[ieee 2012 ieee thirteenth international vacuum electronics conference (ivec) - monterey, ca, usa...
TRANSCRIPT
Photomodulated Carbon Nanotubes Cold Cathode
Laurent Gangloff1, Stéphane Xavier1, Christophe Bourat2, Nicolas Martinez2, Jean-Paul Mazellier1, Jean-Philippe Schnell1, Kenneth Teo3, Pascal Ponard2 and
Pierre Legagneux1 1Thales Research and Technology, Thales, Palaiseau, France
2Thales Electron Devices, Thales, Thonon, France
3Aixtron, Cambridge, UK
Abstract: This paper presents the fabrication and
characterization of carbon nanotubes cold cathodes and
their improvement to photocathodes by adding p-i-n
photodiodes in the device structure. Integration and
operation of carbon nanotubes based photocathodes in
prototype of dual x-ray tube is presented.
Keywords: carbon nanotubes; photocathodes; field
emission ; x-ray ; microwave amplifiers.
Introduction Cold cathodes are promising electron sources to replace
thermoionic cathodes currently used in microwave tubes.
They present many advantages compared to thermoionics
cathode : compact, low weight, less power consumption
and low heat generation, easier modulation. The use of
carbon nanotubes (CNT) as field emitters for cold cathode
has generated lot of attractiveness around the world
because of their unusual properties. Growth of vertically
aligned CNT has been achieved by many groups and field
emission up to 100µA(1)
for individual CNTs has been
demonstrated opening the way to realize cold cathode with
very large current emission capabilities required for
travelling waves tubes (TWTs).
The carbon nanotube cathode
We have grown vertically aligned CNTs by plasma
enhanced chemical vapour deposition. The design of the
CNTs array is controlled by the position of Ni catalyst dots
previously deposited. Standard arrangement is network of
1µm diameter and 7nm thick Ni dots, hexagonally packed
in a circular array of 1mm diameter. These Ni dots are
deposited on a TiN layer which role is to prevent the
diffusion of the catalyst into the silicon substrate when it is
heated at high temperature. The vertical growth occurs on
these Ni dots when the substrate is heated and located in a
plasma phase containing carbon and carbon etching species (2)
(Figure 1). After growth, CNT cathodes are installed in a
high vacuum chamber and tested in triode configuration.
Current up to 4mA have been obtained in DC mode
corresponding to 0.5 A/cm² (Figure 2). CNT growth and
field emission results will be presented and discussed.
Figure 1 : SEM images of vertically aligned CNT
0,00E+00
5,00E+06
1,00E+07
1,50E+07
2,00E+07
2,50E+07
1,E-04 1,E-03 1,E-02 1,E-01 1,E+00
J tot max [A/cm^2]
Ch
am
p m
ax
[V
/m]
E (V/m) - L0504
E (V/m) - L0602
E (V/m) - K250611b
E (V/m) - I0301
E (V/m) - I0401
E (V/m) - I0101
E (V/m) - L0902
Figure 2 : Current density (x-axis) obtained for different cathodes (up to 0.5 A/cm²)
The carbon nanotube photocathode
By implementing p-i-n diodes acting as photoswitches in
the device structure we move from the cathode to the
photocathode. Photocathodes are especially interesting
because the field emitted electron beam can be modulated
by a laser beam instead of modulating the extraction
voltage as in conventional tubes. Basically, the CNT
photocathode consists of an array of vertically aligned
437978-1-4673-0369-9/12/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE
CNTs, as described previously, associated with individual
p-i-n photodiodes (3)
(Figure 3 and 4).
Figure 3 : Photocathode structure
CNT
Si substrate
Photodiode
area
Figure 4 : SEM picture of CNT grown on p-i-n photodiodes
Using such photocathodes we have fabricated and run the
first prototype of optically driven stereoscopic x-rays
device based on carbon nanotube (CNT) photocathodes.
The prototype is composed of 2 independently controlled
x-ray sources. As conventional x-ray system, high voltage
(up to 130kV) is applied between the photocathode and the
anode to obtain field emission current from the CNT array
and to generate x-rays on the tungsten coated window.
Current up to 1mA for a 1mm emission area has been
obtained with ON/OFF ratio of 5 to 10. Innovative idea of
this project is the use of photocathodes as electron source
AND for x-ray modulation allowing galvanic insulation,
fast switching and accurate control of the emission
current/x-ray dose. We will present fabrication of the
photocathodes with associated field emission
measurements and will show first images obtained using
such photocathodes based x-ray dual sources system.
X-ray ON
X-ray OFF
Figure 5 : Prototype of the dual x-ray tube with two satellites integrating photocathodes modulated by the laser beam
Figure 6 : X-ray images simultaneously obtained with the dual source at two different viewing angles
Acknowledgements
The work was partially funded by the E.C. and French
National Agency (ANR) respectively through the
TECHNOTUBES and SPIDERS projects.
References 1. M Chhowalla, K B K Teo, C Ducati, N L Rupesinghe,
G A J Amaratunga, A C Ferrari, D Roy, J Robertson
and W I Milne, “Growth process conditions of
vertically aligned carbon nanotubes using plasma
enhanced chemical vapor deposition”, Journal of
Applied Physics 90, pp 5308-5317,(2001).
2. Minoux E, Groening O, Teo KB, Dalal SH, Gangloff
L, Schnell JP, Hudanski L, Bu IY, Vincent P,
Legagneux P, Amaratunga GA, Milne WI, “Achieving
high-current carbon nanotube emitters”, Nanoletters,
Vol. 5, no 11, pp 2135-2138, November 2005
3. Hudanski L, Minoux E, Gangloff L, Teo KB, Schnell
JP, Xavier S, Robertson J, Milne WI, Pribat D,
Legagneux P., “Carbon nanotube based
photocathodes”, Nanotechnology, 2008 March 12, 19
(10) : 105201
438