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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 6, No 2, 2015
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380
Submitted on March 2015 published on November 2015 1585
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh Swati Jain1, Ashraf M2
1- Research Scholar at Department of Geography, Allahabad University
2- Research Scholar at Department of Geography, Patna University
ABSTRACT
India is world’s seventh largest country considering its area and it has abundant water
bodies/resources running from north to south and east to west. India’s rivers are mainly
divided as Himalayan, peninsular, coastal, and inland-drainage basin rivers. Himalayan rivers
are snow fed and maintain a high to medium rate of flow throughout the year. The massive
annual mean rainfall amounts in the Himalayan catchments further add to their flow. During
the monsoon months of June to September, the catchments are prone to flooding. The
principal Himalayan Rivers are the Indus, the legendary Ganges and the Brahmaputra.
Yamuna River is the principal tributary of the river Ganges which is divided into three sub
basins namely Upper, Middle and Lower by the Central Water Commission of India. The
Lower Yamuna river basin which majorly includes Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken and Tons
rivers is the largest among them expanding in three states Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh. River Yamuna majorly drains through Uttar Pradesh. According to Central
Water Commission the area of entire Yamuna River basin is more than three lakh fifty
thousand square kilometers and the Lower Yamuna River basin which is expanded over three
states Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, accounts nearly 70% of the total
Yamuna River basin. Clearly the area of Lower Yamuna basin is too large and the area
coming discretely under the boundary of Uttar Pradesh has neither been delineated separately
nor identified individually. With the help of Remote sensing and GIS technique the present
study tries to identify and delineate the threshold of Lower Yamuna river basin’s extent in
Uttar Pradesh.
Keywords: Drainage basin, Catchments, Lower Yamuna River basin, Remote Sensing, GIS
1. Introduction
A river drainage basin is the land that water flows across or under on its way to a river. This
land area receives water from precipitation (i.e., rainfall or snowfall) and drains downhill into
river, lake, reservoir, sea or ocean. The drainage basin acts like a funnel, collecting all the
water within the area covered by the basin and channeling it into a waterway. It is the
drainage basin where much of the hydrologic action takes place. Indeed it can be called as the
natural laboratory of hydrology.
The present research is mainly based on the Lower Yamuna River Basin which covers the
parts of Uttar Pradesh. The whole Yamuna River basin is more than 350000km2 in area but
more than 70% of it comes under the area of Lower Yamuna River catchment area. Water is
one of the most important natural resource and rivers, drainage basins and its catchment areas
are of prime concern for the sustainable development of the area. The current water
management at a broader level is broken in fundamental ways which prohibit the river’s
restoration: there is no proper accounting of water use by cities, agriculture or industry; no
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1586
dedicated flow to sustain the river’s ecosystem; no jurisdictional coordination of the river’s
protection; lack of integration of existing studies, knowledge or expertise on the river;
insufficient funds for basic operations at water treatment facilities; and harmful policies
across all sectors. There is no long-term view of managing and sustaining the river basin for
the environment or future generations (Yamuna Action Plan Report; 2002).
There has been a long history of conflict of interest between states and centre over the
distribution and management of water resources in India (Lakshmikant; 2014). One of the
major challenges in regional decision making is creating spatially explicit and technically
sound analyses of future patterns of landscapes, river networks, land uses, and resource
availability (Carbonneau and Piegay; 2012). Future resources and landscape patterns of a
river basin are shaped by thousands of decisions made each day by individuals, organizations
and communities. The delineation of Lower Yamuna river basin under the boundary of state
of Uttar Pradesh (India) will help the provincial government and local authorities to plan for
the better management of this area. The clear identification of Lower Yamuna River Basin
(LYRB) under Uttar Pradesh will assist the creation of maps of land use and land cover
(LULC) change over time, created in part from remotely sensed information, will provide an
empirical source of evidence for the trajectories of landscape change. It will help to analyze
its major sub basins and will demonstrate the importance of finding new strategies to gain
more room for river networks in human-dominated landscapes, while acknowledging the real
and largely irreversible investments that have already been made in these biologically and
culturally important parts of human settlements. The spatial framework of coupled human
and natural systems in the river basin required an extensive and detailed land cover
representation (Hulse et al., 2004). Stream networks and large floodplain rivers strongly
influence abundance and distribution of aquatic communities and terrestrial wildlife (Hulse
and Gregory, 2003). Delineation of Lower Yamuna River Basin will enable the state
government to adopt policies and practices that can have influence on the recovery of reduced
natural resources over the time. The restoration practices and changes in land use policies can
reverse long term trends in natural resource declines even in the face of a doubling of the
human population.
