identifying and understanding north american carbon cycle...
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Identifying and Understanding Carbon Cycle Implications of NorthAmerican Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances: 1982-2005
Progress ReportNRA-04-OES-01
Identifying and Understanding Carbon Cycle Implications of NorthAmerican Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances: 1982-2005
Progress ReportNRA-04-OES-01
Christopher S.R. NeighCompton J. TuckerG. James Collatz
Goddard Space Flight CenterHydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory
Code 614.4
Christopher S.R. NeighCompton J. TuckerG. James Collatz
Goddard Space Flight CenterHydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory
Code 614.4
Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle
North American Carbon Sink, What controls it???North American Carbon Sink, What controls it???
Bousquet, et al. 1999, Pacala, S.W., et al., 2001, Caspersen, et al., 2000, Hicke, J.A., et al., 2004Bousquet, et al. 1999, Pacala, S.W., et al., 2001, Caspersen, et al., 2000, Hicke, J.A., et al., 2004
Schematic of Research Objectives
Identifiedcauses ofChange
Identifiedcauses ofChange
Identifiedregions ofChange
Identifiedregions ofChange
Identifiedamounts of
Carbon Change
Identifiedamounts of
Carbon Change
NDVINDVI
ClimateClimate
anomalyanomaly
CASABiogeochemistryModel
CASABiogeochemistryModel
Bi-monthlyBi-monthly
CarbonNPPNEPNBP
CarbonNPPNEPNBP
Landsat Land Cover ETM+ 2000TM 1990MSS 1975
Landsat Land Cover ETM+ 2000TM 1990MSS 1975
NDVI = (NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS)
VIS = Channel 1 (0.55-0.68µm)NIR = Channel 2 (0.73-1.1µm)
8km pixel resolution1982-> Present
NDVI = (NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS)
VIS = Channel 1 (0.55-0.68µm)NIR = Channel 2 (0.73-1.1µm)
8km pixel resolution1982-> Present
GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1982-1991GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1982-1991
GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1992-2003GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1992-2003
GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1982-2005GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1982-2005
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Landsat Classification Methods:Landsat Classification Methods:
Geocover OrthorectifiedLandsat TM (i.e., ETM+)
All Bands 1(0.45-0.52µm), 2 (0.52-0.6), 3 (0.63-0.69), 4 (0.76-0.90), 5 (1.551.75) & 7(2.08-2.35)
28.5 m spatial resolutionLandsat MSS
All bands: 1 (0.5-0.6 µm), 2 (0.6-0.7), 3 (0.7-0.8), & 4 (0.8-1.1)57 m spatial resolution
Geocover OrthorectifiedLandsat TM (i.e., ETM+)
All Bands 1(0.45-0.52µm), 2 (0.52-0.6), 3 (0.63-0.69), 4 (0.76-0.90), 5 (1.551.75) & 7(2.08-2.35)
28.5 m spatial resolutionLandsat MSS
All bands: 1 (0.5-0.6 µm), 2 (0.6-0.7), 3 (0.7-0.8), & 4 (0.8-1.1)57 m spatial resolution
Classified using Isodata Clustering & Multidate Tassel Cap Transformation
IGBP Land Cover ClassesNeedleleaf evergreenMixed Needle leaf evergreen Broadleaf DeciduousBroadleaf DeciduousDwarf Trees and ShrubsShort Vegetation GrasslandAgriculture C3 VegetationWaterBarrenClouds and Snow
Classified using Isodata Clustering & Multidate Tassel Cap Transformation
IGBP Land Cover ClassesNeedleleaf evergreenMixed Needle leaf evergreen Broadleaf DeciduousBroadleaf DeciduousDwarf Trees and ShrubsShort Vegetation GrasslandAgriculture C3 VegetationWaterBarrenClouds and Snow
www.landcover.org
Landsat Classification Methods:Landsat Classification Methods:
ISODATAISODATAInterpret/ Recode
Interpret/ Recode
2000 Leaf-on2000 Leaf-on2000 Land Cover2000 Land Cover
