method

does not require measuring the grid voltage harmonics

(which are typically low), does not rely on an accurate

CSR system model, and therefore is very robust for

practical implementation. This PWM control scheme has

been verified by real-time experiments on a CSR

prototype.

2014

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Engineering