2. Study area
According to Central Water Commission India the geographical extent of the Yamuna Lower
sub-basin lies between 77° 6' to 81° 55' east longitudes and 22° 51' to 28° 1' north latitudes of
the country (Report on Ganga Basin., 2012). The Sind, the Betwa, the Dhasan, the Ken rivers
are the major tributaries in the Yamuna lower sub-basin. The Lower Yamuna sub-basin is the
largest sub-basin of the Yamuna River. The sub-basin majorly covers the states of Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Geographically, lower Yamuna basin includes
the area from confluence point with Chambal including all right and left bank tributaries,
downstream of Agra-Etawah ridge till its confluence with Ganges at Allahabad.
Topography of the Yamuna basin varies between steep topography in the Himalayan segment
to almost flat in the middle and lower segments (Figure 1.a.). The elevation in the Yamuna
River basin varies from about 6,320 m above mean sea level (msl) near Yamunotri Glacier to
around 100 m (above msl) near the confluence of Yamuna River with River Ganges at
Allahabad. The topography of the Yamuna basin can be classified into three groups, i.e., hilly
region (more than 600 m above msl); foot hills and Plateau region (300–600m); and plains
and valleys (100–300m above msl). On the basis of this topographic classification 11,700
km2 basin area can be classified as hilly, while remaining equally divided between plains and
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1587
plateau regions. In the Himalayan segment (upper Yamuna catchment), the drainage system
and the characteristics of landforms are closely interdependent and inter-related.
Figure 1(a): Topograhy of the Himalyan Catchment of Yamuna River
Figure 1 (b): Topography of the Yamuna River basin excluding the Himalayan catchment
The upper Yamuna catchment falls into three defined physiographic belts: the Lesser
Himalaya, the Siwalik, and the Doon Valley. On the other hand, catchments of the Chambal,
the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken experience undulating topography with ravines (Figure1.b.).
The objective of this research article is to determine the extension of Threshold Lower
Yamuna River Basin under the state of Uttar Pradesh and establish a new study area
considering the administrative boundary of the province.
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1588
3. Methodology
The manual survey of the large study area like Large River basins is cumbersome, time
consuming and a team work so the present study has taken the help of latest techniques of
surveying and feature extraction like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems.
The extracted feature classes were later visually interoperated using visual interpretation
technique. For this purpose different kind of satellite imageries were used including NASA’s
Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 90M DEM version 4.0) tiles covering the study
area were incorporated.
The processing of all these RAW data was done by several popular GIS and Remote Sensing
Software including ArcMap, ENVI, and Global Mapper. Arc Hydrology tool under ArcMap
was very handy for fluvial geomorphic feature extraction. ENVI was used for the geometric
correction and mosaicing of the Satellite image tiles. Global Mapper was used for
topographic feature extraction. Beside this software Google Earth and ISRO Bhuvan were
also used for geo referencing and accuracy assessment purposes.
Table 1: Details of satellite data
Satellite Year Accuracy Tile
SRTM – DEM 90
M 2007
Elevation in 1m
pixel
precision, ±7m
vertical accuracy
srtm_51_06,
srtm_51_07,
srtm_51_08,
srtm_52_06,
srtm_52_07,
srtm_52_08,
srtm_53_06,
srtm_53_07,
srtm_53_08
SRTM Source: - http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/listImages.asp
Table 2: Details of software used in the study
Software Used Functions
ArcMap 10.1
Arc Hydrology tool for the geomorphic
feature extraction and Threshold river basin
generation, watershed extraction
ENVI 5.1 Georeferenced Mosaicing of SRTM DEM
Tiles of the study area
ISRO Bhuvan Georeferencing and Shape File creation of
the AOI
Global Mapper Topographic Feature Extraction
4. Results and discussion
The prime focus of this study was to determine the extent of Lower Yamuna River flood
basin under the boundary of Uttar Pradesh. Since there is a lack of discrete research on this
topic so a new approach on this topic was applied with the help of remotely sensed data.