Mask Change on 2000 ClassificationMask Change on 2000 ClassificationMultidate Tassel Cap Multidate Tassel Cap
2000B,G,W2000B,G,W
1990B,G,W1990B,G,W
1975B,G,W1975B,G,W
ISODATAISODATA
Identify Change
Clusters
Identify Change
Clusters
20002000
19901990
Landsat Land Cover Results for the Yukon
Note: current results are illustrative and not yet validated
Yukon & Northwest Territories Land Cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss
20001990
Yukon & Northwest Territories Land Cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss
20001990
20002000
Landsat Land Cover Results for Northern Saskatchewan
19751975
Note: current results are illustrative and not yet validated
19901990
Northern Saskatchewan Land Cover
012345678
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss
200019901975
Northern Saskatchewan Land Cover
012345678
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss
200019901975
Hectares burned for all of Saskatchewan from the Canadian Forest ServiceHectares burned for all of Saskatchewan from the Canadian Forest Service
Saskatchewan Fire Disturbance Trends
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Year
Hec
tare
s
Saskatchewan Fire Disturbance Trends
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
Year
Hec
tare
s
Landsat Land Cover Results for Quebec
Note: current results are illustrative and not yet validated
Quebec Land Cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss
20001990
Quebec Land Cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss
20001990
20002000
19901990
Note: current results are illustrative and not yet validated
Newfoundland & Labrador Land Cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss20001990
Newfoundland & Labrador Land Cover
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nee
dlel
eaf E
verg
reen
Mix
edBr
oadl
eaf/N
eedl
elea
fEv
ergr
een
Broa
dlea
f Dec
idou
s
Dw
arf T
rees
Shr
ubs
Shor
t Veg
etat
ion/
C4
Gra
ssla
nd
Agric
ultu
re/C
3G
rass
land
Wat
er
Barr
en
Clo
ud
Mill
ions
IGBP classes
Hec
tare
ss20001990
Landsat Land Cover Results for Labrador and Newfoundland
20002000
19901990
Land Cover Summary
Observed Land Cover change:Northern Saskatchewan & Quebec
Reduction in needle leaf evergreen forestsRegeneration following fire or logging
Observed Land Cover change:Northern Saskatchewan & Quebec
Reduction in needle leaf evergreen forestsRegeneration following fire or logging
Minimal changes in Land Cover:Yukon/Northwest Territories & Newfoundland/Labrador
Minimal changes in Land Cover:Yukon/Northwest Territories & Newfoundland/Labrador
Carbon, Succession, & NDVICarbon, Succession, & NDVI
After the initial “Disturbance” it has been noted net primary productivity exceeds respired carbon for ~120 years into the future creating a Carbon Pool
After the initial “Disturbance” it has been noted net primary productivity exceeds respired carbon for ~120 years into the future creating a Carbon Pool
8/27/1989, NDVI8/27/1989, NDVI
8/27/1989, 453-RGB8/27/1989, 453-RGB
6/01/2001, NDVI6/01/2001, NDVI6/01/2001, 453-RGB6/01/2001, 453-RGB
Daily Meteorological Station DataDaily Meteorological Station Data
Climate Indices
Temperature Extremes- Number of days above 0 C and 32.2 CEasterling et al. 1997
Growing Season Length – First appearance of five consecutive days above 5 C to the last apperance of five consecutive days below 5 C
Peterson and Folland 2000, Frich et al. 2002 , Robeson et al. 2002
Frost Days – Defined as the number of days in a year with the daily minimum air temperature equal to or below 0 C
Feng et al. 2004, Robeson et al. 2004
