ideen taeb jon mah. combination of photonics and microelectronics advantages: capacity to...
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Ideen TaebJon Mah
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Combination of photonics and microelectronics
Advantages: Capacity to generate, transport and manipulate data at very high rate
Photonics/Optoelectronics refer to coexistence of electron and photons in the same system
First transmission trunk using glass fibers in 1983
Photon law is tripling the bandwidth every year.
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Compared to copper wire, optical fibers cost less, weigh less, have less attenuation and dispersion and provide more bandwith.
Highly used in electronicsystems
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Growing every year, 30% growth every year since 1992
Combined market for optoelectronic components and final end-products currently stands at $30 billion
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Electron vs. Photon◦ Mass◦ Charge◦ Spin◦ Pauli Exclusion Principle◦ Velocity
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LED- Advantage of ease of use, 160 degrees circular cone light emission, but low in power
LD- Advantage of high power around 30 mW, but emission in elliptical cone rather than circular.
VCSEL- Have both high power as wells as emission into circular cone, furthermore they can be produced in uniform arrays on wafers
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Forward biased junction Current flows from n side to the p side Band Gap or Energy Gap (EG): Difference of
energy between the conduction band and valance band
Wavelength of emitted light depends on EG Most widely used material for visible
spectrum: GaAs, GaP, and GaAsP
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Forward biased p-n junctions where emmited photons are confined in an optical cavity
Two types◦ Edge Emitting: Wide, astigmatic emission◦ Surface Emitting: Narrower Beam Emission
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Different from LDs and LEDs, light emission occurs in a direction perpendicular to the active region
Have a potential to be operated at orders of Gb/s speed
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P-i-n Photodiodes◦ A p-n junction with a
sandwiched intrinsic layer
◦ Operated in the reverse-biased mode
◦ Response times are in order of 10 ps.
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MSM Detectors◦ Consists of two
interdigitated electrodes which form back to back schottky diodes.
◦ Very fast, can be switched completely on or off with an applied bias
◦ Response time in in order of 1ps
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Free-Space Channels◦ High-speed communication (>1Gbs)◦ Wide BW, elimination of impedance mismatch problem◦ Potential for high density interconnects◦ Decreased interconnection delays and so on
Disadvantages caused by:◦ Potentially require a significant change in the way system
architectures are designed◦ Laser wavelength stabilities in the order of 1nm can be
expected(Dispersion)◦ Physical size of some proposed architectures are
prohibiting◦ Power inefficiencies can be limiting◦ Dependent on weather
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Guided Wave Channels◦ Can be classified according to the interconnection
medium employed and the level of interconnection hierarchy they target
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Speed of propagation in a medium
ncv
hcE
• Photon Energy
• Frequency
cf 22
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Speed of EM waves in a medium depends on interactions with Electric Field and Magnetic Field
material
vacuumc
cn
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)sin()sin( 2211 nn
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Critical Angle (Φ1) occurs at Φ2=90˚
1
2sin nnacritical
• For angles larger than the critical angle, have total internal reflection (TIR)– Principle behind traditional waveguides
• different from photonic crystal waveguides
– Phase changes with the angle
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n1 > n2, but just barely
Then NA is small 22
21sin nnnNA acc
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Light of different frequencies propagate at different speeds through the medium◦ Typical units of ps/nm-km
Due to both material (n = n(λ)) and waveguide effects (effective n1, n2)
Birefringence caused by Polarization Effects (fiber cross section not perfectly circular).
Higher order effects (Kerr effect)2KEnnn perppar
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Due to imperfections in fabrication as well as Rayleigh Scattering◦ Scattering due to particles smaller than λ
(why is the sky blue?)◦ Units of dB/km◦ For GeO2-doped single-mode silica fiber
~0.2dB/km at λ=1.55μm
)0(
)(log
1010 P
LP
L
• Also get attenuation due to bending
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Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)◦ E.g. Telephone lines
Frequency-Division Multiplexing◦ E.g. FM radio
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Wavelength-Division Multiplexing◦ Optical effect◦ E.g. Prism
Superprisms made from Photonic Crystals (large dispersion in periodic media)
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Fused Silica (SiO2) Fiber Can be made extremely pure, then doped to attain
desired n Exhibits very low loss and dispersion at λ=1.55μm
Plastic Fiber Lossy (~102 dB/km) Flexible, inexpensive, lightweight
Other Glass Fiber Chalcogenide, fluoroaluminate, etc. for longer
wavelengths
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Major problems in coupling fiber1. The fibers must be of compatible types
Dispersion effects, single mode/multi mode
2. The ends of the fiber must be brought together in close proximity
Matching of NA
3. The fibers must be accurately aligned with eachother
corelaunching
corereceiving
Diam
DiamLoss
_
_10log20
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Bragg Gratings:constructive interference
where d=distance between gratings
sin2dn
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Optoelectronics market is growing every year Optoelectronics provide a high bandwidth for
communications Utilize TIR for light propagation in waveguides Dispersion and attenuation are main drivers
in optical fiber design Interconnections and coupling require precise
alignment of optical elements A number of inter- and intra-chip connection
schemes exist and are being explored