Using NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topographic Missions digital elevation model (DEM) of 90 m
resolution of the basin, geomorphologic characteristics of the Yamuna basin has been
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1589
extracted from scratch using the ArcMap software. For this purpose all the eight SRTM DEM
tiles of satellite images mentioned in Table – 1 were processed and mosaiced in one single
Raster file which was then brought into ArcMap for further processing. The area of interest
(AOI) which is Yamuna River basin was identified using Google Earth and ISRO Bhuvan. A
shape file of AOI was created using polygon tool in ISRO Bhuvan. This shape file was then
overlaid on SRTM mosaiced Raster image and clipped using raster management tool in
ArcMap. The shape file for the clipped AOI is shown below in figure 3.
Figure 3: Clipped area of interest (AOI) of Yamuna River basin raster
After doing this Arc Hydrology tool was used for further processing. The sink filling
operation was done of the AOI using Fill tool. A sink is a cell with an undefined drainage
direction; no cells surrounding it are lower (Arc Hydrology manuals by ESRI). The pour point
is the boundary cell with the lowest elevation for the contributing area of a sink. If the sink
were filled with water, this is the point where water would pour out. The Sink tool can be
used to find the number of sinks and help identify their depth. Knowing the depth of the sinks
can help in determining an appropriate z-limit for Fill. After filling the sink, flow direction
(figure 3.) and flow accumulation (fig 2.2.) was acquired using Arc Hydrology tool. Both of
these were for further processing to get the Threshold Basin systems around the area of
interest (AOI).
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1590
Figure 4: Flows of Direction of AOI Raster, Accumulation of AOI Raster
Having done all these Raster processing finally Threshold Basin System was generated using
Basin Tool under Arc Hydro. The output basin system which was generated is shown below
in figure 5 (a) and (b).
The extracted Yamuna basin was then converted into vector data using raster to polygon tool
and the AOI was saved as a shape file. The area of this shape file was then calculated in
ArcMAP with Projected Co ordinate System WGS – 84 UTM Zone 44N (Northern
Hemisphere). The total Threshold area under Yamuna River basin came out to be 420659
km2 and the perimeter 5235 km. The manuals from Yamuna action plan: phase – 2 under
national river conservation directorate ministry of environment and forest government of
India states that the area of Yamuna River basin is 366223 km2. The difference of area can be
caused by the use of different data sources. The present research has opted for the NASA’s
SRTM 90 Meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (Elevation in 1m pixel precision, ±
vertical accuracy) while the government manuals have used ISRO’s CARTODEM 1arc
second Digital Elevation Model. So there is variation in the generation of Threshold of
Yamuna River basin.
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1591
Figure 5(a): River Basin System AOI, (b) Extracted Yamuna River Basin from AOI
Districts of Lower Uttar Pradesh UnderYamuna River Basin: - After extracting the entire
Yamuna River basin, the demarcation of lower Uttar Pradesh districts lying under the basin
area was done. For this purpose georeferenced shape file of 13 Lower U.P districts (starting
from Etawah in West to Allahabad in East and Kanpur Dehat in North to Lalitpur in South)
were prepared using ISRO’s Bhuvan figure 6.
Figure 6 (a,b): Districts of Lower Uttar Pradesh, Extent of Yamuna River Basin in India
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1592
Now these georeferenced Lower U.P maps were overlaid on the extracted Yamuna basin
Raster (YRB) in ArcMap and the area under these districts were clipped (Figure 7a and
Figure 7b). The joint area of Yamuna river Basin under these districts was found to be 50157
km2.