Frost Free Days – Defined as the number of days between the last frost day in spring and the first frost day in Autumn of the same year
Feng et al. 2004, Robeson et al. 2004
Extreme Precipitation- Number of Days exceeding 50.8 mm annually (2 inches)Karl 1996
Temperature Extremes- Number of days above 0 C and 32.2 CEasterling et al. 1997
Growing Season Length – First appearance of five consecutive days above 5 C to the last apperance of five consecutive days below 5 C
Peterson and Folland 2000, Frich et al. 2002 , Robeson et al. 2002
Frost Days – Defined as the number of days in a year with the daily minimum air temperature equal to or below 0 C
Feng et al. 2004, Robeson et al. 2004
Frost Free Days – Defined as the number of days between the last frost day in spring and the first frost day in Autumn of the same year
Feng et al. 2004, Robeson et al. 2004
Extreme Precipitation- Number of Days exceeding 50.8 mm annually (2 inches)Karl 1996
Climate TrendsClimate Trends
North West Territories/YukonMarked increase growing season length (90s)& Marked decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)
Warmer
Northern SaskatchewanIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)
Decline in precipitation (80s & 90s)Small decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)
Warmer & Dryer
Southern Saskatchewan/DakotasIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)
Increase in Precipitation (90s)
Warmer & Wetter
North West Territories/YukonMarked increase growing season length (90s)& Marked decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)
Warmer
Northern SaskatchewanIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)
Decline in precipitation (80s & 90s)Small decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)
Warmer & Dryer
Southern Saskatchewan/DakotasIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)
Increase in Precipitation (90s)
Warmer & Wetter
Texas/Oklahoma Pan HandleNo Marked Changes
Southern QuebecSlight increase in growing season length (80s & 90s)
Slight decline in snow depth (90s)
Newfoundland/LabradorMarked increase in growing season length (90s)
Decline in snow depth (90s)
Warmer
Texas/Oklahoma Pan HandleNo Marked Changes
Southern QuebecSlight increase in growing season length (80s & 90s)
Slight decline in snow depth (90s)
Newfoundland/LabradorMarked increase in growing season length (90s)
Decline in snow depth (90s)
Warmer
Next Steps (Work in Progress…)
• Quantify Climate Disturbances • Complete Land Cover Maps• Validate Land Cover Maps • CASA Biogeochemical Modeling
• Quantify Climate Disturbances • Complete Land Cover Maps• Validate Land Cover Maps • CASA Biogeochemical Modeling
Theoretical model of Proposed Research Tasks
LCLUCLCLUC
NDVINDVI
ClimateClimate
anomalyanomaly
MrSIDMrSID
Landsat ETM+TMMSS
Landsat ETM+TMMSS
LC19902000
LC19902000
GISSGISS
CMSCMS
LC 200019901975
LC 200019901975
LUC 1990 - 20001975 - 1990
LUC 1990 - 20001975 - 1990
LAIFPARSolar radiationLight utilization efficiencyTemperaturePrecipitationSoil type
LAIFPARSolar radiationLight utilization efficiencyTemperaturePrecipitationSoil type
CASACASA
LoggingLogging
FireFire
Bi-monthlyBi-monthly
By CountyCornSorghumWheat
By CountyCornSorghumWheat
Location
Cause
Amount
LAIFPARLAIFPAR
MonthlyPrecipitationTemperature
MonthlyPrecipitationTemperature
1982 - 20001992 - 20001982 - 1991
1982 - 20001992 - 20001982 - 1991
DailyPrecipitationTemperatureSnow DepthGrowing Season
DailyPrecipitationTemperatureSnow DepthGrowing Season
CarbonNPPNEP
CarbonNPPNEP
1975-20051975-2005
USFSCFSUSFSCFS
Identifiedareas ofChange
Identifiedareas ofChange
Identifiedcauses ofChange
Identifiedcauses ofChange
Identifiedamounts ofCO2 Change