Figure 7(a,b): Lower U.P District YRB (Vector), Lower U.P Districts under YRB (Raster)
Final cut for Acquiring the Lower Yamuna River Basin: -The clipped Raster image of Lower
U.P districts from the extracted DEM of Yamuna River basin was again processed using Arc
Hydrology Tool to get the fresh Threshold for the Lower Yamuna River basin. The same
process mentioned above was applied again starting from filling the sink, getting the flow
direction, flow accumulation and lastly getting the Threshold Basin area for the Lower
Yamuna Districts. The outcome of this processing is shown below in figure 8a.
This extract will be considered to be the final THRESHOLD AREA of Lower Yamuna River
basin under Uttar Pradesh (shown in dark black in figure 7b) and the present research for the
Flood Geomorphology of Lower Yamuna River Basin (LYRB) in Uttar Pradesh will be
solely done considering this Threshold area. The area and perimeter of the Lower Yamuna
River basin were calculated in ArcMAP using Projected Coordinate System WGS – 84 UTM
Zone 44N (Northern Hemisphere). They were found to be 33645 km2 and 1844 km
respectively. The longitudinal expansion for the study area was found to be between 78
80’98” west and 82 23’ 66” east longitudes, and the latitudinal expansion was found to
between 27 North and 25 South latitudes.
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1593
Figure 8 (a): Extracted location of lower Yamuna river basin under Yamuna River basin
Figure 8 (b): Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under the Lower Uttar Pradesh
Districts
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1594
Figure 8(c): Major LYRB and its Sub basins under the boundary of Uttar Pradesh
Figure 8 (d): Location of Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under Uttar Pradesh
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1595
Figure 8 (f): Yamuna River basin catchments of lower Uttar Paresh
Figure 8 (g): Lower Yamuna basin
Identification and delineation of threshold lower Yamuna River basin in
Uttar Pradesh
Swati Jain, Ashraf M
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1596
5. Conclusion
With the help of data acquired from NASA’s SRTM mission the present study over the
Lower Yamuna River Basin has been done. For this purpose the whole Yamuna River Basin
was created from scratch under ArcMap. According to Remote sensing analyses the whole
Yamuna River Basin and its catchment area is expanded in seven states namely Uttrakhand,
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi (NCT), Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
The total area under the Yamuna River Basin came just over four lakh square kilometers,
which is more than nearly fifty thousand square kilometers from the data acquired from the
government sources. This might be because the Threshold Basin Catchment area generation
has captured some areas of Ganges River Threshold. Our repeated attempt to review this
could not alter the result so finally we decided to go with our outcome of the result. The
objective of this study was to identify and delineate the Threshold Lower Yamuna River
Basin under the administrative boundary of Uttar Pradesh was successfully achieved. It was
found that the Threshold Lower Yamuna River Basin under Uttar Pradesh starts from 78° 48'
E in Etawah district and stretches to 82° 13' E at Allahabad district to the confluence with
Ganges. The latitudinal expansion is between 27° - 25 degree North. The catchment area of
Lower Yamuna River Basin is also extended up to Lalitpur disrtrict, but this part of the basin
does not have the Threshold to be considered under the main Lower Yamuna River
Catchment area. Because of its lower effectiveness it is not included in final “Threshold
Lower Yamuna River Basin under the administrative boundary of Uttar Pradesh”.
6. References
1. ArcMap Tutorials, Arc Hydrology Manuals from Environmental System research
Institute (ESRI).
2. Carbonneau, P. E. and Piegay, H., (2012), Fluvial Remote Sensing for Science and
Management, pp 271.
3. Hulse, D. and Gregory, S. (2004), Integrating resilience into floodplain restoration.
Journal of Urban Ecology, (7), pp 295–314.
4. Hulse, D., Branscomb, A., and Payne, S. (2004), Envisioning Alternatives: using
citizen guidance to map future land and water use. Ecological Applications, 14, pp
325–341.
5. Hulse, D.H. and Gregory, S.V. (2001), Alternative futures as an integrative
framework for riparian restoration of large rivers. Applying Ecological Principles to
Land Management. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, pp 194–212
6. Lakshmikant, M., (2014), Bharat ki Rajvyavastha, 4th edition, pp 15.1 – 15.6.
7. Report of Central Water Commission of India, (2012), New Delhi.
8. Report on Ganga Basin, (2014), Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India,
p.17.
9. Yamuna Action Plan Report (2002), Government of India, New Delhi