Identifiedamounts ofCO2 Change
USDACCAUSDACCA
GHCNGHCNDaily
PrecipitationTemperature
DailyPrecipitationTemperature
HectaresHectares Year 1
Year 2
Statistical DataStatistical DataPrimary ObjectivesPrimary Objectives Remote Sensing DataRemote Sensing Data
GIMMS GGIMMS G
Legend
256m256m
28.5m28.5m
8km8km
Conceptual ObjectivesConceptual Objectives Data DescriptionData Description
PrecipitationPrecipitation
TemperatureTemperature
SoilSoilUSDA SURGOUSDA SURGO
NCEP/NCARNCEP/NCAR
0.5 deg0.5 deg
2.5 deg2.5 deg
2 km2 km
AgricultureAgriculture
ChangeNo ChangeChangeNo Change
Direct Input Conceptual Input
250+ Station Observations250+ Station Observations
Short vegetation C4/grassland Agriculture C3/grasslandIrrigated agricultureDwarf trees and shrubsMixed broadleaf & needleleafNeedleleaf-evergreenBroadleaf-deciduous
Short vegetation C4/grassland Agriculture C3/grasslandIrrigated agricultureDwarf trees and shrubsMixed broadleaf & needleleafNeedleleaf-evergreenBroadleaf-deciduous
Theoretical model of Proposed Research Tasks
LCLUCLCLUC
NDVINDVI
ClimateClimate
anomalyanomaly
MrSIDMrSID
Landsat ETM+TMMSS
Landsat ETM+TMMSS
LC19902000
LC19902000
GISSGISS
CMSCMS
LC 200019901975
LC 200019901975
LUC 1990 - 20001975 - 1990
LUC 1990 - 20001975 - 1990
LAIFPARSolar radiationLight utilization efficiencyTemperaturePrecipitationSoil type
LAIFPARSolar radiationLight utilization efficiencyTemperaturePrecipitationSoil type
CASACASA
LoggingLogging
FireFire
Bi-monthlyBi-monthly
By CountyCornSorghumWheat
By CountyCornSorghumWheat
Location
Cause
Amount
LAIFPARLAIFPAR
MonthlyPrecipitationTemperature
MonthlyPrecipitationTemperature
1982 - 20001992 - 20001982 - 1991
1982 - 20001992 - 20001982 - 1991
DailyPrecipitationTemperatureSnow DepthGrowing Season
DailyPrecipitationTemperatureSnow DepthGrowing Season
CarbonNPPNEP
CarbonNPPNEP
1975-20051975-2005
USFSCFSUSFSCFS
Identifiedareas ofChange
Identifiedareas ofChange
Identifiedcauses ofChange
Identifiedcauses ofChange
Identifiedamounts ofCO2 Change
Identifiedamounts ofCO2 Change
USDACCAUSDACCA
GHCNGHCNDaily
PrecipitationTemperature
DailyPrecipitationTemperature
HectaresHectares Year 1
Year 2
Statistical DataStatistical DataPrimary ObjectivesPrimary Objectives Remote Sensing DataRemote Sensing Data
GIMMS GGIMMS G
Legend
256m256m
28.5m28.5m
8km8km
Conceptual ObjectivesConceptual Objectives Data DescriptionData Description
PrecipitationPrecipitation
TemperatureTemperature
SoilSoilUSDA SURGOUSDA SURGO
NCEP/NCARNCEP/NCAR
0.5 deg0.5 deg
2.5 deg2.5 deg
2 km2 km
AgricultureAgriculture
ChangeNo ChangeChangeNo Change
Direct Input Conceptual Input
250+ Station Observations250+ Station Observations
Short vegetation C4/grassland Agriculture C3/grasslandIrrigated agricultureDwarf trees and shrubsMixed broadleaf & needleleafNeedleleaf-evergreenBroadleaf-deciduous
Short vegetation C4/grassland Agriculture C3/grasslandIrrigated agricultureDwarf trees and shrubsMixed broadleaf & needleleafNeedleleaf-evergreenBroadleaf-deciduous
Geographic locations of Regional Study Sites and Data
Land Cover Validation Dataset ProductionLand Cover Validation Dataset Production
2000 Land Cover2000 Land Cover
Historical Air PhotosHistorical Air Photos
1990 Land Cover1990 Land Cover 1975 Land Cover1975 Land Cover
In Situ Field SamplesIn Situ Field Samples
Isolated Land Cover Change SitesFrom predetermines Sampling Distribution
Isolated Land Cover Change SitesFrom predetermines Sampling Distribution
In situ Aerial GPS PhotographyIn situ Aerial GPS Photography
Validation DatasetValidation Dataset
Air Photo
ETM+ 4,5,3 R,G,B
Validation Example
Stehman et al. 2003 (NLCD)
Validation Example Air Photo
ETM+ 4,5,3 R,G,B